PRINCIPLES

80
Chapter

07 of layout
Towards a New Age Graphic Design

design
W hile making a design, certain things need to be taken
care off, so that the design fulfils the need for effective
communication besides being attractive and beautiful.
81

While embarking on the making of the layout, one needs to

understand the message and for whom it is intended. So the
following aspects become the points of study to facilitate the

Principles of Layout Design

job of making a layout.
For an advertisement design is more important to be
successful than just beautiful. The design must have balance,
rhythm, emphasis, unity, simplicity, preparation, harmony,
line, shape and movement.
Good layouts never just happen, they have to be deliberately
and carefully planned and worked out. Some of the things
that help or direct the design of the layout must be kept in
mind and considered serious:
The nature of the message.
Kind of picture or image that will be used.
The process and paper on which it will be reproduced.
The amount of text and its size.
Whether the layout will stand alone like a poster or
compete with others in surrounding environment like in
a newspaper.

Theme and Content

The subject, theme or content dominate the idea of a layout
which then gives an idea about the target audience and
how they need to be approached to get a favourable result.
Something that is meant to shock, alarm or awaken the
masses like an epidemic or terrorism need to have a bold and
hard hitting approach, where as a film with a love story can
have a softer and sensitive approach. The requirement of the
subject leads to the style of the layout.
Our communication should be made only after
understanding how the receiver will look at it, not just how
it was perceived by the creator, the receiver may just fail
 to see it from our point of view. This should be the guiding
82 force while working out a concept. Recall the series of
advertisements for a leading television brand which used a
devil to show envy. When the revolutionary campaign was
released long ago, the up-market target audience may have
Towards a New Age Graphic Design

enjoyed the concept, but majority of the countrymen who

saw it did not understand it.
Creative strategy needs a bit of practice a background
has to be made for the main message so that it is received
favourably in the right manner as desired.
Example, it is like how you ask your dad for a laptop. He
must be in the right mood, you will look for the correct time
and grab the opportunity when it comes, besides having
practiced couple of times for what words to choose and what
tone to use.

Types of Layout
A layout is the play in placement of given text and suitable
images on a given surface area.
Layouts can be classified in three categories:
Text Dominant
Image Dominant
Image and Text
Text Dominant: If there is too much or large text then it will
have to be text dominated. But from the layout point of view
the headline could be used in large display fonts occupying
more area if that creates the desired effect.
Image Dominant: These layouts are seen regularly in our
newspapers and magazines, where a picture of a celebrity
takes centre stage or the product is shown in all its glory like
in most automobile advertisements.
Image and Text: In these types of layouts, image and text
are used in equal measure, and given a balanced exposure.

These two layouts are

examples of image dominant
and text dominant
Orientation of the Layout
83
The paper or surface we use for artworks usually is rectangular
in shape. How you place it when you start working on it, taller
side i.e.-vertical or wider side i.e. horizontal is what is called
orientation of layout. Those of you who are familiar with working

Principles of Layout Design

on a computer may know that if you open page layout in the
menu you get two options the horizontal format which is called
landscape and vertical known as portrait.
When one starts to work on a design, its important to
decide which option we want to use or better, which one
will be more suitable to the job we are about to execute. For
example if its a letter, it is always in a vertical format as
the line length in a horizontal orientation will become too
long to read and comprehend. (You have learnt in the chapter
on typography about the ideal number of characters easily
readable in a line.) Besides business letters, certificates and
other such official documents are normally stored in files, so
the vertical or portrait style is preferred.
The choice of format has to be made only on some occasions
as certain things already have a fixed format like:
Vertical: Newspapers, Magazines, Most Books, Journals
Horizontal: Hoardings, Banners and Sign Boards, Vehicle
graphics.
However when we have to decide about particular
advertisements in newspapers or designing posters, the
designer can exercise his discretion. Even though most books
are vertical, some coffee table books are made in horizontal
and even in square format, if that is what is suitable or adds
to the aesthetic of the subject.
But who decides what is suitable? It is the designer. Therefore
it is important for a designer to work towards understanding
what is suitable. Practice, no doubt makes one perfect, so keep
working. In the beginning, it may be easier to first make your
design, after putting together all the necessary elements and
then arranging them in both formats. Experience will however
teach you that if the predominant element is of a vertical
orientation (like a picture of Eiffel Tower or Mount Everest,
or tall pine trees) a portrait format will most likely be more
suitable, and if its a picturesque and panoramic seascape
or mountainscape, a horizontal orientation will definitely be
more suitable, this however is not the only rule, other elements
also have to be considered.

