7 inch

2.5 inch L O GA R I T H M 2.5 inch

2.5 inch
 I N D E X

Topic Page No.

LOGARITHM

l. Basic Mathematics 1
2. Historical Development of Number System 3
3. Logarithm 5
4. Principal Properties of Logarithm 7
5. Basic Changing theorem 8
6. Logarithmic equations 10
7. Common & Natural Logarithm 12
8. Characteristic Mantissa 12
9. Absolute value Function 14
10. Solved examples 17
11. Exercise 24
12. Answer Key 30
13. Hints & Solutions 31

L O GA R I T H M
ACC-MT- LOGARITHM 1

LOGARITHM

BASIC MATHEMATICS :

Remainder Theorem :

Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree geater than or equal to one and 'a' be any real number.
If p(x) is divided by (x a), then the remainder is equal to p(a).

Factor Theorem :

Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and 'a' be a real number such that
p(a) = 0, then (x a) is a factor of p(x). Conversely, if (x a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.

Note : Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one. If leading coefficient of p(x) is 1
then p(x) is called monic. (Leading coefficient means coefficient of highest power.)

SOME IMPORTANT IDENTITIES :

(1) (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b2 = (a b)2 + 4ab

(2) (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 4ab
(3) a2 b2 = (a + b) (a b)
(4) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(5) (a b)3 = a3 b3 3ab (a b)
(6) a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a2 + b2 ab)
(7) a3 b3 = (a b)3 + 3ab (a b) = (a b) (a2 + b2 + ab)

1 1 1
(8) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca) = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc .
a b c

1
(9) a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca = 2 2 2
2 ( a b ) ( b c) ( c a )
(10) a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca)

1
= (a + b + c) (a b) 2 (b c) 2 (c a ) 2
2
If (a + b + c) = 0, then a3 + b3 + c2 = 3abc.
(11) a4 b4 = (a2 + b2) (a2 b2) = (a2 + b2) (a b) (a + b)
(12) If a, b 0 then (a b) = a b a b
(13) a4 + a2 + 1 = (a4 + 2a2 + 1) a2 = (a2 + 1)2 a2 = (a2 + a + 1) (a2 a + 1)

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2 ACC-MT- LOGARITHM

Definition of Indices :

The product of m factors each equal to a is represented by am . So, am = a a a ........ a ( m times).

Here a is called the base and m is the index (or power or exponent).

Law of Indices :

(1) am + n = am an, where m and n are rational numbers.

1
(2) am = , provided a 0.
am
(3) a0 = 1, provided a 0.

am
(4) am n = , where m and n are rational numbers, a 0.
an
(5) (am)n = amn.
p
(6) a ap
q q

(7) (ab)n = an bn.

Intervals :

Intervals are basically subsets of R (the set of all real numbers) and are commonly used in solving
inequaltities. If a , b R such that a < b, then we can defined four types of intervals as follows :

Name Representation Discription.

Open interval (a, b) {x : a < x < b} i.e., end points are not included.

Close interval [a, b] {x : a x b} i.e., end points are also included.

This is possible only when both a and b are finite.

Open-closed interval (a, b] {x : a < x b} i.e., a is excluded and b is included.

Closed-open interval [a, b) {x : a x < b} i.e., a is included and b is excluded.

Note :
(1) The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
(i) (a, ) = {x : x > a } (ii) [a, ) = {x | x a }
(iii) ( , b) = {x : x < b} (iv) ( , b] = {x : x b}
(v) ( , ) = {x : x R}
(2) x {1, 2} denotes some particular values of x, i.e., x = 1, 2.
(3) If their is no value of x, then we say x (i.e., null set or void set or empty set).

