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Lec01 Circuit Variables

This document summarizes key concepts from the first lecture of an electrical engineering course, including defining circuit variables like charge, current, voltage, and power. It introduces the five major classifications of electrical systems and describes an electric circuit and circuit elements, specifically resistors and Ohm's law. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating charge, voltage, current, power, and energy in circuits.

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Dani
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62 views27 pages

Lec01 Circuit Variables

This document summarizes key concepts from the first lecture of an electrical engineering course, including defining circuit variables like charge, current, voltage, and power. It introduces the five major classifications of electrical systems and describes an electric circuit and circuit elements, specifically resistors and Ohm's law. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating charge, voltage, current, power, and energy in circuits.

Uploaded by

Dani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1

Electric Circuit Variables


Instructor: Yi Guo

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Aims and Plan


Introduction to the subject.
Electric circuit variables.
Electric circuit element: resistor.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

The Subject
Electrical engineering is the profession
concerned with systems that produce,
transmit, and measure electric signals.
It combines the physicists models of
natural phenomena with the
mathematician's tools for manipulating
those models to produce systems that meet
practical needs.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Five Major Classifications of Electrical Systems

Communication systems;
Computer systems;
Control systems;
Power systems;
Signal-processing systems.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Circuit Theory
An electric circuit is a mathematical model
that approximates the behavior of an actual
electrical system.
The models, the mathematical techniques,
and the language of circuit theory will form
the intellectual framework for your future
engineering endeavors.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Problem Solving Process

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

What is Electric Circuit?


An electric circuit is an interconnection of
electrical elements linked together in a
closed path so that an electric current may
flow continuously.
A simple circuit:

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Basic Circuit Variables


Charge: the quantity of electricity
responsible for electric phenomena, denoted
by q, Unit: Coulomb, C.
Current: the time rate of flow of electric
charge past a given point, denoted by i.

Mathematical representation: i = dq
dt

Unit: ampere, A.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Current
Two different types:

DC (direct current) is a current of constant


magnitude

AC (alternating current is a time-varying


current i(t) that has a sinusoidal form).

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Time-Varying Current

(a)
(b)
(c)

A ramp with a slope M.


A sinusoid.
An exponential. I is a constant. The current i is zero for t < 0.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Voltage
Definition: energy required to move a unit
positive charge from the terminal to the +
terminal across an element.
Mathematical representation:

dw
v=
dq
Unit: volt, V.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Voltage
The direction of a voltage is given by its
polarities:

The voltage vab is proportional to the work required to


move a positive charge from terminal a to terminal b.
The voltage vba is proportional to the work required to
move a positive charge from terminal b to terminal a.

vab is read as the voltage at terminal a with


respect to terminal b; or, the voltage drop from
terminal a to terminal b.

vab = vba

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Power
Definition: time rate of expending or
absorbing energy.
dw
Mathematical representation: p =
dt
Unit: watt, W.
Relation with current and voltage:
p=vi

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Passive convention: the assigned


direction of the current is directed
from the + terminal to the
terminal.
a). Power absorbed (or dissipated)
by the element, as v and i adhere
to the passive convention.
b). Power supplied (or delivered)
by the element, as v and i do not
adhere to the passive convention.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Work-Out
Relationship between energy, power,
voltage and current

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Example 1:
Find the charge that has entered the terminal
of an element from t=0s to t=3s when the
current is as shown below.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Example 2:
Find the charge, q(t), and sketch its waveform
when the current entering a terminal of an
element is as shown below. Assume q(0)=0.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Example 3:
Consider the circuit shown in the figure with
v=8e-t V and i=20e-t A for t>=0. Find the
power supplied by this element and the
energy supplied by the element over the
first second of operation. Assume that v and
i are zero for t<0.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Example 4:
The average current in a typical lightning
thunderbolt is 2x104 A and its typical
duration 0.1s. The voltage between the
clouds and the ground is 5x108 V.
Determine the total charge transmitted to
the earth and the energy released.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Concepts
A linear elements satisfies the property of
superposition and homogeneity.
IF

i1 v1
i2 v2

THEN

i1 + i2 v1 + v2
ki1 kv1
ki2 kv2

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

A passive element absorbs energy.


t

w = vid 0

for all t.

An active element is capable of supplying


energy.
t

w = vid > 0

for at least one t.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

The entry node of the current i is the positive node of the


voltage v,
(b) the entry node of the current i is the negative node of the
voltage v. The current flows from the entry node to the exit
node.
(a)

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Resistors
Resistors impedes the flow of current.
Unit: Ohm.
Ohms law: v=Ri
v=Ria
v=-Rib

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Power delivered to a resistor:


p=vi=v(v/R)=v2/R
p=vi=(iR)i=i2R

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Example 5:
Model of a car battery and the headlight lamp:

Work out the energy supplied by the battery for a four-hour period.

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Summary
Circuit variables:
Charge
Current
Voltage
Power
Energy

EGN 3373: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Concepts:
Linearity
Passive elements
Active elements
Passive convention

Circuit element:

Resistor
Ohms

law

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