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Chew 1505 CH10

This document provides an overview of surface integrals and related concepts in multivariable calculus. It defines parametric surfaces and gives examples like planes, spheres, cylinders. It explains how to find the parametrization and tangent plane at a point. Surface integrals of both scalar and vector fields are introduced. Stokes' Theorem and the Divergence Theorem relating surface and line integrals are described. The concepts of curl and divergence of vector fields are defined using the del operator. Several examples are worked through to illustrate these key ideas from vector calculus.

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24 views

Chew 1505 CH10

This document provides an overview of surface integrals and related concepts in multivariable calculus. It defines parametric surfaces and gives examples like planes, spheres, cylinders. It explains how to find the parametrization and tangent plane at a point. Surface integrals of both scalar and vector fields are introduced. Stokes' Theorem and the Divergence Theorem relating surface and line integrals are described. The concepts of curl and divergence of vector fields are defined using the del operator. Several examples are worked through to illustrate these key ideas from vector calculus.

Uploaded by

lzyabc597
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CH 10 Surface Integrals

10.1 Parametric Surfaces


Parametric curves in space :
r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k , a t b
Parametric surfaces in space :

r
(u,v)

the parametric equations of the surface

Why parametric ?
It represents the points on surfaces
explicitly
It describes certain surfaces which
cannot be expressed as Cartesian
equations
It can be used to compute surface
integrals
http://www.math.uri.edu/~bkaskosz/flashmo/tools/parsur/
3

Planes : ax + by + cz = d
Let 2 of the 3 components be u & v, & obtain the
remaining component in terms of u & v by the
equation.
2x 5y + 3z = 4.
Let x = u, y = v, & so z = (4 2u + 5v) .
Thus the parametric representation of the plane
is
r(u,v) = ui + vj + (4 2u + 5v)k .
4

If 1 variable is absent from the eqn., let it


be u or v.
3x y = 5.
Let z = u. Then x = v, y = 3x 5 = 3v 5, &
r(u,v) = vi + (3v 5)j + uk .
If 2 variables are absent from the eqn., let
them be u & v .
The yz-plane (x = 0) is represented by
r(u,v) = 0i + uj + vk.
5

Surfaces of the form z = f(x, y) !!

http://www.math.uri.edu/~bkaskosz/flashmo/tools/graph3d/
6

Spheres (

with radius a)

Full sphere :

Upper hemisphere :

http://www.math.uri.edu/~bkaskosz/flashmo/tools/sphcoords/
http://www.math.uri.edu/~bkaskosz/flashmo/tools/sphplot/

Circular Cylinder :
(
about the z-axis)

u : measures the angle from


the positive x-axis
v : the height from the
xy-plane along the cylinder
P : (a cos u, a sin u, v)

For cylinder about y-axis (

):

For cylinder about x-axis (

):

http://www.math.uri.edu/~bkaskosz/flashmo/tools/cylin/
9

Tangent Planes
Given : surface S
& a point
Find : the equation
of the tangent plane
to S at

10

v
u constant
curve
(u,v)
v constant
curve

u
11

Fix

. Curve

Tangent vector

Fix u =

. Curve

Tangent vector

12

As
provides a normal
vector to the tangent plane. Thus the equation of
the tangent plane is :

See CH5, 5.5


planes in Space

(r-r0 )n = 0

13

Find the eqn. of the tangent plane to the surface


at (1, 4, 1).

(1, 4, 1)

(u, v) ?
14


Point (1, 4, 1):
We have :

which imply

(u, v) = (1, 2) .
15

At this point,
(u, v) = (1, 2)

Thus the equation of the tangent plane is :

or

16

For the surface S : z = f(x, y), its parametric


representation is :

Thus,
&
& so the normal vector is :

17

10.2 Surface Integrals (two types)


Type I : Scalar function f(x, y, z)
Recall line integral

Type II : Vector field F(x, y, z)

Recall line integral

18

Electrical charge distributed over S


f(x,y,z) charge density
To find the total charge on S

Surface integrals of scalar functions


Given: Surface S

D the corresponding domain for (u, v)


f(x,y,z) a (scalar) function defined on S.
The surface integral of f over S is :

Why?
19

Recall that

20

dS ? dA =(dudv)
S
A

Why? see next slide

dS = |ru du rv dv|
= |rurv| dudv
21

rv dv

ru du

See line integral


of vector fields ,
CH 9 section 9.3.7

rv dv
ru du
area of =ru du rv dv =ru rv dudv
dS ru du rv dv =ru rv dudv
However we always write

dS =ru du rv dv =ru rv dudv

22

23

Physical Meaning
If f(x, y, z) is a density function of a
surface S, then the surface integral
gives the mass of the surface.
If f(x, y, z) = 1, then the surface
integral gives the area of the
surface.
24

S:
D:

25

Hence

/2

810

/2

sin u cos u 0 (cos v + sin v)dv du

26

Note that

=z

27

For

Check:

Then

28


Thus

Thus
Hence

29

Objective : To calculate the total volume of


fluid flowing out of S per unit time.

