___________________

Preface

___________________
Documentation guide 1

SIMATIC
___________________
Principles for control 2
Configuring a software
___________________
controller 3
S7-1200, S7-1500
PID control
___________________
Using PID_Compact 4

___________________
Using PID_3Step 5
Function Manual

___________________
Using PID_Temp 6

___________________
Using PID basic functions 7

___________________
Instructions 8

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Service & Support A

09/2016
A5E35300227-AB
Legal information
Warning notice system
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WARNING
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NOTICE
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If more than one degree of danger is present, the warning notice representing the highest degree of danger will
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property damage.
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Proper use of Siemens products
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Disclaimer of Liability
We have reviewed the contents of this publication to ensure consistency with the hardware and software
described. Since variance cannot be precluded entirely, we cannot guarantee full consistency. However, the
information in this publication is reviewed regularly and any necessary corrections are included in subsequent
editions.

Siemens AG A5E35300227-AB Copyright Siemens AG 2016.

Division Digital Factory 09/2016 Subject to change All rights reserved
Postfach 48 48
90026 NRNBERG
GERMANY
Preface

Purpose of the documentation

This documentation will support you in configuring and programming control tasks with the
S7-1200 and S7-1500 automation systems.

Basic knowledge required

The following knowledge is required in order to understand the documentation:
General knowledge of automation technology
Knowledge of the industrial automation system SIMATIC
Experience of working with STEP 7 (TIA Portal)

Validity of the documentation

This documentation applies to the use of SW controllers on the CPUs of automation systems
S7-1200 and S7-1500 together with STEP 7 (TIA Portal). Additional SW controllers that are
not covered in this documentation are available for the use of S7-300 and S7-400 with
STEP 7 (TIA Portal). Section Overview of software controller (Page 38) gives a complete
overview of all SW controllers in STEP 7 (TIA Portal) and their possible applications.

Conventions
Please observe notes marked as follows:

Note
The notes contain important information on the product described in the documentation, on
the handling of the product or on part of the documentation to which particular attention
should be paid.

Additional assistance
Information on the offers of our Technical Support are available in the appendix
Service & Support (Page 520).
The range of technical documentation for the individual SIMATIC products and
automation systems is available on the Internet
(http://www.siemens.com/simatic-tech-doku-portal).
The online catalog and the ordering system are available on the Internet
(http://mall.automation.siemens.com).

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4 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
Table of contents

Preface ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
1 Documentation guide ............................................................................................................................... 12
2 Principles for control ................................................................................................................................ 16
2.1 Controlled system and actuators ............................................................................................16
2.2 Controlled systems .................................................................................................................18
2.3 Characteristic values of the control section ............................................................................20
2.4 Pulse controller .......................................................................................................................23
2.5 Response to setpoint changes and disturbances ...................................................................27
2.6 Control Response at Different Feedback Structures ..............................................................29
2.7 Selection of the controller structure for specified controlled systems.....................................36
2.8 PID parameter settings ...........................................................................................................37
3 Configuring a software controller ............................................................................................................. 38
3.1 Overview of software controller ..............................................................................................38
3.2 Steps for the configuration of a software controller ................................................................40
3.3 Add technology objects ...........................................................................................................40
3.4 Comparing values ...................................................................................................................42
3.4.1 Comparison display and boundary conditions ........................................................................42
3.4.2 Comparing values ...................................................................................................................43
3.5 Configure technology objects .................................................................................................45
3.6 Call instruction in the user program ........................................................................................46
3.7 Parameter view .......................................................................................................................47
3.7.1 Introduction to the parameter view .........................................................................................47
3.7.2 Structure of the parameter view..............................................................................................49
3.7.2.1 Toolbar ....................................................................................................................................49
3.7.2.2 Navigation ...............................................................................................................................50
3.7.2.3 Parameter table ......................................................................................................................51
3.7.3 Opening the parameter view ...................................................................................................53
3.7.4 Default setting of the parameter view .....................................................................................54
3.7.5 Working with the parameter view............................................................................................57
3.7.5.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................57
3.7.5.2 Filtering the parameter table ...................................................................................................58
3.7.5.3 Sorting the parameter table ....................................................................................................59
3.7.5.4 Transferring parameter data to other editors ..........................................................................59
3.7.5.5 Indicating errors ......................................................................................................................60
3.7.5.6 Editing start values in the project ............................................................................................61
3.7.5.7 Status of configuration (offline) ...............................................................................................63
3.7.5.8 Monitoring values online in the parameter view .....................................................................64

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3.7.5.9 Create snapshot of monitor values ........................................................................................ 65

3.7.5.10 Modifying values .................................................................................................................... 66
3.7.5.11 Comparing values .................................................................................................................. 68
3.7.5.12 Applying values from the online program as start values ...................................................... 70
3.7.5.13 Initializing setpoints in the online program ............................................................................. 71
3.8 Downloading technology objects to device ............................................................................ 72
3.9 Commissioning software controller ........................................................................................ 74
3.10 Save optimized PID parameter in the project ........................................................................ 74
3.11 Display instance DB of a technology object........................................................................... 75
4 Using PID_Compact ................................................................................................................................ 76
4.1 PID_Compact V2.................................................................................................................... 76
4.1.1 Configuring PID_Compact V2 ................................................................................................ 76
4.1.1.1 Basic settings V2.................................................................................................................... 76
4.1.1.2 Process value settings V2...................................................................................................... 80
4.1.1.3 Advanced settings V2 ............................................................................................................ 81
4.1.2 Commissioning PID_Compact V2 .......................................................................................... 89
4.1.2.1 Pretuning V2 .......................................................................................................................... 89
4.1.2.2 Fine tuning V2 ........................................................................................................................ 91
4.1.2.3 "Manual" mode V1 ................................................................................................................. 93
4.1.3 Override control with PID_Compact V2 ................................................................................. 94
4.1.4 Simulating PID_Compact V2 with PLCSIM ............................................................................ 98
4.2 PID_Compact V1.................................................................................................................... 99
4.2.1 Configuring PID_Compact V1 ................................................................................................ 99
4.2.1.1 Basic settings V1.................................................................................................................... 99
4.2.1.2 Process value settings V1.................................................................................................... 103
4.2.1.3 Advanced settings V1 .......................................................................................................... 104
4.2.2 Commissioning PID_Compact V1 ........................................................................................ 112
4.2.2.1 Commissioning V1 ............................................................................................................... 112
4.2.2.2 Pretuning V1 ........................................................................................................................ 113
4.2.2.3 Fine tuning V1 ...................................................................................................................... 115
4.2.2.4 "Manual" mode V1 ............................................................................................................... 117
4.2.3 Simulating PID_Compact V1 with PLCSIM .......................................................................... 118
4.3 Technology object PID_Compact......................................................................................... 119
5 Using PID_3Step ................................................................................................................................... 120
5.1 Technology object PID_3Step.............................................................................................. 120
5.2 PID_3Step V2....................................................................................................................... 121
5.2.1 Configuring PID_3Step V2 ................................................................................................... 121
5.2.1.1 Basic settings V2.................................................................................................................. 121
5.2.1.2 Process value settings V2.................................................................................................... 126
5.2.1.3 Final controlling element settings V2 ................................................................................... 127
5.2.1.4 Advanced settings V2 .......................................................................................................... 131
5.2.2 Commissioning PID_3Step V2 ............................................................................................. 135
5.2.2.1 Pretuning V2 ........................................................................................................................ 135
5.2.2.2 Fine tuning V2 ...................................................................................................................... 137
5.2.2.3 Commissioning with manual PID parameters V2 ................................................................ 139
5.2.2.4 Measuring the motor transition time V2 ............................................................................... 140
5.2.3 Simulating PID_3Step V2 with PLCSIM ............................................................................... 143

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5.3 PID_3Step V1 .......................................................................................................................144