Layout Composition
The visual aspects of the message to be conveyed have to be
considered to make the layout aesthetic and communicate
effectively. Then it also depends on what the layout is being
made for since the requirements for different media differ.
If you look at newspapers, magazines, books, stationary,
posters, hoardings, book covers etc., you will notice that the
layout is different. These layouts are based on a fixed format
called Grid. There can be layout compositions which are not
 formatted or conform to any specification, they are called
84 free or informal compositions, and they may be illustrative.
Balance in Compositions is usually classified as:
Symmetrical Asymmetrical
Mechanical Visual
Towards a New Age Graphic Design

The layout composition is easy to make if it is based on

a grid. A grid helps divided and use the given space in an
organised manner. A grid is made after centre of interest
is decided depending on the requirement, for text if it is
primary in the case of books, in a book cover text could be
secondary and in case of a magazine cover, apart from the
title, the rest of the text could be tertiary in importance. A
grid helps define the text box, the image box and the gutter
(space between text and image boxes.) Let us take a closer
look at how a grid is made and how it works.

The Grid System

The grid method encourages the designer to view the entire
page surface as a total unit, breaking the area into sub-zones
in which the elements are placed rather than letting the
layout develop from copy in a free flowing haphazard manner.
Each element of the total presentation like copy, picture, logo
etc. is placed into one or more of these sections. It is then
very easy to move each of these units around until the most
suitable and pleasing arrangement is determined. Text and
visuals can be distributed leaving white spaces as required
and suitable. Let us go step by step.
The Grid system first divides the page into vertical and
horizontal sections of equal size.
Now margins are added around each unit. The margins
indicate breaks between columns of copy and or breaks
which would keep blocks of elements from coming too
close to each other.
The divisions can now be used as required to place text
and visuals.
Copy, headline, logo, visual and other such elements like
these determine the grid format, the grid in turn, determines
the precise size and space. Another example is of an Irregular
Grid. This when used gives a more refined look. This is called
dropping units. In this case the material to be used can define
the design of the grid. There is no rule which says you have to 85
fill all the available space. The graphic rule is that you must use
all the space and achieve a visual balance. Remember there is a
big difference between using the space and simply filling it.
Adjusting to Mechanical limitations: The grid should

Principles of Layout Design

be planned within whatever limitations imposed by a printing
method, for example while designing for a book, one has to keep
allowance for binding of the volume. Or a centre-spreadone can
disregard normal inside margins and create a two page grid.

Colour in Layout
Colour is a very important factor in an advertising layout
because it attracts attention. If an advertisement is
colourful its obviously more attractive, provided it is used
discriminatively. Since the image reproduced is as good as
real, and the nature of properly and perfectly conveyed colour
can be very advantageous. Colour increases the degrees of
attention and invites more audience. It increases memory
value and layout efficiency, also creates a pleasing, rhythmic
movement of the eye. Colour has emotional qualities.
All colours convey a certain feeling or emotion. The way in
which a colour is used goes a long way in the effectiveness of
the message. Perceptions, connotations, cultural conventions,

Hate Love

interpretations, all these affect the way different people

assimilate the meanings of colours used in a design. So before
making a colour advertisement it is essential to work out some See how
facts about the meanings of different colours and how people
react to them. In one of the previous chapter we have already
clearly
gone through the concepts related to symbolism of colour. this can
In advertising layouts, colour increases or decreases the be read
legibility of the letter forms.

Copy and Type Now

Reading the content of the text, and understanding the can you
message always helps make a good layout. It is good, to think read
seriously about the written text, which is called copy in a this?
layout. Since you have to work with it so learn to examine
 the words themselves in order to find some key that will be a
86 guide. Reading or studying the copy will help plan the layout.
Choosing the column width and typeface may be influenced
by the kind of text you have to deal with, so you can work
backwards.
Design

Know all the elements to be included: headlines, subhead,

GraphicDesign

text, illustrations, logotypes, testimonials, order forms and

the rest. Have the illustrative matter beforehand and know
the actual working of headlines. Do not compromise on effort;
Towards a New AgeGraphic

care taken at this stage will ward off problems at the later
stage. Type arrangement has to be worked atto get the exact
look and feel of balance and harmony.
It is not always the size of the font that facilitates readability,
its more often the space between words and lines that makes
for more effective and easier reading. See these two examples.

Design for Publication

When we begin to design it is important to know how and
where it is going to be printed. These days the design could
be applicable to various media, not just one, so one must try
These are examples to know the expected usages. While designing for the print
of talking typography media the size and other things have to be kept in mind.
where visual language After all a good design has to look good after it is printed in
overtakes the text but a magazine, newspaper, poster or book, wherever it is meant
means the same

Books are printed

in different sizes and
thicknesses

Activity 1 for. Two things that largely contribute to the final result are,
the type or method of printing which could be offset, digital
or screen and the type of paper used.
Collect text dominant,
A large variety of papers are available in the market
image dominant, and layouts
including handmade, coloured and textured papers with varied
with equal emphasis on
thicknesses. The thickness of a paper is measured in ratio to
both, from newspapers and
its weight and is called GSM that is grams per meter. Just to
magazines and observe their
give you an idea, greeting cards are printed on thick paper and
peculiarities and nuances.
could measure up to 270 or 300 GSM, whereas, papers in your
notebook would be around 100 GSM only. Besides the weight
the smoothness of the paper also plays a role in the printed
results. Apart from its thickness and smoothness, all papers 87
are not suitable for all types of printing. Since the intense
and personalised use of computers and the advent of Desk
Top Publishing (DTP), paper sizes have been standardised
internationally to fit printers in every office and home to the