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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM 3

Proportion :
When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities compositing then are said to be proportional.
a c
If , then it is written as a : b = c : d or a : b : : c : d.
b d
Note :
(1) a and d are known as extremes while b and c are known as means.
(2) Product of extremes = product of means.
a c b d
(3) If (Invertando)
b d a c
a c a b
(4) If (Alternando)
b d c d
a c a c a b cd
(5) If 1 = 1 = (Componendo)
b d b d b d
a c a c a b cd
(6) If 1 = 1 = (Dividendo).
b d b d b d
a c a b cd
(7) If = (Componendo and dividendo)
b d a b cd
a b
(8) If then b2 = ac. Here b is called mean proportional of a and c.
b c

Histrorical Development of Number System :

I. Natural Numbers
Numbers used for counting are called as Natural numbers.
{1, 2, 3, 4, ...........}

II. Whole numbers

Including zero (0) | cypher | kwU; | duck |love| knot along with natural numbers called as whole numbers.
w = {0,1, 2, 3 ..............}
i.e. N W
0 is neither positive nor negative

III Integers
Integers given by
I = {...........2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3.......}
i.e. N W I
Type of Integers
(a) None negative integers { 0, 1, 2, 3, .........}
(b) Negative integers (I) {............3, 2, 1}
(c) Non positive integers {............3, 2 1, 0}
(d) Positve integers (I+) {1, 2, 3 ..........}

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4 ACC-MT- LOGARITHM

IV. Rational Numbers

Numbers which are of the form p/q where p, q, I & q 0 called as rational numbers.
Rational numbers are also represented by recurring & terminating or repeating decimals
e.g. 1. 3 = 1.333 ......... x = 1.3333 ....
10x = 13.33....
9x = 12
4
x=
3
Every rational is either a terminating or a recurring decimal

V Irrational numbers
The numbers which cannot be expressed in the form p/q (p,q I) are called as irrational numbers.
The decimal representation of these number is non-terminating and non repeating.
2 1.414 ..............
is an irrational number

VI Real Numbers
Set of real numbers is union of the set of rational numbers and the set of irrational numbers.
Real Rational + Irrational
NWIQRZ

VII. Prime Numbers

Numbers which are devisible by 1 or itself
e.g. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 ..........}

VIII Composite Numbers

Numbers which are multiples of prime are called composite numbers
{4, 6, 8, 9 ...........}

IX Coprime or relatively prime numbers

The numbers having heighest common factor 1 are called relatively prime.
e.g. (2, 9), (16, 25 ......)

X Twin primes :
The prime numbers which having the diffrence of 2
e.g. (5, 3), (7, 5), (13,11) ............
1 is niether a prime nor a composite number.
When studying logarithms it is important to note that all the propertise of logarithms are consequences of
the corresponding properties of power, which means that sudent should have a good working knowl-
edge of powers are a foundation for tacking logarithms

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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM 5

LOGARITHM :
Definition : Every positive real number N can be expressed in exponential form as
N = ax ....(1) e.g. 49 = 72
where 'a' is also a positive real different than unity and is called the base and 'x' is called the exponent.
We can write the relation (1) in logarithmic form as
logaN = x ....(2)
Hence the two relations

ax N
and log a N x
are identical where N > 0, a > 0, a 1
Hence logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be raised in order to
get that number. Logarithm of zero does not exist and logarithm of () ve reals are not defined in the
system of real numbers.
i.e a is raised what power to get N

Illustration :
Find value of
(i) log8127 (ii) log10100 (iii) log1/3 9 3

Sol.(i) Let log8127 = x

27 = 81x
33 = 34x gives x = 3/4
(ii) Let log10100 = x
100 = 10x
102 = 10x gives x = 2
(iii) Let log1/3 9 3 = x
x
1
9 3 =
3
35 / 2 = 3
x
gives x = 5/2

Note that :
(a) Unity has been excluded from the base of the logarithm as in this case
log1N will not be possible and if N = 1
then log11 will have infinitelymanysolutions and will not be unique
which is necessaryin the functional notation.

a log a N = N is an identify for all N > 0 and a > 0, a 1 e.g. 2

log2 5
(b) =5
(c) The number N in (2) is called the antilog of 'x' to the base 'a'. Hence
If log2512 is 9 then antilog29 is equal to 29 = 512

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6 ACC-MT- LOGARITHM

(d) Using the basic definition of log we have 3 important deductions :

(i) logNN = 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the same base is 1.