5.3.1 Configuring PID_3Step V1 ....................................................................................................144
5.3.1.1 Basic settings V1 ..................................................................................................................144
5.3.1.2 Process value settings V1 ....................................................................................................149
5.3.1.3 V1 final controlling element setting .......................................................................................150
5.3.1.4 Advanced settings V1 ...........................................................................................................153
5.3.2 Commissioning PID_3Step V1..............................................................................................157
5.3.2.1 Commissioning V1 ................................................................................................................157
5.3.2.2 Pretuning V1 .........................................................................................................................158
5.3.2.3 Fine tuning V1 .......................................................................................................................159
5.3.2.4 Commissioning with manual PID parameters V1 .................................................................160
5.3.2.5 Measuring the motor transition time V1 ................................................................................161
5.3.3 Simulating PID_3Step V1 with PLCSIM................................................................................163
6 Using PID_Temp.................................................................................................................................... 164
6.1 Technology object PID_Temp...............................................................................................164
6.2 Configuring PID_Temp .........................................................................................................165
6.2.1 Basic settings ........................................................................................................................165
6.2.1.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................165
6.2.1.2 Controller type.......................................................................................................................166
6.2.1.3 Setpoint .................................................................................................................................166
6.2.1.4 Process value .......................................................................................................................167
6.2.1.5 Heating and cooling output value .........................................................................................167
6.2.1.6 Cascade ................................................................................................................................169
6.2.2 Process value settings ..........................................................................................................170
6.2.2.1 Process value limits ..............................................................................................................170
6.2.2.2 Process value scaling ...........................................................................................................170
6.2.3 Output settings ......................................................................................................................171
6.2.3.1 Basic settings of output .........................................................................................................171
6.2.3.2 Output value limits and scaling .............................................................................................174
6.2.4 Advanced settings.................................................................................................................177
6.2.4.1 Process value monitoring .....................................................................................................177
6.2.4.2 PWM limits ............................................................................................................................178
6.2.4.3 PID parameters .....................................................................................................................181
6.3 Commissioning PID_Temp ...................................................................................................188
6.3.1 Commissioning .....................................................................................................................188
6.3.2 Pretuning ...............................................................................................................................189
6.3.3 Fine tuning ............................................................................................................................192
6.3.4 "Manual" mode......................................................................................................................196
6.3.5 Substitute setpoint ................................................................................................................197
6.3.6 Cascade commissioning .......................................................................................................197
6.4 Cascade control with PID_Temp ..........................................................................................198
6.4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................198
6.4.2 Program creation ..................................................................................................................200
6.4.3 Configuration.........................................................................................................................202
6.4.4 Commissioning .....................................................................................................................204
6.4.5 Substitute setpoint ................................................................................................................205
6.4.6 Operating modes and fault response....................................................................................205

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6.5 Multi-zone controlling with PID_Temp ................................................................................. 206

6.6 Override control with PID_Temp .......................................................................................... 209
6.7 Simulating PID_Temp with PLCSIM .................................................................................... 213
7 Using PID basic functions ...................................................................................................................... 214
7.1 CONT_C............................................................................................................................... 214
7.1.1 Technology object CONT_C ................................................................................................ 214
7.1.2 Configure controller difference CONT_C ............................................................................. 215
7.1.3 Configure the controller algorithm CONT_C ........................................................................ 216
7.1.4 Configure the output value CONT_C ................................................................................... 217
7.1.5 Programming a pulse controller ........................................................................................... 218
7.1.6 Commissioning CONT_C ..................................................................................................... 219
7.2 CONT_S ............................................................................................................................... 220
7.2.1 Technology object CONT_S ................................................................................................ 220
7.2.2 Configure controller difference CONT_S ............................................................................. 221
7.2.3 Configuring control algorithm CONT_S ............................................................................... 221
7.2.4 Configure manipulated value CONT_S ................................................................................ 222
7.2.5 Commissioning CONT_S ..................................................................................................... 222
7.3 TCONT_CP .......................................................................................................................... 223
7.3.1 Technology object TCONT_CP............................................................................................ 223
7.3.2 Configure TCONT_CP ......................................................................................................... 224
7.3.2.1 Controller difference ............................................................................................................. 224
7.3.2.2 Controlling algorithm ............................................................................................................ 225
7.3.2.3 Manipulated value continual controller ................................................................................ 227
7.3.2.4 Manipulated value pulse controller ...................................................................................... 227
7.3.3 Commissioning TCONT_CP ................................................................................................ 230
7.3.3.1 Optimization of TCONT_CP ................................................................................................. 230
7.3.3.2 Requirements for an optimization ........................................................................................ 232
7.3.3.3 Possibilities for optimization ................................................................................................. 234
7.3.3.4 Tuning result ........................................................................................................................ 237
7.3.3.5 Parallel tuning of controller channels ................................................................................... 238
7.3.3.6 Fault descriptions and corrective measures ........................................................................ 239
7.3.3.7 Performing pretuning ........................................................................................................... 242
7.3.3.8 Performing fine tuning .......................................................................................................... 242
7.3.3.9 Cancelling pretuning or fine tuning ...................................................................................... 243
7.3.3.10 Manual fine-tuning in control mode ...................................................................................... 243
7.3.3.11 Performing fine tuning manually .......................................................................................... 245
7.4 TCONT_S............................................................................................................................. 246
7.4.1 Technology object TCONT_S .............................................................................................. 246
7.4.2 Configure controller difference TCONT_S ........................................................................... 246
7.4.3 Configure controller algorithm TCONT_S ............................................................................ 248
7.4.4 Configure manipulated value TCONT_S ............................................................................. 248
7.4.5 Commissioning TCONT_S ................................................................................................... 249

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8 Instructions ............................................................................................................................................ 250

8.1 PID_Compact ........................................................................................................................250
8.1.1 New features of PID_Compact .............................................................................................250
8.1.2 Compatibility with CPU and FW............................................................................................253
8.1.3 PID_Compact V2 ..................................................................................................................254
8.1.3.1 Description of PID_Compact V2 ...........................................................................................254
8.1.3.2 Mode of operation of PID_Compact V2 ................................................................................257
8.1.3.3 Input parameters of PID_Compact V2 ..................................................................................260
8.1.3.4 Output parameters of PID_Compact V2 ...............................................................................262
8.1.3.5 In/out parameters of PID_Compact V2 .................................................................................263
8.1.3.6 Static tags of PID_Compact V2 ............................................................................................264
8.1.3.7 Changing the PID_Compact V2 interface .............................................................................272
8.1.3.8 Parameters State and Mode V2 ...........................................................................................274
8.1.3.9 Parameter ErrorBits V2 .........................................................................................................278
8.1.3.10 Tag ActivateRecoverMode V2 ..............................................................................................280
8.1.3.11 Tag Warning V2 ....................................................................................................................282
8.1.3.12 IntegralResetMode V2 tag ....................................................................................................283
8.1.3.13 Sample program for PID_Compact .......................................................................................285
8.1.4 CPU processing time and memory requirement PID_Compact V2.x ...................................291
8.1.5 PID_Compact V1 ..................................................................................................................292
8.1.5.1 Description of PID_Compact V1 ...........................................................................................292
8.1.5.2 Input parameters of PID_Compact V1 ..................................................................................296
8.1.5.3 Output parameters of PID_Compact V1 ...............................................................................297
8.1.5.4 Static tags of PID_Compact V1 ............................................................................................298
8.1.5.5 Parameters State and sRet.i_Mode V1 ................................................................................303
8.1.5.6 Parameter Error V1 ...............................................................................................................307
8.1.5.7 Parameter Reset V1 .............................................................................................................308
8.1.5.8 Tag sd_warning V1 ...............................................................................................................310
8.1.5.9 Tag i_Event_SUT V1.............................................................................................................310
8.1.5.10 Tag i_Event_TIR V1 ..............................................................................................................311
8.2 PID_3Step .............................................................................................................................312
8.2.1 New features of PID_3Step ..................................................................................................312
8.2.2 Compatibility with CPU and FW............................................................................................314
8.2.3 CPU processing time and memory requirement PID_3Step V2.x ........................................315
8.2.4 PID_3Step V2 .......................................................................................................................316
8.2.4.1 Description of PID_3Step V2 ................................................................................................316
8.2.4.2 Mode of operation of PID_3Step V2 .....................................................................................322
8.2.4.3 Changing the PID_3Step V2 interface ..................................................................................326
8.2.4.4 Input parameters of PID_3Step V2 .......................................................................................327
8.2.4.5 Output parameters of PID_3Step V2 ....................................................................................329
8.2.4.6 In/out parameters of PID-3Step V2.......................................................................................330
8.2.4.7 Static tags of PID_3Step V2 .................................................................................................331
8.2.4.8 Parameters State and Mode V2 ...........................................................................................342
8.2.4.9 Parameter ErrorBits V2 .........................................................................................................347
8.2.4.10 Tag ActivateRecoverMode V2 ..............................................................................................350
8.2.4.11 Tag Warning V2 ....................................................................................................................352

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8.2.5 PID_3Step V1....................................................................................................................... 353

