The CTI Journal

(ISSN: 0273-3250)
PUBLISHED SEMI-ANNUALLY
Copyright 2007 by The Cooling
Technology Institute, PO Box 73383,
Houston, TX 77273. Periodicals
postage paid at FORT WORTH, Texas.
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It is CTIs objective to: 1) Maintain and
expand a broad base membership of
individuals and organizations
interested in Evaporative Heat
Transfer Systems (EHTS), 2) Identify
and address emerging and evolving
issues concerning EHTS, 3) Encourage and support educational
programs in various formats to
enhance the capabilities and
competence of the industry to realize
the maximum benefit of EHTS, 4)
Encourge and support cooperative
research to improve EHTS Technology
and efficiency for the long-term
benefit of the environment, 5) Assure
acceptable minimum quality levels
and performance of EHTS and their
components by establishing standard
specifications, guidelines, and
certification programs, 6) Establish
standard testing and performance
analysis systems and prcedures for
EHTS, 7) Communicate with and
influence governmental entities
regarding the environmentally
responsible technologies, benefits,
and issues associated with EHTS, and
8) Encourage and support forums and
methods for exchanging technical
information on EHTS.
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of any information in this publication
is assumed by the user. Copyright
2007
by Journal,
the CTI Journal.
AllNo.
rights
CTI
Vol. 28,
1
reserved.

Contents
Feature Articles
8

14
28
38

48
62

Enhancement of Air Cooled Condenser Operation in

Power Plants
Ram Chandran
Cooling Towers Work as a System
Richard J. DesJardins
Guidelines for Selecting The Proper Film Fill
Donald Zelek
Westar Energy Jeffrey Energy Center Unit #3 Cooling
Towers Reconstruction
David Spacek
Wind Load Rated Packaged Cooling Towers
Daniel S. Kelly
Dynamic Control of Dynamic Systems Advances in
Cooling System Treatment
Daniel M. Cicero

Special Sections
70
72
86

CTI Licensed Testing Agencies

CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI ToolKit

Departments
02
04
06

Meeting Calendar
View From the Tower
Editors Corner

see article page 28

see article page 48

see article page 38
This is a reprinted version of Volume 28, No. 1 of the CTI Journal. The Journal was
reprinted due to errors made in the original version.

CTI Journal
The Official Publication of The Cooling Technology Institute

Vol. 28 No.1

FUTURE MEETING DATES

Winter 2007

Journal Committee
Paul Lindahl, Editor-in-Chief
Art Brunn, Sr. Editor
Virginia Manser, Managing Editor/Adv. Manager
Donna Jones, Administrative Assistant
Graphics by Sarita Graphics
Board of Directors
Steve Chaloupka, President
Thomas Bugler, Vice President
Rich Altice, Secretary
Dennis (Denny) P. Shea, Treasurer
Robert (Bob) Giammaruti, Director
Richard (Rich) Harrison, Director
James Kanuth, Director
Ken Kozelski, Director
Terry Ogburn, Director
Mark Shaw, Director

Committee
Workshop

Annual
Conference

July 8-11, 2007

The Westin La Cantera
San Antonio, TX

February 4-7, 2007

Omni Corpus Christi Hotel
Corpus Christi, TX

July 5-8, 2008

Hyatt Regency - Orange County
Garden Grove, CA

February 3-7, 2008

The Westin Galleria
Houston, TX

Address all communications to:

Virginia A. Manser, CTI Administrator
Cooling Technology Institute
PO Box 73383
Houston, Texas 77273
281.583.4087
281.537.1721 (Fax)
Internet Address: http://www.cti.org
E-mail: [email protected]

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800-326-4050 337-948-3067 337-948-3069 (FAX)

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

View From The Tower

I look forward with great anticipation in seeing each
I want to mention that all CTI members will be receivone of you at the 2007 Annual Conference. This years
ing an updated Code of Ethics. It is very important
conference is going to be held at the Omni Bayfront
that all attendees to the Annual Conference adhere
Hotel in Corpus Christi, Texas. Glenn Rees (Program
to these ethical codes. With everyone paying close
Chair) and his program committee team have put toattention, it will make for a smooth and enjoyable
gether another great program. There will be the regular
meeting.
seminars and technical papers we have come to expect,
It is with sadness that I watch three of our Board
but there are added events such as the Water Treating
members rotate off of the Board of Directors. The
Panel discussion and expanded committee work time.
three retiring Board Members are Denny Shea of D&S
Chaloupka
The Owner/Operator Seminar will again be packed with Steven
Engineering and Education who served as Treasurer,
President
educational and informative topics, expanding on past
Terry Ogburn of Midwest Towers who oversaw EPRI,
seminars. I do want to stress though that the Owner/ Operator ASME and International Relations for CTI and Rich Altice who was
Seminar is a closed meeting and only for this category of confer- your Secretary. These Board members have worked very hard durence attendee. We isolate this particular segment to allow our ing their three year term and will be greatly missed, but the continowner/operator members and attendees a platform in which they ued giving of their time and talents in a vast array of CTI committee
can openly discuss topics and issues important to them.
work will benefit our organization and will be much appreciated.
Tuesday evening will be a special time at the table top exhibits. I
am looking forward to this portion of the conference since it will be
even bigger and better than last year. Please use this time to visit
with exhibitors and fellow attendees to enjoy the social aspect
that this program offers.

On the other hand, I am pleased to announce our three newest

Board Members who will be serving a Board term from 2007 - 2009.
They are Frank Michell of American Electric Power (Owner/Operator), Jess Seawell of Composite Cooling Solutions (Manufacturer)
and Randy White of C.E. Shepherd Company (Supplier). I look
forward to their joining the rest of the Board of Directors and know their efforts will be focused on continuing the growth within all areas of CTI.
I look forward to the upcoming year and all of the
opportunities that exists for CTI and its members. I
hope you share in my enthusiasm and ask for you to
please contact me if you have any suggestions or
concerns. CTI can only grow if its members stay
involved and committed. It is my desire and duty to
facilitate this involvement for the betterment of CTI.

Steven Chaloupka,
CTI President

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

Editors Corner
A Strategic Issues Task Force has existed in
CTI for several years , for the purpose of identifying and developing action plans to address
strategic issues affecting the companies and
members in our industry.
We have identified strategic issues in the past
by using a facilitated process involving a crosssection of stakeholders in our industry. This
year we conducted a process internally, and
have identified some issues for consideration
by the task force.

less issues that you perceive as being strategic

needs for the industry to consider.
These should be submitted to the following:
Chair, Strategic Issues Task Force
C/O Virginia Manser, CTI Administrator
[email protected]
Thank you in advance for assisting us with this
process.
Paul Lindahl
Editor-In-Chief

We would like to take this opportunity to solicit input from

the readership of the CTI Journal, to broaden the level of
input to this process significantly. Please submit 10 or

Respectfully,
Paul Lindahl, CTI Journal Editor

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

Enhancement of Air Cooled Condenser

Operation in Power Plants
By:
Ram Chandran
Holtec International

Abstract

the forecast is for the market to be around $300 to

$400 Million per year (Figure 2). This is assuming
that only five (5) percent of the power plants built
will use Air Cooled Condensers. As the pressure
on water conservation mounts, the Air Cooled condenser market can grow into a Billion Dollar product.

Use of Air Cooled Condensing system, to condense turbine exhaust steam from the steam cycle
of combined cycle plants, coal fired plants and
various other plants using steam to generate electricity, has gained acceptance. However, as electricity generation is privatized, building plants at
The power industry today is largely decentralized
low cost has been the priority rather than the perand privatized. Building plants at low cost has beformance. This paper discusses the impact of vecome the priority. Low initial cost does not neceslocity consideration in the design of air cooled
sarily mean that it is also the low evaluated cost.
condensers. The velocity at design point and the
change in velocity affect the steam duct design
A 170 MW steam turbine (510 MW Combined
Ram Chandran
and the tube bundle design. As the ambient temCycle Plant) data is used as an example to illusperature varies, it affects and/ or limits the range of turbine opera- trate how one aspect of the design parameter can affect the design,
tion. This, in turn, can improve or adversely affect the plant electric performance and the cost of an Air Cooled Condenser.
power output. The velocity also has an effect on the condensate
temperature. The reheat of the condensate requires energy which
is redirected from generating capacity which is often ignored.
This paper will illustrate the effect of velocity on:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Duct design
Tube bundle design
Performance limitation
Control system capability
Range of condensate subcooling
Relative cost impact

Introduction
Use of Air Cooled Condensers as alternate cooling medium in the
steam cycle has become a reality. The Air Cooled Condenser market in
the last ten years has grown from $40 Million to $400 Million (Figure 1).

Design Data
The steam from the turbine exhaust is 1,100,000 lbs/h at 5.6 inches
HgA containing 3 percent moisture. This is to be condensed at an
ambient temperature of 105 Deg.F. Such design conditions are common for units to be located in many parts of the USA, Middle East
and some countries in Asia and South America. The Air Cooled
Condenser requires thirty six (36) cells or modules arranged in six
(6) A-Frame streets of six (6) modules in each street. It occupies a
plot area of 250 ft. x 280 ft., tube length of 36 ft. and costs per ft plot
area, $350.00.

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

Steam Velocity and Duct Design

The vacuum steam velocity affects the pressure loss or pressure
drop through the steam duct. Thus higher the velocity, larger the
pressure the pressure drop and vice versa. The pressure drop on
the steam side is split into two (2) zones:
1. Pressure drop in the steam duct.
2. Pressure drop in the primary and secondary tube bundles.
To start the design, the steam velocity is assumed to be around 200
ft/s. The air cooled condensers, in general, are designed for this
velocity at design conditions.
The resulting ACC design is given in Figure 3.

When the duct diameter is increased, the changes in pressure,

temperature and fan power consumption are given in Figure 4.

At first look the initial material cost seems to be more as the duct
size is increased. It is also evident that the overall pressure drop
has decreased as the duct size is increased. There are two options
to consider:
1. Decrease cooling airflow and thus decrease fan power.
2. Decrease surface area required for condensing the steam
keeping the fan power constant.
Looking at the fan power consumption, the fan power has decreased
as the duct size is increased. This means that more power can be
sent to the grid generating additional revenue. Even at a capitalized
cost of $1,500/kW, the additional evaluated cost between Design 1
and 4 can be $1,357,500. The capitalized cost can vary from $1,500/
kW to $4,000/kW and the evaluated cost can vary between
$1,357,500 to $3,620,000.
The condensate subcooling has decreased requiring less heat input to heat up the condensate increasing the cycle efficiency. This
can be of the same order of magnitude as the capitalized cost. This
is discussed in the next section.

Steam Duct Velocity and Performance

The air cooled condensers are designed for summer peaking
conditions. It is assumed that during winter time the turbine
can be operated at low backpressures. The four (4) designs
presented can be compared on the impact of the performance.
Figure 5 tabulates the minimum backpressure possible and
the condensate subcooling at minimum backpressure conditions.

The high velocity limits the minimum pressure the turbine can
operate at. The turbine will not able to operate at its maximum efficiency if the backpressure is limited. The pressure
drop induced by high velocity results in excessive subcooling
of the condensate.
The loss due to the backpressure between Design 1 and 4
can be one (1) percent of the steam turbine output. In this
example it is 1.7 MW. Assuming that the plant operates at
minimum backpressure condition for fifty (50) percent of the
year, the loss can amount to $1,275,000 based on $1,500/kW.
In addition, the steam required to heat up the subcooled condensate can add another one (1) percent of the plant output
or $1,275,000 or $150,000/Deg.F.

Steam Duct Velocity and Control System

As the steam velocity limits the turbine backpressure, the minimum
operable backpressure is reached at higher ambient temperature.
10

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

11

Normally, single or two speed motors are used for the control of an
air cooled condenser. This may not be sufficient if the control is
limited by the backpressure. In such instances, Variable Frequency
Drives are required. This can increase the initial cost by $1,000,000.

Steam Duct Velocity and Cost Impact

A number of parameters affect the initial or material cost. Here the
obvious one is the cost of steam duct. However, when the duct size
is increased, due to the lower pressure drop the cooling air required
has decreased. This requires lower height of support structure.
This, to a certain extent, offsets the increase in duct cost. The other
cost impact is in transportation cost. This, again, is offset by the
lower structural weight against the larger duct size. It is surprising
to note that the material cost remains very similar, less than 1% of
material cost between Design 1 and 4. The cost impact is tabulated
in Figure 6.

Steam Duct Velocity and Tube Bundle design

In stead of keeping the tube bundle design the same, the absorbed
fan power can made the same for all designs considered.
The length of the tubes is changed in the tube bundles. The pressure drop in the steam duct remains unchanged. As the change in
tube length is less than one foot from one design to another and as
it affects only the straight length, the change in the pressure drop
in the tube bundles is marginal (less than 0.5 Deg.F). The material
cost also changes very little. The cost impact due to bundle design
is given in Figure 7.

Steam Duct Size versus Bundle Design

From Figures 6 and 7, it is obvious that increasing duct size results
in lower evaluated cost. Even with the low power cost assumed,
lowering power consumption assists in lowering
the evaluated cost.

Conclusions
Lower duct velocity results in
-

Low Backpressure operation

Low Condensate Subcooling
More Operations Revenue
Savings in energy to reheat the Condensate
- Minimum Impact on Initial Cost

References
1.

12

Global Energy Power Markets, 2005

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

13

Cooling Towers Work as a System

By
Richard J. DesJardins
Cooling Tower Consultant

There are two principal concepts that often confuse people who are not familiar with cooling towers and how they operate:
1)

The cooling tower is part of a bigger

system: it does not set the heat load.
2) The cooling tower and its components
work as a system.
The first concept recognizes that the tower will
get rid of all the heat put on it. The cooling system of the building or plant sets the heat load
and it will try to reach equilibrium at any given
point in time. The heat exchangers or contact
Richard J.
surfaces or fluids transfer heat to the water. When
the water circulates over the tower it contacts the air and some of
the water is evaporated. A rough rule of thumb is that you will
evaporate 556 Kilocalories for each kg of water evaporated (1000
BTU/lb). But this says nothing about the level at which the heat is
removed.
If a tower is too small the equilibrium will be reached when the
temperatures (both the cold water temperature and the hot water
temperature) rise to the point where the system shuts down or
water boils as steam or the plant cannot get the production needed
or any number of other bad scenarios. If a tower is too big it is
possible to lower the air rates, shut off pumps, use a fewer number
of cells, or buy a smaller tower and save money.
Also, the wet bulb is constantly changing, and the hot and cold
water temperatures will fluctuate accordingly. The tower size, its
components, and the prevailing weather set the level at which the
system operates, but they do not set the heat load.
One comment heard often is. We are not getting the range we
used to get. or, The tower was designed to cool 10 degrees, and
Im only getting 8 degrees. Its not working.
Again, the tower does not set the heat load. The heat load is
defined as:
Heat load = flow rate x range x K
K is a constant that makes the units come out right: example: K=
500 (for 60 minutes an hour and 8.33 for pounds of water per gallon)
for an equation of BTU/hr, flow in gpm, and range in degrees F.
If the flow rate is constant and the heat load goes down, then the
range will go down. If a pump is turned off, or a valve is opened, or
some other change is made, then all of these components of the
basic heat equation will change. If the range is not what was expected then something else must have changed.
Another related concept is that the range or heat load does not
define the tower capacity. Capacity is a matter of cooling a specific
heat load at a specific set of temperatures. If the equipment being
cooled is not operating at the those same temperatures, or the
14

DesJardins

design flow rate, or the design heat load, then

it becomes difficult to say the tower is meeting
its design capacity unless you have the aid of
a set of performance curves, generally supplied
by the manufacturer, that show what should
happen at other conditions. Fortunately, there
is a theory of how a tower operates within the
system of the plant, and we can determine what
will happen at off design conditions. Several
CTI papers have been presented about these
theories, so they will not be discussed in detail
here. You can purchase software to calculate
performance curves.

NOTE: Theoretical performance curves may not be quite correct.

Nozzle pressures variations may cause more or less wall water (overspray water runs down the walls rather than through the fill) or
poor distribution or better performance because of high nozzle pressure, or fan efficiencies may not be constant because the water
loading or pressure drops are not quite the same as at the design
point. As an example, a rough estimate is that a 10% increase in
water flow rate will reduce the air flow (and performance) by 1%.
Again, the tower is a system in itself, and it is working in the system
of the plant. More will be discussed below about the effects of
changing one component and how it may change something else.
The point is that theoretical calculations assume a constant system, and the system may not be constant.

The Art
Selecting the economic size for the tower is part art and part science. The science is knowing how all the components work together, and the art is picking the right box size. The science will
be discussed momentarily, but first lets discuss the box size.
One can have a great big tower with a little bit of power or a small
tower that uses a lot of power. The tower can be either a cross flow
or a counter flow tower, forced draft or induced draft. They all can
be designed to have the same capacity. That means they all will
cool the same amount of water through the same temperatures at
the same wet bulb. However, one may have a high fan power, or a
high pump head while the another takes more real estate or requires
more starters and controls or has better maintenance preferences.
Deciding which tower design is best for a given plant is usually
either an economic decision or a physical need decision, and sometimes compromises are needed.
The economics usually involve a life cycle analysis of the cost of
parasitic power for fans and pumps, the size of available real estate,
piping and electrical equipment costs, cost of the basin and its
supports, the cost of capital, whether or not the taxes are involved
for a new capital expense or a write off for repairs.
CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

15

Another factor is often dictated by the banks: how long will they
give you to pay back the loan? It used to be that banks would loan
money for seven years for a refinery or chemical plant and thirty
years for a power plant. It took three years to build a refinery and
five years to build a power plant. Therefore, the economic analysis
was based on power costs of three years for a refinery or chemical
plant and twenty-five years for a power plant, regardless of how
long the plant may operate. Since the power crisis of a few years
ago there have been reassessments of these types of projects by
the lenders, and they may consider long term payouts poor investments which raises the cost of capital.
The compromise comes when the economic analysis is for only a
few years, yet it is known that the plant may run for fifty years or
more. Perhaps there needs to be a consideration for the changes
that could be made after the initial plant payout period has elapsed.
Is it possible to add another cell or change the fan power to provide
more cooling that would increase plant output or efficiency? What
effect would these changes have on the tower or other equipment
in the plant? Remember, everything works as a system. Even
though capital resources may be limited, buying on a low first cost
may not always be the best answer.
Physical needs may also limit the design options. Perhaps the
expected water quality will be contaminated by oil or excessive dirt,
fouling particles, biological growth and other contaminants. These
potential problems may dictate splash fill rather than a more efficient film type fill, or less thermally efficient open flute film type
fills. Maybe larger nozzle openings or different drift eliminator
designs will be required. Easy, open access to the distribution
system available in a cross flow tower may be necessary if nozzle
plugging is expected and safety regulations do not allow entering a
tower when the plant is in operation.

Cold Water Temperature

The interaction of tower components:

Shown below is a typical computer program printout that lists just
about everything you need to know to design a tower.
English Units

High temperature PVC or other plastic components may allow higher hot water temperatures
Increased cost of water treating
Scaling in heat exchangers
Plant performance: It is suggested that running an overall
economic analysis of flow rate and temperatures would be
advisable.
Evaporation rates may increase because the discharge air
will hold more water per volume unit.
Most tower fill tests have been run by manufacturers at 38
C (100 F) hot water temperature. Several authors have documented that operation at hot water temperatures above 38
C (100 F) will likely result in design deficiencies if hot
water correction factors or revised rating theories are not
used. Since many power plants operate at hot water design
temperatures between 46 C (115 F) and 52 C (125 F), it
should be noted that necessary corrections from simplified
Merkel performance theory can be as high as 7% to 10% at
these conditions.
FRP (fiber reinforced plastic) structures may require special
design considerations.

One good question to ask is, What is a degree of cold water

worth? If the cold water temperature is reduced one degree will production increase? If the cold water temperature
is raised a degree will the plant shut down?
How much will reducing the cold water temperature affect
the cost of heat exchangers?
Compared to the cost of shell and tube or other types of heat
exchangers, the cooling tower is usually the cheapest surface in the plant, and it may pay to buy a bigger cooling
tower to give colder water rather than buy a bigger heat
exchanger.
As a rough guide, the cold water temperature changes about
0.7 to 1 for each 1 change in wet bulb temperature.

Long range and low flow rates

Practical limits apply to each of the tower components. The discussion that follows will look at these limits and how changes in one
will affect all the others (and, sometimes the system in which the
tower is operating).

The design temperatures

High hot water temperatures affect:

16

Choice of materials which are often limited to 52 C (125 F)

Long term creep of standard PVC: slumping of fill sheets and
eliminators can occur if hot water temperatures are above
53 C (127 F.)

Water distribution at very low flow rates (less than 2.0 l/s/m2
or 3.0 gpm/ft2) are often a major cause of performance being
less than expected when laboratory testing was done at
higher flow rates. This also often occurs when a low flow
rate is used for design and the system is run with fewer than
the design number of pumps at low ambient temperatures
without taking cells out of service.
Using nozzles selected for very low flow rates requires careful consideration of possible variations in plant operations.
Although low flow rates will usually result in less pumping
costs, the overall affect on heat exchanger design should be
carefully considered. Low flow rates with high LMTD may
result in higher backpressure on the system and low water
velocities may lower the heat transfer coefficients to the
extent that larger heat exchangers are required.
Choosing the optimum design wet bulb

Usually an economic decision:

ASHRAE and USAF and others have studied the statistical
weather data for most regions of the world.
CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

17

Selections based on the statistical maximum are rarely economical.

Selecting a design wet bulb that is too low can result in loss
of production on a hot day, or even plant shut down.

Tough duty: (Long range, close approach to a low wet bulb temperature)

Requires a bigger tower

More first cost and power
Light water loadings
Taller tower
Closer spaced fill
More fill height
Smaller nozzle orifice or higher nozzle pressure.
Easy duty (Short range, long approach to a higher wet bulb temperature)

droplet and vapor pressure of water in the air stream. (Actually,

vapor pressure can be converted to enthalpy, and standard cooling
tower theories usually use enthalpy differences between the air
and the water film as the driving force). Changes in the barometric
pressure affect the vapor pressure and air density. There is a direct
relationship between the density and the pressure drop through
each of the tower components. There is a direct effect on the fan
power and fan speed or pitch. Fan stall considerations will be
changed with changes in altitude. Computer aided selections can
easily and accurately account for changes in altitude.

Fill dimensions
Counter flow tower fill considerations:

Wider spaced fill

Heavy water loading can cause plugging
Lower height tower
Larger nozzle orifices
Lower fill heights and less fill volume.
An easy duty design might actually work better with half as
much fill. For example, a cross flow tower with splash fill might be
selected with closely spaced splash bars, but the water loading for
an easy duty is high and so is the air pressure drop. Removing half
of the splash bars might result in a lower fan power for the same box
size. However, the air velocity will increase, and it is necessary to
be sure the velocity limits for the drift eliminators have not been
exceeded. Again, the tower components work as a system.

Approach

The approach (cold water temperature minus the wet bulb temperature) has probably the most affect on tower performance. While
most manufacturers do not want to make selections based on designs with less than a 2.7C (5 F) approach because a small deviation in temperature can sometimes mean a large variation in percentage capacity, a tower will operate at lower approaches. However, this usually means very low flow rates per unit area of tower
and it may be difficult to guarantee the actual performance will
agree with predictions based on tests at higher flow rates.
A rough general rule is that the required tower size (and cost) varies
directly with the approach. As an example, a tower with an 4C
(8 F) approach will cost 25% more than a tower with a 4C (10 F)
approach. This larger tower might be in the form of a bigger box, or
the same box with a different fill, fan, fan stack height, and/or more
power, or a combination of all of these options.

Range
Changes in the Range (hot water temperature minus the cold water temperature) generally do not have as great of an effect on the
tower size as changes in the approach given a fixed heat load.

Altitude
The altitude or barometric pressure will definitely affect tower performance. The driving force for cooling water is related to the
difference in the vapor pressure of water at the film of the water
18

Close spaced film fill sheets would normally have a maximum

effective height of 1.2m (4 ft) and a minimum height of 0.5m
(1.5 ft.)
Wider spaced film fill sheets can have a maximum effective
height of 0.6m to 2.3m (2 ft to 7 ft.).
Very wide spaced film fill sheets used for high fouling applications can have effective heights of as high as 3.75 m (12
ft).
The diminishing return of taller fill heights is a logarithmic
function, and it is influenced by the increased pressure drop
as well as the reduction in driving force between the air and
water enthalpies.
Cross corrugated sheets may encourage plugging
Splash fill requires much taller fill heights 4.5 m to 12 m (15 ft
to 40 ft)
Splash fill placed in the air inlet plenum below the top of the
air inlet opening has been found to be only about 50% as
thermally effective as the fill within the tower casing above
the top of the air inlet opening.
There is cooling in the rain zone below the fill, however, the
laboratory tests were conducted with some rain zone effect,
so only the marginal difference between the test rain zone
height and the actual rain zone height should be added.
A lower performance, non-plugging fill is infinitely better in
the long run, even if it requires a larger tower. A fill that will
plug in your plants specific application is never a viable
option.
Tall single lift fill packs are difficult to handle if they plug.
Cleaning or replacement costs will be increased.
Cross-oriented, lower fill height packs may encourage plugging and add to the pressure drop, but they can also improve water distribution, and even air and water distribution
throughout the tower is critical to obtain full performance.
The air inlet height is critical to good performance. One of
the most frequent causes of poor performance is because of
poor air distribution in counter flow towers caused by high
air inlet velocities. More comments on this are listed below.
Fill packs should be properly supported to prevent long
term structural failure.

Cross flow tower fill considerations:

In general a tough duty requires a higher fill height to air

travel ratio.
Selecting the optimum height to air travel ratio is a major
CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

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19

factor in selecting the optimum box size.

Film fill crossflow fills often have only a few feet of air travel,
while splash type fills require much wider towers.
Slope of the fill or fill supports may affect the performance
when high or low air flow rates change the draw of water
through the tower as it falls. The object is to keep the flowing water within the fill, not on the louvers or the eliminators.
Freezing weather may dictate the need for a heavy water
loading at the air inlets and ice breaker bars within the louvers to prevent damage from thawing ice blocks.