(ii) log 1 N = 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to its reciprocal is 1.

N

(iii) loga1 = 0 i.e. logarithm of unity to any base is zero.
(basic constraints on number and base must be observed.)
(iv) a log a n n is an identify for all N > 0 and a> 0 ; a 1 e.g. 2 log 2 5 = 5

(e) Whenever the number and base are on the same side of unity then logarithm of that number to the base
is (+ve), however if the number and base are located an diffrent side of unity then logarithm of that
number to the base is (ve)
e.g. (i) log10100 = 2
(ii) log1/10100 = 2
(f) For a non negative number a & n 2, n N n
a a1/ n

Illustration :
(i) logsin 30 cos 60 = 1 (ii) log3/4 1.3 = 1 (iii) log 2 3
2 3 1

(iv) log5 5 5 5....... 1

Sol. Let 5 5 5..... x

5x x x2 = 5x x=5 log 5 5 = 1

(v) (log tan 1) (log tan 2) (log tan 3) ........(log tan 89) = 0
Sol. Since tan 45 = 1 thus log tan 45 = 0

(vi) 7 log7 x 2x 9 0
Sol. 3x + 9 = 0 (x = 3) as it makes initial problem undefined
x=

(vii) 2 log 2 (x 3) 2(x 3) 12 0

Sol. x 3 + 2x 6 12 = 0
3x = 21 x = 7

(viii) log 2 (x 3) 4
Sol. x3 = 24
x = 19

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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM 7

Practice Problem

Q.1 Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 2:

1 1
(i) 3 8 (ii) 2 2 (iii) 5 (iv) 7
2 8
1
Q.2 Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base
3
1 1
(i) 81 (ii) 3 3 (iii) 7 (iv) 9 3 (v) 4
3 9 3
Q.3 Find all number a for which each of the following equalities hold true?
(i) log2a = 2 (ii) log10 a (a 3) = 1
(iii) log1/3(a2 1) = 1 (iv) log2(a2 5) = 2
Q.4 Find all values of x for which the following equalities hold true?
(i) log 2 x 2 = 1 (ii) log3x = log3(2 x) (iii) log 4 x 2 = log4x
(iv) log1/2(2x + 1) = log1/2(x + 1) (v) log1/3(x2 + 8) = 2

Q.5 If 2 3 5 13 48 = a b where a and b are natural number find (a + b).

Answer key
Q.1 (i) 1, (ii) 3/2, (iii) 1/5, (iv) 3/7 Q.2 (i) 4, (ii) 1/3, (iii) 1/7, (iv) 5/2, (v) 9/4
Q.3 (i) 4, (ii) 5, 2, (iii) 2, 2, (iv) 3, 3 Q.4 (i) 2 , 2 , (ii) 1, (iii) 1, (iv) 0, (v) 1, 1 Q.5 8

PRINCIPAL PROPERTISE OF LOGARITHM :

If m, n are arbitrary positive real numbers where
a>0 ; a 1
(1) logam + logan = loga mn (m > 0, n > 0)
Proof : Let x1 = logam ; m = ax
x2 = loga n ; n = a x2
Now mn = ax ; a x 2
mn = a x1 x 2
x1 + x2 = logamn
logam + logan = logamn
m
(2) log a = logam logan
n
m x x
=a 1 2
n
m
x1 x2 = log a
n
m
logam logan = log a
n

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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM 17

Solved Examples

Q.1 Find the value of x satisfying log10 (2x + x 41) = x (1 log105).