8.2.5.1 Description PID_3Step V1 ................................................................................................... 353
8.2.5.2 Operating principle PID_3Step V1 ....................................................................................... 359
8.2.5.3 PID_3Step V1 input parameters .......................................................................................... 362
8.2.5.4 PID_3Step V1 output parameters ........................................................................................ 364
8.2.5.5 PID_3Step V1 static tags ..................................................................................................... 366
8.2.5.6 Parameter State and Retain.Mode V1 ................................................................................. 374
8.2.5.7 Parameter ErrorBits V1 ........................................................................................................ 382
8.2.5.8 Parameter Reset V1 ............................................................................................................ 384
8.2.5.9 Tag ActivateRecoverMode V1 ............................................................................................. 385
8.2.5.10 Tag Warning V1 ................................................................................................................... 387
8.2.5.11 Tag SUT.State V1 ................................................................................................................ 388
8.2.5.12 Tag TIR.State V1 ................................................................................................................. 388
8.3 PID_Temp ............................................................................................................................ 389
8.3.1 New features of PID_Temp .................................................................................................. 389
8.3.2 Compatibility with CPU and FW ........................................................................................... 389
8.3.3 PID_Temp ............................................................................................................................ 390
8.3.3.1 Description of PID_Temp ..................................................................................................... 390
8.3.3.2 Mode of operation of PID_Temp .......................................................................................... 395
8.3.3.3 Input parameters of PID_Temp ............................................................................................ 401
8.3.3.4 Output parameters of PID_Temp ......................................................................................... 403
8.3.3.5 In/out parameters of PID_Temp V2 ..................................................................................... 405
8.3.3.6 PID_Temp static tags ........................................................................................................... 407
8.3.3.7 PID_Temp state and mode parameters ............................................................................... 440
8.3.3.8 PID_Temp ErrorBits parameter............................................................................................ 450
8.3.3.9 PID_Temp ActivateRecoverMode tag .................................................................................. 453
8.3.3.10 PID_Temp Warning tag ........................................................................................................ 455
8.3.3.11 PwmPeriode tag ................................................................................................................... 456
8.3.3.12 IntegralResetMode tag ......................................................................................................... 458
8.3.4 CPU processing time and memory requirement PID_Temp V1 .......................................... 460
8.4 PID basic functions .............................................................................................................. 461
8.4.1 CONT_C............................................................................................................................... 461
8.4.1.1 Description CONT_C ........................................................................................................... 461
8.4.1.2 How CONT_C works ............................................................................................................ 462
8.4.1.3 CONT_C block diagram ....................................................................................................... 464
8.4.1.4 Input parameter CONT_C .................................................................................................... 465
8.4.1.5 Output parameters CONT_C ............................................................................................... 467
8.4.2 CONT_S ............................................................................................................................... 468
8.4.2.1 Description CONT_S ............................................................................................................ 468
8.4.2.2 Mode of operation CONT_S................................................................................................. 469
8.4.2.3 Block diagram CONT_S ....................................................................................................... 470
8.4.2.4 Input parameters CONT_S .................................................................................................. 471
8.4.2.5 Output parameters CONT_S................................................................................................ 472
8.4.3 PULSEGEN.......................................................................................................................... 473
8.4.3.1 Description PULSEGEN ...................................................................................................... 473
8.4.3.2 Mode of operation PULSEGEN ........................................................................................... 474
8.4.3.3 Mode of operation PULSEGEN ........................................................................................... 477
8.4.3.4 Three-step control ................................................................................................................ 477
8.4.3.5 Two-step control................................................................................................................... 480

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8.4.3.6 Input parameters PULSEGEN ..............................................................................................481

8.4.3.7 Output parameter PULSEGEN .............................................................................................482
8.4.4 TCONT_CP ...........................................................................................................................483
8.4.4.1 Description TCONT_CP ........................................................................................................483
8.4.4.2 Mode of operation TCONT_CP.............................................................................................484
8.4.4.3 Operating principle of the pulse generator ...........................................................................493
8.4.4.4 Block diagram TCONT_CP ...................................................................................................496
8.4.4.5 Input parameters TCONT_CP ..............................................................................................498
8.4.4.6 Output parameters TCONT_CP............................................................................................499
8.4.4.7 In/out parameters TCONT_CP .............................................................................................500
8.4.4.8 Static variables TCONT_CP .................................................................................................501
8.4.4.9 Parameter STATUS_H .........................................................................................................506
8.4.4.10 Parameters STATUS_D ........................................................................................................507
8.4.5 TCONT_S .............................................................................................................................508
8.4.5.1 Description TCONT_S ..........................................................................................................508
8.4.5.2 Mode of operation TCONT_S ...............................................................................................509
8.4.5.3 Block diagram TCONT_S .....................................................................................................513
8.4.5.4 Input paramters TCONT_S ...................................................................................................515
8.4.5.5 Output parameters TCONT_S ..............................................................................................516
8.4.5.6 In/out parameters TCONT_S ................................................................................................516
8.4.5.7 Static variables TCONT_S ....................................................................................................517
8.4.6 Integrated system functions ..................................................................................................518
8.4.6.1 CONT_C_SF .........................................................................................................................518
8.4.6.2 CONT_S_SF .........................................................................................................................518
8.4.6.3 PULSEGEN_SF ....................................................................................................................519
A Service & Support .................................................................................................................................. 520
Index ...................................................................................................................................................... 523

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Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 11
Documentation guide 1
The documentation for the SIMATIC S7-1500 automation system, for CPU 1516pro-2 PN
based on SIMATIC S7-1500, and for the distributed I/O systems SIMATIC ET 200MP,
ET 200SP and ET 200AL is divided into three areas.
This division allows you easier access to the specific information you require.

Basic information
System manuals and Getting Started manuals describe in detail the configuration,
installation, wiring and commissioning of the SIMATIC S7-1500, ET 200MP, ET 200SP and
ET 200AL systems; use the corresponding operating instructions for CPU 1516pro-2 PN.
The STEP 7 online help supports you in configuration and programming.

Device information
Product manuals contain a compact description of the module-specific information, such as
properties, terminal diagrams, characteristics and technical specifications.

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12 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Documentation guide

General information
The function manuals contain detailed descriptions on general topics such as diagnostics,
communication, Motion Control, Web server, OPC UA.
You can download the documentation free of charge from the Internet
(http://w3.siemens.com/mcms/industrial-automation-systems-simatic/en/manual-
overview/Pages/Default.aspx).
Changes and additions to the manuals are documented in product information sheets.
You will find the product information on the Internet:
S7-1500/ET 200MP (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/us/en/view/68052815)
ET 200SP (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/us/en/view/73021864)
ET 200AL (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/us/en/view/99494757)

Manual Collections
The Manual Collections contain the complete documentation of the systems put together in
one file.
You will find the Manual Collections on the Internet:
S7-1500/ET 200MP (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/86140384)
ET 200SP (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/84133942)
ET 200AL (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/95242965)

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support requests and you can get an overview of your current requests at any time.
You must register once to use the full functionality of "mySupport".
You can find "mySupport" on the Internet (https://support.industry.siemens.com/My/ww/en).

"mySupport" - Documentation
In the Documentation area in "mySupport" you can combine entire manuals or only parts of
these to your own manual.
You can export the manual as PDF file or in a format that can be edited later.
You can find "mySupport" - Documentation on the Internet
(http://support.industry.siemens.com/My/ww/en/documentation).

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 13
Documentation guide

"mySupport" - CAx data

In the CAx data area in "mySupport", you can access the current product data for your CAx
or CAe system.
You configure your own download package with a few clicks.
In doing so you can select:
Product images, 2D dimension drawings, 3D models, internal circuit diagrams, EPLAN
macro files
Manuals, characteristics, operating manuals, certificates
Product master data
You can find "mySupport" - CAx data on the Internet
(http://support.industry.siemens.com/my/ww/en/CAxOnline).

Application examples
The application examples support you with various tools and examples for solving your
automation tasks. Solutions are shown in interplay with multiple components in the system -
separated from the focus on individual products.
You will find the application examples on the Internet
(https://support.industry.siemens.com/sc/ww/en/sc/2054).

TIA Selection Tool

With the TIA Selection Tool, you can select, configure and order devices for Totally
Integrated Automation (TIA).
This tool is the successor of the SIMATIC Selection Tool and combines the known
configurators for automation technology into one tool.
With the TIA Selection Tool, you can generate a complete order list from your product
selection or product configuration.
You can find the TIA Selection Tool on the Internet
(http://w3.siemens.com/mcms/topics/en/simatic/tia-selection-tool).

SIMATIC Automation Tool

You can use the SIMATIC Automation Tool to run commissioning and maintenance activities
simultaneously on different SIMATIC S7 stations as a bulk operation, independently of the
TIA Portal.
The SIMATIC automation tool provides a variety of functions:
Scanning of a PROFINET/Ethernet plant network and identification of all connected CPUs
Address assignment (IP, subnet, gateway) and station name (PROFINET device) to a
CPU
Transfer of the date and programming device/PC time converted to UTC time to the
module
Program download to CPU

PID control
14 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Documentation guide

Operating mode switchover RUN/STOP

CPU localization by means of LED flashing
Reading out CPU error information
Reading of CPU diagnostic buffer
Reset to factory settings
Updating the firmware of the CPU and connected modules
You can find the SIMATIC Automation Tool on the Internet
(https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/98161300).

PRONETA
With SIEMENS PRONETA (PROFINET network analysis), you analyze the plant network
during commissioning. PRONETA features two core functions:
The topology overview independently scans PROFINET and all connected components.
The IO check is a fast test of the wiring and the module configuration of a plant.
You can find SIEMENS PRONETA on the Internet
(https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/67460624).

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 15
Principles for control 2
2.1 Controlled system and actuators

Controlled system
Room temperature control by means of a heating system is a simple example of a controlled
system. A sensor measures the room temperature and transfers the value to a controller.
The controller compares the current room temperature with a setpoint and calculates an
output value (manipulated variable) for heating control.

A properly set PID controller reaches this setpoint as quickly as possible and then holds it a
constant value. After a change in the output value, the process value often changes only with
a time delay. The controller has to compensate for this response.