Water distribution:

Good water distribution is at least as important as good air

distribution.
Optimum performance is obtained when air and water distribution is uniform throughout the tower.
It is not possible to separate the performance of the distribution system from the fill. Many authors have attempted
to calculate the difference between the two so they can apply one fill or nozzle with an alternate fill or nozzle using the
same set of test data. This cannot be done with any degree
of accuracy. To be reliable, a given fill must be tested with
a given nozzle. Failure to recognize this is often a cause of
poor tower performance.
Low pressure nozzles usually give much less performance
than high pressure nozzles. As much as 25% of the cooling
capacity can be produced by using high pressure nozzles
which usually produce finer droplet sizes with resulting
greater surface exposed to the air stream.
Low pressure nozzles usually have larger orifices and can be
used to reduce potential of clogging.
Good low pressure nozzles produce uniform distribution with
minimum pump head over the entire top surface of the fill.
Daisy petal type nozzles seldom produce uniform distribution, and as a result performance can be significantly reduced.
Nozzle spacing is critical for good distribution. Overlap of
sprays is not always helpful.
Up-spray nozzles do not appear to provide better performance than down-spray nozzles.
Cross flow towers may need a distribution decking below
the nozzles to produce even water distribution. This is especially true for film type cross flow fills.

How many cells?

Part of the art of selecting the box size is selecting the optimum
number of cells. Often at least two cells are required to assure
system availability. Beyond that, the optimum number of cells is
associated with fill height, type of fill, air and water rate limits, fan
size and fan and fan stack properties. The cost of piping and
valves, pump head cost evaluation, electrical and electrical wiring
and control costs and cold water basin design and costs should
also be considered when selecting the number of cells.

rail) shipment.
Field erected towers are usually sized on 4 ft or 6 ft (or 2 meter)
structural spacing.

Column spacing larger than 2m X 2m (6 ft X 6 ft.) would

generally result in larger transverse and longitudinal structural members.
Practical fill pack sizes often are based on a maximum support span of 2m (6 ft) for reasons of support, shipping and
handling.
Vertical structural spacing greater than 2m (6 ft) can cause
increased erection costs because workmen have more trouble
climbing through the tower. For this reason some manufacturers may limit the maximum fill height to avoid the cost of
an extra girt level and to avoid water and air re-distribution
problems as well as possible extra pressure drop through
the transition area.
It is usually better to make the cell length the longest direction in
order to minimize the inlet air velocity for a set inlet height. (Usually
the length is the direction of a series of cells in a row, and the width
is the dimension across one cell). Very wide cells require extra
consideration of air distribution to the middle of the tower. A few
guidelines will be discussed later.

The relationship of the fan to the cell size sets

the fan plenum size.

Tower orientation and configuration

In general the best layout is to have the longitudinal axis of the
tower in the same orientation as the prevailing summer (maximum
wet bulb) wind direction.

Cell size
Cell sizes for package and factory assembled towers are usually
based on practical shipping limitations for truck (and sometimes

20

For counter flow towers the upper plenum height is usually

set by extending a 45 degree line from the top of the drift
eliminators to the fan blade tip using the longest dimension
of cell width or cell length.
Low height upper plenums can cause significant performance
problems due to mal-distribution of air in the fill. This is the
most important reason to get the plenum height correct.
For cross flow towers the bottom plenum width should be
adequate to keep the air velocity leaving the bottom 2m of
fill height to no more than the fill air velocity.
Long cell length, small fan diameter, cross flow towers should
have fan decks raised above the top of the fill to allow air to
properly approach the fan stack opening.

While space restrictions may require them, back-to-back

counterflow cell configurations are discouraged because
they usually result in excessive recirculation which reduces
performance. If this type of design is used it should include
low inlet velocities, high discharge velocities, and widelyspaced tall fan stacks.
If the prevailing wind is cross-wise or quartering to the longitudinal axis, it is recommended the cell and fan sizes be
selected to maximize the space between fan stacks.
The distance between towers should generally be one tower
length to minimize discharge air interference from one tower
to the other.
Air inlet openings on all sides of a counterflow tower will
reduce the required inlet height and lower the pump head
CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

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21

accordingly. However, if louvers are not provided it is necessary to have wind baffles to prevent water from blowing
from the tower air inlets.
It is critical that multiple-cell counterflow towers be
checked to assure that the inlet air velocities to the interior cells are within practical limits: this is especially true
if there are transverse cell partitions, and failure to check
this design consideration has often been a major source of
poor tower performance.
Air inlets on both sides of a cross flow tower produces
desirable fan requirements because there will be twice the
amount of air flow for the same amount of pressure drop.
This is a major advantage of a cross flow tower.
Cross flow designs are often the best option for small package towers with propeller fans because counterflow designs
do not have room enough for large diameter fans to match
the required air flow. This is the main reason small packaged
counter flow towers are provided with blower fans.
For smaller applications in congested areas it is often desirable to orient the tower to provide the minimum noise pollution. Noise levels off the cased side of a tower will often be
6 to 12 dB less than the levels off the louver side.

FIGURE 1

Fans

Fan selection is an extremely critical part of designing a cooling

tower and changes made to a tower will usually affect fan performance.

Fan operating power costs are often evaluated on a life cycle

basis.
Induced draft fan discharge velocities should be a least
6 m/s (1200 fpm) to minimize recirculation
Maximum fan discharge velocities may be as high as 11 m/s
(2,200 fpm), however, such high velocities are seldom economical.
Maximum fan speeds are usually limited to blade tip speeds
of 61 m/s (12,000 fpm) to minimize stress on blade attachments, keep noise to reasonable levels and reduce blade air
loading.
What really counts is total fan efficiency. One unique reality of a cooling tower is the linear relationship between thermal performance, first cost, and fan efficiency. If the fan
efficiency can be increased the tower size and cost can be
reduced proportionately.
A major objective is to have the fan operate in what is normally called an optimum fan efficiency zone. This can be
done by changing the fan design, number of blades, fan
speed or stack design.
There have been many cases where changes have been made to
existing cooling towers that result in performance decreases when
performance increases were expected. This is often due to changing fill types or adding fill without careful consideration of the
affect on fan performance. This can be seen in the following example:

A more useful plot ignores the pitch (which is often a guess

anyway) and plots power vs. air flow with lines of constant
static pressure as shown in Figure 2.
Using the original tower design it is possible to plot what is
normally called an operating line which varies the static
pressure as the square of the velocity (fan laws apply).
Changing the fan speed has the affect of moving the operating point up or down the operating line
If the fill is changed, say to a denser fill or taller fill height in
a counterflow tower, the static pressure at the same air rate
will be increased. The static pressure can also be changed
by other factors such as adding louvers, changing eliminators, adding other restrictions to air flow, or plugging of the
fill with algae or other contaminants. If something is changed
it is not reasonable to expect that there will always be a
positive affect on performance. It just might go the other
way.
The effect of increasing the pressure drop is to move the
operating line to the left. This reduces the air rate at the
same power level, and in addition it pushes the operating
line close to possible fan stall.

Fan curves are often as shown in Figure 1 with plots of total

pressure vs. air flow rate and power vs. air flow rate for lines
of constant fan pitch
FIGURE 2

22

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23

If the fan is operating in the fan stall region it will be inefficient and performance will be erratic.
If fan changes are necessary they can be made with changes
to the pitch, fan speed, or number of blades or a more efficient fan blade design. Often it is possible to change to a
larger diameter fan with the knowledge that the driveshaft,
gear box, fan stack and mechanical equipment supports will
also have to change.
Making changes without considering the total consequence
is often undesirable.
Changing the hub disk seal diameter will change the velocity pressure, and it will affect the total efficiency. A hub disk
seal will reduce or prevent air recirculation at the center of
the fan.
Two speed fans can save considerable power expense. According to the fan laws the fan power decreases proportional to the speed cubed, and the noise level can be as
much as 13 dB less at half speed.

Water and air rate limits

Water rates

Fan blade tip clearance

Most fan manufacturers publish fan performance data based on
tests with very close tip clearances. Tip clearances need to be
increased due to fan stack deflections from wind, vibration and
erection tolerances. Increased tip clearances will reduce total fan
efficiencies from most standard published data.
Practical tip clearances

Practical reduction in total efficiency

5 ft diameter inch

7.5%

14 ft diameter 13/16 inch

7.0%

20 ft diameter 1 1/8 inch

6.5%

28 ft diameter 1 inch

6.0%

40 ft diameter 2 inch

5.0%

Fan power should be increased to account for the lower expected

total fan efficiency.

Fan stacks
Fan stack designs are usually selected for economic reasons.

24

Package towers may use low straight sided stacks to keep

the first costs to a minimum while ignoring the higher power
costs. Increasing power a few kW will usually not cause a
problem for a company.
Larger towers will benefit greatly from eased inlet stack designs, but tall stacks are not always justified.
Tall fan stacks will usually be justified when high power
evaluations are required or when it allows use of a smaller
motor. Changing the fan stack height can be one way of fine
tuning a design.
An extended height fan stack will improve fan efficiency. In
general, there will be recovery of the system velocity pressure loss to the extent of approximately 70% of the difference between the velocity head at the fan net disk area (area
based on fan diameter less area based on seal disk diameter)
less the velocity head at the fan discharge (area based on
stack discharge diameter). This has the same effect on the
fan as lowering the static pressure loss through the rest of
the tower system.

Extending the fan stack height not only costs more for the
taller stack, but it also may affect the structural design due
to higher wind load considerations.
Low height fan stacks ( 2 m / 6 ft high) on large fans (over 7
m (22 ft) diameter) are not recommended. The wind effects
on fan performance can be significant due to eddies formed
by the upwind edge of the stack. The minimum stack height
should be 3 m (10 ft.) for applications with large diameter
fans.
Straight-sided or truncated-cone type fan stacks may be
economical to build, however the reduction in fan efficiency
is usually quite significant maybe more than 15%.

To obtain good water distribution the water rate per unit

area should normally be greater than 3.0 gpm/ sq. ft. for
either counter flow or cross flow towers. It is difficult to
assure good distribution below this value, but this does not
necessarily mean a tower will not perform at lower water
rates. A good distribution system and even air rates are
critical.
Cross flow maximum water rates can be as high as 13 to 17
l/s/m2 (20 to 25 gpm/ft2) for splash type fills with practical
limits of 6.8 to 10 l/s/m2 (10 to 15 gpm/ft2).
Counter flow maximum water rates are usually 5.8 to 6.8
l/s/m2 (8.5 to10 gpm/ft2).
Some close-spaced counter flow film type fills can have a
plugging or percolating action with high air velocities and
heavy water loadings which cause unpredictable and erratic
performance. This can sometimes be overcome by spacing
the fill sheets so that every other sheet has the bottom edge
recessed into the pack (alternate tips recessed). With this
design the thickness of the fill sheets should be increased to
provide adequate structural support strength.

Air rates

It is usually best to analyze air flow rates in terms of mass

flow rather than volume flow because the mass flow rate of
dry air is the only thing that stays constant in a cooling
tower. Users of published performance data need to make
adjustments if the analysis is based on velocity as it is necessary to correct for density and specific volume changes
throughout the tower.
Normal design air rates are 1.6 to 4 kg/s/m2 (20 to 50 lb dry
air/min/ft2) .
Normal design air velocities for counter flow towers are as
follows:
Absolute maximum air inlet velocity 5.333 m/s
(1050 fpm). Air velocities greater than this value will
likely cause unexpected performance problems because the inlet air by-passes the outer few feet of fill.
Sometimes air inlet guide vanes will be used to preturn the air, but it is not a certainty that full performance will be available. One tool used to determine
the affinity of the air to evenly distribute below the
fill is to calculate a pressure ratio (the fill and elimina-

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

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25

tor pressure drops divided by the total inlet pressure

drop consisting of louver losses, velocity head losses
at the inlet, and rain zone losses). The Pressure ratio
should be a minimum of 5 and preferably 10 or more.
Minimum fan outlet velocity 6 m/s (1.200 fpm.) Lower outlet velocities will increase the likelihood of
recirculation or interference.
Maximum average fill velocity 3.2 m/s (625 fpm).
Some manufacturers may want to use higher velocities, and for small towers the increased fan power
required may be justified. A 3 m/s (600 fpm) maximum
fill velocity is usually more practical. High power
evaluations often dictate use of fill velocities as low
as 2.3 to 2.5 m/s (450 to 500 fpm).
Maximum eliminator velocity 3.3 m/s (650 fpm).
Some new eliminator designs may be available that
allow higher air rates, however, water begins to float
at 3.5 to 4 m/s (700 to 800 fpm) depending on the
droplet size. Practical designs will usually limit eliminator velocities to less than 3.2 m/s (625 fpm). Modern cellular eliminators can significantly improve drift
rates, and pressure drops can be less than the original blade or wave form types. Cross flow cellular
eliminators should have drain passages to prevent
build-up of water that might result in extra drift.
For counter flow towers the maximum rates to avoid
plugging or percolating are as follows;

Fill sheet spacing 12 mm

m/s

l/s/m

fpm

Gpm/ft

Fill sheet spacing 19 mm

2

m/s

l/s/m 2

fpm

Gpm/ft 2

13.6

600

20

15

600

22

3.55

6.8

700

10

3.55

11

700

16

3.8

4.0

750

Pressure drops
Sometimes the ability to select a proper fan is limited by high static
pressure losses. Propeller fans usually do not perform well at total
static pressures above 250 Pa (1.0 inches wg) without an excessive
number of blades or high speed. High static pressures also can
result in noisy fans.
Inlet and discharge pressure losses by enclosures, louvers, screens
or obstructions must be accounted for.

Fan power
The output from fan curves is called fan horsepower or fan kW. It
is necessary to add drive losses created by gear boxes or belts and
bearings to obtain the brake horsepower or brake kW. Spiral bevel
gears, most commonly used in cooling towers, have an inherent
efficiency of 98%, and in addition a gear box will have a no load loss
due to friction and oil viscosity which brings the total drive loss to
a total of about 4% to 5%. Actual no load losses will vary from
about 0.5 kW for small gear boxes to 3.75 kW for very large boxes.

Motor efficiency
High efficiency motors are generally economical for cooling tower
fans. Since certified tower testing is based on readings of kW input
to the motors, it behooves the manufacturer to use the best motor
efficiency possible. On the other hand, owners and operators that
need to repair a motor should seriously consider new motors rather
then re-winding the old one to get the best efficiency.
26

Conclusion
Designing a cooling tower is partially art and mostly science.
The art is picking the best box size and the right combination of fill,
fan, and other components to give the most economical selection.
The most economical selection may be low first cost or low evaluated cost.
The science is adequately measuring the test data, developing a
theory that properly correlates the data and allows for application
of the data in a manner which does not produce distorted results.
Practical review of the results should show the laws of physics still
apply, i.e., similar fills should produce similar performance characteristics, and similar fans should have similar efficiencies. There is
no Black Magic.
Air and water distribution are all important. The best performance
is going to occur when the distribution is even over the full area of
the tower. This is difficult to achieve. Some water nozzles and
distributors are better than others, and sometimes a manufacturer
may claim performance capabilities based on testing with one type
of nozzle applies to their nozzle when this is really not the case.
Fan testing may have been done in ideal eased inlet stacks with
very close tip clearances. Actual field installations seldom have
extremely close tip clearances to allow for wind load deflections,
thermal expansion of the fan blades or the stack, possible slight
slumping of a stack over time, and construction assembly tolerances. The shape of the stack being used may not be the same as
the fan manufacturer used for its tests. Improper fan hub seal disks
may be used.
Air distribution can be affected by high inlet velocities, louver
spacing and angles, wind, partition location, obstructions and structural blockage, etc.
Static pressure losses for various components are the most difficult data to measure and predict. Different manufacturers may
show significant variations in the pressure drop across individual
components, but the total pressure drop will normally be quite
consistent.
These are just a few of the many considerations that create uncertainty. The object is not to hedge: it is to try the best possible to
predict something close to reality.
The important point to remember is that a cooling tower works as a
system, and changes to one part will usually affect others, and the
design of the tower can significantly affect the overall plant operation.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Richard J. DesJardins is a Cooling Tower and Evaporative Cooling
Consultant. He received his BSME from the University of Colorado in 1959 and MBA from the University of Missouri at Kansas
City in 1965.
Prior to formation of his own company in 1984 he worked for twentyfive years with the Marley Co and its subsidiaries. He has represented several different cooling tower, heat exchanger and industrial equipment manufacturers, been Principal Engineer for an air
pollution control company, and designed and fabricated several
different types of evaporative cooling equipment. He is the author
of cooling tower and psychrometric computer programs and CTI
paper TP92-01.
CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

27

Guidelines for Selecting The Proper

Film Fill
By
Donald Zelek
Brentwood Industries

reduces the potential for fouling. Today there are

three basic flute geometries for counterflow towers; cross-flute, offset flute, and vertical flute.
Figure 1 illustrates these three geometries. Examples of the various packs can be seen in the
appendix.

Abstract
For many years PVC film fills have been the most
popular choice of heat transfer media for use in
cooling towers. Throughout this history, design
features of these fills have continued to evolve
from the first cross-corrugated products through
vertically fluted fills to todays popular combination designs. Some of these features are not obvious to the casual observer and if not chosen correctly can adversely affect tower performance, product cost, lifespan, or ease of installation. This paper traces the history of these fill designs while
providing guidelines as to the proper fill selection.

Donald Zelek

Before choosing a fill design, water quality must

be considered. Choosing an incorrect fill could
ultimately result in a tower that lacks performance.
If a less efficient fill is used when water conditions do not warrant that particular fill there is the
obvious lost potential. If a high efficiency fill is
used when water quality is poor the fill will foul
and performance will suffer in a short time.

History
Plastic film fills have been used in cooling towers for about 40
years. The first cross-fluted pack was patented in 1966. This was
followed shortly after by the first paper on cellular fill presented to
CTI by George Meek in the summer of 1967. During these early
years this new fill design was used primarily in smaller towers in the
US. During the 70s most large scale installations still favored
hanging sheets. It was not until the late 70s that the first large
scale new installation, AEPs Rockport facility, was designed around
film fill. It is interesting to note that the same fill is still in operation
in this tower after approximately 25 years of service. It was not
until the mid to late 80s that we began to see the first large scale
repacks with film fill such as AEPs Big Sandy and Gavin facilities.
Since these early products there has been considerable advancement in fill design. The early designers were looking at alternatives
to wood splash bars and heavy cement sheets. Early designers
such as Carl Munters realized that packs produced of cross-fluted
sheets provided much greater efficiency with much less weight.
Fouling concerns were primarily limited to scaling. However, over
the years operating conditions have changed and todays towers
have much greater demands applied to them. Economic issues
have forced tower sizes to be smaller raising airflows and water
loadings. Availability of water has been reduced which in many
cases has resulted in reduced water quality such as the use of
municipal waste water for cooling. These factors have all forced
film fills to change with these demands.

Flute geometry counterflow towers

While the early cross-fluted fills are still available and popular, the
industry has learned that there are limitations to these products.
The angled flutes that reduce the speed of the migration of the
water through the packing making the design efficient also create
an environment that permits fouling. As a result flute geometries
have changed to increase the water velocity through the pack which

28

Figure 1
There are two main components to fouling. High total suspended
solids (TSS) which can be both water born and air born will create
the fouling load. But in addition to this a binding agent is also
needed in the form of high biological content or the presence of oils
or grease. These are the components that bind the TSS to the
packing and previous layers of TSS. To create an environment for
high fouling potential all three of these components will be present
in high concentrations.
This paper will not provide an in depth review of the aspects of
fouling. There have been several good papers presented at CTI on
this topic. Here, we will only be concerned with knowing how to
respond to this information. The guidelines presented for the selection of fills with respect to the fouling environment are based on
over 15 years of experience with fills in fouling environments in
waters serving steel mills, paper processors, petrochemical plants
and power plants using open bodies of water such as lakes
and rivers. Extensive research conducted by CTI member companies have also added to this knowledge base to provide the guidelines presented here. Selected important references are also included
in references list.
Cross-fluted fills have always been highly efficient. The cross
flutes with the numerous contact points within the packs allow for
good redistribution of water. The microstructure allows for turbuCTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

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Literature is available upon request.

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

24 x 1 1/8 deck

29

lent water flow. Microstructure is the small bumps and ridges formed
into each sheet and is present on most film fills. It can enhance the
products performance significantly. A fill with an aggressive microstructure will create a water film that is very turbulent and well
mixed as shown in Figure 2. This will help improve efficiency but
will also increase fouling potential. The angled flutes on crossfluted fills provide a path that moves the water at a relatively low
velocity through the fill. But all of these attributes also provide for
greater fouling potential. As a result cross-fluted fills should only
be used when good water chemistry and treatment is in place. As a
general rule TSS should not exceed 100ppm if there is good biological and scale control and there should be no oils or grease. The TSS
should be reduced to no more then 25ppm if the biological count is
high. Generally, this author is defining good biological control to
mean total aerobic bacteria not exceeding 10,000 colony forming
units per ml (CFU/ml). A high biological count is 100,000CFU/ml.
Fills with an offset flute design are more resistant to fouling. However, they should not be considered the most fouling resistant.
Offset fluted designs have fewer contact points and between them
the flutes are vertical or near vertical. The vertical flutes allow for a
faster water migration through the packing. This flushing action
keeps the fill cleaner. Fills of this type generally can withstand TSS
up to 200ppm provided there is good biological and scale control.
Oils and grease should not exceed 1ppm.
Vertically fluted film fills are the most tolerant to fouling. Unfortunately, the trade off is that they are also the least efficient. Water
moves through the vertical flutes unrestricted by any contact points.
Water film velocity is the greatest in these fills. The shearing action of the high velocity water film keeps these types of fill cleaner
in poor water conditions. However, it is important to note that one
can not assume that these types of fill are tolerant to all water
conditions. All film fills can foul when the correct conditions are
present.
This group can be further divided into two sub groups when looking at their potential for fouling. Vertically fluted fills with an aggressive microstructure can tolerate a TSS up to 500ppm with good
biological and scale control. With a poor biological control TSS
should not exceed 200ppm. Oils and grease should not exceed
5ppm.
Of the film fills, vertically fluted products with little or no microstructure are most resistant to fouling. The trade off is that these
fills will have the lowest thermal performance. They can operate in

environments with poor biological and scale control. TSS can be

up to 1000ppm with high biological content. Oils and grease can be
present up to 25ppm. However, environments that have fibers can
be an issue for even these fills. Processes that permit fibers such
as paper mills should carefully evaluate their own case before using any film fill.
The information presented so far is summarized in Table 1. It should
be noted that the limits presented here are guidelines and not absolute. There may be other factors such as scale or potential crosscontamination from heat exchangers. Site specific elements must
be considered.

TSS(ppm)w/high Bio

Cross-flute

Offset flute

<100 <25

<200 <50

<500 <200

<2000 <1000

Good

Good

Poor

Bio and Scale Control Good

Vertical flute
Vertical flute
microstructure no microstructure

Oil and Grease

None

<1

<5

<25

Fibers

None

None

None

None

Table 1

Flute geometry crossflow towers

Up to this point all of the fills discussed have been for use in
counterflow towers. We can not leave out a significant portion of
the market, film-filled crossflow towers. But unlike the counterflow
towers more of the concerns with these towers revolve around
water management and not water quality. This is due in large part
that a higher percentage of these towers serve applications that
involve cleaner water for HVAC or light industrial use. Also these
towers generally have much higher water loadings which will help
to reduce the potential for fouling.
Traditionally there have been three types of film fill used for
crossflow towers, cross-fluted, herringbone, and serpentine designs as shown in Figure 3. The cross-fluted types are the same as
those that were discussed previously. All of these designs have a
proven performance record. However, it has been remarked that
cross-fluted designs are only for counterflow towers and not designed for crossflow. Cross-fluted designs have worked for many
years successfully in these applications. In fact, the very early
patents on cross-fluted designs listed crossflow towers as one
possible application.

Figure 3

Figure 2

30

As tower manufacturers become more competitive, more capacity

is being packed in smaller models. This has resulted in towers with
exceptionally high air velocities and water loadings. 15 years ago a
crossflow tower with a water loading of 22-25gpm/ft2 was considered high. Today, high capacity towers regularly have loadings in
excess of 30gpm/ft2. This has created water management issues for
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cross-fluted fill. Fill manufacturers have incorporated integral louvers and drift eliminators into their crossflow fills. These features
are required in most retrofits. However, the cross-fluted designs
have trouble managing the heavy water loadings. The angled flutes
force the water towards the louver face. As more water travels
down the drainage channel which separates the cross-fluted section from the integral louver, that passage way becomes flooded.
The excessive water in this channel will then block airflow through
the fill.
In most cases the tower can be engineered to correct or at least
minimize this problem. However, this requires an expert understanding of the tower in question and forces at work. Unfortunately, the solution may be different for each tower. These precise
modifications have made cross-fluted designs more difficult to use
and their performance somewhat unpredictable. In recent years the
trend has been to use herringbone designs for retrofits. With this
design there is no flute bias pushing the water towards the louver
face. The engineered zig-zag pattern keeps the water more evenly
distributed throughout the fill at higher air velocities.

Economic considerations
Once a flute type is determined, attention can be paid to economic
issues. The fill comprises approximately 20% of the cost of a new
tower. Items that can adversely affect fill costs are material gauge,
material type, installation labor, and freight.
In todays cost conscious world, thinner material gauges have become more common. In some cases this is not necessarily bad.
Advanced thermoforming techniques have been able to more evenly
distribute material during the forming process. As result it has
become common to use a mix of gauges throughout the same tower.
Typically the material on the top layer of the fill section will be of a
heavier gauge to better withstand the foot traffic of routine maintenance. Heavier material gauges on the bottom layer should also be
considered. This is particularly true with vertically fluted medias.
Many of these products have larger flute openings which do not
have the load bearing strength of the denser cross-fluted fills. The
point loads applied at the supports can be too great in some cases
for lighter material gauges.
It is difficult to apply a life span to a material gauge. There are
numerous examples at both ends of the spectrum of up to 25 years.
It is known that all plastics will break down with time. The molecular bonds break causing the plastic to become brittle. A heavier
gauge product will withstand this process for a longer period of
time and should be given consideration particularly when external
forces are expected such as regular foot traffic or ice loads.
At this point a note needs to be made on specifying material gauge.
This can become a confusing issue for those unfamiliar with PVC
fills because the cooling tower fill manufacturers do not necessarily use consistent notation when expressing the gauge of fill. In
some cases it could be expressed as an after-forming gauge and in
other cases it could be a before-forming gauge. During the forming
process the raw material is heated and passed over a tool which has
the shape of the product desired. When this occurs the raw material is stretched at certain points as shown in figure 4. This stretching process is not uniform and the ability of the manufacturing
process will dictate to what degree the final product is thinned out.
It should be noted that the CTI standard STD-136 specifies that the
material gauge shall be based on an average and a minimum
thickness after forming, as well as a raw material starting thickness
before forming.