A fluid with velocity v flows through S


30

Surface

integrals of vector fields

31

In a particular segment,

32

Thus the total flow rate is approximately

If n goes to infinity, the above RHS becomes

which represents the actual total volume flow


rate. This integral is called a surface integral
(Flux) of the vector field v.
33

Surface integrals of vector fields


Given : S surface with a unit normal vector n,
F continuous vf defined on S.
The surface integral of F over S is
or

Bold font

This integral is also called the flux of F over S as


it is related to the volume flow rate of fluid.
34

If
then

S : r = r(u, v)

with domain D,

35

Type I : Scalar function f(x, y, z)

Type II : Vector field F(x, y, z)

36

Evaluate

S:
The parametric representation of S:

The domain D is then the


projection onto xy-plane
(a circle of radius 2)
37

Check :

Thus,

u = r cos
v = r sin
dA = rdrd
38

S:

Check :
(1)
(2)
(3)
39

We thus have :

40

Type I : Scalar function f(x, y, z)

Type II : Vector field F(x, y, z)

41

Orientation of surfaces
If S is a surface given by r = r(u, v), then the
normal vector
automatically supplies an
orientation to S.
The opposite orientation is given by
& the corresponding oriented surface is denoted
by S, & we have :

42

(Example 10.2.5)

which is pointing upwards.

43

(Example 10.2.6)

(1,0,0)

Hence the orientation of the sphere in this


example is the outward normal vector.

44

10.3 Curl & Divergence


Curl
The curl of F is defined by
curl F =
Note that curl F is a vector field.

45

Divergence

The divergence of F is defined by


P

div F =
Note that div F is a scalar function.
Recall curl F =
46

Del operator
Let F = Pi + Qj + Rk be a vf.
Write
Then
(1)

& so
47

(ii)

i.e.,
Let
Then
(i) curl F =

(ii) div F =
48

Show that curl


Proof.

() Curl & conservative fields


Let F be a vf in space. Then
curl F = 0
F is conservative
49

For the vf

50


(d) F =

51

The curl of a vf measures the degree of swirling


or rotation about a given direction.

The direction of curl F is the direction of the


axis about which the fluid rotates most rapidly &
curl F is a measure of the speed of this rotation.
The direction follows the RH-rule.
52

Let F be the vf of a fluid or gas. Then div F at


a point A measures the tendency of the fluid to
diverge away from A or accumulate toward A.
If div F > 0 at A, then, overall, the tendency is
for the fluid to diverge away from A, & there is
a source at A.
If div F < 0 at A, then the fluid is tending to
accumulate toward A, & there is a sink at A.
If div F = 0 at A, then there is neither
a source nor a sink at A.
53

F(x,y,z)=3(y + 1) i + 0j + 0k
4 y 4
In the following,the same pattern is repeated in any
plane parallel to the xy-plane.
No turning

div F = 0
Curl F =
6y (y + 1) k
54

10.4 Stokes Theorem

Let S be an oriented smooth


surface that is bounded
by a closed, smooth curve C.
Let F be a vf whose has
continuous partial derivatives
on S. Then

55

Note. In the above equality,


the orientation of C must be
consistent with that of S:
when you walk in the
orientation around C with your
head pointing in the direction
of the normal vector of S, the
corresponding surface S is on
your left.
56

If F is a force field, the thm says that the work done


by F along C equals the flux (integral) of curl F over
S.
If F is a velocity field of a fluid flow, then

The circulation of
The cumulative tendency
of the fluid to swirl
the fluid around
across
the
surface
S
the boundary curve C
(Bradley & Smith)

57

Stokes theorem is the 3-variable version of


Greens theorem.
G
S

58

Computation

59

Let S be the surface enclosed by


C on the plane z = 3 y.
Then S :
where D is the circle with center 0
& radius 2.
Also,
(orientations of C & S are consistent)

60

By Stokes thm,

61

As D is a circle, we may use polar


coordinates:

D: 0 r 2
0 2

62

Computation

63

64

How to find the parametric rep. r(t) for C ?


Solving
yields z = 2.

Note. a = 5, v = 2; let u = t.
Thus, C :
(0 t 2; orientations of C & S
are consistent)

65

66

10.5 Divergence Theorem (Gauss)


Let E be a solid & S the boundary of E with
the outward orientation ( the normal vector
points outward from E ).
Let F be a vf whose component functions have
continuous partial derivatives in E. Then

67

The Divergence Thm


states that the outward flux
of a vf F through S equals
the volume integral of the
div F over E.
This thm is important in
engineering (electrostatics
& fluid dynamics).

Gauss (1777-1855) the


Prince of mathematicians
referred to mathematics as
"the Queen of the Sciences.
68

Note that
By the Divergence Thm,

69

F = cj

Appendix

div F = 0
Curl F = 0
70

G=

div G = 2y
Curl G = 0

71

H=
div H = 0
Curl H = 2x

72

L=
div L = 1
Curl L = 0

http://www.math.umn.edu/~nykamp/m2374/readings/divcurl/
73

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