Actuators
The actuator is an element of the controlled system and is influenced by the controller. Its
function modifies mass and energy flows.
The table below provides an overview of actuator applications.

Application Actuator
Liquid and gaseous mass flow Valve, shutter, gate valve
Solid mass flow, e.g., bulk material Articulated baffle, conveyor, vibrator channel
Flow of electrical power Switching contact, contactor, relay, thyristor
Variable resistor, variable transformer, transistor

PID control
16 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Principles for control
2.1 Controlled system and actuators

Actuators are distinguished as follows:

Proportional actuators with constant actuating signal
These elements set degrees of opening, angular positions or positions in proportion to
the output value. The output value has an analog effect on the process within the control
range.
Actuators in this group include spring-loaded pneumatic drives, as well as motorized
drives with position feedback for which a position control system is formed.
An continuous controller, such as PID_Compact, generates the output value.
Proportional actuators with pulse-width modulated signal
These actuators are used to generate the output of pulses with a length proportional to
the output value within the sampling time intervals. The actuator - e.g. a heating resistor
or cooling apparatus - is switched on in isochronous mode for durations that differ
depending on the output value.
The actuating signal can assume unipolar "On" or "Off" states, or represent bipolar states
such as "open/close", "forward/backward", "accelerate/brake".
The output value is generated by a two-step controller such as PID_Compact with pulse-
width modulation.
Actuators with integral action and three-step actuating signal
Actuators are frequently operated by motors with an on period that is proportional to the
actuator travel of the choke element. This includes elements such as valves, shutters,
and gate valves. In spite of their different design, all of these actuators follow the effect of
an integral action at the input of the controlled system.
A step controller, such as PID_3Step. generates the output value.

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 17
Principles for control
2.2 Controlled systems

2.2 Controlled systems

The properties of a controlled system can hardly be influenced as these are determined by
the technical requirements of the process and machinery. Acceptable control results can
only be achieved by selecting a suitable controller type for the specific controlled system and
adapting the controller to the time response of the controlled system. Therefore, it is is
indispensable for the configuration of the proportional, integral and derivative actions of the
controller to have precise knowledge of the type and parameters of the controlled system.

Controlled system types

Controlled systems are classified based on their time response to step changes of the output
value.
We distinguish between the following controlled systems:
Self-regulating controlled systems
Proportional-action controlled systems
PT1 controlled systems
PT2 controlled systems
Non-self-regulating controlled systems
Controlled systems with and without dead time

Self-regulating controlled systems

Proportional-action controlled systems
In proportional-action controlled systems, the process value follows the output value almost
immediately. The ratio between the process value and output value is defined by the
proportional Gain of the controlled system.
Examples:
Gate valve in a piping system
Voltage dividers
Step-down function in hydraulic systems
PT1 controlled systems
In a PT1 controlled system, the process value initially changes in proportion to the change of
the output value. The rate of change of the process value is reduced as a function of the time
until the end value is reached, i.e., it is delayed.
Examples:
Spring damping system
Charge of RC elements
Water container that is heated with steam.
The time constants are often identical for heating and cooling processes, or for charging and
discharge characteristics. With different time constants, controlling is clearly more complex.

PID control
18 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Principles for control
2.2 Controlled systems

PT2 controlled systems

In a PT2 controlled system, the process value does not immediately follow a step change of
the output value, i.e., it increases in proportion to the positive rate of rise and then
approaches the setpoint at a decreasing rate of rise. The controlled system shows a
proportional response characteristic with second order delay element.
Examples:
Pressure control
Flow rate control
Temperature control

Non-self-regulating controlled systems

Non-self-regulating controlled systems have an integral response. The process value
approaches an infinite maximum value.
Example:
Liquid flow into a container

Controlled systems with dead time

A dead time always represents the runtime or transport time that has to expire before a
change to the system input can be measured at the system output.
In controlled systems with dead time, the process value change is delayed by the amount of
the dead time.
Example:
Conveyor

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 19
Principles for control
2.3 Characteristic values of the control section

2.3 Characteristic values of the control section

Determining the time response from the step response

Time response of the controlled system can be determined based on the time characteristic
of process value x following a step change of output value y. Most controlled systems are
self-regulating controlled systems.

The time response can be determined by approximation using the variables Delay time
Tu, Recovery time Tg and Maximum value Xmax. The variables are determined by applying
tangents to the maximum value and the inflection point of the step response. In many
situations, it is not possible to record the response characteristic up to the maximum value
because the process value cannot exceed specific values. In this case, the rate of rise vmax is
used to identify the controlled system (vmax = x/t).

PID control
20 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Principles for control
2.3 Characteristic values of the control section

The controllability of the controlled system can be estimated based on the ratio Tu/Tg, or Tu
vmax/Xmax . Rule:

Process type Tu / Tg Suitability of the controlled system for controlling

I < 0,1 can be controlled well
II 0.1 to 0.3 can still be controlled
III > 0,3 difficult to control

Influence of the dead time on the controllability of a controlled system

A controlled system with dead time and recovery reacts as follows to a jump of the output
value.

Tt Dead time
Tu Delay time
Tg Recovery time
y Output value
x Process value

The controllability of a self-regulating controlled system with dead time is determined by the
ratio of Tt to Tg. Tt must be small compared to Tg. Rule:
Tt/Tg 1

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 21
Principles for control
2.3 Characteristic values of the control section

Response rate of controlled systems

Controlled systems can be judged on the basis of the following values:
Tu < 0.5 min, Tg < 5 min = fast controlled system
Tu > 0.5 min, Tg > 5 min = slow controlled system

Parameters of certain controlled systems

Physical Controlled system Delay time Tu Recovery time Tg Rate of rise vmax
quantity
Temperature Small electrically heated furnace 0.5 to 1 min 5 to 15 min Up to 60 K/min.
Large electrically heated annealing fur- 1 to 5 min 10 to 20 min Up to 20 K/min.
nace
Large gas-heated annealing furnace 0.2 to 5 min 3 to 60 min 1 to 30 K/min
Distillation tower 1 to 7 min 40 to 60 min 0.1 to 0.5 C/s
Autoclaves (2.5 m3) 0.5 to 0.7 min 10 to 20 min Not specified
High-pressure autoclaves 12 to 15 min 200 to 300 min Not specified
Steam superheater 30 s to 2.5 min 1 to 4 min 2C/s
Injection molding machines 0.5 to 3 min 3 to 30 min 5 to 20 K/min
Extruders 1 to 6 min 5 to 60 min
Packaging machines 0.5 to 4 min 3 to 40 min 2 to 35 K/min
Room heating 1 to 5 min 10 to 60 min 1 C/min
Flow rate Pipeline with gas 0 to 5 s 0.2 to 10 s Not relevant
Pipeline with liquid None None
Pressure Gas pipeline None 0.1 s Not relevant
Drum boiler with gas or oil firing None 150 s Not relevant
Drum boiler with impact grinding mills 1 to 2 min 2 to 5 min Not relevant
Vessel level Drum boiler 0.6 to 1 min Not specified 0.1 to 0.3 cm/s
Speed Small electric drive None 0.2 to 10 s Not relevant
Large electric drive None 5 to 40 s Not relevant
Steam turbine None Not specified 50 min1
Voltage Small generators None 1 to 5 s Not relevant
Large generators None 5 to 10 s Not relevant

PID control
22 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Principles for control
2.4 Pulse controller

2.4 Pulse controller

Two-step controllers without feedback

Two-step controllers have the state "ON" and "OFF" as the switching function. This
corresponds to 100% or 0% output. This behavior generates a sustained oscillation of
process value x around setpoint w.
The amplitude and duration of the oscillation increase in proportion to the ratio between the
delay time Tu and recovery time Tg of the controlled system. These controllers are used
mainly for simple temperature control systems (such as electrically directly heated furnaces)
or as limit-value signaling units.
The following diagram shows the characteristic of a two-step controller

ON
OFF
Yh Control range
w Setpoint

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 23
Principles for control
2.4 Pulse controller

The following diagram shows the control function of a two-step controller

Response characteristic without controller

Response characteristic with two-step controller
Tu Delay time
Tg Recovery time
XSd Switching difference

PID control
24 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Principles for control
2.4 Pulse controller

Two-step controllers with feedback

The behavior of two-step controllers in the case of controlled systems with larger delay
times, such as furnaces where the functional space is separated from the heating, can be
improved by the use of electronic feedback.
The feedback is used to increase the switching frequency of the controller, which reduces
the amplitude of the process value. In addition, the control-action results can be improved
substantially in dynamic operation. The limit for the switching frequency is set by the output
level. It should not exceed 1 to 5 switches per minute at mechanical actuators, such as
relays and contactors. In the case of voltage and current outputs with downstream thyristor
or Triac controllers high switching frequencies can be selected that exceed the limit
frequency of the controlled system by far.
Since the switching pulses can no longer be determined at the output of the controlled
system, results comparable with those of continuous controllers are obtained.
The output value is generated by pulse-width modulation of the output value of a continuous
controller.
Two-step controllers with feedback are used for temperature control in furnaces, at
processing machines in the plastics, textile, paper, rubber and foodstuff industries as well as
for heating and cooling devices.

