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PSD of Modulated Signals

This document discusses power spectral density (PSD) of digitally modulated signals. It defines PSD for cyclostationary processes, which include linearly modulated signals where the modulation sequence is wide sense stationary. The PSD is obtained by calculating the Fourier transform of the averaged autocorrelation function over one period. Common line codes like unipolar NRZ, polar NRZ, Manchester and bipolar NRZ are analyzed, and their PSD expressions and normalized plots are presented to illustrate their spectral characteristics.

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190 views

PSD of Modulated Signals

This document discusses power spectral density (PSD) of digitally modulated signals. It defines PSD for cyclostationary processes, which include linearly modulated signals where the modulation sequence is wide sense stationary. The PSD is obtained by calculating the Fourier transform of the averaged autocorrelation function over one period. Common line codes like unipolar NRZ, polar NRZ, Manchester and bipolar NRZ are analyzed, and their PSD expressions and normalized plots are presented to illustrate their spectral characteristics.

Uploaded by

nathanamar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Power Spectral Density of Digitally Modulated

Signals
Saravanan Vijayakumaran
[email protected]
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

August 22, 2013

1 / 22

PSD Definition for Digitally Modulated Signals


Consider a real binary PAM signal
u(t) =

bn g(t nT )

n=

where bn = 1 with equal probability and g(t) is a baseband pulse of


duration T

PSD = F [Ru ( )] Neither SSS nor WSS

2 / 22

Cyclostationary Random Process


Definition (Cyclostationary RP)
A random process X (t) is cyclostationary with respect to time interval T if it is
statistically indistinguishable from X (t kT ) for any integer k .

Definition (Wide Sense Cyclostationary RP)


A random process X (t) is wide sense cyclostationary with respect to time
interval T if the mean and autocorrelation functions satisfy
mX (t)

mX (t T )

RX (t1 , t2 )

RX (t1 T , t2 T )

for all t,
for all t1 , t2 .

3 / 22

Power Spectral Density of a Cyclostationary Process


To obtain the PSD of a cyclostationary process with period T

Calculate autocorrelation of cyclostationary process RX (t, t )


Average autocorrelation between 0 and T , RX ( ) = T1 0T RX (t, t ) dt
Calculate Fourier transform of averaged autocorrelation RX ( )
R

4 / 22

Power Spectral Density of a Realization


Time windowed realizations have finite energy
xTo (t)

x(t)I[ To , To ] (t)

STo (f )

F(xTo (t))

x (f )
S

|STo (f )|2
To

(PSD Estimate)

PSD of a realization
2
x (f ) = lim |STo (f )|
S
To
To

|STo (f )|2
1

*
)

To
To

To
2

T2o

x ( )
xTo (u)xTo (u ) du = R

5 / 22

Power Spectral Density of a Cyclostationary Process


X (t)X (t ) X (t + T )X (t + T ) for cyclostationary X (t)
x ( )
R

To
2

1
To

1
KT

T2o

KT
2

x(t)x (t ) dt
x(t)x (t ) dt

for To = KT

KT
2
K

1
T

1
T

1
T

T
0

2
1 X
x(t + kT )x (t + kT ) dt
K
K

k = 2

E [X (t)X (t )] dt

0
T

RX (t, t ) dt = RX ( )
0

PSD of a cyclostationary process = F[RX ( )]

6 / 22

PSD of a Linearly Modulated Signal


Consider
u(t) =

bn p(t nT )

n=

u(t) is cyclostationary wrt to T if {bn } is stationary


u(t) is wide sense cyclostationary wrt to T if {bn } is WSS

Suppose Rb [k ] = E[bn bnk


]
P
Let Sb (z) = k = Rb [k ]z k

The PSD of u(t) is given by



 |P(f )|2
Su (f ) = Sb e j2fT
T

7 / 22

PSD of a Linearly Modulated Signal


Ru ( )
=
=

1
T

1
T

Ru (t + , t) dt
0

n= m=

1 X
T

k = m=

E [bn bm
p(t nT + )p (t mT )] dt
(m1)T

E [bm+k bm
p( kT + )p ()] d

mT

Z
1 X

E [bm+k bm
p( kT + )p ()] d
T

k =
Z

1 X
Rb [k ]
p( kT + )p () d
T

k =

8 / 22

PSD of a Linearly Modulated Signal


Ru ( ) =

1 X
Rb [k ]
p( kT + )p () d
T

k =

p( + )p () d

*
)