32

Figure 4
A fills after-forming gauge will always be less than its before-forming gauge. It is important to know which gauge notation is being
specified. Do not be misled into thinking that a heavier gauge
product is being supplied. Statements like made of xx mil are
intentionally vague and could imply to mean either after-forming or
before-forming.
When purchasing any film fill, raw material type and quality must
also be considered. In the world today polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is
the most widely used material. Properties such as its low cost, ease
in forming and assembly, resistance to chemicals and degradation,
and self extinguishing characteristics makes this material the overwhelming material of choice. Other materials such as polypropylene, polystyrene, and cement boards are used but have drawbacks
such as weight, price, durability, and flammability. Options for
assembling other materials such as polypropylene are limited as
solvents are not effective on this material.
When specifying PVC it is important to insist that all raw materials
meet CTI Standard 136. Products that dont meet this standard are
likely to have problems such as a much lower heat deflection temperature. CTI standard 136 requires ASTM test D648 meet 160F.
Products not meeting this property would experience symptoms
such as shrinking at elevated temperatures. Cheaper materials may
also use a high level of less expensive flexible vinyls containing
plasticizers creating a finished product with poor beam strength or
little UV resistance. These inferior raw materials can not be noticed
by simple inspection in the field. Therefore, it is best to use raw
materials that have been QA tested to CTI standards.
Even what would appear to be small differences in fills such as part
size can influence the installed cost of the product. Bay size will
dictate to some degree the part size needed for a particular site.
However, even with the length fixed there are still many options
available. Most of the film fills today are supplied in assembled
blocks that range from as small as 4ft3 each to as large as 40ft 3 each.
There are numerous arguments as to which size is best. Several
points will be presented here but ultimately this is a site specific
issue.
As a general rule packs that are between 12ft3 and 20ft3 are less
expensive to manufacture then those that are much smaller or larger.
These parts are usually 2ft deep and between 6 and 10 ft in length.
These sizes are also typically favored by field personnel for their
ease in handling. However, poor water distribution would favor
shallower 12" deep packs. Each layer of fill is generally installed
90 to the previous one. This crossed pack design enables better
water distribution through the fill. There have been claims made
that the greater number of pack to packs interfaces created by
shallower packs will result in a greater potential for fouling. However, research shows that the water film velocity dictates the greatest potential for fouling and not the size of the opening at interface
of two packs.
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Transportation costs continue to be a greater percentage of any

products final cost. This is no different for fill medias. Freight is a
very large component to their final cost as most of the product is
air. A typical truck can carry approximately 3,500ft3 of assembled
material, where as a large tower can hold over 250,000ft3 of fill. At
this size this is over 70 truck loads. Depending on the site location
it could be over 1,000 miles from the closest manufacturing plant.
With average fuel rates continuing to rise a freight bill in excess of
$150,000 is possible. In some cases site assembly of the fill can
become very attractive because unassembled sheets can be packed
very compressed in a truck. Approximately seven times more
unassembled material can ship in each truck.
The history of assembling fills on site has been a difficult one. The
traditional adhesives used to assemble PVC are difficult to transport, store, and use. All are flammable and/or contain VOCs and are
strictly controlled. Their use in large quantities has become difficult to use in many parts of the country as well as internationally.
Substitutes are expensive and require complicated applicators which
can be difficult to control with inexperienced help typically found
in the field.
Advancements in pack construction now permit sheets to be assembled without the use of any adhesives or solvents. Mechanical
assembly techniques employ the use of concentric cones that are
crushed creating a cold formed rivet as shown in Figures 5 and 6.
This process provides for a fast assembly rate that is similar to
factory built packs which is critical for large volume jobs. In addition to speed, the process allows for a strong and very uniform
bonded joint. Again, this becomes very important when inexperienced labor is being used.

3.
4.
5.
6.

Figure 5

7.

Film fills are the best choice for many cooling towers. Their performance is unmatched. However, before any fill is chosen, a good
understanding of the water chemistry is required. This needs to
include both current conditions and anticipated conditions in the
future. Have a good understanding of the fill being offered and pay
attention to the details. Know where the product is being manufactured. This market is a mature one. Todays manufactures are
designing highly engineered products to meet very specific needs.
There are many options available and the one with the least expensive up front cost may not be the best in the long run. If unfamiliar
with the product, ask for drawings and samples and most importantly, ask questions.

8.

Conclusion

Figure 6
Duke, Jay. Allegheny Powers Experience with PVC Film
Fill in Cooling Towers. Paper presented at the American
Power Conference, Chicago, IL, 1994.
Meek, George. Cellular Cooling Tower Fill. Paper presented at the Cooling Tower Institute meeting, New York,
NY, 1967.
Mortensen, Kenneth. Low Clog Fill New Approaches.
Paper presented at the Cooling Tower Institute meeting,
Corpus Christi, TX, 2001.
The Munters Story, Published by Gullers Pictorial AB,
Stockholm, Sweden, 1983.
Whittemore, Michael and Tom Massy. Current Fouling
Problems of PVC Film Fills and Research into New Designs to Eliminate Fouling. Paper presented at the
American Power Conference, Chicago, IL, 1992.
Personal communications with Mr. Frank Michell November,
2005.

Appendix

References:
1.
2.

34

Aull, Richard and Tim Krell. Design features and their

affect on high performance fill. Paper presented at the
Cooling Tower Institute meeting, Houston, TX, 2000.
Deuvall, Brian; Frank Michell and Dan Drew. Refurbishing Americas First Hyperbolic Cooling Tower. Paper
presented at the Cooling Tower Institute meeting, New
Orleans, LA, 1991.

Cross-flute designs

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Offset flute designs

Vertical flute designs with microstructure

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Westar Energy Jeffrey Energy Center

Unit #3 Cooling Towers Reconstruction
David Spacek
Westar Energy

Abstract

Reasons To Rebuild

The purpose of this paper is to detail the activities which took place
before and during the reconstruction of the (2) cooling towers of
Unit #3 during the months of October and November of 2005. The
paper identifies the activities and justification involved leading up
to this replacement as well as the procedures performed to actually
demolish and rebuild these (2) towers during a 5-week outage.

David Spacek

A discussion should take place at

this point about the reasons for
rebuilding the towers. A reconstruction program began approximately fours ago on the other (4)
cooling towers on Unit #2 and proceeded to Unit #1. The Unit #3
cooling towers were the last ones
to be reconstructed at the Jeffrey
Energy Center.

As mentioned in a previous paragraph, the Unit #3 towers went

into service in 1983. Therefore, they have 22 years of service since
original construction. The original outer rings were constructed

Figure 1

Background
The Westar Energy Company is the electric utility, which serves
the northeast, central, and east-central parts of Kansas. The Jeffrey Energy Center is a 2,300-Megawatt coal fired power plant,
which is part of the Westar Energy fleet and is located approximately 40 miles northwest of Topeka, Kansas. The plant consists
of three like size units (approximately 765 MW each) and burns
western coal from the Powder River Basin area of Wyoming. Each
is serviced by (2) round mechanical draft cooling towers.
The Cooling Towers, which serve Jeffrey Energy Center Unit #3,
were constructed and placed into service in 1983. There are two
towers and they are both round mechanical draft cross flow design.
Each tower is approximately 175 in diameter and approximately 40
feet tall. The airflow on each tower is supplied by eight mechanical
draft fans. The fans are all situated on a concrete deck on the top
and center of the tower and pull air through the fill sections in a
cross flow manner. The fans are really completely separate from the
heat transfer or fill section of the tower, which is located around the
perimeter of the concrete structure. Each tower is designed to flow
166,000 gallons per minute. The structural members in the heat
transfer section of the tower are treated Douglas Fir. The fill media
is a splash type in a parallel configuration.

38

Figure 2
with Douglas Fir and Stainless Steel hardware. The condition of
the wood had become suspect. During outage inspections it was
quite clear that significant erosion of the diagonal cross members
and girts had occurred. At almost every recent outage, drift eliminators had fallen out and in the course of putting them back in
place, it was clear the wood behind them had deteriorated. Also,
numerous perimeter louvers had fallen from the towers in the last
two years and in the course of reinstalling back in place, it was
clear that the wood had deteriorated on the inside fill area as well.
With the deterioration of the tower in general, the overall performance of the tower had decreased. There was also a need to bring
the towers at least back to the original design conditions.

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The office trailer was easily connected with 220 VAC power. Also,
Internet and phone service was established via wireless Internet.
This worked very well. The construction crew spent the summer
assembling bents, installing clips on grids, and building walkways.
Having a building available to do some of the work insured no lost
production time due to the weather. On the past (4) towers, the
asbestos louvers were removed prior to the demo, but the louvers
on Unit #3 were not asbestos so this was not necessary.

Removal OF Existing Towers

Figure 3
They had also experienced some special occurrences during their
life. Those occurrences are listed below:
1. During the middle 1980s, there was a partial collapse of
one of the towers. This occurred during a shutdown of
Unit #3 in the middle of the winter. There was no heat load
on the tower during this time and the weather was cold
enough to freeze the water flowing over the tower and
cause the partial collapse.
2. A windstorm in the summer of 1994 collapsed about half
of the fan cylinders and also destroyed the fans and drive
shafts in those same cylinders.
3. About five years ago, it was determined that the hot water
basins on both towers were in very poor condition. During an outage in 2001 a plywood overlay of the basins was
done as a temporary repair until such time to reconstruct
the towers.
4. Some minor freeze damage occurred on one of the towers
in the spring of 2002. Some broken columns, girts, collapsed grid and fill, and some fallen louvers resulted from
water flowing over the tower with no heat load and an
unexpected cold spell caused the water to freeze.
5. Two partial collapses occurred on one of the towers during the winter of 2003. The tower was in service at the
time. The damage consisted of several broken columns
and the resulting collapsed girts, grid, and fill. Fortunately, the damaged areas were walled off and the remainder of the tower was able to operate normally.
6. A general increase of maintenance has occurred due to
some of the above mentioned problems as well as age of
the equipment.

Preparatory Work
Most of the construction materials arrived in the fall of 2004. There
were two reasons why the material arrived so early. Some consideration had been given to doing the reconstruction on the towers in
the spring of 2005. As illustrated by the items mentioned above,
the towers are in poor condition and if one of them did fail we
wanted to be prepared for an emergency replacement. Secondly,
the projection was for raw materials prices used to manufacture the
parts and pieces for the towers were going to climb because of oil
prices and we wanted to take advantage of the lower costs.
A small construction crew arrived on site in May of 2005. A work
area was established for them around the towers and also inside of
a seldom-used building at the plant. An office trailer and a crew
trailer were brought on site to be used by the construction crew.
40

Unit #3 was shut down the evening of October 7, 2005. At approximately midnight, the water flow to the towers was shut off. Immediately after the water was shut off, previously installed temporary
pumps were turned on to begin pumping out the cold water basin
into the normal drain system. As people arrived the next morning to
begin work, the water level was well below the basin floor level of
the cooling towers. The demolition could begin with minimum
water in the basins. After about two hours of preparation and set
up that morning, the demolition of the old towers began.
The demolition of the old towers was not a pretty sight. It was
done with a long pipe, which had hooks on the end of it. This pipe
was attached to a front-end loader. The front-end loader jabbed
this hooked pipe in the fill sections of the towers and with some
extra maneuvering brought both of them down with the debris falling into the basin. The demolition took approximately a day and a
half. This removal of the debris from the cold water basins had
taken approximately three days. The basins in both towers were
completely clean and dry. The old anchor castings were removed
and construction was ready to begin.
The (8) sets of mechanical equipment on top of the concrete structure was left intact. No replacement was performed.

Figure 4

Figure 5
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Figure 6
Figure 9
structed at the same time to insure the completion during the 5week outage, and different jobs were performed simultaneously.
The installation of the drift eliminators and walkways were some of
the last tasks to complete. The stairwells remained intact and reused on the new towers. These methods were refined over the last
four years during the reconstruction of four previous cooling towers at the Jeffrey Energy Center. Many lessons were learned during
those previous jobs and efficiencies of motions and methods were
achieved.

Figure 7

Figure 10
Figure 8

Installation Of New Towers

The installation of the new anchor castings and pre-assembled
bents began. Based on past experience, it was determined to be
best to install the bents in two parts. The lower sections of the
bents were installed rather quickly with the aid of a mobile crane.
The upper sections of the bents would be installed at a later time.
Handling the bents in two sections makes them easier and safer to
deal with.
As soon as bents were in place, installation of the fiberglass hot
water basins on top of the towers began. Also, the installation of
grids and fill also began simultaneously. Both towers were con-

42

Figure 11
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44

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the joints. Some minor repair of broken concrete around the coldwater basins and the access tunnels to the interiors of the towers
were also repaired. Lastly, six torsion tubes and the accompanying
support beams will be replaced on one of the towers. These torsion
tubes replacements will complete a project begun several years
ago. The torsion tubes currently in service in these six locations
are in poor condition and this replacement will insure reliable operation of those particular cells.

Figure 12

Figure 15

Conclusion

Figure 13

This total project was the culmination of a reconstruction of all (6)

of the cooling towers at the Jeffrey Energy Center. This paper has
only outlined the replacement of the final (2) towers. Much was
learned in the replacement of the first (4) and applied to this final
project. Recognition of Westar Energy management should be
made in this instance for having the foresight to reconstruct the
towers before any of them completely failed. This is certainly the
intelligent manner of business operation. Particular recognition of
the provider of these (6) cooling tower rebuilds should be made.
This would include sales representatives, engineering support,
construction managers, field personnel, and the construction crew.
These jobs were all completed in a timely fashion with excellence
achieved in both Safety and Craftsmanship. Also, I wish to recognize Westar Energy employees Dale Larson and Mark Hanson both
of whom worked most directly with me on these projects for their
support and construction expertise. Through the course of these
projects, the people mentioned above started out as business associates and became friends.

Figure 14

Additional Tasks Performed

There were some additional jobs, which were performed during this
reconstruction. The hot water distribution troughs or in Jeffrey
Energy Center terminology ring headers are constructed of concrete with butt joints of the concrete sections. During this outage,
those joints were cleaned and sandblasted after which the joints
had a sealer applied to them to insure no leakage of water between
46

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Wind Load Rated Packaged Cooling

Towers
by:
Daniel S. Kelly, Product Manager
EVAPCO, Inc.

the registered design professional related to components that are not designed by the professional, such as cooling towers. The code requires
the professional to provide in the contract documents the design wind load pressure (psf) (kN/
m2).

Abstract:
Changes to national building code and the state
building code of Florida have given rise to special
requirements for cooling towers to be able to withstand hurricane forces.
This paper will review national and Florida state
building codes as they apply to cooling towers
with emphasis on what must be communicated to
specifying engineers, owners and building inspectors with the goal of getting unit acceptance at
the jobsite and also design of units that meet the
code.

Daniel S. Kelly

Introduction:
Cooling towers are an integral part of HVAC and industrial process
cooling systems. A heat load from a conditioned space or a manufacturing process is rejected into the atmosphere using a cooling
tower by evaporating a small percentage of the re-circulating water.
Because the atmosphere is the heat sink, cooling towers are usually installed exterior to the building allowing easy rejection of the
buildings cooling load to the atmosphere.
Building codes identify design dead, live, wind, snow, rain and
seismic loads for building or building components, such as cooling
towers. The minimum design criteria are described for the building
or component that is exposed to direct atmospheric conditions;
such as hurricane wind forces, when the failure of the component
could pose a loss of life hazard.
When an owner commissions design professionals to design and
construct his building, the owners expectations are not only a
finished building that is functional and aesthetically pleasing, but
one that meets all applicable building codes in order to obtain the
certificate of occupancy from the local authority. It is the responsibility of the registered design professionals to design, specify, purchase and install parts, materials, assemblies and systems, including components such as the cooling tower that meet or exceed the
minimum design criteria in the governing building code.
There are many different building codes published and adopted
across the country. IBC 2003 is currently adopted by 45 states and
Washington D.C. (see figure 1). ASCE 7 is referenced in IBC 2003
as the governing code when the provisions and exceptions allowing IBC 2003 to apply are not satisfied. Florida has its own state
code again based upon ASCE 7. Some states have adopted the IBC
2003 building code state wide, while others leave the codes up to
the local jurisdictions.
The registered design professional, usually the engineer of record,
specifies the details of the cooling tower in mechanical specifications. The IBC 2003 code explicitly identifies the responsibility of

48

Regardless if IBC 2003 is the governing code, it

is incumbent upon the registered design professional to provide the information necessary so
the manufacturers know how the component is
to be designed. The aim of the paper is to assist
in the interpretation of the code(s) as applicable
to cooling towers to facilitate good, accurate and
concise communication with the component suppliers.

Each section of the paper covering the three main wind load codes
discussed herein has the following parts:
Applicability: when and where it applies to cooling towers.
Application: how it applies to cooling towers.
Administration: Communication of the design parameters to the
manufacturer in order to be assured the cooling tower design meets
the code.

SECTION I: IBC 2003: Section 1609 WIND

LOADS
I.
Applicability
IBC 2003 can be applied to a cooling tower when the associated
building meets certain criteria defined in the code. The code states
Loads on all buildings shall be determined in accordance with
Section 6 of ASCE 7 unless certain criteria apply. Section 6 of
ASCE 7 is analyzed in section II of this paper.
IBC 2003 applies when:
1.
2.
3.

The building is enclosed

The building has a mean roof height of 60 ft or less
The building has a mean roof height that does not exceed
the least horizontal dimension
4. The building does not have response characteristics
making it subject to:
a. Cross winds
b. Vortex shedding
c. Instability due to galloping or flutter
5. The building does not have a site location for which channeling or buffeting of upwind obstructions warrant special consideration.
If the building fails to meet all of these criteria, then the cooling
tower shall be designed to meet the Design Pressure detailed in
Section 6 of ASCE 7 (please refer to Section II of this paper).
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If the building meets all these criteria, then the cooling tower shall
be designed to meet the Design Pressure detailed in Section
1609.6.2.2.

II.

Application

Reading Chapter 1609.1 IBC 2003 and progressing through the code,
there are defining parameters to be determined useful in the interpretation and application of the code to cooling towers.
Basic wind speed is determined by Figure 1609 in IBC 2003. Figure
1609 is a series of maps with contour lines of constant wind speed.
One locates the jobsite on the maps and may interpolate linearly
between contours to determine the design basic wind speed for the
jobsite. Local jurisdictions may require wind speeds be employed
other than that defined in Figure 1609, particularly if the jobsite is
located in a special wind region, near mountainous terrain or near
gorges. Localized high wind velocities may occur in such regions.
When wind speeds are determined by local jurisdictions, Section
6.5.4 of ASCE 7 shall apply. Adjustments to the basic wind speed
by the local jurisdictions are based upon meteorological information. The registered design professional should investigate if local
high wind speeds apply.
Exposure Category reflects the characteristics of the ground surface irregularities. Variations in ground surface roughness due to
natural topography, vegetation and constructed features all contribute to the exposure category. The openness or amount of exposure the component (cooling tower) has to the impact of the wind
forces is accounted for in the exposure category.
Exposure A is not used in IBC 2003
Exposure B is the basic, catch all category. If the building does not
fall into Exposure C or D, then it shall have Exposure B. Exposure B
is characterized by urban and suburban areas with densely packed
obstructions having the size of single family dwellings or larger.
Exposure C is characterized by open terrain with scattered obstructions. Exposure C has a smooth natural topography and irregularities having height of 30 feet or less extending 1500 feet (457m) in all
directions from the building site. This category includes flat open
country, grasslands and shorelines in hurricane prone areas such
as the US Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Coast where the figure 1609
basic wind speed exceeds 90 mph (39.6 m/s) and Hawaii, Puerto
Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands and American Samoa.
Exposure D is characterized by flat, unobstructed areas exposed to
wind flowing over open water (excluding hurricane prone areas) for
a distance of 1 mile (1.61 km). Shorelines include inland water ways,
the great lakes, the coastline of California, Oregon, Washington
and Alaska. Exposure D extends inland only 1500 feet (460m) or 10
times the building height, whichever is greater.

Importance Factor
The cooling tower is assigned a wind load importance factor, Iw .
Table 1604.5 provides guidance in selecting the importance factor
based upon the type of building and the occupancy. There are
three importance factor values; low hazard with Iw = 0.87 (or 0.77 in
hurricane prone areas), substantial hazard with Iw = 1.00 and essential facilities with I w = 1.15. The building category or nature of the
occupancy determines the appropriate importance factor.
All cooling towers installed on a building in comfort cooling applications should be assigned an importance factor of 1.00, unless
50

they meet more stringent requirements of Category III or IV buildings, where the importance factor should be 1.15. Cooling towers
installed on grade or otherwise installed on structural supports not
integral with the main windforce-resisting system of the building it
serves or on a Category II building may use 0.87 (or 0.77 in hurricane prone areas) or 1.0 importance factor as the design professional determines appropriate.
Category I buildings or other structures are those which pose a low
hazard to human life in the event of a failure, such as agricultural
facilities, temporary facilities and minor storage facilities.
Category II buildings and other structures are those that are not
listed in Category I, III or IV.
Category III and IV buildings and other structures are those which
pose a substantial hazard or designed as essential facilities, respectively. Examples of Category III and IV buildings are:
Where more than 300 people can congregate in one area
Non-adult educational structures with an occupant load
greater than 250
Adult educational structure with an occupant load greater
than 500
Jails and detention centers
Hospitals and health care facilities
Fire, rescue or police stations and emergency vehicle garages
Facilities used for emergency management/response.
Aviation towers, air traffic control centers
Water treatment, waste water facilities, water facilities required to maintain water pressure for fire suppression.
Buildings having critical national defense functions
Any other occupancy with an occupant load greater than
5000

The Design Procedure

The design procedure is to determine the Basic Wind Speed, Importance Factor, Exposure Category and Height and Exposure Adjustment Coefficient specific to the site location. These parameters
are inputs used to determine the Design Wind Pressure.
The Basic Wind Speed is determined using IBC 2003 Section 1609.3
as described above.
The Importance Factor is determined using IBC 2003 Section 1609.5
as described above.
The Exposure Category is determined using IBC 2003 Section 1609.4
as described above.
The Height and Exposure Adjustment Coefficient, l is determined
using IBC 2003 Table 1609.6.2.1(4) as described in the next section.
The Design Wind Pressure
The design wind pressure is calculated based upon a nominal wind
pressure, pnet 30. The nominal wind pressure is presented in Table
1609.6.2.1(2) for a building or structure that has Exposure B, mean
roof height of 30 feet and an importance factor of 1.0. With information about the actual structure being designed, adjustments are
made to the nominal wind pressure to account for off-nominal conditions; ie, Exposure C or D, shorter or taller buildings or structures
(up to 60 feet) and 0.87 (0.77 in hurricane prone areas) or 1.15 Importance Factor.
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Per Section 1609.6.2.2, the net design wind pressure is the sum of
the pressures applied normal to the cooling tower surface as shown
in Figure 1609.2.2. An additional sketch of a cooling tower with the
pressures acting toward and away from the cooling tower normal to
the surface is provided in Figure 2 in this paper.

II. Determine the design wind pressure for a data center installed at
grade in Atlanta, Georgia.
The Basic Wind Speed for Atlanta is 90mph.

Figure 1609

The net design wind pressure, pnet is determined using IBC 2003
Equation 16-35:

The Importance Factor is 1.15.

Table 1604.5

= * Iw * (pnet 30,pt + pnet 30,pa)

where:

= Adjustment factor for building height and exposure. Table

1609.6.2.1(4).
Iw
= Importance factor. Section 1609.5.
pnet 30,pt = Net design wind pressure towards the cooling tower for
Exposure B, at h=30 feet and for Iw = 1.0, from Tables
1609.6.2.1 (the positive value in the table)
pnet 30,pa = Net design wind pressure away the cooling tower for
Exposure B, at h=30 feet and for Iw = 1.0, from Tables
1609.6.2.1 (the negative value in the table)
Table 1609.6.2.1 requires one additional piece of information to properly look up the design wind pressure, the Zone number. Figure 2 of
this paper indicates the applicable zones for cooling towers based
upon IBC 2003 Figure 1609.6.2.2. The side of the cooling tower
reacts to wind loading as a flat wall of the Flat Roof building sketched
in IBC 2003 Figure 1609.6.2.2. For all cases, the cooling tower should
be designed in Zone 5.

The Height and Exposure Adjustment Coefficient is 1.00.

Table 1609.6.2.1(4)

p net

III.

Administration

Suggested values to provide in the mechanical specifications:

Mean Roof Height or Height Above Grade
Basic Wind Speed: Site Location for use in IBC 2003 Figure 1609 of
the value.
Importance Factor: Building Category or Nature of the Occupancy
for use in IBC 2003 Table 1604.5 or the value.
Exposure Category

The Mean Roof Height is at grade.

The Exposure Category is B

The Net Design Wind Pressure towards the 100 ft 2tower is 12.4.
Table 1609.6.2.1(2)
The Net Design Wind Pressure away from the 100 ft2 tower is 15.1.
Table 1609.6.2.1(2)
The Design Wind Pressure is therefore: (1.15) * (1.00) * (12.4 + 15.1)
= 31.6 psf.

Section II: ASCE 7: Section 6 WIND LOADS

I.
Applicability
Section 6 of ASCE 7 is applied when the building or component
does not meet the criteria discussed in the IBC 2003 Applicability
section above. There are three Methods outlined in Section 6 of
ASCE 7:
Method 1 Simplified Procedure for buildings meeting the
requirements specified in Section 6.4. The requirements for
Method 1 are similar to IBC 2003; therefore, IBC 2003 shall
apply.
Method 2 Analytical Procedure as for buildings meeting the
requirements specified in Section 6.5. This is the applicable
section for cooling towers.
Method 3 Wind Tunnel Procedure as specified in Section 6.6.
If the building is subject to unusual wind loads or is of unusual
shape, then wind tunnel testing may be required. All cooling
towers are regular shaped, so Method 3 is not applicable.
Section 6 ASCE 7, Method 2 applies when:
1.
2.
3.