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 25
Principles for control
2.4 Pulse controller

Three-step controllers
Three-step controllers are used for heating / cooling. These controllers have two switching
points as their output. The control-action results are optimized through electronic feedback
structures. Fields of applications for such controllers are heating, low-temperature, climatic
chambers and tool heating units for plastic-processing machines.
The following diagram shows the characteristic of a three-step controller

y Output value, e.g.

y11 = 100% heating
y12 = 0% heating
y21 = 0% cooling
y22 = 100% cooling
x Physical quantity of the process value, e.g., temperature in C
w Setpoint
xSh Distance between Switching Point 1 and Switching Point 2

PID control
26 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Principles for control
2.5 Response to setpoint changes and disturbances

2.5 Response to setpoint changes and disturbances

Response to setpoint changes

The process value should follow a setpoint change as quickly as possible. The response to
setpoint changes is improved by minimizing fluctuation of the process value and the time
required to reach the new setpoint.

x Process value
w Setpoint

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 27
Principles for control
2.5 Response to setpoint changes and disturbances

Response to disturbances
The setpoint is influenced by disturbance variables. The controller has to eliminate the
resulting control deviations in the shortest time possible. The response to disturbances is
improved by minimizing fluctuation of the process value and the time required to reach the
new setpoint.

x Process value
w Setpoint
Influencing a disturbance variable

Disturbance variables are corrected by a controller with integral action. A persistent

disturbance variable does not reduce control quality because the control deviation is
relatively constant. Dynamic disturbance variables have a more significant impact on control
quality because of control deviation fluctuation. The control deviation is eliminated again only
by means of the slow acting integral action.
A measurable disturbance variable can be included in the controlled system. This inclusion
would significantly accelerated the response of the controller.

PID control
28 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Principles for control
2.6 Control Response at Different Feedback Structures

2.6 Control Response at Different Feedback Structures

Control behavior of controllers

A precise adaptation of the controller to the time response of the controlled system is
decisive for the controller's precise settling to the setpoint and optimum response to
disturbance variables.
The feedback circuit can have a proportional action (P), proportional-derivative action (PD),
proportional-integral action (PI), or proportional-integral-derivative action (PID).
If step functions are to be triggered by control deviations, the step responses of the
controllers differ depending on their type.

Step response of a proportional action controller

Control deviation
Output value of a continuous controller
Output value of a pulse controller

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 29
Principles for control
2.6 Control Response at Different Feedback Structures

Equation for proportional action controller

Output value and control deviation are directly proportional, meaning:
Output value = proportional gain control deviation
y = GAIN x

Step response of a PD-action controller

Control deviation
Output value of a continuous controller
Output value of a pulse controller
TM_LAG Delay of the Derivative action

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30 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Principles for control
2.6 Control Response at Different Feedback Structures

Equation for PD-action controller

The following applies for the step response of the PD-action controller in the time range:

t = time interval since the step of the control deviation

The derivative action generates a output value as a function of the rate of change of the
process value. A derivative action by itself is not suitable for controlling because the output
value only follows a step of the process value. As long as the process value remains
constant, the output value will no longer change.
The response to disturbances of the derivative action is improved in combination with a
proportional action. Disturbances are not corrected completely. The good dynamic response
is advantageous. A well attenuated, non-oscillating response is achieved during approach
and setpoint change.
A controller with derivative action is not appropriate if a controlled system has pulsing
measured quantities, for example, in the case of pressure or flow control systems.

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 31
Principles for control
2.6 Control Response at Different Feedback Structures

Step response of a PI-action controller

Control deviation
Output value of a continuous controller
Output value of a pulse controller

An integral action in the controller adds the control deviation as a function of the time. This
means that the controller corrects the system until the control deviation is eliminated. A
sustained control deviation is generated at controllers with proportional action only. This
effect can be eliminated by means of an integral action in the controller.
In practical experience, a combination of the proportional, integral and derivative actions is
ideal, depending on the requirements placed on the control response. The time response of
the individual components can be described by the controller parameters proportional gain
GAIN, integral action time TI (integral action), and derivative action time TD (derivative
action).

PID control
32 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Principles for control
2.6 Control Response at Different Feedback Structures

Equation for PI-action controller

The following applies for the step response of the PI-action controller in the time range:

t = time interval since the step of the control deviation

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 33
Principles for control
2.6 Control Response at Different Feedback Structures

Step response of a PID controller

Control deviation
Output value of a continuous controller
Output value of a pulse controller
TM_LAG Delay of the Derivative action
Ti Integral action time

PID control
34 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Principles for control
2.6 Control Response at Different Feedback Structures

Equation for PID controller

The following applies for the step response of the PID controller in the time range:

t = time interval since the step of the control deviation

Response of a controlled system with different controller structures

Most of the controller systems occurring in process engineering can be controlled by means
of a controller with PI-action response. In the case of slow controlled system with a large
dead time, for example temperature control systems, the control result can be improved by
means of a controller with PID action.

No controller
PID controller
PD-action controller
w Setpoint
x Process value

Controllers with PI and PID action have the advantage that the process value does not have
any deviation from the setpoint value after settling. The process value oscillates over the
setpoint during approach.

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 35
Principles for control
2.7 Selection of the controller structure for specified controlled systems

2.7 Selection of the controller structure for specified controlled systems

Selection of the Suitable Controller Structures

To achieve optimum control results, select a controller structure that is suitable for the
controlled system and that you can adapt to the controlled system within specific limits.
The table below provides an overview of suitable combinations of a controller structure and
controlled system.

Controlled system Controller structure

P PD PI PID
With dead time only Unsuitable Unsuitable Suitable Unsuitable

PT1 with dead time Unsuitable Unsuitable Well suited Well suited

PT2 with dead time Unsuitable Suited conditionally Well suited Well suited

Higher order Unsuitable Unsuitable Suited conditionally Well suited

Not self-regulating Well suited Well suited Well suited Well suited

The table below provides an overview of suitable combinations of a controller structure and
physical quantity.

Physical quantity Controller structure

P PD PI PID
Sustained control deviation No sustained control deviation
Temperature For low perfor- Well suited The most suitable controller structures
mance require- for high performance requirements
ments and (except for specially adapted special
proportional action controllers)
controlled systems
with Tu/Tg < 0,1
Pressure Suitable, if the Unsuitable The most suitable controller structures
delay time is in- for high performance requirements
considerable (except for specially adapted special
controllers)
Flow rate Unsuitable, be- Unsuitable Suitable, but inte- Hardly required
cause required gral action control-
GAIN range is ler alone often
usually too large better

PID control
36 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Principles for control
2.8 PID parameter settings

2.8 PID parameter settings

Rule of Thumb for the Parameter Setting

Controller structure Setting

P GAIN vmax Tu [ C ]
PI GAIN 1.2 vmax Tu [ C ]
TI 4 Tu [ min ]
PD GAIN 0.83 vmax Tu [ C ]
TD 0.25 vmax Tu [ min ]
TM_LAG 0.5 TD[ min ]
PID GAIN 0.83 vmax Tu [ C ]
TI 2 Tu [ min ]
TD 0.4 Tu [ min ]
TM_LAG 0.5 TD[ min ]
PD/PID GAIN 0.4 vmax Tu [ C ]
TI 2 Tu [ min ]
TD 0.4 Tu [ min ]
TM_LAG 0.5 TD[ min ]

Instead of vmax = x / t , you can use Xmax / Tg.

In the case of controllers with PID structure the setting of the integral action time and
differential-action time is usually coupled with each other.
The ratio TI / TD lies between 4 and 5 and is optimal for most controlled systems.
Non-observance of the differential-action time TD is uncritical at PD controllers.
In the case of PI and PID controllers, control oscillations occur if the integral action time TI
has been select by more than half too small.
An integral action time that is too large slows down the settling times of disturbances. One
cannot expect that the control loops operate "optimally" after the first parameter settings.
Experience shows that adjusting is always necessary, when a system exists that is "difficult
to control" with Tu / Tg > 0.3.

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 37
Configuring a software controller 3
3.1 Overview of software controller
For the configuration of a software controller, you need an instruction with the control
algorithm and a technology object. The technology object for a software controller
corresponds with the instance DB of the instruction. The configuration of the controller is
saved in the technology object. In contrast to the instance DBs of other instructions,
technology objects are not stored for the program resources, but rather under CPU >
Technology objects.