|P(f )|2

p( kT + )p () d

*
)

|P(f )|2 e j2fkT

Su (f ) = F [Ru ( )]

|P(f )|2 X
Rb [k ]e j2fkT
T


 |P(f )|2
Sb e j2fT
T

k =

where Sb (z) =

k =

Rb [k ]z k .

9 / 22

Power Spectral Density of Line Codes

Line Codes
0

Unipolar NRZ

Polar NRZ

Bipolar NRZ

Manchester

Further reading: Digital Communications, Simon Haykin, Chapter 6

11 / 22

Unipolar NRZ
Symbols independent and equally likely to be 0 or A
P (b[n] = 0) = P (b[n] = A) =

1
2

Autocorrelation of b[n] sequence


Rb [k ] =

A2
2

k =0

A2
4

k 6= 0

p(t) = I[0,T ) (t) P(f ) = T sinc(fT )e jfT


Power Spectral Density
Su (f ) =

|P(f )|2 X
Rb [k ]e j2kfT
T
k =

12 / 22

Unipolar NRZ
Su (f )

X
A2 T
A2 T
sinc2 (fT ) +
sinc2 (fT )
e j2kfT
4
4
k =


A T
A
n
sinc2 (fT ) +
sinc2 (fT )
f
4
4
T
n=

A2 T
A2
sinc2 (fT ) +
(f )
4
4

13 / 22

Normalized PSD plot


1

Su (f )
A2 T

Unipolar NRZ

0.5

0
0.5

1.5

fT

14 / 22

Polar NRZ
Symbols independent and equally likely to be A or A
P (b[n] = A) = P (b[n] = A) =

1
2

Autocorrelation of b[n] sequence


Rb [k ] =

2
A

k =0

k 6= 0

P(f ) = T sinc(fT )e jfT


Power Spectral Density
Su (f ) = A2 T sinc2 (fT )

15 / 22

Normalized PSD plots


1

Su (f )
A2 T

Unipolar NRZ
Polar NRZ

0.5

0
0.5

1.5

fT

16 / 22

Manchester
Symbols independent and equally likely to be A or A
P (b[n] = A) = P (b[n] = A) =

1
2

Autocorrelation of b[n] sequence


Rb [k ] =

2
A

k =0

k 6= 0

P(f ) = jT sinc fT2 sin fT


ejfT
2
Power Spectral Density


Su (f ) = A2 T sinc2

fT
2

sin2

fT
2

17 / 22

Normalized PSD plots


1

Su (f )
A2 T

Unipolar NRZ
Polar NRZ
Manchester

0.5

0
0.5

1.5

fT

18 / 22

Bipolar NRZ
Successive 1s have alternating polarity
0

Zero amplitude

+A or A

Probability mass function of b[n]


P (b[n] = 0)

P (b[n] = A)

P (b[n] = A)

1
2
1
4
1
4

Symbols are identically distributed but they are not independent

19 / 22

Bipolar NRZ
Autocorrelation of b[n] sequence
Rb [k ] =

A2 /2
A2 /4

k =0
k = 1
otherwise

Power Spectral Density


Su (f )

=
=
=

T sinc2 (fT )


A2
A2  j2fT
e
+ e j2fT

2
4

A2 T
sinc2 (fT ) [1 cos(2fT )]
2
A2 T sinc2 (fT ) sin2 (fT )

20 / 22

Normalized PSD plots


1

Su (f )
A2 T

Unipolar NRZ
Polar NRZ
Manchester
Bipolar NRZ

0.5

0
0.5

1.5

fT

21 / 22

Thanks for your attention

22 / 22

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