Height and Exposure Adjustment Coefficient: Mean Roof Height

and Exposure or the value.
Examples:
I. Determine the design wind pressure for a cooling tower installed
on top of a 3 story commercial office building located in New York
City, New York.
The Mean Roof Height is about 40 feet for a 3 story building.
The Basic Wind Speed for NYC is 110mph.

Figure 1609

The Importance Factor is 1.0.

Table 1604.5

The Exposure Category is B

Section 1609.4

The Height and Exposure Adjustment Coefficient is 1.09.

Table 1609.6.2.1(4)
The Net Design Wind Pressure towards the 100 ft 2 tower is 18.5.
Table 1609.6.2.1(2)
The Net Design Wind Pressure away from the 100 ft2 tower is 22.6.
Table 1609.6.2.1(2)
The Design Wind Pressure is therefore: (1.0) * (1.09) * (18.5 + 22.6)
= 44.8 psf.

52

Section 1609.4

4.

II.

IBC 2003 does not.

The building has a mean roof height of 60 ft or more
The building does not have response characteristics
making it subject to:
a. Across wind loading
b. Vortex shedding
c. Instability due to galloping or flutter
The building does not have a site location for which channeling or buffeting of upwind obstructions warrant special consideration.

Application

Reading Section 6.5 Method 2 ASCE 7 and progressing through

the code, there are defining parameters to be determined useful in
the interpretation and application of the code to cooling towers.
Basic Wind Speed is determined by Figure 6-1. Wind speed contour maps are provided. (IBC 2003 uses the same maps). One locates the jobsite on the maps and may interpolate linearly between
contour lines to determine the design basic wind speed for the
jobsite. Exceptions to using Figure 6-1 are for special wind regions

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indicated as shaded areas in Figure 6-1 or other estimations of wind

speeds are available using approved statistical procedures and
good records of the wind data are available. The registered design
professional should investigate if local high wind speeds apply.
Importance Factor is determined using Section 6 ASCE 7, Table 61 using building and structure categories listed in Table 1-1. (IBC
2003 uses the same wind load importance factors as Section 6 ASCE
7). There are three importance factor values; 0.87 (or 0.77 in hurricane prone areas), 1.00 and 1.15. The building category or nature of
the occupancy determines the appropriate importance factor.
All cooling towers installed in comfort cooling applications should
be assigned an importance factor of 1.00, unless they meet more
stringent requirements of Category III or IV buildings, where the
importance factor should be 1.15. Cooling towers installed on grade
or on structural supports not integral with the main windforceresisting system or on a Category II building may use 0.87 (or 0.77
in hurricane prone areas) or 1.0 importance factor as the design
professional determines appropriate.
Category I buildings or other structures are those which pose a low
hazard to human life in the event of a failure, such as agricultural
facilities, temporary facilities and minor storage facilities.
Category II buildings and other structures are those that are not
listed in Category I, III or IV.
Category III and IV buildings and other structures are those which
pose a substantial hazard or designed as essential facilities, respectively. Examples of Category III and IV buildings are:
Where more than 300 people can congregate in one area
Non-adult educational structures with an occupant load
greater than 250
Adult educational structure with an occupant load greater
than 500
Jails and detention centers
Hospitals and health care facilities
Fire, rescue or police stations and emergency vehicle garages
Facilities used for emergency management/response.
Aviation towers, air traffic control centers
Water treatment, waste water facilities, water facilities required to maintain water pressure for fire suppression.
Buildings having critical national defense functions
Any other occupancy with an occupant load greater than
5000
Exposure reflects the characteristics of the ground surface irregularities. Variations in ground surface roughness due to natural topography, vegetation and constructed features all contribute to
the exposure category. The openness or amount of exposure the
component has to the brunt of the wind forces is accounted for in
the exposure category.
A ground surface roughness is employed for the purpose of assigning an exposure category.
Surface Roughness B is defined as urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other terrain with numerous closely
spaced obstructions having the size of single family dwellings or larger.
54

Surface Roughness C is defined as open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 30ft,
including flat open country, grasslands and all water surfaces in hurricane-prone regions.
Surface Roughness D is characterized by unobstructed areas and water surfaces outside hurricane-prone areas.
Exposure Categories
Exposure B applies when the ground surface roughness B condition prevails in the upwind direction for the greater of a distance of
at least 2630 feet or 10x the height of the building. If the building
mean roof height is less than or equal to 30 feet, then the upwind
distance consideration of the ground surface condition is reduced
to 1500 ft.
Exposure C is the catch all category in Section 6 ASCE 7. If the
building does not fall into Exposure B or D, then it shall have Exposure C.
Exposure D applies when the ground surface roughness D prevails
in the upwind direction for the greater of a distance of at least 5000
ft. or 10x the building height. Exposure D extends inland from shorelines (not in hurricane-prone areas) for the greater of 660 ft. from
the shoreline or 10x the building height.
Topographical Effects take into account increases in wind speeds
if the structure is located on top of a hill, ridge or escarpment. The
physical attributes of hill, ridge or escarpment are used to determine the topographical factor. Typically, this factor is equal to 1.0,
however the registered design professional should investigate if
there are topographical issues which need to be considered.
Enclosure Classifications are used in determining the internal pressure coefficients. All buildings or structures shall be defined as
enclosed, partially enclosed or open. An Open building is one having each wall at least 80% open. Partially Enclosed is where the
total area of openings in the windward wall exceeds the sum of the
open areas in the other walls and roof by 10% and the total area of
the windward wall openings exceeds 4 square feet or 1% of that
wall area with the percentage of the openings in the balance of the
building envelope not exceeding 20%. In a partially enclosed building, wind pressure can enter the building through an opening larger
than openings in the remaining walls, thus producing a positive
pressure inside the building. Buildings not meeting Open or Partially Enclosed criteria are defined as Enclosed.
Velocity Pressure, qz, evaluated at height z is calculated using
Section 6 ASCE 7 Equation 6-15
qz = 0.00256 * Kz * Kzt * Kd * V2 * I
where:
Kz = is the Velocity Pressure Coefficient, a factor on the nominal velocity pressure to account for the varying exposures from Section 6 ASCE 7 Table 6-3. The value depends
upon the height above ground and exposure category.
Kzt = is the Topographical Factor
Kd = is the Wind Directionality Factor, a factor accounting for
the structure type, such as component, chimney, tank,
sign, or trussed towers. This value is 0.85 for cooling towers.
V = Basic Wind Speed

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I = Importance Factor
Note that qh is the velocity pressure using Section 6 ASCE 7 Equation 6-15 evaluated at height h. For purposes of components installed on a building roof that is more than 60 feet above grade,
height h and height z can be taken as equal, therefore qh = qz.

The Mean Roof Height is about 140 feet for a 10 story building.
The Basic Wind Speed, V, for Miami is 147mph.

Figure 6-1b

The Wind Directionality Factor, K d, is 0.85

Table 6-4

The Velocity Pressure Coefficient, Kz , is 1.36

Table 6-3

Pressure and Force Coefficients

The Importance Factor, I, is 1.0.

Table 6-1

Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi is an adjustment of

the pressure internal to the unit and given in Section 6 ASCE 7
Figure 6-5 equals +/- 0.18 for enclosed components such as cooling
towers.

The Roughness Category is C.

Section 6.5.6.2

Exposure Category is C.

Section 6.5.6.3

External Pressure Coefficient, GCp is an adjustment of

the pressure external to the unit given in Section 6 ASCE 7 Figure 617. The value depends upon the area of the cooling tower normal to
the direction of the wind.

There are no Topographical Effects, Kzt, equals 1.0 Section 6.5.7

(there are no topographical irregularities defined)
The Velocity Pressure,
qz = 0.00256 * 1.36 * 1.0 * 0.85 * (147^2) * 1.0 = 63.95 psf
The Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi, is +/-0.18

Figure 6-5

Design Wind Load for Cooling Towers on buildings with mean roof
height greater than 60ft.

The External Pressure Coefficient, GCp, is +0.75.

Figure 6-17

p = q * (GCp) qi * (GCpi)

The External Pressure Coefficient, GCp, is -1.40.

where:

(Zone 5, Windward Wall at 100 square feet)

Figure 6-17

(Zone 5, Leeward Wall at 100 square feet)

= qz, the external velocity pressure on the windward wall

calculated at height z.
= qh, the external velocity pressure on the leeward wall and
roofs at height h.
qi = qh, the internal velocity pressure on the windward wall,
leeward wall and roofs at height h.
GCp = External pressure coefficient
GCpi = Internal pressure coefficient
Sign Convention: positive pressures act toward the surface and
negative pressures act away from the surface.
Critical Load Condition: values of external and internal pressures
shall be combined algebraically to determine the most critical load.
Figure 2 of this paper indicates the applicable zones for cooling
towers for Section 6 ASCE 7. The side of the cooling tower reacts to
wind loading as a flat wall. For velocity pressures on the walls, the
cooling tower should be designed in Zone 5.

The Design Wind Pressure is therefore:

Windward with Positive Internal:
p = 63.95 * 0.75 + 63.95 * -0.18 = 36.5 psf
Windward with Negative Internal:
p = 63.95 * 0.75 + 63.95 * +0.18 = 59.5 psf
Leeward with Positive Internal:
p = 63.95 * -1.40 + 63.95 * -0.18 = 101.0 psf
Leeward with Negative Internal:
p = 63.95 * -1.40 + 63.95 * +0.18 = 78.0 psf
The critical design wind load is the largest of the surfaces, 101.0
psf.
II. Determine the design wind pressure for a Hospital installed on a
6 story building in Baltimore, Maryland.
The Mean Roof Height is about 80 feet for a 6 story building.

The most critical design wind load is determined by calculating the

internal and external loads on the windward wall and leeward wall
individually. The greatest wind load shall determine the design
wind load for all walls of the component.

The Basic Wind Speed, V, for Baltimore is 90 mph.

III.

The Importance Factor, I, is 1.15.

Administration

The Wind Directionality Factor, K d, is 0.85

The Velocity Pressure Coefficient, Kz , is 0.93

Suggested values to provide in the mechanical specifications:

The Roughness Category is B.

Mean Roof Height or Height Above Grade

Exposure Category is B.

Basic Wind Speed

There are no Topographical Effects, Kzt, equals 1.0

Velocity Pressure Coefficient

The Velocity Pressure

Importance Factor

qz, = 0.00256 * 0.93 * 1.0 * 0.85 * (90^2) * 1.0 = 16.39 psf

Exposure: Ground Surface Roughness and Exposure Category

The Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi, is +/-0.18.

Topographical Factor (if applicable)

The External Pressure Coefficient, GCp, is +0.75.

Examples:
I. Determine the design wind pressure for a cooling tower installed
on top of a 10 story commercial office building located in Miami,
Florida.

56

Figure 6-5
Figure 6-17

(Zone 5, Windward at 100 square feet)

The External Pressure Coefficient, GCp, is -1.40.

Figure 6-17

(Zone 5, Leeward at 100 square feet)

The Design Wind Pressure is therefore:

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Windward with Positive Internal:

p = 16.39 * 0.75 + 16.39 * -0.18 = 9.3 psf
Windward with Negative Internal:
p = 16.39 * 0.75 + 16.39 * +0.18 = 15.2 psf
Leeward with Positive Internal:
p = 16.39 * -1.40 + 16.39 * -0.18 = 25.9 psf
Leeward with Negative Internal:
p = 16.39 * -1.40 + 16.39 * +0.18 = 20.0 psf
The critical design wind load is the largest of the surfaces, 25.9 psf.

SECTION III: FLORIDA BUILDING CODE:

Section 1609 Wind Loads
The Florida building code reads verbatim from the IBC 2003, with
few exceptions. Differences are noted in italics.

I.

Applicability

Florida Building Code (FBC) states Loads on all buildings shall be

determined in accordance with Section 6 of ASCE 7 unless certain
criteria apply.
FBC applies when:
1.

The building is simple diaphragm building with flat,

hipped or gables roofs
a. Diaphragm is defined as a system acting to transmit
lateral forces to the vertical elements. The cooling
tower must be anchored down.
2. The building has a mean roof height of 60 ft or less
3. The building has a mean roof height that does not exceed
the least horizontal dimension
4. The building does not have response characteristics
making it subject to:
d. Cross winds
e. Vortex shedding
f. Instability due to galloping or flutter
6. The building does not have a site location for which channeling or buffeting of upwind obstructions warrant special consideration.
If the building fails to meet all of these criteria, then the cooling
tower shall be designed to meet the Design Pressure detailed in
Section 6 of ASCE 7 (please refer to Section II of this paper).
If the building meets all these criteria, then the cooling tower shall
be designed to meet the Design Pressure detailed in Section
1609.6.2.2.

II.

Application

Basic wind speed is determined by Figure 1609 in FBC. Figure 1609

is a map of Florida with contour lines of constant wind speed. One
locates the jobsite on the maps and may interpolate linearly between contour lines to determine the design basic wind speed for
the jobsite. Local jurisdictions may establish specific wind speeds
other than that defined in Figure 1609, particularly if the jobsite is
located in a special wind region, near mountainous terrain, near
gorges or ocean promontories. Localize high wind velocities may
occur in such regions. Broward County shall have a basic wind
speed of 140 mph and Miami-Dade shall have a basic wind speed
of 146 mph.
58

Exposure Category reflects the characteristics of the ground surface irregularities. Variations in ground surface roughness due to
natural topography, vegetation and constructed features all contribute to the exposure category. The openness or amount of exposure the component has to the brunt of the wind forces is accounted for in the exposure category.
Exposure A is characterized by large city centers with at least 50
percent of the buildings having height in excess of 70 feet. Exposure A is limited to areas for which this terrain prevails in an
upwind direction the greater of at least mile or 10 times the
building height.
Exposure B is the basic, catch all category. If the building does not
fall into Exposure C or D, then it shall have Exposure B. Exposure B
is characterized by urban and suburban areas with densely packed
obstructions having the size of single family dwellings or larger.
Exposure C is that area which lies within 1500 feet of a coastal
construction control line or 1500 feet of a high tide line, except
high velocity hurricane zones. Broward and Miami-Dade counties are high-velocity hurricane zones and shall be taken as Exposure C.
Exposure D is characterized by flat, unobstructed areas exposed to
wind flowing over open water (excluding hurricane prone areas) for
a distance of 1 mile (1.61 km). Shorelines include inland water ways,
the great lakes, the coastline of California, Oregon, Washington
and Alaska. Exposure D extends inland only 1500 feet (460m) or 10
times the building height, whichever is greater.

Importance Factor
The cooling tower is assigned a wind load importance factor, Iw .
Table 1604.5 provides guidance in selecting the importance factor
based upon the type of building and the occupancy. There are
three importance factor values; 0.87 (or 0.77 in hurricane prone
areas), 1.00 and 1.15. The building category or nature of the occupancy determines the appropriate importance factor.
All cooling towers installed in comfort cooling applications should
be assigned an importance factor of 1.00, unless they meet more
stringent requirements of Category III or IV buildings, where the
importance factor should be 1.15. Cooling towers installed on grade
or on structural supports not integral with the main windforceresisting system or on a Category II building may use 0.87 (or 0.77
in hurricane prone areas) or 1.0 importance factor as the design
professional determines appropriate.
Category I buildings or other structures are those which pose a low
hazard to human life in the event of a failure, such as agricultural
facilities, temporary facilities, minor storage facilities, and screen
enclosures.
Category II buildings and other structures are those that are not
listed in Category I, III or IV.
Category III and IV buildings and other structures are those which
pose a substantial hazard or designed as essential facilities, respectively. Examples of Category III and IV buildings are:
Where more than 300 people can congregate in one area
Non-adult educational structures with an occupant load
greater than 250
Adult educational structure with an occupant load greater
than 500
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 Jails and detention centers

Hospitals and health care facilities
Fire, rescue or police stations and emergency vehicle garages
Facilities used for emergency management/response.
Aviation towers, air traffic control centers
Water treatment, waste water facilities, water facilities required to maintain water pressure for fire suppression.
Buildings having critical national defense functions
Any other occupancy with an occupant load greater than
5000

The Design Wind Pressure is therefore: (1.0) * (1.49) * (40.5 + 33.1)

= 109.7 psf.
II. Determine the design wind pressure for a shopping mall installed
at grade in downtown Orlando.
The Mean Roof Height is at grade.
The Basic Wind Speed for Orlando is 105 mph.
The Importance Factor is 1.0.
The Exposure Category is B.
The Height and Exposure Adjustment Coefficient is 1.0.
The Net Design Wind Pressure towards the 100 ft 2 tower is 17.8.

The Design Procedure

The Net Design Wind Pressure away from the 100 ft2 tower is 22.5.

The design procedure is to determine the Basic Wind Speed, Importance Factor, Exposure Category and Height and Exposure Adjustment Coefficient specific to the site location. These parameters
are inputs used to determine the Design Wind Pressure.

The Design Wind Pressure is therefore: (1.0) * (1.0) * (17.8 + 22.5) =

40.3 psf.

The Basic Wind Speed is determined using FBC Section 1609.3 as

described above.
The Exposure Category is determined using FBC Section 1609.4 as
described above.
The Importance Factor, Iw is determined using FBC Section 1609.5
as described above.
The Height and Exposure Adjustment Coefficient, l is determined
using FBC Table 1609.6D.
The Wind Pressure is determined by taking the loads from Table
1609.6B, multiplied by the appropriate height and exposure factor
coefficient, l and the importance factor, Iw.

III.

Administration

Suggested values to provide in the mechanical specifications:

Mean Roof Height or Height Above Grade
Basic Wind Speed: Site Location for use in IBC 2003 Figure 1609 of
the value.

Figure 1. Map of States which have adopted IBC 2003.

Source: www.iccsafe.org

Importance Factor: Building Category or Nature of the Occupancy

for use in IBC 2003 Table 1604.5 or the value.
Exposure Category
Height and Exposure Adjustment Coefficient: Mean Roof Height
and Exposure or the value.
Examples:
I. Determine the design wind pressure for a cooling tower installed
on top of a 3 story commercial office building located in Miami.
The Mean Roof Height is about 40 feet for a 3 story building.
The Basic Wind Speed for Miami is 147mph.

Figure 1609

The Importance Factor is 1.0.

Table 1604.5

The Exposure Category is C

Section 1609.4

The Height and Exposure Adjustment Coefficient is 1.49.

Table 1609.6D

Figure 2. Sketch of the net design pressures on a

cooling tower (related to Figure 1609.6.2.2 in IBC 2003,
Figure 6-17 Section 6 ASCE 7 and Figure 1609.6C in the
Florida Building Code)

The Net Design Wind Pressure towards the 100 ft 2 tower is 40.5.
Table 1609.6B
The Net Design Wind Pressure away from the 100 ft2 tower is 33.1.
Table 1609.6B
60

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Dynamic Control of Dynamic Systems

Advances in Cooling System Treatment
By
Daniel M. Cicero
Nalco Company

Abstract

tion of biocides, allowing bio-populations to

grow.
Effective response to system stress requires constant
monitoring of system parameters that reveal changing conditions. When upsets are detected, an appropriate, timely response is required to prevent a problem. Finally, information about the upset and the corrective action taken must be delivered to system users to allow them to take further corrective action,
identify the root cause of the problem or make operational changes to prevent its recurrence.

Every cooling system operates under stress. As

stress varies, the potential for scale, corrosion and
fouling changes. The ability to monitor the changing
potential for these operational problems, detect upsets and take appropriate, corrective action becomes
increasingly important as systems are pushed harder
Daniel M. Cicero
to reduce total cost of operation. Over the past two
years, new methods of managing open industrial cooling water systems based on the actual stresses placed upon them Case Study #1: Scale Control
have been developed and evaluated in the field. This paper dis- A Gulf Coast chemical plant documented a $250,000 loss of revenue
cusses three applications in which variation in system stress pre- tied to calcium phosphate fouling in one critical heat exchanger.1
sented the potential for scale, corrosion and microbial fouling. System stress had several sources:
Operational data will be presented to explain how these stresses
were managed using a comprehensive treatment, monitoring and Mechanical Stress
Several critical processes in the plant depended on plate-and-frame
control strategy.
heat exchangers exposed to high temperatures in excess of 170F
Introduction
(77C) and flow rates below 2 fps. These mechanical factors
Every cooling system operates under stress. As stress varies, the contributed to Ca (PO ) fouling.
3
4 2
potential for scale, corrosion and fouling changes. The ability to
monitor the changing potential for these operational problems, de- Operational Stress
tect upsets and take appropriate, corrective action becomes in- System control provided another stress on the system. Because
creasingly important as systems are pushed harder to reduce total the total inorganic phosphate (TIP) concentrations in the recirculating water varied dramatically, better system control was needed
cost of operation.
to prevent Ca 3(PO 4) 2 fouling. High temperatures caused
System Stress: A Definition
polyphosphate reversion, which meant recirculating water phosFor purposes of this paper, system stress is defined as any me- phate concentrations varied independently of cycles of concentrachanical, operational or chemical aspect of system operation that tion and pH. Without control over the amount of reversion, fouling
could result in an operational problem: mineral scale, corrosion or control was difficult.
microbial fouling.
Some examples:
The phosphate concentration in the make-up to a cooling
tower varies. When concentrations exceed solubility limits,
calcium phosphate scaling occurs and heat exchanger efficiency decreases.
The pH in a cooling system varies in response to changes
beyond the control of the system operators. When the pH
drops, corrosion occurs and equipment life is reduced.
A cooling system is susceptible to microbial contamination
from operational factors beyond the control of operators.
Without timely addition of a biocide, microbial fouling occurs and system performance degrades rapidly.
Constraints on operational costs have reduced the number
of operators available for routine testing. The time between
detection of a problem and proper corrective action is long
enough to allow scale, corrosion or fouling to occur.
Operational realities such as the need to take equipment
offline for periods of time eliminate the effective applica62

Chemical Stress

River water containing about 100 ppm of calcium hardness and 0.8
1.2 ppm of PO4 was used as make-up water. Cycles of concentration were maintained at about 6.0. A neutral phosphate chemical
treatment program was in place, maintaining 18 20 ppm of total
inorganic phosphate (TIP) in the recirculating water.

Control Based on System Stress

High temperatures, low flows and poor TIP control were identified
as the root causes of the fouling at this facility. Although recommendations were made regarding the high temperatures and low
flows, the cost to make the necessary mechanical changes was too
high. Achieving better TIP control through use of an effective
dispersant polymer was seen as the most viable solution to the
problem.
An inert tracer material contained in the treatment chemical served
as a reference point in the recirculating water. Because its concentration can be measured with great accuracy and precision using an
online fluorometer, changing concentrations of other cooling water
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63

constituents can be referenced to it. Research showing the direct

correlation between polymeric dispersant consumption and the
onset of scaling is well established.2 By comparing the concentration of the inert fluorescent material and a chemical tag on the
dispersant polymer which establishes the amount of active
polymer available the amount of polymer consumption can be
continuously measured. Monitoring the rate of change between
the two fluorescent species permits response to upsets and adjustments to operational and chemical control before the scaling conditions result in an operational problem.

Results
By reducing TIP concentrations, fouling reduction was achieved.
As shown in Figure 1, TIP was reduced through improved control
using the tagged dispersant polymer. The results are shown in
Figure 2. Heat exchanger efficiencies improved following adoption
of tagged polymer control.

Case Study #2: Corrosion Control

In the western United States, where water supplies are limited, many
industrial cooling systems utilize tertiary treated wastewater
commonly referred to as Title 22 water as their make-up source.
Although prudent from an environmental and economic standpoint,
Title 22 water presents a technical challenge. This water source is
highly variable. Concentrations of chlorides and sulfate often make
it corrosive. At other times, elevated inorganic phosphate concentrations make it scale-forming. If the water were uniformly corrosive or scale-forming, treatment and control would be fairly straightforward. It is the variability, and its unpredictability, that make this
water a treatment challenge.
One West Coast refinery using Title 22 water needed to reduce
localized corrosion rates and prevent scale formation in critical heat
exchangers.3

Mechanical Stress
Mechanical stresses were moderate. Adequate flow was maintained through all exchangers and maximum skin temperatures were
only 130F (54C).

Operational Stress
Automation and good preventive maintenance minimized any operational stress.

Chemical Stress
The predominant stress at this facility was chemical. Elevated chlorides, sulfates and conductivity made the water very corrosive most
of the time, but inorganic phosphate concentrations were highly
variable, rendering the water scale-forming at other times.
Figure 1: The improvement in TIP control gained through
tagged polymer control is apparent. Online control based
strictly on the inert tracer material was an improvement over
conventional control using wet chemistry and manual
adjustment. Advancing to tagged polymer control, where
chemical adjustments are made based on the scale-forming
stress on the system, reduced TIP contribution even further.

Control Based on System Stress

Pyrophosphate is commonly used as a corrosion inhibitor in these
types of applications. The pyrophosphate forms a calcium-pyrophosphate film at the cathode. The weakness of pyrophosphate is
its reversion to orthophosphate with time, pH, temperature and
microbiological population. The new treatment approach chosen
for this system, phosphino succinic oligomer (PSO), does not revert under these high-stress conditions. Additionally, it is an effective scale-inhibitor, capable of protecting the system when the
potential for calcium phosphate scaling presented itself.4

Results
As shown in Figure 3, localized corrosion rates improved by 61%
after the change from the traditional, pyrophosphate-based treatment program to a PSO-based program. Figure 4 shows corrosion
coupons removed from the system before and after adopting the
PSO-based treatment program.

Figure 2: Improved control of TIP concentrations resulted in

improved heat exchanger efficiencies at this facility. % U Factor
a measure of heat transfer efficiency improved after
adoption of tagged polymer control.

64

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

65

A fluorescent material, a bio-reporter, was introduced into the recirculating water. This material fluoresced at a wavelength detectable
by an online fluorometer. The bio-reporter reacted with an enzyme
dehydrogenase produced by respiring organisms. The reacted form of the bio-reporter was also detectable by the online
fluorometer. By monitoring the concentrations of both the reacted
and un-reacted forms of the bio-reporter, and the rates at which
they changed, an accurate, continuous picture of the bio-activity
in the system emerged.6

Results

Figure 3: PSO-based treatment delivered better localized

corrosion protection than pyrophosphate in this application.