Sol. We have,
log10 (2x + x 41) = x (1 log105)
log10(2x + x 41) = x log102 = log10 (2x)
2x + x 41 = 2x x = 41. Ans.
3 2 5
(log2 x ) log 2 x 1
x 4 4 2 is
Q.2 If the product of the roots of the equation, b
a
(where a, b N) then the value of (a + b).
Sol. Take log on both the sides with base 2
3 5
log 2 x log 2 x log 2 x =
2 1
4 4 2
log2x = y
3y3 + 4y2 5y 2 = 0 3y2(y 1) + 7y(y 1) + 2(y 1) = 0
(y 1)(3y2 + 7y + 2) = 0 (y 1)(3y + 1)(y + 2) = 0
1
y = 1 or y = 2 or y =
3
1 1 1
x = 2; ; 1 3 x1x2x3 = 3 a + b = 19
4 2 16
1
Q.3 For 0 < a 1, find the number of ordered pair (x, y) satisfying the equation loga 2 x y = and
2
loga y loga x log 2 4 .
a

1
Sol. We have loga 2 x y = |x+y|=a x+y=a .....(1)
2
y
Also, log a log 2 4 y=2|x| .....(2)
| x | a

a 2a
If x > 0, then x = , y =
3 3
If x < 0, then y = 2a, x = a
a 2a
possible ordered pairs = , and ( a, 2a)
3 3
Q.4 The system of equations
log10(2000xy) log10x log10y = 4
log10(2yz) log10y log10z = 1
and log10(zx) log10z log10x = 0
has two solutions (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2). Find (y1 + y2).
Sol. From (1),
3 + log10(2xy) log10x log10y = 4 ....(i)
or log10(xy) log10x log10y = 1 log10(2)

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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM 23

EXERCISE-1 (Exercise for JEE Main)

[SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]

5 3 5 3
Q.1 The sum is equal to
4 2 4 2

(A) tan (B) cot (C) sec (D) sin [3010110650]
3 3 3 3

1 1 1 1
Q.2 For N > 1, the product simplifies to
log 2 N log N 8 log32 N log N 128

3 3 3 5
(A) (B) 7 ln 2 (C) 5 ln 2 (D) [3010110244]
7 21

15 p
Q.3 If p is the smallest value of x satisfying the equation 2x + x = 8 then the value of 4 is equal to
2
(A) 9 (B) 16 (C) 25 (D) 1 [3010110950]

Q.4 The sum of two numbers a and b is 18 and their difference is 14 . The value of logba is equal to
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) [3010112439]
2

Q.5 The value of the expression (log102)3 + log108 log105 + (log105)3 is

(A) rational which is less than 1 (B) rational which is greater than 1
(C) equal to 1 (D) an irrational number [3010111646]

2
3 log 2 2 log log 103 log log106

Q.6 Let N = 10 where base of the logarithm is 10. The characteristic of the
logarithm of N to the base 3, is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 [3010112388]

10 2 10 2
Q.7 If x = and y = , then the value of log2(x2 + xy + y2), is equal to
2 2
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 [3010112337]

Q.8 Suppose that x < 0. Which of the following is equal to 2x ( x 2) 2

(A) x 2 (B) 3x 2 (C) 3x + 2 (D) 3x + 2
[3010112438]

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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM 25

EXERCISE-2 (Exercise for JEE Advanced)

[PARAGRAPH TYPE]

Paragraph for Question no. 1 to 3

A denotes the product xyz where x, y and z satisfy

log3x = log5 log7
log5y = log7 log3
log7z = log3 log5
B denotes the sum of square of solution of the equation
log2 (log2x6 3) log2 (log2x4 5) = log23
C denotes characterstic of logarithm
log2 (log23) log2 (log43) + log2 (log45) log2 (log65) + log2 (log67) log2(log87)

Q.1 Find value of A + B + C

(A) 18 (B) 34 (C) 32 (D) 24

Q.2 Find log2A + log2B + log2C

(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 4

Q.3 Find | A B + C |
(A) 30 (B) 32 (C) 28 (D) 30
[3010112328]

[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]

log 3 135 log3 5

Q.4 Let N = . Then N is
log15 3 log 405 3
(A) a natural number (B) coprime with 3
(C) a rational number (D) a composite number [3010112387]

2
Q.5 If a logb x 5 x logb a + 6 = 0, where a > 0, b > 0 & ab 1, then the value of x can be equal to

(A) 2logb a (B) 3loga b (C) b loga 2 (D) a logb 3 [3010112336]

Q.6 Which of the following statement(s) is/are true ?