Technology objects and instructions

CPU Library Instruction Technology ob- Description

ject
S7-1200 Compact PID PID_Compact PID_Compact Universal PID controller with integrated
V1.x V1.x tuning
S7-1200 PID_3Step V1.x PID_3Step V1.x PID controller with integrated tuning for
valves
S7-1500 PID_Compact PID_Compact Universal PID controller with integrated
S7-1200 V4.x V2.x V2.x tuning
S7-1500 PID_3Step V2.x PID_3Step V2.x PID controller with integrated tuning for
S7-1200 V4.x valves
S7-1500 V1.7 PID_Temp V1.x PID_Temp V1.x Universal PID temperature controller with
S7-1200 V4.1 integrated tuning
S7-1500/300/400 PID basic CONT_C CONT_C Continuous controller
S7-1500/300/400 functions CONT_S CONT_S Step controller for actuators with integrating
behavior
S7-1500/300/400 PULSEGEN - Pulse generator for actuators with propor-
tional behavior
S7-1500/300/400 TCONT_CP TCONT_CP Continuous temperature controller with pulse
generator
S7-1500/300/400 TCONT_S TCONT_S Temperature controller for actuators with
integrating behavior
S7-300/400 PID Self Tuner TUN_EC TUN_EC Optimization of a continuous controller
S7-300/400 TUN_ES TUN_ES Optimization of a step controller

PID control
38 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Configuring a software controller
3.1 Overview of software controller

CPU Library Instruction Technology ob- Description

ject
S7-300/400 Standard PID_CP PID_CP Continuous controller with pulse generator
S7-300/400 PID Control PID_ES PID_ES Step controller for actuators with integrating
(PID Professio behavior
nal optional
S7-300/400 package) LP_SCHED - Distribute controller calls

S7-300/400 Modular A_DEAD_B - Filter interfering signal from control deviation

S7-300/400 PID Control CRP_IN - Scale analog input signal
(PID Professio
S7-300/400 nal optional CRP_OUT - Scale analog output signal
S7-300/400 package) DEAD_T - Delay output of input signal
S7-300/400 DEADBAND - Suppress small fluctuations to the process
value
S7-300/400 DIF - Differentiate input signals over time
S7-300/400 ERR_MON Monitor control deviation
S7-300/400 INTEG - Integrate input signals over time
S7-300/400 LAG1ST - First-order delay element
S7-300/400 LAG2ND - Second-order delay element
S7-300/400 LIMALARM - Report limit values
S7-300/400 LIMITER - Limiting the manipulated variable
S7-300/400 LMNGEN_C - Determine manipulated variable for continu-
ous controller
S7-300/400 LMNGEN_S - Determine manipulated variable for step
controller
S7-300/400 NONLIN - Linearize encoder signal
S7-300/400 NORM - Scale process value physically
S7-300/400 OVERRIDE - Switch manipulated variable from 2
PID controllers to 1 actuator
S7-300/400 PARA_CTL - Switch parameter sets
S7-300/400 PID - PID algorithm
S7-300/400 PUSLEGEN_M - Generate pulse for proportional actuators
S7-300/400 RMP_SOAK - Specify setpoint according to ramp / soak
S7-300/400 ROC_LIM - Limit rate of change
S7-300/400 SCALE_M - Scale process value
S7-300/400 SP_GEN - Specify setpoint manually
S7-300/400 SPLT_RAN - Split manipulated variable range
S7-300/400 SWITCH - Switch analog values
S7-300/400 LP_SCHED_M - Distribute controller calls

PID control
Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB 39
Configuring a software controller
3.2 Steps for the configuration of a software controller

3.2 Steps for the configuration of a software controller

All SW-controllers are configured according to the same scheme:

Step Description
1 Add technology object (Page 40)
2 Configure technology object (Page 45)
3 Call instruction in the user program (Page 46)
4 Download technology object to device (Page 72)
5 Commission software controller (Page 74)
6 Save optimized PID parameters in the project (Page 74)
7 Comparing values (Page 43)
8 Display instances of a technology object (Page 75)

3.3 Add technology objects

Add technology object in the project navigator

When a technology object is added, an instance DB is created for the instruction of this
technology object. The configuration of the technology object is stored in this instance DB.

Requirement
A project with a CPU has been created.

Procedure
To add a technology object, proceed as follows:
1. Open the CPU folder in the project tree.
2. Open the "Technology objects" folder.
3. Double-click "Add new object".
The "Add new object" dialog box opens.
4. Click on the "PID" button.
All available PID-controllers for this CPU are displayed.
5. Select the instruction for the technology object, for example, PID_Compact.
6. Enter an individual name for the technology object in the "Name" input field.
7. Select the "Manual" option if you want to change the suggested data block number of the
instance DB.
8. Click "Further information" if you want to add own information to the technology object.
9. Confirm with "OK".

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3.3 Add technology objects

Result
The new technology object has been created and stored in the project tree in the
"Technology objects" folder. The technology object is used if the instruction for this
technology object is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.

Note
You can select the "Add new and open" check box at the bottom of the dialog box. This
opens the configuration of the technology object after adding has been completed.

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3.4 Comparing values

3.4 Comparing values

3.4.1 Comparison display and boundary conditions

The "Compare values" function provides the following options:
Comparison of configured start values of the project with the start values in the CPU and
the actual values
Direct editing of actual values and the start values of the project
Immediate detection and display of input errors with suggested corrections
Backup of actual values in the project
Transfer of start values of the project to the CPU as actual values

Icons and operator controls

The following icons and operator controls are available:

Icon Function
Start value PLC matches the configured Start value project

Start value PLC does not match the configured Start value project

The comparison of the Start value PLC with the configured Start value project cannot be
performed
At least one of the two comparison values has a process-related or syntax error.

Transfers actual values to the offline project

Transfers updated start values in the project to the CPU (initialize setting values)

Opens the "Compare values" dialog

Boundary conditions
The "Compare values" function is available for S7-1200 and S7-1500 without limitations.
The following limitation applies to S7-300 and S7-400:
In monitoring mode, an S7-300/S7-400 cannot transfer the start values to the CPU. These
values cannot be displayed online with "Compare values".
The actual values of the technology object are displayed and can be changed directly.

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3.4 Comparing values

3.4.2 Comparing values

The procedure is shown in the following using "PID Parameters" as an example.

Requirements
A project with a software controller is configured.
The project is downloaded to the CPU.
The configuration dialog is open in the project navigator.

Procedure
1. Open the desired software controller in the project navigation.
2. Double-click the "Configuration" object.
3. Navigate within the configuration window to the "PID Parameters" dialog.
4. Click the icon to activate monitoring mode.
The icons and operator controls (Page 42) of the "Compare values" function are shown
behind the parameters.
5. Click the desired parameter in the input box and change the parameter values manually
by entering them directly.
If the background of the input box is gray, this value is a read-only value and cannot
be changed.
To change the values in the "PID Parameters" dialog, enable manual entry by
selecting the "Enable manual entry" check box beforehand.
6. Click the icon to open the dialog for the start values.
This dialog indicates two values of the parameter:
Start value in CPU: The start value in the CPU is shown in the top part.
Start value in the project: The configured start value in the project is shown in the
bottom part.
7. Enter the desired value in the input box for the project.

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3.4 Comparing values

Error detection
The input of incorrect values is detected. Corrections are suggested in this case.
If you enter a value with incorrect syntax, a rollout containing the corresponding error
message opens below the parameter. The incorrect value is not applied.
If you enter a value that is incorrect for the process, a dialog opens containing the error
message and a suggested correction:
Click "No" to accept this suggested correction and correct your input.
Click "OK" to apply the incorrect value.

NOTICE
Malfunctions of the controller
Values incorrect for the process can result in controller malfunctions.

Backing up actual values

Click the icon to transfer the actual controller values to the start values of your configured
project.

Transferring project values to the CPU

Click the icon to transfer the configured values of your project to the CPU.

CAUTION
Prevent personal injury and property damage!
Downloading and resetting of the user program while the plant is operating may result in
significant property damage and severe personal injuries in the event of malfunctions or
program errors.
Make sure that dangerous states cannot occur before you download and reset the user
program.

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3.5 Configure technology objects

3.5 Configure technology objects

The properties of a technology object on a S7-1200 CPU can be configured in two ways.
In the Inspector window of the programming editor
In the configuration editor
The properties of a technology object on a S7-300/400 CPU can only be configured in the
configuration editor.

Inspector window of the programming editor

In the Inspector window of the programming editor you can only configure the parameters
required for operation.
The offline values of the parameters are also shown in online mode. You can only change
the online values in the commissioning window.
To open the Inspector window of the technology object, follow these steps:
1. Open the "Program blocks" folder in the project tree.
2. Double click the block (cyclic interrupt OB) in which you open the instruction of the SW-
controller.
The block is opened in the work area.
3. Click on the instruction of the SW-controller.
4. In the Inspector window, select the "Properties" and "Configuration" tabs consecutively.

Configuration window
For each technology object, there is a specific configuration window in which you can
configure all properties.
To open the configuration window of the technology object, follow these steps:
1. Open the "Technology objects" folder in the project tree.
2. Open the technology object in the project tree.
3. Double-click the "Configuration" object.

Symbols
Icons in the area navigation of the configuration and in the Inspector window show additional
details about the completeness of the configuration:

The configuration contains default values and is complete.