Figure 4: The corrosion coupon on the left shows the pitting

corrosion seen in the system before the use of a PSO-based
treatment program. The coupon on the right shows the results
after changing treatment programs.

As can be seen in Figure 5, bio-populations were high every Monday morning, the result of bringing chillers offline over the weekend and then bringing them back online during the work week.
Figure 6 shows the dynamic bio-conditions found in the system on
a Monday and how the bio-control program reacted. As the biopopulation increased, the oxidant pump ran for longer periods of
time, injecting more biocide into the system. When the inflexion
point was reached, the biocide pump ran less frequently and for
shorter periods of time. Biocide use was minimized and bio-populations were quickly brought under control. Because the bio-reporter reacted with all dehydrogenase in the system, changes reflected total system bio-activity, not just that associated with planktonic bacteria. Overall bio-control, both planktonic and sessile,
improved as a result.

Case Study #3: Microbial Control

The mechanical, operational and chemical stresses on a cooling
system are often beyond the control of the system users. That was
the case at one midwestern office complex. During the summer
months, the cooling system was largely idle over the weekends.
Because biocides could not circulate through the offline equipment during the weekends, microbial populations increased. Use
of ORP control to apply oxidizing biocides could not detect these
upsets or respond in a timely manner.

Mechanical Stress
Mechanical stress on the system was low. The system was welldesigned and sized properly for the application.

Figure 5: The stress on this system was Monday morning, an

example of the kind of operational stress beyond the control of
system users.

Operational Stress
During the summer months, the cooling system was not needed
over the weekends. Operators shut down some of the chillers
during those times, bringing them back online when the heat load
on the building warranted it. Because no water flowed through the
chillers during this time, biocides could not act on the bio-population in the offline equipment.5

Chemical stress
Using ORP control to dose oxidizing biocides was effective, but
not optimal. Biocide usage was higher than necessary to achieve
good microbial results.

Control Based on System Stress

Detecting upsets in bio-population and applying exactly the right
concentration of biocide at the right time would reduce the amount
of oxidant fed to the system, delivering better bio-control with less
oxidant.
66

Figure 6: When a change in bio-activity is detected, the oxidant

pump runs more frequently and for longer periods of time. When
bio-activity is brought under control, less biocide is applied.

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

67

Conclusions

(Endnotes)

System control based on the stresses actually applied to a cooling

system is not a new idea. The differences between the approach
highlighted here and previous approaches address these new needs
expressed by cooling system users:

The requirement to use more highly variable make-up water

sources, but prevent operational problems.
The requirement to improve control of scale, corrosion and
microbial fouling, but to do it economically and automatically.
The requirement to collect data in a useful format that allows
diagnosis and troubleshooting, in addition to highlighting
areas for improvement.
The requirement to measure all key parameters related to
system stress, detect upsets and take an appropriate, automatic corrective action. The goal: prevention of operational
problems and minimization of total cost of operation.
Most of the stresses under which a cooling system operates are
beyond the control of the system users: variability in water chemistry, production rates, operational schedules, etc. The key to good
performance is the ability to actively respond to changes in system
stress, automatically, taking corrective action before an operational
problem occurs.

68

Gulf Coast chemical plant increases production with 3D

TRASAR program, CH-572, Nalco Company, 2004
Moriarty, B.E., Rasimas, J.P, Young, P.R., Hoots, J.E., Methods
to Monitor and Control Scale in Cooling Water Systems, Corrosion/2001, Houston, Texas, March 1116, 2001.
3D TRASAR improves localized corrosion and scale protection at West Coast refinery using Title 22 reclaim water, Nalco
Company, 2004, CH-580.
Meier, D.A., Moriarty, B.E., Rasimas, J.P., Stonecipher, D.L.,
Advanced Cooling Water Performance with New Dual Functioning Inhibitor, International Water Conference, 2002, Nalco
Company, R-813
Intermittent Operation: A source of cooling system stress,
Nalco Company, 2005, CH-565
Chattoraj, et. al., On-Line Measurement and Control of Microbiological Activity in Industrial Water Systems, CORROSION/
2001, Houston, TX, 11-16 March, 2001, Nalco Company, R-804.

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

Table Top Exhibits

Tuesday, February 5, 2008
Westin Galleria, Houston, Texas

Don't forget to
reserve your
space.
48 exhibit spaces
available at
$1200/space.

for more information

contact
Virginia Manser at
281.583.4087 or
[email protected]
CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

69

Cooling Technology Institute

Licensed Testing Agencies
For nearly thirty years, the Cooling Technology Institute has
provided a truly independent, third party, thermal performance
testing service to the cooling tower industry. In 1995, the CTI
also began providing an independent, third party, drift
performance testing service as
well. Both these services are
administered through the CTI
Multi-Agency Tower Performance Test Program and provide
comparisons of the actual operating performance of a specific
tower installation to the design
performance. By providing such
information on a specific tower
installation, the CTI MultiAgency Testing Program stands
in contrast to the CTI Cooling
Tower Certification Program
which certifies all models of a
specific manufacturer's line of cooling towers perform in
accordance with their published thermal ratings.
To be licensed as a CTI Cooling Tower Performance Test

Agency, the agency must pass a rigorous screening process and

demonstrate a high level of technical expertise. Additionally, it
must have a sufficient number of test instruments, all meeting
rigid requirements for accuracy and calibration.
Once licensed, the Test Agencies
for both thermal and drift testing
must operate in full compliance
with the provisions of the CTI
License Agreements and Testing
Manuals which were developed
by a panel of testing experts
specifically for this program. Included in these requirements are
strict guidelines regarding conflict
of interest to insure CTI Tests are
conducted in a fair, unbiased
manner.
Cooling tower owners and manufacturers are strongly encouraged
to utilize the services of the licensed CTI Cooling Tower
Performance Test Agencies. The currently licensed agencies are
listed below.

Licensed CTI Thermal Testing Agencies

License
Type*

Agency Name
Address

Contact Person
Website / Email

Telephone
Fax

A,B

Clean Air Engineering

7936 Conner Rd
Powell, TN 37849

Kenneth Hennon
www.cleanair.com
[email protected]

800.208.6162
865.938.7569

A, B

Cooling Tower Technologies Pty Ltd

PO Box N157
Bexley North, NSW 2207
AUSTRALIA

Ronald Rayner
[email protected]

61 2 9789 5900
61 2 9789 5922

A,B

Cooling Tower Test Associates, Inc.

15325 Melrose Dr.
Stanley, KS 66221-9720

Thomas E. Weast
www.cttai.com
[email protected]

913.681.0027
913.681.0039

A, B

McHale & Associates, Inc

6430 Baum Drive
Knoxville, TN 37919

Thomas Wheelock
www.mchale.org
[email protected]

865.588.2654
425.557.8377

* Type A license is for the use of mercury in glass thermometers typically used for smaller towers.
Type B license is for the use of remote data acquisition devices which can accommodate multiple measurement locations required by larger towers.

Licensed CTI Drift Testing Agencies

70

Agency Name
Address

Contact Person
Website / Email

Telephone
Fax

Clean Air Engineering

7936 Conner Rd
Powell, TN 37849

Kenneth Hennon
www.cleanair.com
[email protected]

800.208.6162
865.938.7569

McHale & Associates, Inc.

6430 Baum Drive
Knoxville, TN 37919

Thomas Wheelock
www.mchale.org
[email protected]

865.588.2654
425.557.8377

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

71

Cooling Towers Certified by CTI Under STD-201

As stated in its opening
paragraph, CTI Standard
201... "sets forth a program
whereby the Cooling Technology Institute will certify that all models of a line
of water cooling towers offered for sale by a specific
Manufacturer will perform
thermally in accordance with the Manufacturer's published ratings..." By the purchase of a "certified" model, the User has assurance that the tower will perform as specified, provided that its
circulating water is no more than acceptably contaminated-and
that its air supply is ample and unobstructed. Either that model, or
one of its close design family members, will have been thoroughly
tested by the single CTI-licensed testing agency for Certification
and found to perform as claimed by the Manufacturer.
CTI Certification under STD-201 is limited to thermal operating
conditions with entering wet bulb temperatures between 12.8C
and 32.2C (55F to 90F), a maximum process fluid temperature of
51.7C (125F), a cooling range of 2.2C (4F) or greater, and a
cooling approach of 2.8C (5F) or greater. The manufacturer may
set more restrictive limits if desired or publish less restrictive limits
if the CTI limits are clearly defined and noted in the publication.
Following is a list of cooling tower models currently certified under
STD-201. They are part of product lines offered by Amcot Cooling
Tower Corporation; AONE E&C Corporation Ltd; Baltimore Aircoil
Company, Inc.; Delta Cooling Towers, Inc.; Evapco, Inc.; Fabrica
Mexicana De Torres, S.A.; HVAC/R International, Inc.; Imeco, div
of York International; Ltd; KIMCO (Kyung In Machinery Company), Ltd.; Liang Chi Industry Company, Ltd.; Mesan Cooling
Tower, Ltd; Polacel b.v.; Protec Cooling Towers; Ryowo (Holding)
Company, Ltd; SPX Cooling Technologies; The Cooling Tower
Company, L.C; The Trane Company; Tower Tech, Inc; and Zhejiang
Jinling Refrigeration Engineering Company who are committed to
the manufacture and installation of full-performance towers. In
competition with each other, these manufacturers benefit from knowing that they each achieve their published performance capability.
They are; therefore, free to distinguish themselves through design
excellence and concern for the User's operational safety and convenience.
Those Manufacturers who have not yet chosen to certify their
product lines are invited to do so at the earliest opportunity. You
can contact Virginia A. Manser, Cooling Technology Institute, PO
Box 73383, Houston, TX 77273 for further information.

AONE E&C Corporation, Ltd.

ACT-R and -RU Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-28-01
September 29, 2006 (Revision 1)
Standard Fan

Low Noise Fan

ACT-80R
ACT-100R
ACT-125R
ACT-150R
ACT-175R
ACT-200R
ACT-225R
ACT-250R
ACT-300R

ACT-70RU
ACT-80RU
ACT-100RU
ACT-125RU
ACT-150RU
ACT-175RU
ACT-200RU
ACT-225RU
ACT-250RU

Footnotes:
1 . Certification includes tower construction materials indicated by the
suffixes -B, -E, and S which are added to basic model numbers above.
-B is for FRP casing, FRP basin and HDG mainframe and
hardware.
-E is for FRP casing, FRP basin and stainless steel main
frame and hardware
-S is for stainless steel casing, basin, mainframe and hard
ware.
2 . Certification includes use of side, end, or bottom water inlet configuration.
3 . Certification includes units with optional gear drive in place of standard belt drive.
4 . Certification includes use of optional handrail and/or ladder cage.
5 . Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available
but not listed.

Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc.

FXT Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 92-11-01
September 22, 2006 (Revision 2)
FXT-6
FXT-7.5
FXT-7.5-CM

FXT-16
FXT-16-CM
FXT-20
FXT-20-EM

FXT-38
FXT-42
FXT-47
FXT-47-HM

FXT-74-FM
FXT-74
FXT-87
FXT-95

FXT-160-HM
FXT-160
FXT-175
FXT-192

FXT-11
FXT-11-CM
FXT-11-DM

FXT-26-CM
FXT-26
FXT-30
FXT-33

FXT-58-EM
FXT-58-FM
FXT-58
FXT-68

FXT-115-GM
FXT-115
FXT-130
FXT-136

FXT-216-JM
FXT-216
FXT-240
FXT-257

FXT

Optional Accessories and Constructions B Certification Status

Construction Options
Multiple Cells
Non-Standard Motor Size
Not CTI Certified

Suffix
(Note 1)

CTI
Certified

Capacity Adjustment
Required

None
M
X

Yes
Note 3
No

No, Note 2
Yes, Note 3
Note 4

Notes:
1. Typically no suffix is used for an accessory or modification that does not affect
capacity.

Amcot Cooling Tower Corporation

LC Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 96-20-01
November 20, 2006 (Revision 1)
LC-125
LC-150
LC-175
LC-200 LC-225 LC-250
Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but
not listed.

72

2. Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but not
individually listed (e.g. two cells of an FXT-115 is marketed as an FXT-230).
3. Units with non-standard motor sizes are certified only if they are listed in the
Data of Record and sold at the revised capacity listed in the rating table.
4. This suffix is affixed to model numbers of units that are not CTI Certified, due
either to application or product accessories or modifications to the tower (e.g.
FXT-11X).

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc.

FXV Closed Circuit Cooling Tower Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 98-11-09
May 5, 2006 (Revision 4)
Models with One Air Inlet Side and One Coil
FXV-L421-GM
FXV-L421
FXV-421
FXV-421-KM

FXV-L431-HM FXV-L441-JM
FXV-L431
FXV-L441
FXV-431
FXV-441
FXV-431-LM
FXV-441-MM

FXV-LQ640-KM
FXV-LQ640
FXV-Q640-MM
FXV-Q640
FXV-Q640-OM

FXV-LQ660-KM
FXV-LQ660
FXV-Q660-MM
FXV-Q660
FXV-Q660-OM

FXV-L422-GM

FXV-L432-HM

FXV-L442-JM

FXV-L641-KM

FXV-L661-KM
FXV-L422
FXV-422
FXV-422-KM

FXV-L432
FXV-432
FXV-432-LM

FXV-L442
FXV-442
FXV-442-MM

FXV-L641
FXV-641-MM
FXV-641
FXV-641-OM

FXV-L661
FXV-661-MM
FXV-661
FXV-661-OM

FXV-L423-GM
FXV-L423
FXV-423
FXV-423-KM

FXV-L433-HM FXV-L443-JM
FXV-L433
FXV-L443
FXV-433
FXV-443
FXV-433-LM
FXV-443-MM

FXV-LQ641-KM
FXV-LQ641-LM
FXV-LQ641
FXV-Q641-NM
FXV-Q641

FXV-LQ661-KM
FXV-LQ661-LM
FXV-LQ661
FXV-Q661-NM
FXV-Q661

FXV-L424-GM
FXV-L424-HM
FXV-L424
FXV-424

FXV-L434-HM
FXV-L434-JM
FXV-L434
FXV-434

FXV-L444-JM
FXV-L444-KM
FXV-L444
FXV-444

FXV-L642-KM
FXV-L642
FXV-642-MM
FXV-642
FXV-642-OM

FXV-L662-KM
FXV-L662
FXV-662-MM
FXV-662
FXV-662-OM

FXV-LQ440-JM
FXV-LQ440
FXV-Q440
FXV-Q440-MM

FXV-LT642-KM
FXV-LT642
FXV-T642-MM
FXV-T642
FXV-T642-OM

FXV-LT662-KM
FXV-LT662
FXV-T662-MM
FXV-T662
FXV-T662-OM

FXV-LQ441-JM
FXV-LQ441-KM
FXV-LQ441
FXV-Q441

FXV-L643-KM
FXV-L643
FXV-643-MM
FXV-643
FXV-643-OM

FXV-L663-KM
FXV-L663
FXV-663-MM
FXV-663
FXV-663-OM

FXV-L644-KM
FXV-L644-LM
FXV-L644
FXV-644-NM
FXV-644

FXV-L664-KM
FXV-L664-LM
FXV-L664
FXV-664-NM
FXV-664

Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc.

FXV Closed Circuit Cooling Tower Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 98-11-09
May 5, 2006 (Revision 4)
Models with Two Air Inlet Sides and Two Coils
FXV-288-31M
FXV-288-31N
FXV-288-31O
FXV-288-31P
FXV-288-31Q
FXV-288-31R

FXV-288-2TM
FXV-288-2TN
FXV-288-2TO
FXV-288-2TP
FXV-288-2TQ
FXV-288-2TR

FXV-364-31N
FXV-364-31O
FXV-364-31P
FXV-364-31Q
FXV-364-31R
FXV-364-31S

FXV-364-2TN
FXV-364-2TO
FXV-364-2TP
FXV-364-2TQ
FXV-364-2TR
FXV-364-2TS

FXV-288-41M
FXV-288-41N
FXV-288-41O
FXV-288-41P
FXV-288-41Q
FXV-288-41R

FXV-288-1QM
FXV-288-1QN
FXV-288-1QO
FXV-288-1QP
FXV-288-1QQ
FXV-288-1QR

FXV-364-41N
FXV-364-41O
FXV-364-41P
FXV-364-41Q
FXV-364-41R
FXV-364-41S

FXV-364-1QN
FXV-364-1QO
FXV-364-1QP
FXV-364-1QQ
FXV-364-1QR
FXV-364-1QS

FXV Closed Circuit Cooling Towers

Optional Accessories and Constructions Certification Status
Construction Options
Cleanable Tube Coil
Heavy Duty Coil
Low Sound Fan
Internal Access Package
Not CTI Certified
Process Fluid

Suffix
(Note 1)
A
S
Q
none
X
Note 6

Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc.

Series V Closed Circuit Cooling Tower Line, VF1 Models
Of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 00-11-10
September 15, 2000 (Revision 0)
VF1-009-12E
VF1-009-12F
VF1-009-12G
VF1-009-22E
VF1-009-22F
VF1-009-22G
VF1-009-32E
VF1-009-32F
VF1-009-32G
VF1-009-42E
VF1-009-42F
VF1-009-42G
VF1-018-02G
VF1-018-02H
VF1-018-12F
VF1-018-12G
VF1-018-12H
VF1-018-22G
VF1-018-22H
VF1-018-22J
VF1-018-32G
VF1-018-32H
VF1-018-32J
VF1-018-42G
VF1-018-42H
VF1-018-42J
VF1-027-21H
VF1-027-21J
VF1-027-21K
VF1-027-22H
VF1-027-22J
VF1-027-22K
VF1-027-31H
VF1-027-31J
VF1-027-31K
VF1-027-32H
VF1-027-32J
VF1-027-32K
VF1-027-41H
VF1-027-41J
VF1-027-41K
VF1-027-42H
VF1-027-42J
VF1-027-42K
VF1-027-51H
VF1-027-51J
VF1-027-51K
VF1-027-52H
VF1-027-52J
VF1-027-52K

VF1-036-21J
VF1-036-21K
VF1-036-21L
VF1-036-22J
VF1-036-22K
VF1-036-22L
VF1-036-31J
VF1-036-31K
VF1-036-31L
VF1-036-32J
VF1-036-32K
VF1-036-32L
VF1-036-41J
VF1-036-41K
VF1-036-41L
VF1-036-42J
VF1-036-42K
VF1-036-42L
VF1-036-51J
VF1-036-51K
VF1-036-51L
VF1-048-21L
VF1-048-21M
VF1-048-22L
VF1-048-22M
VF1-048-31M
VF1-048-31N
VF1-048-32M
VF1-048-32N
VF1-048-41M
VF1-048-41N
VF1-048-42M
VF1-048-42N
VF1-048-51M
VF1-048-51N
VF1-072-21M
VF1-072-21N
VF1-072-21O
VF1-072-22M
VF1-072-22N
VF1-072-22O
VF1-072-31M
VF1-072-31N
VF1-072-31O
VF1-072-32M
VF1-072-32N
VF1-072-32O
VF1-072-41M
VF1-072-41N
VF1-072-41O
VF1-072-51N
VF1-072-51O

VF1-096-12N
VF1-096-12O
VF1-096-12P
VF1-096-21O
VF1-096-21P
VF1-096-21Q
VF1-096-22O
VF1-096-22P
VF1-096-22Q
VF1-096-31O
VF1-096-31P
VF1-096-31Q
VF1-096-32O
VF1-096-32P
VF1-096-32Q
VF1-096-41O
VF1-096-41P
VF1-096-41Q
VF1-096-42O
VF1-096-42P
VF1-096-42Q
VF1-096-51P
VF1-096-51Q

VF1-192-12N
VF1-192-12O
VF1-192-12P
VF1-192-21O
VF1-192-21P
VF1-192-21Q
VF1-192-22O
VF1-192-22P
VF1-192-22Q
VF1-192-31O
VF1-192-31P
VF1-192-31Q
VF1-192-32O
VF1-192-32P
VF1-192-32Q
VF1-192-41O
VF1-192-41P
VF1-192-41Q
VF1-192-42O
VF1-192-42P
VF1-192-42Q
VF1-192-51P
VF1-192-51Q

VF1-144N-21P
VF1-144N-21Q
VF1-144N-21R
VF1-144N-22P
VF1-144N-22Q
VF1-144N-22R
VF1-144N-31P
VF1-144N-31Q
VF1-144N-31R
VF1-144N-32P
VF1-144N-32Q
VF1-144N-32R
VF1-144N-41P
VF1-144N-41Q
VF1-144N-41R
VF1-144N-51P
VF1-144N-51Q
VF1-144N-51R

VF1-288N-21P
VF1-288N-21Q
VF1-288N-21R
VF1-288N-22P
VF1-288N-22Q
VF1-288N-22R
VF1-288N-31P
VF1-288N-31Q
VF1-288N-31R
VF1-288N-32P
VF1-288N-32Q
VF1-288N-32R
VF1-288N-41P
VF1-288N-41Q
VF1-288N-41R
VF1-288N-51P
VF1-288N-51Q
VF1-288N-51R

VF1-144-12P
VF1-144-12Q
VF1-144-12R
VF1-144-21P
VF1-144-21Q
VF1-144-21R
VF1-144-22P
VF1-144-22Q
VF1-144-22R
VF1-144-31P
VF1-144-31Q
VF1-144-31R
VF1-144-32P
VF1-144-32Q
VF1-144-32R
VF1-144-41P
VF1-144-41Q
VF1-144-41R
VF1-144-42P
VF1-144-42Q
VF1-144-42R
VF1-144-51P
VF1-144-51Q
VF1-144-51R
VF1-288-51P
VF1-216-21N
VF1-216-21O
VF1-216-21P
VF1-216-22N
VF1-216-22O
VF1-216-22P
VF1-216-31N
VF1-216-31O
VF1-216-31P
VF1-216-41O
VF1-216-41P
VF1-216-41Q
VF1-216-51O
VF1-216-51P
VF1-216-51Q

VF1-288-11P
VF1-288-11Q
VF1-288-11R
VF1-288-12P
VF1-288-12Q
VF1-288-12R
VF1-288-21P
VF1-288-21Q
VF1-288-21R
VF1-288-22P
VF1-288-22Q
VF1-288-22R
VF1-288-31P
VF1-288-31Q
VF1-288-31R
VF1-288-32P
VF1-288-32Q
VF1-288-32R
VF1-288-41P
VF1-288-41Q
VF1-288-41R
VF1-288-42P
VF1-288-42Q
VF1-288-42R
VF1-288-51Q
VF1-288-51R
VF1-432-21N
VF1-432-21O
VF1-432-21P
VF1-432-22N
VF1-432-22O
VF1-432-22P
VF1-432-31N
VF1-432-31O
VF1-432-31P
VF1-432-41O
VF1-432-41P
VF1-432-41Q
VF1-432-51O
VF1-432-51P
VF1-432-51Q

CTI
Capacity Adjustment
Certified
Required
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Note 6

Note
Note
Note
Note
Note
Note

2
2
3
4
5
6

Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

Typically no suffix is used for an accessory or modification that does not affect capacity.
Construction does not affect thermal capacity, but does increase Process Fluid Pressure
Drop as noted in BAC Selection Software.
Low Sound fans on models with Two Air Inlet Side and Two Coils incur a capacity
reduction of 2% relative to the same model with a standard fan.
Internal Access Package on the models with One Air Inlet Side and One Coil incur a
capacity reduction of ~1.8%, depending on the model and operating conditions. Refer
to BAC Selection Software to determine the effect on a specific model at a specific operating condition.
This suffix is affixed to model numbers of units that are not CTI Certified, due either to
application or product accessories or modifications to the tower.
The CTI thermal performance certification applies only to units with water as the process fluid.

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

73

Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc.

Series V Closed Circuit Cooling Tower Line, VFL Models
Of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 00-11-10
September 15, 2000 (Revision 0)
VFL-012-02F
VFL-012-02G
VFL-012-02H
VFL-012-12F
VFL-012-12G
VFL-012-12H
VFL-012-22F
VFL-012-22G
VFL-012-22H
VFL-012-32F
VFL-012-32G
VFL-012-32H
VFL-024-12H
VFL-024-22H
VFL-024-22J
VFL-024-32H
VFL-024-32J

VFL-036-12K
VFL-036-12L
VFL-036-12M
VFL-036-21J
VFL-036-21K
VFL-036-21L
VFL-036-21M
VFL-036-22J
VFL-036-22K
VFL-036-22L
VFL-036-22M
VFL-036-31K
VFL-036-31L
VFL-036-31M
VFL-036-32K
VFL-036-32L
VFL-036-32M
VFL-036-41K
VFL-036-41L
VFL-036-41M
VFL-036-42K
VFL-036-42L
VFL-036-42M

VFL-048-12K
VFL-048-12L
VFL-048-12M
VFL-048-21K
VFL-048-21L
VFL-048-21M
VFL-048-22K
VFL-048-22L
VFL-048-22M
VFL-048-31K
VFL-048-31L
VFL-048-31M
VFL-048-32K
VFL-048-32L
VFL-048-32M
VFL-048-41L
VFL-048-41M
VFL-048-42L
VFL-048-42M

VFL-072-21M
VFL-072-21N
VFL-072-21O
VFL-072-21P
VFL-072-22M
VFL-072-22N
VFL-072-22O
VFL-072-22P
VFL-072-31N
VFL-072-31O
VFL-072-31P
VFL-072-32N
VFL-072-32O
VFL-072-32P
VFL-072-41N
VFL-072-41O
VFL-072-41P
VFL-072-42N
VFL-072-42O
VFL-072-42P

VFL-096-21N
VFL-096-21O
VFL-096-21P
VFL-096-22N
VFL-096-22O
VFL-096-22P
VFL-096-31N
VFL-096-31O
VFL-096-31P
VFL-096-32N
VFL-096-32O
VFL-096-32P
VFL-096-41N
VFL-096-41O
VFL-096-41P
VFL-096-42N
VFL-096-42O
VFL-096-42P
VFL-096-51N
VFL-096-51O
VFL-096-51P
VFL-096-52N
VFL-096-52O
VFL-096-52P

Series V Closed Circuit Cooling Towers, VF1 & VFL Models

Optional Accessories and Constructions Certification Status
Option

Suffix CTI Certified Capacity Adjustment

(Note 1)
Required

Capacity Control Dampers

D
Tapered Discharge Hood
R
Positive Closure Damper Hood - Tapered H
Positive Closure Damper Hood - Straight W
Discharge Sound Attenuation
Z
Cleanable Tube Coil
A
Cleanable Header Coil
none
Heavy Duty Coil
S
ASME Code Coil
none
Unit not CTI Certified
X

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Note 2
No
Note 2
Note 3
Note 4 & 5

Notes:
1. Typically no suffix is used for an accessory or modification that does not affect
capacity.
2. Construction does not affect thermal capacity, but does increase Process Fluid Pressure Drop as noted in Selection Software.
3. ASME Code construction per se does not affect capacity or pressure drop, but often
Heavy Duty Coil construction is specified as well which does affect pressure drop.
4. This suffix is affixed to model numbers of units that are not CTI Certified, due either
to application or product accessories or modifications.
5. The CTI thermal performance certification applies only to units with water as the
process fluid.

Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc.

Series V Open Cooling Tower Line, VT0 Models
Of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 92-11-02
April 12, 1995 (Revision 3)
VT0-12-E
VT0-14-F
VT0-19-G
VT0-19-HM

VT0-32-H
VT0-41-J
VT0-41-KM

VT0-78-JM
VT0-78-K
VT0-88-L

VT0-132-L
VT0-145-M
VT0-155-N
VT0-155-OM

VT0-24-EM
VT0-24-FM
VT0-24-G
VT0-28-H

VT0-52-HM
VT0-52-J
VT0-57-K

VT0-102-KM
VT0-102-L
VT0-102-MM

VT0-166-LM
VT0-166-MM
VT0-166-N
VT0-176-O

VT0-65-J
VT0-75-K
VT0-75-LM

VT0-107-KM
VT0-107-L
VT0-116-M

Footnotes:
1. Towers which include the suffix D added to the models above (e.g. VT0-12-ED)
are furnished with capacity control dampers and the certified capacity is 98.5% of
the published value.
2. Towers which include the suffix X added to the models above (e.g. VT0-19-GX)
are not CTI Certified due either to application, product accessories or modification.

74

Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc.

Series V Open Cooling Tower Line, VT1 Models
Of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 92-11-04
April 12, 1995 (Revision 1)
VT1-N209-KM
VT1-N209-LM
VT1-N209-MM
VT1-N209-NM
VT1-N209-OM
VT1-N209-P
VT1-N209-QM

VT1-N301-MM
VT1-N301-NM
VT1-N301-OM
VT1-N301-PM
VT1-N301-Q
VT1-N301-RM
VT1-N301-SM

VT1-275-LM
VT1-275-MM
VT1-275-NM
VT1-275-OM
VT1-275-P
VT1-275-QM
VT1-275-RM

VT1-416-LM
VT1-416-MM
VT1-416-NM
VT1-416-O
VT1-416-PM

VT1-N220-KM
VT1-N220-LM
VT1-N220-MM
VT1-N220-NM
VT1-N220-O
VT1-N240-P
VT1-N240-QM

VT1-N325-MM
VT1-N325-NM
VT1-N325-OM
VT1-N325-P
VT1-N346-Q
VT1-N346-RM
VT1-N346-SM

VT1-307-LM
VT1-307-MM
VT1-307-NM
VT1-307-O
VT1-340-P
VT1-340-QM
VT1-340-RM

VT1-478-LM
VT1-478-MM
VT1-478-N
VT1-507-O
VT1-507-PM
VT1-507-QM

VT1-N255-KM
VT1-N255-LM
VT1-N255-MM
VT1-N255-NM
VT1-N255-OM
VT1-N255-P
VT1-N270-Q

VT1-N370-MM
VT1-N370-NM
VT1-N370-OM
VT1-N370-PM
VT1-N370-Q
VT1-N395-R
VT1-N395-SM

VT1-375-LM
VT1-375-MM
VT1-375-NM
VT1-375-OM
VT1-375-P
VT1-400-Q
VT1-415-R
VT1-415-SM

VT1-560-LM
VT1-560-MM
VT1-560-NM
VT1-560-O
VT1-600-P
VT1-600-QM

Footnotes:
1 . Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available
but not listed.
2 . Towers which include the suffix D added to the models above (e.g.
VT1-307-OD) are furnished with capacity control dampers and the
certified capacity is 98.5% of the published value.
3 . Towers which include the suffix X added to the models above (e.g.
VT1-N301-QX) are not CTI Certified due either to application,
product accessories or modification.

Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc.

Series V Open Cooling Tower Line, VTL Models
Of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 92-11-03
October 31, 2003 (Revision 2)
VTL-016-DM
VTL-016-E
VTL-021-F
VTL-021-GM

VTL-051-G
VTL-059-H
VTL-066-J
VTL-072-K

VTL-103-JM
VTL-103-K
VTL-116-L
VTL-126-M

VTL-227-LM
VTL-227-MM
VTL-227-NM
VTL-227-O

VTL-027-EM
VTL-027-F
VTL-030-G
VTL-034-H

VTL-079-GM
VTL-079-HM
VTL-079-JM
VTL-079-K

VTL-137-JM
VTL-137-KM
VTL-137-LM
VTL-137-M

VTL-245-MM
VTL-245-NM
VTL-245-OM
VTL-245-P

VTL-039-EM
VTL-039-FM
VTL-039-GM
VTL-039-H

VTL-082-HM
VTL-082-JM
VTL-082-K
VTL-092-L

VTL-152-LM
VTL-152-M
VTL-152-NM
VTL-152-OM

VTL-272-MM
VTL-272-NM
VTL-272-OM
VTL-272-P

VTL-045-FM
VTL-045-GM
VTL-045-H
VTL-045-JM

VTL-095-HM
VTL-095-JM
VTL-095-K
VTL-095-LM
VTL-095-MM

VTL-171-L
VTL-185-M
VTL-198-N
VTL-209-O

Footnotes:
1 . Towers which include the suffix D added to the models above (e.g.
VTL-126-MD) are furnished with capacity control dampers and the
certified capacity is 98.5% of the published value.
2 . Towers which include the suffix X added to the models above (e.g.
VTL-079-GMX) are not CTI Certified due either to application,
product accessories or modification.

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc.

Series 1500 Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 98-11-08
June 30, 2006 (Revision 6)
15146-HM
15146
15160
15176

15162-HM
15162
15177
15201
15219

15200-JM
15200
15227
15250

15214-JM
15214
15245
15270
15282

15296-KM
15296
15325
15350
15368

15310-KM
15310
15340
15365
15385
15425

Series 1500 Optional Accessories and Constructions

Certification Status
Option

Suffix
Note 1

Access Platform External

Energy-Miser Fan System
Low Sound Fan
Whisper Quiet Low Sound Fan
Non-Standard Motor Size
Discharge Sound Attenuation
Unit not CTI Certified

none
none
Q
WQ
M
none
X

CTI
Capacity Adjustment
Certified
Required
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Note 4
Yes
No

No
No
Note 2
Note 3
Yes, Note 4
No
Note 5

Note:
1 . Typically no suffix is used for an accessory or modification that does
not affect capacity.
2 . Low sound fans on Series 1500 Cooling Towers incur a capacity
reduction of 3% relative to the same unit with a standard fan.
3 . Whisper Quiet low sound fans on Series 1500 Cooling Towers use a
high solidity fan running at reduced speed and incur a capacity reduction of 3 % relative to the same unit with a standard fan.
4 . Units with non-standard motor sizes are certified only if they are
listed in the Data of Record and sold at the revised capacity listed in
the rating table.
5 . This suffix is affixed to model numbers of units that are not CTI
Certified, due either to application or product accessories or modifications.

Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc.

Series 3000A Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 92-11-06
May 1, 2006 (Revision 6)
3240A-JM
3240A
3272A
3299A

3412A-JM
3412A-KM
3412A-LM
3412A-MM
3412A
3436A

3333A-JM
3333A-KM
3333A-LM
3333A
3358A
3379A

3455A-KM
3455A-LM
3455A-MM
3455A
3482A
3527A

S3-D240JL
S3-D240L
S3-D272L
S3-D299L

S3-D412JL
S3-D412KL
S3-D412LL
S3-D412ML
S3-D412L
S3-D436L

S3-D333JL
S3-D333KL
S3-D333LL
S3-D333L
S3-D358L
S3-D379L

S3-D455KL
S3-D455LL
S3-D455ML
S3-D455L
S3-D482L
S3-D527L

North American Models

3473A-KM
3728A-NM
3473A-LM
3728A-OM
3473A-MM 3728A
3473A
3781A
3501A
3828A
3552A-LM
3552A-MM
3552A-NM
3552A
3604A
3648A
3672A

3872A-OM
3872A-PM
3872A
3923A
3970A

European Models
S3-D473KL S3-D728NL
S3-D473LL S3-D728OL
S3-D473ML S3-D728L
S3-D473L
S3-D781L
S3-D501L
S3-D828L
S3-D552LL
S3-D552ML
S3-D552NL
S3-D552L
S3-D604L
S3-D648L
S3-D672L

S3-D872OL
S3-D872PL
S3-D872L
S3-D923L
S3-D970L

3985A-PM
3985A-QM
3985A
31056A

31132A-PM
31132A-QM
31132A-RM
31132A

3583A-MM
3583A
3618A
3676A
3725A

31213A-QM
31213A-RM
31213A
31301A

S3-D985PL
S3-D985QL
S3-D985L
S3-D1056L

S3-D1132PL
S3-D1132QL
S3-D1132RL
S3-D1132L

S3-D583ML
S3-D583L
S3-D618L
S3-D676L
S3-D725L

S3-D1213QL
S3-D1213RL
S3-D1213L
S3-D1301L

Series 3000A Optional Accessories and Constructions

Certification Status
Option
Access Platforms External
Service Platform Internal
Energy-Miser Fan System
Discharge Sound Attenuation
Two Drift Eliminator Sets
Gear Drive
Low Sound Fan
Non-Standard Motor Size
Velocity Recovery Fan Stack
European Models
Not CTI Certified

Suffix
Note 1

CTI
Certified

Capacity Adjustment
Required

L
P
none
Z
E
G
Q
M
V
none
X

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Note 4
Yes
Yes
No

No
No
No
No
Yes, Note 2
No
Yes, Note 3
Yes, Note 4
Yes, Note 5
See Note 6
Note 7

Notes:
1 . Typically no suffix is used for an accessory or modification that does
not affect capacity.
2 . Two sets of drift eliminators incur a capacity reduction of 2% relative to the standard unit.
3 . Low Sound Fans on Series 3000A Cooling Towers incur a capacity
reduction of 3% relative to the same unit with a standard fan.
4 . Units with non-standard motor sizes are certified only if they are
listed in the Data of Record and sold at the revised capacity listed in
the rating table.
5 . Velocity Recovery Fan Stacks increase the capacity of a tower model
by 3 to 6%, depending upon the model and the operating conditions.
Refer to BAC Selection Software to determine the effect on a particular model at a specific operating condition.
6 . Models beginning with the prefix S3 (European models) utilize low
sound fans as standard, and a different fan guard from the North
American models. Therefore they incur a capacity reduction of 5%
(3% for low sound fans plus 2% for fan guard) compared to the North
American models.
7 . This suffix is affixed to model numbers of units that are not CTI
Certified, due either to application or product accessories or modifications.

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

75

Delta Cooling Towers, Inc.

TM Series of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 02-24-01
October 10, 2002 (Revision 0)

Evapco, Inc.
AT Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 99-13-01
July 15, 2006 (Revision 6)

TM105319
TM175319
TM110319
TM115319

TM205319
TM275319
TM210319
TM215319

TM305319
TM375319
TM310319
TM315319

TM405319
TM475319
TM410319
TM415319

TM505319
TM575319
TM510319
TM515319

TM605319
TM675319
TM610319
TM615319

TM105419
TM175419
TM110419
TM115419

TM205419
TM275419
TM210419
TM215419

TM305419
TM375419
TM310419
TM315419

TM405419
TM475419
TM410419
TM415419

TM505419
TM575419
TM510419
TM515419

TM605419
TM675419
TM610419
TM615419

TM105312
TM175312
TM110312
TM115312

TM205312
TM275312
TM210312
TM215312

TM305312
TM375312
TM310312
TM315312

TM405312
TM475312
TM410312
TM415312

TM505312
TM575312
TM510312
TM515312

TM605312
TM675312
TM610312
TM615312

TM105412
TM175412
TM110412
TM115412

TM205412
TM275412
TM210412
TM215412

TM305412
TM375412
TM310412
TM315412

TM405412
TM475412
TM410412
TM415412

TM505412
TM575412
TM510412
TM515412

TM605412
TM675412
TM610412
TM615412

Evapco, Inc.
AT Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 99-13-01
July 15, 2006 (Revision 6)

AT Line, USS/UAT Series, and UT Series Models (Metric Sizes)

18-49 18-312
18-59 18-412
18-69 18-512
18-79 18-612
18-89 18-712
18-99 18-812
18-912
18-511
18-611 18-214
18-711 18-314
18-811 18-414
18-911 18-514
18-614
18-714
18-814
18-914

19-28
19-38
19-48
19-58
19-68
19-78
19-88
19-98
19-59
19-69
19-79
19-89
19-99
19-111
19-211
19-311
19-411
19-511
19-611
19-711
19-811
19-911

19-412
19-512
19-612
19-712
19-812
19-912

29-024
29-124
29-224
29-324
29-424
29-524
29-624
19-114 29-724
19-214 29-824
19-314 29-924
19-414
19-514 29-228
19-614 29-328
19-714 29-428
19-814 29-528
19-914 29-628
29-728
29-318 29-828
29-418 29-928
29-518
29-618 39-336
29-718 39-436
29-818 39-536
29-918 39-636
39-736
29-121 39-836
29-221 39-936
29-321
29-421 39-242
29-521 39-342
29-621 39-442
29-721 39-542
29-821 39-642
29-921 39-742
39-842
39-942

112-012
112-112
112-212
112-312
112-412
112-512
112-612
112-712
112-812
112-912

212-024
212-124
212-224
212-324
212-424
212-524
212-624
212-724
212-824
212-924

312-036
312-136
312-236
312-336
312-436
312-536
312-636
312-736
312-836
312-936

212-128
212-228
212-328
212-428
212-528
212-628
212-728
212-828
112-018 212-928
112-118
112-218 212-036
112-318 212-136
112-418 212-236
112-518 212-336
112-618 212-436
112-718 212-536
112-818 212-636
112-918 212-736
212-836
112-520 212-936
112-620
112-720 224-018
112-820 224-118
112-920 224-218
224-318
224-418
224-518
224-618
224-718
224-818
224-918

312-042
312-142
312-242
312-342
312-442
312-542
312-642
312-742
312-842
312-942

112-314
112-414
112-514
112-614
112-714
112-814
112-914

312-054
312-154
312-254
312-354
312-454
312-554
312-654
312-754
312-854
312-954
312-260
312-360
312-460
312-560
312-660
312-760
312-860
312-960

424-024
424-124
424-224
424-324
424-424
424-524
424-624
424-724
424-824
424-924

114-0124
114-0224
114-0324
114-0424
114-0524
114-0624
114-0724
114-0824
114-0924
114-1024
114-1124
424-028 114-1224
424-128
424-228 214-0148
424-328 214-0248
424-428 214-0348
424-528 214-0448
424-628 214-0548
424-728 214-0648
424-828 214-0748
424-928 214-0848
214-0948
424-036 214-1048
424-136 214-1148
424-236
424-336 314-0172
424-436 314-0272
424-536 314-0372
424-636 314-0472
424-736 314-0572
424-836 314-0672
424-936 314-0772
314-0872
314-0972
314-1072
314-1172
314-1272

See Footnotes 1a, 2a, 3, 4, 5, & 6 for Additional Information

76

28-521
28-621
28-721
28-821
28-921
28-524
28-624
28-724
28-824
28-924

38-236
38-336
38-436
38-536
38-636
38-736
38-836
38-936
38-442
38-542
38-642
38-742
38-842
38-942

28-428
28-528
28-628
28-728
28-828
28-928

110-112
110-212
110-312
110-412
110-512
110-612
110-712
110-812
110-912

210-124
210-224
210-324
210-424
210-524
210-624
210-724
210-824
210-924

310-136
310-236
310-336
310-436
310-536
310-636
310-736
310-836
310-936

220-112
220-212
220-312
220-412
220-512
220-612
220-712
220-812
220-912

420-124
420-224
420-324
420-424
420-524
420-624
420-724
420-824
420-924

110-118
110-218
110-318
110-418
110-518
110-618
110-718
110-818
110-918

210-136
210-236
210-336
210-436
210-536
210-636
210-736
210-836
210-936

310-154
310-254
310-354
310-454
310-554
310-654
310-754
310-854
310-954

220-118
220-218
220-318
220-418
220-518
220-618
220-718
220-818
220-918

420-136
420-236
420-336
420-436
420-536
420-636
420-736
420-836
420-936

See Footnotes 1a, 2a, 3, 4, 5, & 6 for Additional Information

AT Line REP Models

217-111
217-211
217-311
217-411
217-511
217-611
217-711
217-811
217-911

AT Line AT Models, USS/UAT Models, and UT Models

19-56
19-66
19-76
19-86
19-96

28-518
28-618
28-718
28-818
28-918

228-0124
228-0224
228-0324
228-0424
228-0524
228-0624
228-0724
228-0824
228-0924
428-0148
428-0248
428-0348
428-0448
428-0548
428-0648
428-0748
428-0848
428-0948
428-1048
428-1148
428-1248

217-412
217-512
217-612
217-712
217-812
217-912

217-214
217-314
217-414
217-514
217-614
217-714
217-814
217-914

224-018 224-720
224-118 224-820
224-218 224-920
224-318
224-418
224-518
224-618
224-718
224-818
224-918

See Footnotes 1a, 2a, 3, 4, 5, & 6 for AddMitional Information

Evapco, Inc.
AT Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 99-13-01
July 15, 200 6 (Revision 6)
AT Line UBT Models
8-56B
8-66B
8-76B
8-86B
8-96B

8-29B
8-39B
8-49B
8-59B
8-69B
8-79B
8-89B
8-99B

8-012B
8-112B
8-212B
8-312B
8-412B
8-512B
8-612B
8-712B
8-812B
8-912B

8-324B
8-424B
8-524B
8-624B
8-724B
8-824B
8-924B

12-212B
12-312B
12-412B
12-512B
12-612B
12-712B
12-812B
12-912B

12-324B
12-424B
12-524B
12-624B
12-724B
12-824B
12-924B

12-454B
12-554B
12-654B
12-754B
12-854B
12-954B

24-524B
24-624B
24-724B
24-824B
24-924B

8-318B
8-418B
8-518B
8-618B
8-718B
8-818B
8-918B

8-536B
8-636B
8-736B
8-836B
8-936B

12-218B
12-318B
12-418B
12-518B
12-618B
12-718B
12-818B
12-918B

12-136B
12-236B
12-336B
12-436B
12-536B
12-636B
12-736B
12-836B
12-936B

24-218B
24-318B
24-418B
24-518B
24-618B
24-718B
24-818B
24-918B

24-336B
24-436B
24-536B
24-636B
24-736B
24-836B
24-936B

See Footnotes 1b, 2b, 3, 4, 5, & 6 for Additional Information

Footnotes:
1a.AT, USS, UAT, UT and REP are prefixes to be added to the basic numeric model
designations listed above to indicate the tower construction materials, generic
configuration or options.
AT is used for units with standard galvanized materials and fabrication methods.
USS or UAT is used to indicate units with stainless steel materials for corrosion
resistance.
UT is used to indicate units with super low sound fans.
REP is used to indicate units with water inlet on the end rather than the side.
1b. UBT is the prefix to be added to the basic numeric model designations listed
above to indicate units with alternate fabrication methods for seismic resistance.
2a.Certification includes use of side, end, or bottom water inlet configuration.
2b. Certification includes use of side or end water inlet configuration.
3. Certification includes units with optional gear drive in place of standard belt drive.
4. Certification includes use of optional water silencers.
5. Certification includes use of optional external platforms/ladders for access.
6. Certification includes an optional supplier for fans on standard models and two
optional low sound fan types one of which requires a 3.5% reduction in thermal
capacity.

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

Evapco, Inc.
ESWA Line of CTI Certified Closed Circuit Coolers
CTI Certification Validation Number 06-13-05
November 10, 2006 (Revision 2)
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA

77-23H
77-23I
77-23J
77-24H
77-24I
77-24J
77-25H
77-25I
77-25J
77-26H
77-26I
77-26J

ESWA 102-23H
ESWA 102-23I
ESWA 102-24H
ESWA 102-24I
ESWA 102-25H
ESWA 102-25I
ESWA 102-26H
ESWA 102-26I

ESWA 153-23H
ESWA 153-23I
ESWA 153-23J
ESWA 153-24H
ESWA 153-24I
ESWA 153-24J
ESWA 153-25H
ESWA 153-25I
ESWA 153-25J
ESWA 153-26H
ESWA 153-26I
ESWA 153-26J

ESWA 72-23H
ESWA 72-23I
ESWA 72-23J
ESWA 72-24H
ESWA 72-24I
ESWA 72-24J
ESWA 72-25H
ESWA 72-25I
ESWA 72-25J
ESWA 72-26H
ESWA 72-26I
ESWA 72-26J

ESWA 96-23H
ESWA 96-23I
ESWA 96-24H
ESWA 96-24I
ESWA 96-25H
ESWA 96-25I
ESWA 96-26H
ESWA 96-26I

ESWA 142-23H
ESWA 142-23I
ESWA 142-23J
ESWA 142-24H
ESWA 142-24I
ESWA 142-24J
ESWA 142-25H
ESWA 142-25I
ESWA 142-25J
ESWA 142-26H
ESWA 142-26I
ESWA 142-26J

ESWA 144-23I
ESWA 144-23J
ESWA 144-23K
ESWA 144-24I
ESWA 144-24J
ESWA 144-24K
ESWA 144-25I
ESWA 144-25J
ESWA 144-25K
ESWA 144-26I
ESWA 144-26J
ESWA 144-26K

ESWA 216-23J
ESWA 216-23K
ESWA 216-23L
ESWA 216-23M
ESWA 216-24J
ESWA 216-24K
ESWA 216-24L
ESWA 216-24M
ESWA 216-25J
ESWA 216-25K
ESWA 216-25L
ESWA 216-25M
ESWA 216-26J
ESWA 216-26K
ESWA 216-26L
ESWA 216-26M

ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA

77-33H
77-33I
77-33J
77-33K
77-34H
77-34I
77-34J
77-34K
77-35H
77-35I
77-35J
77-35K
77-36H
77-36I
77-36J
77-36K

ESWA 102-33H
ESWA 102-33I
ESWA 102-33J
ESWA 102-33K
ESWA 102-34H
ESWA 102-34I
ESWA 102-34J
ESWA 102-34K
ESWA 102-35H
ESWA 102-35I
ESWA 102-35J
ESWA 102-35K
ESWA 102-36H
ESWA 102-36I
ESWA 102-36J
ESWA 102-36K

ESWA 153-33H
ESWA 153-33I
ESWA 153-33J
ESWA 153-34H
ESWA 153-34I
ESWA 153-34J
ESWA 153-35H
ESWA 153-35I
ESWA 153-35J
ESWA 153-36H
ESWA 153-36I
ESWA 153-36J

ESWA 72-33H
ESWA 72-33I
ESWA 72-33J
ESWA 72-33K
ESWA 72-34H
ESWA 72-34I
ESWA 72-34J
ESWA 72-34K
ESWA 72-35H
ESWA 72-35I
ESWA 72-35J
ESWA 72-35K
ESWA 72-36H
ESWA 72-36I
ESWA 72-36J
ESWA 72-36K

ESWA 96-33H
ESWA 96-33I
ESWA 96-33J
ESWA 96-33K
ESWA 96-34H
ESWA 96-34I
ESWA 96-34J
ESWA 96-34K
ESWA 96-35H
ESWA 96-35I
ESWA 96-35J
ESWA 96-35K
ESWA 96-36H
ESWA 96-36I
ESWA 96-36J
ESWA 96-36K

ESWA 142-33H
ESWA 142-33I
ESWA 142-33J
ESWA 142-33K
ESWA 142-34H
ESWA 142-34I
ESWA 142-34J
ESWA 142-34K
ESWA 142-35H
ESWA 142-35I
ESWA 142-35J
ESWA 142-35K
ESWA 142-36H
ESWA 142-36I
ESWA 142-36J
ESWA 142-36K

ESWA 144-33I
ESWA 144-33J
ESWA 144-33K
ESWA 144-34I
ESWA 144-34J
ESWA 144-34K
ESWA 144-34L
ESWA 144-35I
ESWA 144-35J
ESWA 144-35K
ESWA 144-35L
ESWA 144-36I
ESWA 144-36J
ESWA 144-36K
ESWA 144-36L

ESWA 216-33K
ESWA 216-33L
ESWA 216-33M
ESWA 216-34K
ESWA 216-34L
ESWA 216-34M
ESWA 216-34N
ESWA 216-35K
ESWA 216-35L
ESWA 216-35M
ESWA 216-35N
ESWA 216-36K
ESWA 216-36L
ESWA 216-36M
ESWA 216-36N

ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA

77-43I
77-43J
77-43K
77-44I
77-44J
77-44K
77-45I
77-45J
77-45K
77-46I
77-46J
77-46K

ESWA 102-43I
ESWA 102-43J
ESWA 102-43K
ESWA 102-44I
ESWA 102-44J
ESWA 102-44K
ESWA 102-45I
ESWA 102-45J
ESWA 102-45K
ESWA 102-46I
ESWA 102-46J
ESWA 102-46K

ESWA 153-43I
ESWA 153-43J
ESWA 153-43K
ESWA 153-44I
ESWA 153-44J
ESWA 153-44K
ESWA 153-45I
ESWA 153-45J
ESWA 153-45K
ESWA 153-46I
ESWA 153-46J
ESWA 153-46K

ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA
ESWA

ESWA 96-43I
ESWA 96-43J
ESWA 96-43K
ESWA 96-44I
ESWA 96-44J
ESWA 96-44K
ESWA 96-45I
ESWA 96-45J
ESWA 96-45K
ESWA 96-46I
ESWA 96-46J
ESWA 96-46K

ESWA 142-43I
ESWA 142-43J
ESWA 142-43K
ESWA 142-44I
ESWA 142-44J
ESWA 142-44K
ESWA 142-45I
ESWA 142-45J
ESWA 142-45K
ESWA 142-46I
ESWA 142-46J
ESWA 142-46K

ESWA 144-43J
ESWA 144-43K
ESWA 144-44J
ESWA 144-44K
ESWA 144-44L
ESWA 144-44M
ESWA 144-45J
ESWA 144-45K
ESWA 144-45L
ESWA 144-45M
ESWA 144-46J
ESWA 144-46K
ESWA 144-46L
ESWA 144-46M

ESWA 216-43K
ESWA 216-43L
ESWA 216-43M
ESWA 216-44K
ESWA 216-44L
ESWA 216-44M
ESWA 216-44N
ESWA 216-44O
ESWA 216-45K
ESWA 216-45L
ESWA 216-45M
ESWA 216-45N
ESWA 216-45O
ESWA 216-46K
ESWA 216-46L
ESWA 216-46M
ESWA 216-46N
ESWA 216-46O
ESWA 216-46P
ESWA 216-46S

72-43I
72-43J
72-43K
72-44I
72-44J
72-44K
72-45I
72-45J
72-45K
72-46I
72-46J
72-46K

Footnotes:
1. Certification includes units with optional High Flow Header Connections for better process fluid distribution at higher flows.
2. Certification includes units with optional gear drive in place of standard belt drive.
3. Certification includes use of optional external platforms/ladders for access.
4. Certification includes an optional supplier for fans on standard models and two optional low sound fan types one of which requires a 3.5% reduction in thermal capacity.
5. Certification includes an optional stainless steel coil section which requires a slight reduction in thermal capacity. See selection data for capacity of stainless steel coil units versus
standard units.

