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Lim Lim Exists: Review of Lecture On 28 Aug 2013 Chapter 4 Series

1) The document reviews key concepts about infinite series from Chapter 4, including definitions of infinite sums, tests for convergence of series (such as the ratio test), and examples of important series (like geometric series and p-series). 2) It discusses how to determine if a given series converges or diverges using tests like the ratio test, even if the exact value is not known. 3) The ratio test is explained, where a series converges if the limit of ratios of successive terms is less than 1, diverges if the limit is greater than 1, and the test is inconclusive if the limit is equal to 1.

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33 views8 pages

Lim Lim Exists: Review of Lecture On 28 Aug 2013 Chapter 4 Series

1) The document reviews key concepts about infinite series from Chapter 4, including definitions of infinite sums, tests for convergence of series (such as the ratio test), and examples of important series (like geometric series and p-series). 2) It discusses how to determine if a given series converges or diverges using tests like the ratio test, even if the exact value is not known. 3) The ratio test is explained, where a series converges if the limit of ratios of successive terms is less than 1, diverges if the limit is greater than 1, and the test is inconclusive if the limit is equal to 1.

Uploaded by

lzyabc597
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Review of Lecture on 28 Aug 2013

Chapter 4 Series
(A)Infinite sum (series)

= lim ak

k
n
=
k 1=
k 1

Infinite sum exists (series converges) if lim


ak exists
n
k =1

(B) Geometric series (GP)

a
a (1 r )
if r < 1
lim
lim =
ar
ar
=
=

n
n
1 r
1 r
k 1=
k 1

k 1

If r 1, then

k 1

k 1
ar
is divergent

k =1

(C) Some interesting series

1 1 1

1 2 + 2 2 + ... =
2 3 4
12
2

(D) Another Important Series


p-series

1
n

diverges
converges

0p1
p>1

Idea of the proof

1
y=
x

1
y= p
x

1 1
1
1 + + + ... > dx
2 3
1 x

1 1 1
1
+ p + p + ... < p dx
p
2 3 4
1 x

p >1

(F) To find the exact value of a given series is not easy.


However whether the given series
is convergent or not is important.
Often, we can determine that a series converges
without knowing the exact value to which it converges.
There are several methods checking the convergence
of a series .
However , in this module, we only study one method,
ratio test. This test can be applied to many series. But
Not all series can be tested by ratio test, we need
other tests, which we do not study here.

(G) Ratio Test

converges if < 1

Then
the series

diverges
No conclusion can be drawn

if > 1
if = 1
6

(G) Finding limit in the ratio test

2n + 10
2 + 10 / n 2
lim
lim
=
=
n
3n + 1 n 3 + 1/ n 3
(n + 1)(2n + 3)
(1 + 1/ n)(2 + 3 / n)
2
=
lim
lim
=
n
n
(4n + 5)(7 n + 4)
(4 + 5 / n)(7 + 4 / n) 28
(n + 1)(2n + 3)
(2n 2 + 5n + 3)
lim
lim
=
2
n
n
(4n + 5)(7 n + 4)
(28n + 51n + 20)
(2 + 5n / n 2 + 3 / n 2 )
2
lim
=
n
(28 + 51n / n 2 + 20 / n 2 ) 28

3(5 ) + 100
lim
n
(7)(5n+1 ) + 6
n

3(1/ 5) + 100 / 5
3(1/ 5)
=
lim
n
(7) + 6 / 5n+1
7
n +1

n2
n2 / n2
1
=
=
=
lim
lim
lim
1
2
2
2
2
n
n
n
(n + 1)
(n + 1) / n
(1 + 1/ n)
(2n)! an+1
1
[2(n + 1)]! n!n!
an =
= a=
n +1
n !n !
an
an (n + 1)!(n + 1)! (2n)!
(2n + 2)(2n + 1)(2n)! n!n!
=
(n + 1)n!(n + 1)n! (2n)!
(2n + 2)(2n + 1) 2(2n + 1)
= =
(n + 1)(n + 1)
(n + 1)

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