The configuration exclusively contains default values. With these default values the use of the technology object is
possible without further changes.
The configuration contains user-defined or automatically adjusted values and is complete
All input fields of the configuration contain valid values and at least one default setting was changed.
The configuration is incomplete or faulty
At least one input field or a collapsible list contains no or one invalid value. The corresponding field or the drop-down
list box has a red background. When clicked, the roll-out error message indicates the cause of the error.

The properties of a technology object are described in detail in the section for the technology
object.

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3.6 Call instruction in the user program

3.6 Call instruction in the user program

The instruction of the software controller must be called in a cyclic interrupt OB. The
sampling time of the software controller is determined by the interval between the calls in the
cyclic interrupt OB.

Requirement
The cyclic interrupt OB is created and the cycle time of the cyclic interrupt OB is correctly
configured.

Procedure
Proceed as follows to call the instruction in the user program:
1. Open the CPU folder in the project tree.
2. Open the "Program blocks" folder.
3. Double-click the cyclic interrupt OB.
The block is opened in the work area.
4. Open the "Technology" group in the "Instructions" window and the "PID Control" folder.
The folder contains all instructions for software controllers that can be configured on the
CPU.
5. Select the instruction and drag it to your cyclic interrupt OB.
The "Call options" dialog box opens.
6. Select a technology object or type the name for a new technology object from the "Name"
list.

Result
If the technology object does not exist yet, it is added. The instruction is added in the cyclic
interrupt OB. The technology object is assigned to this call of the instruction.

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3.7 Parameter view

3.7 Parameter view

3.7.1 Introduction to the parameter view

The Parameter view provides you with a general overview of all relevant parameters of a
technology object. You obtain an overview of the parameter settings and can easily change
them in offline and online mode.

"Parameter view" tab

Toolbar (Page 49)
Navigation (Page 50)
Parameter table (Page 51)

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Function scope
The following functions are available for analyzing the parameters of the technology objects
and for enabling targeted monitoring and modification.
Display functions:
Display of parameter values in offline and online mode
Display of status information of the parameters
Display of value deviations and option for direct correction
Display of configuration errors
Display of value changes as a result of parameter dependencies
Display of all memory values of a parameter: Start value PLC, Start value project, Monitor
value
Display of the parameter comparison of the memory values of a parameter
Operator control functions:
Navigation for quickly changing between the parameters and parameter structures.
Text filter for faster searches for particular parameters.
Sorting function for customizing the order of parameters and parameter groups to
requirements.
Memory function for backing up structural settings of the Parameter view.
Monitoring and modifying of parameter values online.
Function for saving a snapshot of parameter values of the CPU in order to capture
momentary situations and to respond to them.
Function for applying a snapshot of parameter values as start values.
Download of modified start values to the CPU.
Comparison functions for comparing parameter values with one another.

Validity
The Parameter view described here is available for the following technology objects:
PID_Compact
PID_3Step
PID_Temp
CONT_C (S7-1500 only)
CONT_S (S7-1500 only)
TCONT_CP (S7-1500 only)
TCONT_S (S7-1500 only)
TO_Axis_PTO (S7-1200 Motion Control)
TO_Positioning_Axis (S7-1200 Motion Control)
TO_CommandTable_PTO (S7-1200 Motion Control)
TO_CommandTable (S7-1200 Motion Control)

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3.7 Parameter view

3.7.2 Structure of the parameter view

3.7.2.1 Toolbar
The following functions can be selected in the toolbar of the parameter view.

Icon Function Explanation

Monitor all Starts the monitoring of visible parameters in the active Parameter
view (online mode).
Create snapshot of Applies the current monitor values to the Snapshot column and
monitor values and updates the start values in the project.
accept setpoints of this Only in online mode for PID_Compact, PID_3Step and PID_Temp.
snapshot as start values
Initialize setpoints Transfers the start values updated in the project to the CPU.
Only in online mode for PID_Compact, PID_3Step and PID_Temp.
Create snapshot of Applies the current monitor values to the Snapshot column.
monitor values Only in online mode.
Modify all selected pa- This command is executed once and as quickly as possible without
rameters immediately reference to any particular point in the user program.
and once Only in online mode.
Select navigation struc- Toggles between functional navigation and data navigation.
ture
Text filter... After entry of a character string: Display of all parameters containing
the specified string in one of the currently visible columns.
Selection of compare Selection of parameter values that are to be compared with one
values another in online mode (Start value project, Start value PLC, Snap-
shot)
Only in online mode.
Save window settings Saves your display settings for the Parameter view (e.g., selected
navigation structure, activated table columns, etc.)

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3.7 Parameter view

3.7.2.2 Navigation
Within the "Parameter view" tab, the following alternative navigation structures can be
selected.

Navigation Explanation
Functional navi- In the functional navigation, the structure of the parameters is
gation based on the structure in the configuration dialog ("Functional
view" tab), commissioning dialog, and diagnostics dialog.
The last group "Other parameters" contains all other parameters
of the technology object.

Data navigation In the data navigation, the structure of the parameters is based on
the structure in the instance DB / technology DB.
The last group "Other parameters" contains the parameters that
are not contained in the instance DB / technology DB.

You can use the "Select navigation structure" drop-down list to toggle the navigation
structure.

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3.7.2.3 Parameter table

The table below shows the meaning of the individual columns of the parameter table. You
can show or hide the columns as required.
Column "Offline" = X: Column is visible in offline mode.
Column "Online" = X: Column is visible in online mode (online connection to the CPU).

Column Explanation Offline Online

Name in functional Name of the parameter in the functional view. X X
view The display field is empty for parameters that are not configured via the tech-
nology object.
Full name in DB Complete path of the parameter in the instance DB / technology DB. X X
The display field is empty for parameters that are not contained in the instance
DB / technology DB.
Name in DB Name of the parameter in the instance DB / technology DB. X X
If the parameter is part of a structure or UDT, the prefix ". ./" is added.
The display field is empty for parameters that are not contained in the instance
DB / technology DB.
Status of configura- Display of the completeness of the configuration using status symbols. X
tion see Status of configuration (offline) (Page 63)
Compare result Result of the "Compare values" function. X
This column is shown if there is an online connection and the "Monitor all"
button is selected.

Start value project Configured start value in the project. X X

Error indication if entered values have a syntax or process-related error.
Default value Value that is pre-assigned to the parameter. X X
The display field is empty for parameters that are not contained in the instance
DB / technology DB.
Snapshot Snapshot of the current values in the CPU (monitor values). X X
Error indication if values have a process-related error.
Start value PLC Start value in the CPU. X
This column is shown if there is an online connection and the "Monitor all"
button is selected.
Error indication if values have a process-related error.
Monitor value Current value in the CPU. X
This column is shown if there is an online connection and the "Monitor all"
button is selected.
Error indication if values have a process-related error.
Modify value Value that is to be used to change the monitor valuet. X
This column is shown if there is an online connection and the "Monitor all"
button is selected.
Error indication if entered values have a syntax or process-related error.

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Column Explanation Offline Online

Selection for trans- Selection of the Modify values that are to be transmitted using the "Modify all X
mission selected parameters immediately and once" button.
This column is displayed together with the "Modify value" column.
Minimum value Minimum process-related value of the parameter. X X
If the minimum value is dependent on other parameters, it is defined:
Offline: By the Start value project.
Online: By the Monitor values.
Maximum value Maximum process-related value of the parameter. X X
If the maximum value is dependent on other parameters, it is defined:
Offline: By the Start value project.
Online: By the Monitor values.
Setpoint Designates the parameter as a setpoint. These parameters can be initialized X X
online.
Data type Data type of the parameter. X X
The display field is empty for parameters that are not contained in the instance
DB / technology DB.
Retain Designates the value as a retentive value. X X
The values of retentive parameters are retained even after the voltage supply
is switched off.
Accessible from HMI Indicates whether the HMI can access this parameter during runtime. X X
Visible in HMI Indicates whether the parameter is visible in the selection list of the HMI by X X
default.
Comment Brief description of the parameter. X X

See also
Comparing values (Page 42)

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3.7 Parameter view

3.7.3 Opening the parameter view

Requirement
The technology object has been added in the project tree, i.e., the associated instance DB /
technology DB of the instruction has been created.

Procedure
1. Open the "Technology objects" folder in the project tree.
2. Open the technology object in the project tree.
3. Double-click the "Configuration" object.
4. Select the "Parameter view" tab in the top right corner.

Result
The Parameter view opens. Each displayed parameter is represented by one row in the
parameter table.
The displayable parameter properties (table columns) vary depending on whether you are
working with the Parameter view in offline or online mode.
In addition, you can selectively display and hide individual table columns.

See also
Default setting of the parameter view (Page 54)

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3.7 Parameter view

3.7.4 Default setting of the parameter view

Default settings
To enable you to work efficiently with the Parameter view, you can customize the parameter
display and save your settings.
The following customizations are possible and can be saved:
Show and hide columns
Change column width
Change order of the columns
Toggle navigation
Select parameter group in the navigation
Selection of compare values

Show and hide columns

To show or hide columns in the parameter table, follow these steps:
1. Position the cursor in the header of the parameter table.
2. Select the "Show/Hide" command in the shortcut menu.
The selection of available columns is displayed.
3. To show a column, select the check box for the column.
4. To hide a column, clear the check box for the column.
or
1. Position the cursor in the header of the parameter table.
2. Select the "Show all columns" command in the shortcut menu if all columns of the offline
or online mode are to be displayed.
Some columns can only be displayed in online mode: see Parameter table (Page 51).