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

77

Fabrica Mexicana De Torres, S. A.

Reymsa Cooling Towers
GHR Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 00-22-02
July 5, 2000 (Revision 1)

Evapco, Inc.
LPT Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-13-04
January 3, 2005 (Revision 0)
LPT Series Basic Models
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT

316
326
336
346
356
366

LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT

516
526
536
546
556
566
576
586
596

LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT

519
529
539
549
559
569

LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT

5112
5212
5312
5412
5512
5612
5712

LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT

819
829
839
849
859
869
879

LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT
LPT

8112
8212
8312
8412
8512
8612
8712
8812

Footnotes:
1

2.

The following suffixes (I, D, H, F, L, U, LI, LD, LH and LF) are to be

added to the basic numeric model designations listed above to indicate
the tower configuration options that are also included in the CTI Certification.
I
= Intake sound attenuation
D
= Discharge sound attenuation
H
= Tapered Discharge Hood
F
= Full sound attenuation
L
= One motor size smaller
U
= Two motor sizes smaller
L I = Intake sound attenuation + One motor size smaller
L D = Discharge sound attenuation + One motor size smaller
L H = Tapered Discharge Hood + One motor size smaller
LF = Full sound attenuation + One motor size smaller
The optional tower configurations are unique in capacity. Selection
software should be consulted for appropriate ratings of the tower configuration

Evapco, Inc.
LSTB Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-13-03
January 3, 2005 (Revision 0)
LSTB Series Basic Models
LSTB
LSTB
LSTB
LSTB
LSTB

5112
5212
5312
5412
5512

LSTB
LSTB
LSTB
LSTB
LSTB

8P112
8P212
8P312
8P412
8P512

LSTB
LSTB
LSTB
LSTB
LSTB

8P124
8P224
8P324
8P424
8P524

LSTB
LSTB
LSTB
LSTB
LSTB
LSTB

10112
10212
10312
10412
10512
10612

LSTB
LSTB
LSTB
LSTB
LSTB

10124
10224
10324
10424
10524

LSTB 5118 LSTB 8P118 LSTB 8P136 LSTB 10118 LSTB 10136
LSTB 5218 LSTB 8P218 LSTB 8P236 LSTB 10218 LSTB 10236
LSTB 5318 LSTB 8P318 LSTB 8P336 LSTB 10318 LSTB 10336
LSTB 5418 LSTB 8P418 LSTB 8P436 LSTB 10418 LSTB 10436
LSTB 5518 LSTB 8P518 LSTB 8P536 LSTB 10518 LSTB 10536
LSTB 5618 LSTB 8P618
LSTB 10618 LSTB 10636
LSTB 5718
LSTB 10718
Footnotes:
1 . The following suffixes (I, D, H, F, L, U, LI, LD, LH and LF) are to be
added to the basic numeric model designations listed above to indicate
the tower configuration options that are also included in the CTI Certification.

I
= Intake sound attenuation

D
= Discharge sound attenuation

H
= Tapered Discharge Hood

F
= Full sound attenuation

L
= One motor size smaller

U
= Two motor sizes smaller

LI
= Intake sound attenuation + One motor size smaller

L D = Discharge sound attenuation + One motor size smaller

L H = Tapered Discharge Hood + One motor size smaller

LF = Full sound attenuation + One motor size smaller

2 . The optional tower configurations are unique in capacity. Selection
software should be consulted for appropriate ratings of the tower configuration

78

GHRFG Series

GHRGS Series

GHRSS Series

GHRFS Series

Molded Fiberglass Structure

& Fiberglass Casing

Galvanized Steel Structure

& Galvanized Steel Casing

Stainless Steel Structure

& Stainless Steel Casing

Galvanized Steel Structure

& Fiberglass Casing

GHRFG-303115
GHRFG-303102
GHRFG-404103
GHRFG-404105
GHRFG-505103
GHRFG-505105
GHRFG-5555105
GHRFG-5555175
GHRFG-606105
GHRFG-606175
GHRFG-707175
GHRFG-707110
GHRFG-708175
GHRFG-708110
GHRFG-708115
GHRFG-709175
GHRFG-709110
GHRFG-709115
GHRFG-808175
GHRFG-808110
GHRFG-808115
GHRFG-809175
GHRFG-809110
GHRFG-809115
GHRFG-810110
GHRFG-810115
GHRFG-810120
GHRFG-811115
GHRFG-811120
GHRFG-812115
GHRFG-812120
GHRFG-812125

GHRGS-303115
GHRGS-303102
GHRGS-404103
GHRGS-404105
GHRGS-505103
GHRGS-505105
GHRGS-5555105
GHRGS-5555175
GHRGS-606105
GHRGS-606175
GHRGS-707175
GHRGS-707110
GHRGS-708175
GHRGS-708110
GHRGS-708115
GHRGS-709175
GHRGS-709110
GHRGS-709115
GHRGS-808175
GHRGS-808110
GHRGS-808115
GHRGS-809175
GHRGS-809110
GHRGS-809115
GHRGS-810110
GHRGS-810115
GHRGS-810120
GHRGS-811115
GHRGS-811120
GHRGS-812115
GHRGS-812120
GHRGS-812125

GHRSS-303115
GHRSS-303102
GHRSS-404103
GHRSS-404105
GHRSS-505103
GHRSS-505105
GHRSS-5555105
GHRSS-5555175
GHRSS-606105
GHRSS-606175
GHRSS-707175
GHRSS-707110
GHRSS-708175
GHRSS-708110
GHRSS-708115
GHRSS-709175
GHRSS-709110
GHRSS-709115
GHRSS-808175
GHRSS-808110
GHRSS-808115
GHRSS-809175
GHRSS-809110
GHRSS-809115
GHRSS-810110
GHRSS-810115
GHRSS-810120
GHRSS-811115
GHRSS-811120
GHRSS-812115
GHRSS-812120
GHRSS-812125

GHRFS-303115
GHRFS-303102
GHRFS-404103
GHRFS-404105
GHRFS-505103
GHRFS-505105
GHRFS-5555105
GHRFS-5555175
GHRFS-606105
GHRFS-606175
GHRFS-707175
GHRFS-707110
GHRFS-708175
GHRFS-708110
GHRFS-708115
GHRFS-709175
GHRFS-709110
GHRFS-709115
GHRFS-808175
GHRFS-808110
GHRFS-808115
GHRFS-809175
GHRFS-809110
GHRFS-809115
GHRFS-810110
GHRFS-810115
GHRFS-810120
GHRFS-811115
GHRFS-811120
GHRFS-812115
GHRFS-812120
GHRFS-812125

GHRFG-714275
GHRFG-714210
GHRFG-816275
GHRFG-816210
GHRFG-816215

GHRGS-714275
GHRGS-714210
GHRGS-816275
GHRGS-816210
GHRGS-816215

GHRSS-714275
GHRSS-714210
GHRSS-816275
GHRSS-816210
GHRSS-81621

GHRFS-714275
GHRFS-714210
GHRFS-816275
GHRFS-816210
GHRFS-816215

GHRFG-1414475
GHRFG-1414410
GHRFG-1616475
GHRFG-1616410
GHRFG-1616415

GHRGS-1414475
GHRGS-1414410
GHRGS-1616475
GHRGS-1616410
GHRGS-1616415

GHRSS-1414475
GHRSS-1414410
GHRSS-1616475
GHRSS-1616410
GHRSS-1616415

GHRFS-1414475
GHRFS-1414410
GHRFS-1616475
GHRFS-1616410
GHRFS-1616415

Fabrica Mexicana De Torres, S. A.

Reymsa Cooling Towers
HR Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 04-22-03
October 3, 2004 (Revision 0)
HRFG-303115
HRFG-303102

HRFG-707175
HRFG-707110

HRFG-808175
HRFG-808110
HRFG-808115

HRFG-714275
HRFG-714210

HRFG-1414475
HRFG-1414410

HRFG-404103
HRFG-404105

HRFG-708175
HRFG-708110
HRFG-708115

HRFG-809175
HRFG-809110
HRFG-809115

HRFG-816275
HRFG-816210
HRFG-816215

HRFG-1616475
HRFG-1616410
HRFG-1616415

HRFG-505103
HRFG-505105

HRFG-709175
HRFG-709110
HRFG-709115

HRFG-810110
HRFG-810115
HRFG-810120

HRFG-606105
HRFG-606175

HRFG-811115
HRFG-811120
HRFG-812115
HRFG-812120
HRFG-812125

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

HVAC/R International, Inc.

Therflow Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-28-01
September 29, 2006 (Revision 1)
Standard Fan
Standard Stack

Standard Fan
Extended Stack

Low Noise Fan

Standard Stack

TFW-80
TFW-100
TFW-125
TFW-150
TFW-175
TFW-200
TFW-225
TFW-250

TFW-80S
TFW-100S
TFW-125S
TFW-150S
TFW-175S
TFW-200S
TFW-225S
TFW-250S

TFW-70UL
TFW-80UL
TFW-100UL
TFW-125UL
TFW-150UL
TFW-175UL
TFW-200UL
TFW-225UL

TFW-300

TFW-300S

TFW-250UL

Footnotes:
1. Certification includes tower construction materials indicated by the suffixes -B, E, and -S which are added to basic model numbers above.
-B is for FRP casing, FRP basin and HDG mainframe and hardware.
-E is for FRP casing, FRP basin and stainless steel mainframe and hardware
-S is for stainless steel casing, basin, mainframe and hardware.
2. The basic model numbers above are for 50hz fan motor and the suffix /F is added for
60hz motor applications. For example, TFW-100S-B is for 50hz motor, TFW-100SB/F is for 60hz motor.
3. Certification includes use of side, end, or bottom water inlet configuration.
4. Certification includes units with optional gear drive in place of standard belt drive.
5. Certification includes use of optional handrail and/or ladder cage.
6. Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but not
listed.

KIMCO (Kyung In Machinery Company, Ltd.)

EnduraCool Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 93-18-01
November 27, 2002 (Revision 5)
EX Seriesa
(SI - Metric Units)
Standard Fans

806-080-1-3
806-100-1-5
806-110-1-7.5
806-112-1-5
806-125-1-10
806-115-1-5
806-130-1-7.5
806-136-1-7.5
806-145-1-10
806-155-1-15
809-140-1-7.5
809-156-1-10
809-170-1-10
809-190-1-15
809-180-1-10
809-206-1-15
809-217-1-15
809-234-1-20

IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC

812-205-1-15
812-200-1-10
812-245-1-20
812-246-1-15
812-260-1-20
812-247-1-10
812-273-1-15
812-280-1-15
812-297-1-20
812-317-1-25
809-310-2-10
809-300-2-7.5
809-340-2-10
809-380-2-15
809-360-2-10
809-447-2-20
809-467-2-20

IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC

1212-265-1-15
1212-290-1-20
1212-305-1-25
1212-325-1-30
1212-345-1-20
1212-360-1-25
1212-438-1-25
1212-457-1-30

IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC

1218-840-2-20
1218-910-2-25
1218-960-2-30
1218-1085-2-25
1218-1150-2-30
1218-1255-2-40
1218-1250-2-30
1218-1342-2-40
1218-1427-2-50

IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC

1212-580-2-20
1212-610-2-25
1212-685-2-20
1212-720-2-25
1212-760-2-30
1212-870-2-25
1212-927-2-30

IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC

1218-1370-3-25
1218-1445-3-30
1218-1730-3-30
1218-1885-3-40
1218-2000-3-40
1218-2127-3-50

IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC

812-440-2-20
812-405-2-10
812-430-2-10
812-520-2-20
812-590-2-20
812-600-2-20
812-632-2-25

IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC

1218-460-1-25
1218-485-1-30
1218-545-1-25
1218-580-1-30
1218-630-1-40
1218-627-1-30
1218-677-1-40
1218-717-1-50

IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC

1218-1750-4-25
1218-1955-4-20
1218-2100-4-25
1218-2215-4-30
1218-2410-4-40
1218-2587-4-40
1218-2750-4-50

KIMCO (Kyung In Machinery Company, Ltd.)

CKL Line of CTI Certified Closed Circuit Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-18-02
January 3, 2005 (Revision 0)
CKL-60
CKL-80
CKL-100
CKL-125
CKL-150
CKL-175
CKL-200
CKL-250
CKL-300
Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but not listed.

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

EX Seriesa
EC Seriesb
(SI - Metric Units) (IP - English Units)
Low Noise Fans
Low Noise Fans

EX-80KLb
EX-100KLb

EC-65
EC-80

EX-80KLSb
EX-100KLSb

EC-65L
EC-80L

EX-112.5KLSb
EX-125KLSb

EC-90L
EC-100L

EX-150KLSb
EX-175KLSb

EC-120L
EC-140L

EX-125KLb

EC-100

EX-150KLb
EX-175KLb

EC-120
EC-140

EX-200KLb

EC-160

EX-225KLb
EX-250KLb

EC-180
EC-200

MEX-300
MEX-350

EX-200KLSb

EC-160L

MEX-250KLS
MEX-300KLS

EC-200L
EC-240L

EC-240
EC-280

MEX-350KLS

EC-280L

MEX-400

EC-320

MEX-400KLS

EC-320L

MEX-500

EC-400

EX Series models are manufactured and distributed by KIMCO.

b EC Series models are manufactured by KIMCO and distributed in North America by
Great Lakes Fluid/Air, Inc. (GLFA) with equivalent dimensions and thermal ratings.
Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but not listed.

Imeco, Div. of York International

IMC Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-21-01
August 28, 2005
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC

EC Seriesb
(IP - English Units)
Standard Fans

Liang Chi Industry Company, Ltd.

LC Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 96-20-01
October 1, 2003 (Revision 1)
LC-125

LC-150

LC-175

LC-200

LC-225

LC-250

Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but
not listed.

Mesan Cooling Tower, Ltd

MCR Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-26-02
October 5, 2005 (Revision 0)
MCR-L SERIES
Standard Low Noise
(SI- Metric Units)

MCRI-L SERIES
Standard Low Noise
(IP- English Units)

MCR-80L
MCR-100L
MCR-125L
MCR-150L
MCR-175L
MCR-200L
MCR-250L
MCR-300L
MCR-350L
MCR-400L
MCR-450L
MCR-500L
MCR-600L
MCR-700L

MCRI-80L
MCRI-100L
MCRI-125L
MCRI-150L
MCRI-175L
MCRI-200L
MCRI-250L
MCRI-300L
MCRI-350L
MCRI-400L
MCRI-450L
MCRI-500L
MCRI-600L
MCRI-700L

MCR-SL SERIES MCRI-SL SERIES

Super Low Noise
Super Low Noise
(SI- Metric Units) (SI- English Units)

MCR-80SL
MCR-100SL
MCR-125SL
MCR-150SL
MCR-175SL
MCR-200SL
MCR-250SL
MCR-300SL
MCR-350SL
MCR-400SL
MCR-450SL
MCR-500SL
MCR-600SL
MCR-700SL

MCRI-80SL
MCRI-100SL
MCRI-125SL
MCRI-150SL
MCRI-175SL
MCRI-200SL
MCRI-250SL
MCRI-300SL
MCRI-350SL
MCRI-400SL
MCRI-450SL
MCRI-500SL
MCRI-600SL
MCRI-700SL

Footnotes:
1.
Model numbers listed above are for standard construction of FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic) casing and HDG (Hot Dipped Galvanized) steel structure. Certified
models with optional SS (Stainless Steel) casing and structure are also available but
not listed.
For FRP casing with SS structure add the suffix -S, for example MCR-80L-S.
For SS casing with SS structure add the suffix -SC, for example MCRI-700SL-SC.
2.
Certification includes units with optional gear drive in place of standard belt drive.

79

Mesan Cooling Tower, Ltd

MXR Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-26-01
October 5, 2005 (Revision 1)
MXR-L SERIES
Standard Low Noise
(SI- Metric Units)

MXRI-L SERIES
Standard Low Noise
(IP- English Units)

MXR-SL SERIES
Super Low Noise
(SI- Metric Units)

MXRI-SL SERIES
Super Low Noise
(SI- English Units)

MXR-80L
MXR-100L
MXR-125L
MXR-150L
MXR-175L
MXR-200L
MXR-225L
MXR-250L
MXR-300L
MXR-350L
MXR-400L
MXR-500L
MXR-600L
MXR-700L

MXRI-80L
MXRI-100L
MXRI-125L
MXRI-150L
MXRI-175L
MXRI-200L
MXRI-225L
MXRI-250L
MXRI-300L
MXRI-350L
MXRI-400L
MXRI-500L
MXRI-600L
MXRI-700L

MXR-80SL
MXR-100SL
MXR-125SL
MXR-150SL
MXR-175SL
MXR-200SL
MXR-225SL
MXR-250SL
MXR-300SL
MXR-350SL
MXR-400SL
MXR-500SL
MXR-600SL
MXR-700SL

MXRI-80SL
MXRI-100SL
MXRI-125SL
MXRI-150SL
MXRI-175SL
MXRI-200SL
MXRI-225SL
MXRI-250SL
MXRI-300SL
MXRI-350SL
MXRI-400SL
MXRI-500SL
MXRI-600SL
MXRI-700SL

Footnotes:
1. Model numbers listed above are for standard construction of FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic) casing and HDG (Hot Dipped Galvanized) steel structure. Certified models with
optional SS (Stainless Steel) casing and structure are also available but not listed.
For FRP casing with SS structure add the suffix -S, for example MXR-80L-S.
For SS casing with SS structure add the suffix -SC, for example MXRI-700SL-SC.
2. Certification includes units with optional gear drive in place of standard belt drive.
3. Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but not listed.

Polacel, b. v.
CR Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 04-25-01
July 16, 2004 (Revision 0)
CMDR Models

80

CMDR12 135-DL-60
CMDR12 135-DM-60
CMDR12 135-DH-60
CMDR12 135-DL-90
CMDR12 135-DM-90
CMDR12 135-DH-90
CMDR12 135-DL-120
CMDR12 135-DM-120
CMDR12 135-DH-120

CMDR12 300-DL-60
CMDR12 300-DM-60
CMDR12 300-DH-60
CMDR12 300-DL-90
CMDR12 300-DM-90
CMDR12 300-DH-90
CMDR12 300-DL-120
CMDR12 300-DM-120
CMDR12 300-DH-120

CMDR19 135-DL-90
CMDR19 135-DM-90
CMDR19 135-DH-90
CMDR19 135-DL-120
CMDR19 135-DM-120
CMDR19 135-DH-120
CMDR19 135-DL-150
CMDR19 135-DM-150
CMDR19 135-DH-150

CMDR19 300-DL-90
CMDR19 300-DM-90
CMDR19 300-DH-90
CMDR19 300-DL-120
CMDR19 300-DM-120
CMDR19 300-DH-120
CMDR19 300-DL-150
CMDR19 300-DM-150
CMDR19 300-DH-150

CMDR12 160-DL-60
CMDR12 160-DM-60
CMDR12 160-DH-60
CMDR12 160-DL-90
CMDR12 160-DM-90
CMDR12 160-DH-90
CMDR12 160-DL-120
CMDR12 160-DM-120
CMDR12 160-DH-120

CMDR12 380-DL-60
CMDR12 380-DM-60
CMDR12 380-DH-60
CMDR12 380-DL-90
CMDR12 380-DM-90
CMDR12 380-DH-90
CMDR12 380-DL-120
CMDR12 380-DM-120
CMDR12 380-DH-120

CMDR19 160-DL-90
CMDR19 160-DM-90
CMDR19 160-DH-90
CMDR19 160-DL-120
CMDR19 160-DM-120
CMDR19 160-DH-120
CMDR19 160-DL-150
CMDR19 160-DM-150
CMDR19 160-DH-150

CMDR19 380-DL-90
CMDR19 380-DM-90
CMDR19 380-DH-90
CMDR19 380-DL-120
CMDR19 380-DM-120
CMDR19 380-DH-120
CMDR19 380-DL-150
CMDR19 380-DM-150
CMDR19 380-DH-150

CMDR12 180-DL-60
CMDR12 180-DM-60
CMDR12 180-DH-60
CMDR12 180-DL-90
CMDR12 180-DM-90
CMDR12 180-DH-90
CMDR12 180-DL-120
CMDR12 180-DM-120
CMDR12 180-DH-120

CMDR12 460-DL-60
CMDR12 460-DM-60
CMDR12 460-DH-60
CMDR12 460-DL-90
CMDR12 460-DM-90
CMDR12 460-DH-90
CMDR12 460-DL-120
CMDR12 460-DM-120
CMDR12 460-DH-120

CMDR19 180-DL-90
CMDR19 180-DM-90
CMDR19 180-DH-90
CMDR19 180-DL-120
CMDR19 180-DM-120
CMDR19 180-DH-120
CMDR19 180-DL-150
CMDR19 180-DM-150
CMDR19 180-DH-150

CMDR19 460-DL-90
CMDR19 460-DM-90
CMDR19 460-DH-90
CMDR19 460-DL-120
CMDR19 460-DM-120
CMDR19 460-DH-120
CMDR19 460-DL-150
CMDR19 460-DM-150
CMDR19 460-DH-150

CMDR12 210-DL-60
CMDR12 210-DM-60
CMDR12 210-DH-60
CMDR12 210-DL-90
CMDR12 210-DM-90
CMDR12 210-DH-90
CMDR12 210-DL-120
CMDR12 210-DM-120
CMDR12 210-DH-120

CMDR12 540-DL-60
CMDR12 540-DM-60
CMDR12 540-DH-60
CMDR12 540-DL-90
CMDR12 540-DM-90
CMDR12 540-DH-90
CMDR12 540-DL-120
CMDR12 540-DM-120
CMDR12 540-DH-120

CMDR19 210-DL-90
CMDR19 210-DM-90
CMDR19 210-DH-90
CMDR19 210-DL-120
CMDR19 210-DM-120
CMDR19 210-DH-120
CMDR19 210-DL-150
CMDR19 210-DM-150
CMDR19 210-DH-150

CMDR19 540-DL-90
CMDR19 540-DM-90
CMDR19 540-DH-90
CMDR19 540-DL-120
CMDR19 540-DM-120
CMDR19 540-DH-120
CMDR19 540-DL-150
CMDR19 540-DM-150
CMDR19 540-DH-150

CMDR12 240-DL-60
CMDR12 240-DM-60
CMDR12 240-DH-60
CMDR12 240-DL-90
CMDR12 240-DM-90
CMDR12 240-DH-90
CMDR12 240-DL-120
CMDR12 240-DM-120
CMDR12 240-DH-120

CMDR12 630-DL-60
CMDR12 630-DM-60
CMDR12 630-DH-60
CMDR12 630-DL-90
CMDR12 630-DM-90
CMDR12 630-DH-90
CMDR12 630-DL-120
CMDR12 630-DM-120
CMDR12 630-DH-120

CMDR19 240-DL-90
CMDR19 240-DM-90
CMDR19 240-DH-90
CMDR19 240-DL-120
CMDR19 240-DM-120
CMDR19 240-DH-120
CMDR19 240-DL-150
CMDR19 240-DM-150
CMDR19 240-DH-150

CMDR19 630-DL-90
CMDR19 630-DM-90
CMDR19 630-DH-90
CMDR19 630-DL-120
CMDR19 630-DM-120
CMDR19 630-DH-120
CMDR19 630-DL-150
CMDR19 630-DM-150
CMDR19 630-DH-150

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

Polacel, b. v.
CR Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 04-25-01
July 16, 2004 (Revision 0)
CMC Models
CMC1-DL-60
CMC1-DL-90
CMC1-DM-60
CMC1-DM-90
CMC1-DH-60
CMC1-DH-90

CMC9-DL-60
CMC9-DL-90
CMC9-DM-60
CMC9-DM-90
CMC9-DH-60
CMC9-DH-90

CMC2.9-DL-60
CMC2.9-DL-90
CMC2.9-DM-60
CMC2.9-DM-90
CMC2.9-DH-60
CMC2.9-DH-90

CMC3.9-DL-60
CMC3.9-DL-90
CMC3.9-DM-60
CMC3.9-DM-90
CMC3.9-DH-60
CMC3.9-DH-90

CMC2-DL-60
CMC2-DL-90
CMC2-DM-60
CMC2-DM-90
CMC2-DH-60
CMC2-DH-90

CMC12-DL-60
CMC12-DL-90
CMC12-DM-60
CMC12-DM-90
CMC12-DH-60
CMC12-DH-90

CMC2.12-DL-60
CMC2.12-DL-90
CMC2.12-DM-60
CMC2.12-DM-90
CMC2.12-DH-60
CMC2.12-DH-90

CMC3.12-DL-60
CMC3.12-DL-90
CMC3.12-DM-60
CMC3.12-DM-90
CMC3.12-DH-60
CMC3.12-DH-90

CMC4-DL-60
CMC4-DL-90
CMC4-DM-60
CMC4-DM-90
CMC4-DH-60
CMC4-DH-90

CMC16-DL-60
CMC16-DL-90
CMC16-DM-60
CMC16-DM-90
CMC16-DH-60
CMC16-DH-90

CMC2.16-DL-60
CMC2.16-DL-90
CMC2.16-DM-60
CMC2.16-DM-90
CMC2.16-DH-60
CMC2.16-DH-90

CMC3.16-DL-60
CMC3.16-DL-90
CMC3.16-DM-60
CMC3.16-DM-90
CMC3.16-DH-60
CMC3.16-DH-90

CMC6-DL-60
CMC6-DL-90
CMC6-DM-60
CMC6-DM-90
CMC6-DH-60
CMC6-DH-90
Footnotes for CMDR and CMC models.
1.
2.
3.