Principles of Layout Design

A1, A2, A3, A4 and letter series you may already be familiar
with and these are the paper sizes used for digital printing.
However, papers for printing large quantities and mass
production come in different sizes and types. For instance
you may have noticed the daily newspapers are printed on
a paper which is different from other paper quality size, it is
called newsprint. Some other types of paper are ivory card,
maplitho, executive bond, alabaster, cartridge etc. These
names either come from their usage or place of origin.
What matters to us at this juncture is that all these
papers come in different size and have some technical or
other limitations, so at the time of making a layout a graphic
designer needs to be aware of, and learn to adjust to the
technical or mechanical limitations

Layout of a Newspaper
Newspapers as you may have observed have a typical layout
and the pages are divided vertically into what is known as
columns. The column size in different newspapers also vary, Activity 2
newspapers are generally around eight columns of 4cms
width each. The divisions are made by line spaces left blank
between two sets of texts, these are called gutters. These Take any two half page
help to separate the news items as well as aid readability. If advertisements from the
you closely notice the advertisements you will notice that, local newspaper or a centre
they also confirm to the columns. The width is measured by spread from any magazine
columns, while the height is measured in centimeters. These and suggest different
are important as they not only form the basis of the layout, layouts for them which
but also, help in calculating the cost-in terms of column/ according to you do more
centimeters. In some newspapers there are less number of justice to the product than
columns whereas, the width of each column may be more. the original one.
Try and collect samples of different types for your scrapbook.
 Layout for a Magazine
88
Like newspapers, magazines also have their specifications.
The page sizes are defined and the print area is also fixed
and artwork or layout must adhere to that. Notice that in all
newspapers and most magazines, a kind of border or margin
Towards a New Age Graphic Design

is left outside of the area of artwork, the matter or text

area is known as the print area. Printing of text is seldom
done till the edge of the paper. On the covers of magazines
and on some pages inside you may observe the picture or
background colour printed up to the edge of the paper, this
is called the bleed. If your design, calls for a bleed, then the
size of actual artwork will have to be larger than the page
size of the magazine. Usually reading matter of articles and
stories in magazines is set in columns but advertisements
do not confine themselves to these divisions. Advertisements
in popular magazines mostly come in full page, half page
or double page. A recent trend even includes series and
sometimes pages cut in half or cutouts to attract attention.

Magazines mostly have

a 3-column format, but
have lot of freedom
within the print area.

Exercises
1. Explain with some examples how selection of fonts affects
the layout?
2. Observe and collect samples of different types of magazines,
note sizes. Also collect samples of different papers choose 1
or 2 layouts that you like and give reasons why you like them.
3. Explain what would happen if newspapers are not divided
into columns.
4. What are the considerations while designing an advertisement
layout for a magazine?
Graphic design is not limited to paper and print media. Graphic
design has applications on television, animation, film/cinema, and
in outdoors advertising and campaign design. Digital media or
new media is the latest addition to the list. Today almost anything
that influences public at large is considered as media. This unit
consisting of chapters from eight to twelve explain the role of a
graphic designer in the context of these media application.
With the arrival of Information Technology (IT), there has
been a great revolution in media. The traditional passive user
was endowed with the power to control and dictate the media.
User-control and Interactivity has become critical factors in
digital communication. As a result, new field called New Media or
Interaction Design has emerged. Now a graphic designer needs to
know many new concepts such as GUI (Graphical User Interface),
navigation design, information design, human computer interaction,
usability issues and user-centered design. By and large, New
Media Design includes Multimedia CD/ DVD, Internet and web-
based applications, Hand-held Devices, Mobile Technology and all
possible future applications using technologies.
From graphical point of view there is a vast difference between
images on paper and images on the digital screens. Knowledge of
playing with digital images has become absolutely essential today.
Therefore, a graphic designer requires operational knowledge of
digital technologies and tools.
Now-a-days, apart from traditional media, news, advertisements
and even informative content such as educational content are
received in different forms, on digital platforms, mobile phones and
outdoor sites. Audiences can be reached anywhere and at any
time. The New Media and technology has influenced the advertising
industry and its working style. The advertising and campaign
design is an area that requires a balance between creative thinking
and business acumen. It is important that a graphic designer with
an indepth knowledge of other areas of advertising like media,
planning, costing, and marketing augmented with research
capabilities, and the knowledge of digital technology will definitely
have an edge over others. Thus, the next few chapters are aimed
at enriching the learner in the above mentioned areas.