1 1
(A) log10 2 lies between and (B) log cos = 1
4 3
cosec 3
6

(C) eln (ln3) is smaller than 1

(D) log10 1 +
1
2
log10 3 + log10 2 3 = log10 1 3 2 3 [3010112432]

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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM 27

EXERCISE-3 (Miscellaneous Exercise)

ab (ab) 2 4(a b) ab (ab) 2 4(a b)

Q.1 Let A denotes the value of log10 + log10
2 2

when a = 43 and b = 57

and B denotes the value of the expression 2log6 18 3log6 3 .
Find the value of (A B). [3010111267]

Q.2 (a) If x = log34 and y = log53, find the value of log310 and log3(1.2) in terms of x and y.
log2 5 2
(b) If k = 16, find the value of k (log2 5) . [3010110921]

Q.3 If mantissa of a number N to the base 32 is varying from 0.2 to 0.8 both inclusive, and whose characteristic
is 1, then find the number of integral values of N. [3010110177]

2 2
Q.4 For x, y N, if 32x y + 1 =3y 2x + 1 8 and log6 2 x y xy = 1 + log36(xy),
then find the absolute value of (x y). [3010110550]

Q.5 Let log2x + log4y + log4z = 2

log9x + log3y + log9z = 2
and log16x + log16y + log4z = 2.
yz
Find the value of . [3010110900]
x

Q.6 Find the value of x satisfying log10 (2x + x 41) = x (1 log105). [3010110220]

Q.7 Positive numbers x, y and z satisfy xyz = 1081 and (log10x)(log10yz) + (log10y)(log10z) = 468.
Find the value of log10 x 2 log10 y 2 log10 z 2
[3010111000]

Q.8 Find the number of integral solution of the equation log

x
x | x 2 | = logx(5x 6 + 5 | x 2|).
[3010110092]
1 89
Q.9 Suppose p, q, r and s N satisfying the relation p = , then find the value of (pq + rs).
1 68
q
1
r
s
[3010110887]
x
Q.10 If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that, 2 log(2y 3x) = log x + log y, find .
y
[3010110291]

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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM 29

EXERCISE-4

(IIT JEE Previous Year's Questions)

Q.1 The least value of the expression 2 log10x logx (0.01), for x > 1 is :
[IIT 1980]
(A) 10 (B)2 (C) 0.01 (D) None of these
[3010110151]

Q.2 Solve for x the following equation :

[IIT 1987, 3M]
log(2x + 3)(6x2 + 23x + 21) = 4 log(3x + 7)(4x2 + 12x + 9)
[3010110279]

3 5
(log 2 x ) 2 log 2 x
Q.3 The equation x 4 4 = 2 has :
[IIT 1989, 2M]
(A) at least one real solution (B) exactlythree real solution
(C) exactly one irrational (D) Complex roots
[3010110651]

Q.4 The nuber of solution of log4 (x 1) = log2(x 3) is :

[IIT 2001]
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0
[3010110575]

Q.5 Let (x0, y0) be the solution of the following equations

(2 x )ln 2 (3y)ln 3
3ln x = 2ln y.
Then x0 is
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 6 [JEE 2011, 3]
6 3 2
[3010111020]

The value of 6 log 3
1 1 1 1
Q.6 4 4 4 ...... is [JEE 2012, 4]
2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2

[3010112474]

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30 ACC-MT- LOGARITHM

EXERCISE-1
Q.1 A Q.2 D Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 C
Q.6 B Q.7 C Q.8 D Q.9 D Q.10 C
Q.11 C Q.12 A

EXERCISE-2
Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 D Q.4 A, C Q.5 B, C
Q.6 A, B, D Q.7 A, B, C Q.8 A, C, D
Q.9 (A) P, (B) P, R, S, (C) P, R, (D) P, Q, R
Q.10 (A) Q, R, S, T; (B) P; (C) Q, R, S, T; (D) P, R, S