The basic model numbers above are for 50 hz fan motors and the suffix U is added for 60 hz fan motor applications. For example, CMDR19 630-DH150 is for 50 hz and CMDR19 630-DH-150U is for 60 hz.
The suffix -PS1 through -PS10 is added to the basic model numbers to indicate the nozzle size required for the application flow rate.
The cold water basin configuration is indicated by either suffix /2 for no cold water basin, the suffix /3 for a GRP basin with HDGS sub-frame, or the suffix
/4 for a GRP basin only.

Polacel b. v.
XR Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 04-25-02
July 16, 2004 (Revision 0)
XE Models
XE 2.120-VL
XE 2.120-L
XE 2.120-M
XE 2.120-H

XL Models
XL 2.320-VVL-235_60
XL 2.320-VL-235_60
XL 2.320-L-235_60
XL 2.320-M-235_60

XT 2.240-VL-135
XT 2.240-L-135
XT 2.240-M-135

XT Models
XT 2.480-VL-135
XT 2.480-L-135
XT 2.480-M-135

XT 2.720-VL-135
XT 2.720-L-135
XT 2.720-M-135

XL 2.320-VVL-235_90
XL 2.320-VL-235_90
XL 2.320-L-235_90
XL 2.320-M-235_90

XT 2.240-VL-185
XT 2.240-L-185
XT 2.240-M-185

XT 2.480-VL-185
XT 2.480-L-185
XT 2.480-M-185

XT 2.720-VL-185
XT 2.720-L-185
XT 2.720-M-185

XL 4.440-VVL-235_90
XL 4.440-VL-235_90
XL 4.440-L-235_90
XL 4.440-M-235_90

XT 2.240-VL-235
XT 2.240-L-235
XT 2.240-M-235

XT 2.480-VL-235
XT 2.480-L-235
XT 2.480-M-235

XT 2.720-VL-235
XT 2.720-L-235
XT 2.720-M-235

XL 4.520-VVL-235_90
XL 4.520-VL-235_90
XL 4.520-L-235_90
XL 4.520-M-235_90
Footnotes for XR Series models.
1 .The basic model numbers above are for 50 hz fan motors and the suffix U is added for 60 hz fan motor applications. For example, XE 2.120-VL is for 50
hz and XE 2.120-VLU is for 60 hz.
2 .The cold water basin configuration is indicated by either suffix /2 for no cold water basin, the suffix /3 for a GRP basin with HDGS sub-frame, or the suffix
/4 for a GRP basin only.

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

81

Protec Cooling Towers, Inc

FWS Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 04-27-01
March 8, 2006 (Revision 1)
FWS-94-3.7
FWS-94-5.5
FWS-94-7.5

FWS-127-5.5
FWS-127-7.5
FWS-127-11

FWS-169-7.5
FWS-169-11
FWS-169-15

Footnotes:
1 . Suffixes -GI, -SS, -AS, -AG are added to the basic model numbers listed
above to indicate the tower construction materials or options:
-GI for FRP casing, FRP basin and HDG structural members and hardware.
-SS for FRP casing, FRP basin and stainless steel structural members and
hardware.
-AS for stainless steel casing, basin, structural members and hardware.
-AG for HDG casing, basin, structural members and hardware.
2 . Suffixes /E and /L are added to the basic model numbers to indicate
optional parts:
/E is for additional drift eliminator installed to the basic models (reduces
capacity ~2%).
/L is for additional louver installed in front of air inlet face.
3 . Certification includes units with optional gear drive in place of standard
belt drive.
4 . Certification includes units with motor mounted outside air stream in
place of inside air stream.
5 . Certification includes use of optional handrail and/or optional caged
ladders.
6 . Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available
but not listed.

Ryowo (Holding) Company, Ltd

FRS Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-27-03
October 10, 2005 (Revision 0)
FRS-80-2.2
FRS-80-4
FRS-80-5.5

FRS-100-4
FRS-150-5.5
FRS-100-5.5 FRS-150-7.5
FRS-100-7.5 FRS-150-11

FRS-250-11
FRS-350-15
FRS-250-15
FRS-350-18.5
FRS-250-18.5 FRS-350-22

Footnotes:
1 . Suffixes -GI, -SS, -AS, -AG are added to the basic model numbers listed
above to indicate the tower construction materials or options:
-GI for FRP casing, FRP basin and HDG structural members and hardware.
-SS for FRP casing, FRP basin and stainless steel structural members and
hardware.
-AS for stainless steel casing, basin, structural members and hardware.
-AG for HDG casing, basin, structural members and hardware.
2 . Suffix /E is added to the basic model numbers to indicate optional parts:
/E is for additional drift eliminator installed to the basic models (reduces
capacity ~2%).
3 . Certification includes units with optional gear drive in place of standard
belt drive.
4 . Certification includes use of optional handrail and/or optional caged
ladders.

Ryowo (Holding) Company, Ltd.

FWS Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 04-27-01
October 10, 2005 (Revision 1)
FWS-94-3.7
FWS-94-5.5
FWS-94-7.5

FWS-127-5.5
FWS-127-7.5
FWS-127-11

FWS-169-7.5
FWS-169-11
FWS-169-15

Footnotes:
1 . Suffixes -GI, -SS, -AS, -AG are added to the basic model numbers listed
above to indicate the tower construction materials or options:
-GI for FRP casing, FRP basin and HDG structural members and hardware.
-SS for FRP casing, FRP basin and stainless steel structural members and
hardware.
-AS for stainless steel casing, basin, structural members and hardware.
-AG for HDG casing, basin, structural members and hardware.
2 . Suffixes /E and /L are added to the basic model numbers to indicate
optional parts:
/E is for additional drift eliminator installed to the basic models (reduces
capacity ~2%).
/L is for additional louver installed in front of air inlet face.
3 . Certification includes units with optional gear drive in place of standard
belt drive.
4 . Certification includes use of optional handrail and/or optional caged
ladders.
5 . Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available
but not listed.

Ryowo (Holding) Company, Ltd.

FXS Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-27-02
October 10, 2005 (Revision 0)
FXS-200
FXS-250

FXS-300
FXS-350

FXS-400
FXS-450

FXS-500
FXS-550

Footnotes:
1 . Suffixes -GI, -SS, -AS, -AG are added to the basic model numbers listed
above to indicate the tower construction materials or options:
-GI for FRP casing, FRP basin and HDG structural members and hardware.
-SS for FRP casing, FRP basin and stainless steel structural members and
hardware.
-AS for stainless steel casing, basin, structural members and hardware.
-AG for HDG casing, basin, structural members and hardware.
2 . Certification includes units with optional gear drive in place of standard
belt drive.
3 . Certification includes use of optional handrail and/or optional caged
ladders.

SPX Cooling Technologies (Marley)

Aquatower Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 01-14-05
December 2, 2002 (Revision 1)
Series 4900
(Metal Structure)
490A
490B
492A
492B
493A
493B
494A
494B
494C
495A
495B
496A
496B

82

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

SPX Cooling Technologies (Marley)

AV Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 98-14-04
April 11, 2000 (Revision 1)
AV61001
AV61011
AV61021
AV61031
AV61041

AV63001
AV63011
AV63021
AV63031
AV63041

AV65001
AV65011
AV65021
AV65031
AV65041
AV65051

AV62001
AV62011
AV62021
AV62031
AV62041
AV62051

AV64001
AV64011
AV64021
AV64031
AV64041
AV64051

AV66001
AV66011
AV66021
AV66031
AV66041

AV67001
AV67011
AV67021
AV67031
AV67041

SPX Cooling Technologies (Marley)

MCP Series of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 06-14-09
January 3, 2006 (Revision 0)
MCP301116K
MCP301116L
MCP301117L
MCP301118L
MCP301218M
Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but not listed.

SPX Cooling Technologies (Marley)

MCW Series of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 06-14-08
January 3, 2006 (Revision 0)

Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but not listed.

MCW901731K1

SPX Cooling Technologies (Marley)

MHF Series of CTI Certified Closed-Circuit Fluid Coolers
CTI Certification Validation Number 04-14-07
October 24, 2005 (Revision 1)
MHF702B061
MHF702B062
MHF702B081
MHF702B082
MHF702B101
MHF702B102
MHF702B121
MHF702B122

MHF703C061
MHF703C062
MHF703C081
MHF703C082
MHF703C084
MHF703C101
MHF703C102
MHF703C121
MHF703C122
MHF703C124

MHF704D061
MHF704D062
MHF704D081
MHF704D082
MHF704D084
MHF704D101
MHF704D102
MHF704D121
MHF704D122
MHF704D124

MHF705F061
MHF705F062
MHF705F081
MHF705F082
MHF705F084
MHF705F101
MHF705F102
MHF705F121
MHF705F122
MHF705F124

MHF706E061
MHF706E062
MHF706E081
MHF706E082
MHF706E084
MHF706E101
MHF706E102
MHF706E121
MHF706E122
MHF706E124

MHF707H061
MHF707H062
MHF707H081
MHF707H082
MHF707H084
MHF707H101
MHF707H102
MHF707H121
MHF707H122
MHF707H124

MHF702C061
MHF702C062
MHF702C081
MHF702C082
MHF702C101
MHF702C102
MHF702C121
MHF702C122

MHF703D061
MHF703D062
MHF703D081
MHF703D082
MHF703D084
MHF703D101
MHF703D102
MHF703D121
MHF703D122
MHF703D124

MHF704E061
MHF704E062
MHF704E081
MHF704E082
MHF704E084
MHF704E101
MHF704E102
MHF704E121
MHF704E122
MHF704E124

MHF705H061
MHF705H062
MHF705H081
MHF705H082
MHF705H084
MHF705H101
MHF705H102
MHF705H121
MHF705H122
MHF705H124

MHF706H061
MHF706H062
MHF706H081
MHF706H082
MHF706H084
MHF706H101
MHF706H102
MHF706H121
MHF706H122
MHF706H124

MHF707J061
MHF707J062
MHF707J081
MHF707J082
MHF707J084
MHF707J101
MHF707J102
MHF707J121
MHF707J122
MHF707J124

MHF702D061
MHF702D062
MHF702D081
MHF702D082
MHF702D101
MHF702D102
MHF702D121
MHF702D122

MHF703E061
MHF703E062
MHF703E081
MHF703E082
MHF703E084
MHF703E101
MHF703E102
MHF703E121
MHF703E122
MHF703E124

MHF704G061
MHF704G062
MHF704G081
MHF704G082
MHF704G084
MHF704G101
MHF704G102
MHF704G121
MHF704G122
MHF704G124

MHF705J061
MHF705J062
MHF705J081
MHF705J082
MHF705J084
MHF705J101
MHF705J102
MHF705J121
MHF705J122
MHF705J124

MHF706J061
MHF706J062
MHF706J081
MHF706J082
MHF706J084
MHF706J101
MHF706J102
MHF706J121
MHF706J122
MHF706J124

MHF707L061
MHF707L062
MHF707L081
MHF707L082
MHF707L084
MHF707L101
MHF707L102
MHF707L121
MHF707L122
MHF707L124

MHF704H061
MHF704H062
MHF704H081
MHF704H082
MHF704H084
MHF704H101
MHF704H102
MHF704H121
MHF704H122
MHF704H124

MHF705K061
MHF705K062
MHF705K081
MHF705K082
MHF705K084
MHF705K101
MHF705K102
MHF705K121
MHF705K122
MHF705K124

MHF706L061
MHF706L062
MHF706L081
MHF706L082
MHF706L084
MHF706L101
MHF706L102
MHF706L121
MHF706L122
MHF706L124

MHF707M061
MHF707M062
MHF707M081
MHF707M082
MHF707M084
MHF707M101
MHF707M102
MHF707M121
MHF707M122
MHF707M124

MHF706M061
MHF706M062
MHF706M081
MHF706M082
MHF706M084
MHF706M101
MHF706M102
MHF706M121
MHF706M122
MHF706M124

MHF707N061
MHF707N062
MHF707N081
MHF707N082
MHF707N084
MHF707N101
MHF707N102
MHF707N121
MHF707N122
MHF707N124

MCW901732L1
MCW901732M1
MCW901738N1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

MCW901736L1
MCW901736M1
MCW901737N1
MCW901748P1
MCW901748Q1

MCW901746N1

MCW901756Q1

MCW901747N1
MCW901747P1

MCW901757Q1
MCW901757R1

MCW901758R1

Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but not listed.

SPX Cooling Technologies (Marley)

NC Class Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 92-14-01
October 14, 2006 (Revision 15)
NC Class

MHF706N061
MHF706N062
MHF706N081
MHF706N082
MHF706N084
MHF706N101
MHF706N102
MHF706N121
MHF706N122
MHF706N124

MCP301216L
MCP301216M
MCP301217L
MCP301217M

NC
Steel
Models

Box
Size

8301
8302
8303
8304
8305
8306
8307
8309
8310
8311
8312

8321
8322
8323
8324
NC
8325
Fiberglass 8326
Models
8327
8328
8329
8330
8331
8332

Standard Models
Low Noise Designator
Not Applicable

Low Noise Fan Models Ultra Low Noise Fan Models

Low Noise Designator
Low Noise Designator
L, K, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T
C, U, V

Fan Motor Power/Stack Designator

C,D,E,F
A,B,C,D,E
D,E,F,G
A,B,C,D,E,F
A,B,C,D,E,F
E,F,G,H
A,B,C,D,E,F
A,B,C,D,E,F
D,E,F,G,H
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H
D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J
D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J
E,F,G,H,J,K,M
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J
C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,N
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,N,R
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,N
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,N
Standard Models
Low Noise Fan Models Ultra Low Noise Fan Models
Low Noise Designator
Low Noise Designator
Low Noise Designator
Not Applicable
L
Not Applicable
Fan Motor Power/Stack Designator
C,D,E
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F,G
C,D,E,F,G
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
C,D,E,F
-

See Low Noise Configuration Options and Low Noise Designator Definitions in the Table Below
Low Noise Configuration Option
Low Noise Designator CTI Certified (Note 1)
Standard Models
No Designator
Yes
Low Noise Fan No Attenuation
L
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 2 ft. Inlet Attenuation
K
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 4 ft. Inlet Attenuation
M
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 2 ft. Outlet Attenuation
N
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 4 ft. Outlet Attenuation
P
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 2 ft. Inlet & 2 ft. Outlet attenuation
Q
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 4 ft. Inlet & 2 ft. Outlet attenuation
R
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 2 ft. Inlet & 4 ft. Outlet attenuation
S
Yes
Low Noise Fan with 4 ft. Inlet & 4 ft. Outlet attenuation
T
Yes
Ultra Low Noise Fan No Attenuation
C
Yes
Ultra Low Noise Fan w/ 2 ft. Inlet Attenuation
U
Yes
Ultra Low Noise Fan w/ 4 ft. Inlet Attenuation
V
Yes
Footnotes:
1. Capacity adjustments are required for all non-standard model configurations. See selection
software at www.spxcooling.com or www.marleyct.com for specific capacity of each configuration.
2. Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but not listed.
3. Sample Model Number NC8305DM2 where
NC8305 = Box Size
D = Motor Power/Stack Designator
M = Low Noise Option Designator
2 = Number of Cells

83

SPX Cooling Technologies (Marley)

Quadraflow Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 92-14-02
April 11, 2002 (Revision 2)
21121
21122
21123
21124
21221
21222
21321
21322
21323

22121
22122
22123

23121
23122
23123
23124

22221
22222
22223
22224
22225

24121
24122
24123
24124
24125
24126
24127

23221
23222
23223
23224
23225

24221
24222
24223
24224
24225

Tower Tech, Inc.

TTXE Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 04-17-04
October 31, 2004 (Revision 1)
3.0 hp/fan Models
TTXE-021930
TTXE-031930
TTXE-041930
TTXE-061930
TTXE-081930
TTXE-101930

5.0 hp/fan Models 7.5 hp/fan Models

TTXE-021950
TTXE-031950
TTXE-041950
TTXE-061950
TTXE-081950
TTXE-101950

TTXE-021975
TTXE-031975
TTXE-041975
TTXE-061975
TTXE-081975
TTXE-101975

Footnotes:
1 . Models listed above are for single cells with a base inlet height of 6ft.
2 . Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available
but not listed.
3 . Models with inlet heights more or less than 6-ft are also available but
not listed.
4 . Multiple cell models of the single cell models and/or models with air
inlet heights more or less than 6-ft require capacity correction per
the TTXE correction table submitted with the CTI Certification
application.

The Cooling Tower Company, L. C.

Series TCI Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 06-29-01
April 7, 2006 (Revision 0)
1 Cell Models
TCI-0404-1-1
TCI-0404-3-1
TCI-0404-5-1
TCI-0606-3-1
TCI-0606-5-1
TCI-0606-7.5-1
TCI-0806-5-1
TCI-0806-7.5-1
TCI-0806-10-1
TCI-0806-15-1
TCI-0808-5-1
TCI-0808-7.5-1
TCI-0808-10-1
TCI-0808-15-1
TCI-0810-10-1
TCI-0810-15-1
TCI-0810-20-1
TCI-0810-25-1
TCI-0812-10-1
TCI-0812-15-1
TCI-0812-20-1
TCI-0812-25-1
TCI-0814-15-1
TCI-0814-20-1
TCI-0814-25-1
TCI-0814-30-1

TCI-1108-5-1
TCI-1108-7.5-1
TCI-1108-10-1
TCI-1108-15-1
TCI-1108-20-1
TCI-1110-10-1
TCI-1110-15-1
TCI-1110-20-1
TCI-1110-25-1
TCI-1112-15-1
TCI-1112-20-1
TCI-1112-25-1
TCI-1112-30-1
TCI-1114-20-1
TCI-1114-25-1
TCI-1114-30-1
TCI-1114-40-1
TCI-1116-25-1
TCI-1116-30-1
TCI-1116-40-1
TCI-1116-50-1
TCI-1118-30-1
TCI-1118-40-1
TCI-1118-50-1
TCI-1118-60-1

2 Cell Models
TCI-0812-5-2
TCI-0812-7.5-2
TCI-0812-10-2
TCI-0812-15-2
TCI-0816-5-2
TCI-0816-7.5-2
TCI-0816-10-2
TCI-0816-15-2
TCI-0820-10-2
TCI-0820-15-2
TCI-0820-20-2
TCI-0820-25-2
TCI-0824-10-2
TCI-0824-15-2
TCI-0824-20-2
TCI-0824-25-2
TCI-0828-15-2
TCI-0828-20-2
TCI-0828-25-2
TCI-0828-30-2

TCI-1116-5-2
TCI-1116-7.5-2
TCI-1116-10-2
TCI-1116-15-2
TCI-1116-20-2
TCI-1120-10-2
TCI-1120-15-2
TCI-1120-20-2
TCI-1120-25-2
TCI-1124-15-2
TCI-1124-20-2
TCI-1124-25-2
TCI-1124-30-2
TCI-1128-20-2
TCI-1128-25-2
TCI-1128-30-2
TCI-1128-40-2

3 Cell Models
TCI-1130-10-3
TCI-1130-15-3
TCI-1130-20-3
TCI-1130-25-3
TCI-1136-15-3
TCI-1136-20-3
TCI-1136-25-3
TCI-1136-30-3
TCI-1142-20-3
TCI-1142-25-3
TCI-1142-30-3
TCI-1142-40-3
TCI-1148-25-3
TCI-1148-30-3
TCI-1148-40-3
TCI-1148-50-3

TCI-1132-25-2
TCI-1132-30-2
TCI-1132-40-2
TCI-1132-50-2
TCI-1136-30-2
TCI-1136-40-2
TCI-1136-50-2
TCI-1136-60-2

Footnotes:
1. Series TCI towers are supplied with stainless steel basins and are available with either stainless steel or galvanized panels and structure.
2. Series TCI towers are offered with either gear or belt drives.
3. Fixed or variable orifice nozzles are available with all Series TCI towers.
4. Premium efficient motors are supplied on all Series TCI towers.

84

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

The Trane Company

Series Quiet (TQ) Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 92-14-01
October 14, 2006 (Revision 15)
Series
Quiet

Box
Size

Standard Models
Low Noise Designator
Not Applicable

Low Noise Fan Models

Ultra Low Noise Fan Models
Low Noise Designator
Low Noise Designator
L, K, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T
C, U, V
Fan Motor Power/Stack Designator
8301
C,D,E,F
A,B,C,D,E
8302
D,E,F,G
A,B,C,D,E,F
A,B,C,D,E,F
8303
E,F,G,H
A,B,C,D,E,F
A,B,C,D,E,F
8304
D,E,F,G,H
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H
8305
D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J
TQ
8306
D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J
8307
E,F,G,H,J,K,M
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J
8309
C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
8310
C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
8311
C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,N
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K
8312
C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,N,R
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,N
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,N
See Low Noise Configuration Options and Low Noise Designator Definitions in the Table Below
Low Noise Configuration Option
Low Noise Designator
CTI Certified (Note 1)
Standard ModelsNo Designator
Yes
Low Noise Fan No Attenuation
L
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 2 ft. Inlet Attenuation
K
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 4 ft. Inlet Attenuation
M
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 2 ft. Outlet Attenuation
N
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 4 ft. Outlet Attenuation
P
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 2 ft. Inlet & 2 ft. Outlet attenuation
Q
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 4 ft. Inlet & 2 ft. Outlet attenuation
R
Yes
Low Noise Fan w/ 2 ft. Inlet & 4 ft. Outlet attenuation
S
Yes
Low Noise Fan with 4 ft. Inlet & 4 ft. Outlet attenuation
T
Yes
Ultra Low Noise Fan No Attenuation
C
Yes
Ultra Low Noise Fan w/ 2 ft. Inlet Attenuation
U
Yes
Ultra Low Noise Fan w/ 4 ft. Inlet Attenuation
V
Yes
Footnotes:
1. Capacity adjustments are required for all non-standard model configurations. See selection software for SPX Cooling Technologies (Marley) NC Class line of towers at
www.spxcooling.com or www.marleyct.com for specific capacity of each configuration of the Trane Quiet Series (TQ) with equivalent model numbers.
2. Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but not listed.
3. Sample Model Number: TQ8305DM2 where
TQ8305 = Box Size
D = Motor Power/Stack Designator
M = Low Noise Option Designator
2 = Number of Cells

Zhejiang Jinling Refrigeration Engineering Co., Ltd.

JNT Series Line of CTI Certified Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-28-01
September 29, 2006 (Revision 1)
Standard Fan
Standard Stack

Standard Fan
Extended Stack

Low Noise Fan

Standard Stack

JNT-80
JNT-100

JNT-80S
JNT-100S

JNT-70UL
JNT-80UL

JNT-125
JNT-150

JNT-125S
JNT-150S

JNT-100UL
JNT-125UL

JNT-175
JNT-200

JNT-175S
JNT-200S

JNT-150UL
JNT-175UL

JNT-225
JNT-250

JNT-225S
JNT-250S

JNT-200UL
JNT-225UL

JNT-300

JNT-300S

JNT-250UL

Footnotes:
1. Certification includes tower construction materials indicated by the suffixes -B, -E,
and -S which are added to basic model numbers above.
-B is for FRP casing, FRP basin and HDG mainframe and hardware.
-E is for FRP casing, FRP basin and stainless steel mainframe and hardware
-S is for stainless steel casing, basin, mainframe and hardware.
2. The basic model numbers above are for 50hz fan motor and the suffix /F is added for
60hz motor applications. For example, JNT-100S-B is for 50hz motor, JNT-100S-B/
F is for 60hz motor.
3. Certification includes use of side, end, or bottom water inlet configuration.
4. Certification includes units with optional gear drive in place of standard belt drive.
5. Certification includes use of optional handrail and/or ladder cage.
6. Multiple cell models of the single cell models above are also available but not
listed.

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

85

86

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1

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Index of Advertisers
Advance Cooling Towers ...................... 25
Aggreko Cooling Tower Services ......... 44, 45
AHR Expo ............................................... 71
AirFlo Cooling Technologies .................. 39
Amarillo Gear Company ......................... IBC
American Cooling Tower, Inc. ............... 13, 67
Amcot Cooling Tower Corporation ........ 35
AMSA, Inc. ............................................. 15, 55
Bailsco Blades and Casting, Inc............ 36
Baltimore Aircoil Company ..................... OBC
BASF ...................................................... 51
Bedford Reinforced Plastics ................. 27
BIC Magazine .......................................... 6
Brentwood Indistries, Inc. ..................... 57
ChemTreat, Inc. ...................................... 11
ClearAir .................................................. 47
CTI Certified Towers .............................. 72 - 85
CTI Licensed Agencies .......................... 70
CTI Table Top Exhibits ............................ 69
CTI ToolKit ............................................... 86
Cooling Tower Resources, Inc. ............. 49
CTL Group .............................................. 61
Dynamic Fabricators .............................. 7
Electric Power ........................................ 27
Fibergrate Composite Structures .......... 63
Gaiennie Lumber Company ................... 2
Howden Cooling Fans ........................... 5
Hudson Products Corporation ............... 23
Industrial Cooling Tower ........................ 12, IFC
KIMCO ..................................................... 65
McHale & Associates, Inc. .................... 59
Midwest Towers, Inc. ............................ 43
Multi-Wing ............................................... 37
Myron L Company .................................. 4
Neri .......................................................... 41
Paharpur Cooling Towers Ltd. .............. 33
Paltech Cooling Towers ......................... 21
Rexnord .................................................. 3
C.E. Shepherd Company ....................... 19
SPIG ........................................................ 17
Spraying Services, Inc. .......................... 31
SPX Cooling Technologies ..................... 53
Strongwell .............................................. 9
Tower Performance ............................... 88
WQA-Aquatech ..................................... 68

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CTI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1