EXERCISE-3
xy 2 xy 2 y 2
Q.1 12 Q.2 (a) , ; (b) 625 Q.3 449 Q.4 5
2y 2y
Q.5 54 Q.6 41 Q.7 5625 Q.8 1 Q.9 23
Q.10 4/9 Q.11 (a) 0.5386; 1 .5386 ; 3 .5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 3
Q.12 (a) 140 (b) 12 (c) 47 Q.13 54 Q.14 2 Q.15 12
Q.17 x [1/3, 3] {1} Q.18 2s + 10s2 3(s3 + 1) Q.19 y = 6

EXERCISE-4
Q.1 D Q.2 x = 1/4 is the only solution Q.3 B Q.4 B
Q.5 C Q.6 4

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ACC-MT- LOGARITHM 31

HINTS & SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE-1 (Exercise for JEE Main)

[SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]

5 3 5 3 5 25 3 5 1
1. Let x = x2 = 2 = 2 = 3
4 2 4 2 2 16 2 2 4

x= 3 = tan 3 .
Alternative :

Let S
5

24

5

24
=
52 6 52 6
=

3 2 3 2 = 3 .Ans.
4 4 4 4 2 2

1 1 1 1 l n 2 ln N 5 ln 2 ln N 5
2. = = Ans.
log 2 N log N 8 log32 N log N 128 ln N 3 ln 2 ln N 7 l n 2 21

3. We have,
22x 8 2x + 15 = 0 (2x 3) (2x 5) = 0 2x = 3 or 2x = 5
Hence smallest x is obtained by equating 2x = 3 x = log23
So, p = log23
p 2 log 2 3 log2 9
Hence, 4 = 2 =2 = 9. Ans.

4. We have, a + b = 18
a b = 14
squaring & subtract, we get 4ab = 4 ab = 1
Hence number are reciprocal of each other logb a = 1. Ans.

5. log102 = a and log105 = b a + b = 1; a3 + 3ab + b3 = ?

Now (a + b) = 1 a + b + 3ab = 1 (C)
3 3 3

6. N = 10p ; p = log108 log109 + 2log106

8 36
p = log = log1032
9
log 32
N = 10 10 = 32
Hence characteristic of log332 is 3. Ans.

7.
log2 ( x y) 2 xy
10 2
but x + y = 10 ; x y = 2; xy = =2
4
log2(10 2) = log28 = 3 Ans.

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32 ACC-MT- LOGARITHM

8. y = 2x | x 2 | = 2x (2 x ) = | 3x 2 | as x < 0 hence y = 2 3x Ans.

9.
log (70)2 2 5log70 702 7 log70 2
N = 2 70



= 2 2 log70 2
5 1 log 70 2
7 log70 2

= 20 2 5 7 log 70 2 = 20 70log70 2 = 20 2 = 40. Ans.

log q log q r
10. Clearly, p

log q p =p

log p log q r = log r
q

and let y = 6 6 6 ..... , y > 0 y = 6 y y2 = 6 + y

y2 y 6 = 0 (y 3) (y + 2) = 0
But y > 0, so y = 3.
Given expression log3 (logqr)
log 3 log q r log r
= q3 = q q =r. Ans.

1 1
11. As, = log 2 a log b

log a 2 3 3 1
log b

3 3 1
3 1
3 1
= log 2 a log 2 b log 2 3 (ab)
3 3

1

Now, 2 3 log
2 3
( ab )
=
1
12
2 3
log 2 3
ab =
1
12
1 1
ab = 12
ab 12
As a, b are co-prime numbers, so either a = 4, b = 3 or a = 3, b = 4.
Hence , (a + b) = 7. Ans.

(log 3) x (log 2) x
12. 2 2 3 3
Taking log to the base 2 on both the sides, we get
(log23)x log22 = (log32)x log23
(log 2 3) x 1
(log23)x 1 = (log32)x =1
(log3 2) x
(log23)2x 1 = 1 = (log23)0
1
2x 1 = 0 x= Ans.
2

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 7 inch

2.5 inch 2.5 inch

2.5 inch