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Change column width

To customize the width of a column so that all texts in the rows can be read, follow these
steps:
1. Position the cursor in the header of the parameter table to the right of the column to be
customized until the shape of the cursor changes to a cross.
2. Then double-click this location.
or
1. Open the shortcut menu on the header of the parameter table.
2. Click
"Optimize column width" or
"Optimize width of all columns".
If the column width setting is too narrow, the complete content of individual fields are shown
if you hover the cursor briefly over the relevant field.

Change order of the columns

The columns of the parameter table can be arranged in any way.
To change the order of the columns, follow these steps:
1. Click on the column header and use a drag-and-drop operation to move it to the desired
location.
When you release the mouse button, the column is anchored to the new position.

Toggle navigation
To toggle the display form of the parameters, follow these steps:
1. Select the desired navigation in the Select navigation structure drop-down list.
Data navigation
Functional navigation
See also Navigation (Page 50).

Select parameter group in the navigation

Within the selected navigation, you choose between the All parameters display or the
display of a subordinate parameter group of your choice.
1. Click the desired parameter group in the navigation.
The parameter table only displays the parameters of the parameter group.

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Selection of compare values (online)

To set the compare values for the Compare values function, follow these steps:
1. Select the desired compare values in the Selection of compare values drop-down list.
Start value project / Start value PLC
Start value project / Snapshot
Start value PLC / Snapshot
The Start value project / Start value PLC option is set by default.

Saving the default setting of the Parameter view

To save the above customizations of the Parameter view, follow these steps:
1. Customize the Parameter view according to your requirements.
2. Click the Save window settings button at the top right of the Parameter view.

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3.7.5 Working with the parameter view

3.7.5.1 Overview
The following table provides an overview of the functions of the Parameter view in online and
offline mode described in the following.
Column "Offline" = X: This function is possible in offline mode.
Column "Online" = X: This function is possible in online mode.

Function/action Offline Online

Filtering the parameter table (Page 58) X X
Sorting the parameter table (Page 59) X X
Transferring parameter data to other editors (Page 59) X X
Indicating errors (Page 60) X X
Editing start values in the project (Page 61) X X
Status of configuration (offline) (Page 63) X
Monitoring values online in the parameter view (Page 64) X
Create snapshot of monitor values (Page 65) X
Modifying values (Page 66) X
Comparing values (Page 68) X
Applying values from the online program as start values (Page 70) X
Initializing setpoints in the online program (Page 71) X

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3.7 Parameter view

3.7.5.2 Filtering the parameter table

You can filter the parameters in the parameter table in the following ways:
With the text filter
With the subgroups of the navigation
Both filter methods can be used simultaneously.

With the text filter

Texts that are visible in the parameter table can be filtered. This means only texts in
displayed parameter rows and columns can be filtered.
1. Enter the desired character string for filtering in the Text filter... input box.
The parameter table displays only the parameters containing the character string.
The text filtering is reset.
When another parameter group is selected in the navigation.
When navigation is changed from data navigation to functional navigation, or vice versa.

With the subgroups of the navigation

1. Click the desired parameter group in the navigation, e.g., "Static".
The parameter table only shows the static parameters. You can select further subgroups
for some groups of the navigation.
2. Click All parameters in the navigation if all parameters are to be shown again.

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3.7.5.3 Sorting the parameter table

The values of the parameters are arranged in rows. The parameter table can be sorted by
any displayed column.
In columns containing numerical values, sorting is based on the magnitude of the
numerical value.
In text columns, sorting is alphabetical.

Sorting by column
1. Position the cursor in the header cell of the desired column.
The background of this cell turns blue.
2. Click the column header.

Result
The entire parameter table is sorted by the selected column. A triangle with tip facing up
appears in the column header.
Clicking the column header again changes the sorting as follows:
Symbol : Parameter table is sorted in ascending order.
Symbol : Parameter table is sorted in descending order.
No symbol: The sorting is removed again. The parameter table assumes the default
display.
The ../ prefix in the Name in DB column is ignored when sorting.

3.7.5.4 Transferring parameter data to other editors

After selecting an entire parameter row of the parameter table, you can use the following:
Drag-and-drop
<Ctrl+C>/<Ctrl+V>
Copy/Paste via shortcut menu
Transfer parameters to the following editors of the TIA Portal:
Program editor
Watch table
Signal table for trace function
The parameter is inserted with its full name: See information in Full name in DB column.

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3.7.5.5 Indicating errors

Error indication
Parameter assignment errors that result in compilation errors (e.g., limit violation) are
indicated in the Parameter view.
Every time a value is input in the Parameter view, a check is made for process-related and
syntax errors and the result is indicated.
Bad values are indicated by:
Red error symbol in the "Status of configuration" (offline mode) or "Compare result"
(online mode, depending on the selected comparison type) columns
and/or
Table field with red background
If you click the bad field, a roll-out error message appears with information of the
permissible value range or the required syntax (format)

Compilation error
From the error message of the compiler, you can directly open the Parameter view
(functional navigation) containing the parameter causing the error in situations where the
parameter is not displayed in the configuration dialog.

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3.7.5.6 Editing start values in the project

With the Parameter view, you can edit the start values in the project in offline mode and
online mode.
You make value changes in the Start value project column of the parameter table.
In the Status of configuration column of the parameter table, the progress of the
configuration is indicated by the familiar status symbols from the configuration dialog of
the technology object.

Boundary conditions
If other parameters depend on the parameter whose start value was changed, the start
value of the dependent parameters are also adapted.
If a parameter of a technology object is not editable, it is also not editable in the
parameter view. The ability to edit a parameter can also depend on the values of other
parameters.

Defining new start values

To define start values for parameters in the Parameter view, follow these steps:
1. Open the Parameter view of the technology object.
2. Enter the desired start values in the "Start value project" column. The value must match
the data type of the parameter and must not exceed the value range of the parameter.
The limits of the value range can be seen in the Maximum value and Minimum value
columns.
The "Status of configuration" column indicates the progress of the configuration with colored
symbols.
See also Status of configuration (offline) (Page 63)
Following adaptation of the start values and downloading of the technology object to the
CPU, the parameters take the defined value at startup if they are not declared as retentive
(Retain column).

Error indication
When a start value is input, a check is made for process-related and syntax errors and the
result is indicated.
Bad start values are indicated by:
Red error symbol in the "Status of configuration" (offline mode) or "Compare result"
(online mode, depending on the selected comparison type) columns
and/or
Red background in the Start value project field
If you click on the bad field, a roll-out error message appears with information of the
permissible value range or the necessary syntax (format)

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Correcting bad start values

1. Correct bad start values using information from the roll-out error message.
Red error symbol, red field background, and roll-out error message are no longer
displayed.
The project cannot be successfully compiled unless the start values are error-free.

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3.7.5.7 Status of configuration (offline)

The status of the configuration is indicated by icons:
In the Status of configuration column in the parameter table
In the navigation structure of the functional navigation and data navigation

Symbol in Status of configuration column

Symbol Meaning
The start value of the parameter corresponds to the default value and is valid. A start value has not yet
been defined by the user.
The start value of the parameter contains a value defined by the user or an automatically adjusted value.
The start value is different than the default value. The start value is error-free and valid.
The start value of the parameter is invalid (syntax or process-related error).
The input box has a red background. When clicked, the roll-out error message indicates the cause of the
error.
Only for S7-1200 Motion Control:
The start value of the parameter is valid but contains warnings.
The input box has a yellow background.
The parameter is not relevant in the current configuration.

Symbol in the navigation

The symbols in the navigation indicate the progress of the configuration in the same way as
in the configuration dialog of the technology object.

See also
Configure technology objects (Page 45)

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3.7.5.8 Monitoring values online in the parameter view

You can monitor the values currently taken by the parameters of the technology object in the
CPU (monitor values) directly in the Parameter view.

Requirements
There is an online connection.
The technology object is downloaded to the CPU.
The program execution is active (CPU in "RUN").
The Parameter view of the technology object is open.

Procedure
1. Start the monitoring by clicking .
As soon as the Parameter view is online, the following columns are additionally
displayed:
Compare result
Start value PLC
Monitor value
Modify value
Selection for transmission
The "Monitor value" column shows the current parameter values on the CPU.
Meaning of the additional columns: see Parameter table (Page 51)
2. Stop the monitoring by clicking again.

Display
All columns that are only available online have an orange background:
Values in light-orange cells can be changed.
Values in cells with a dark orange background cannot be changed.

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3.7.5.9 Create snapshot of monitor values

You can back up the current values of the technology object on the CPU (monitor values)
and display them in the Parameter view.

Requirements
There is an online connection.
The technology object is downloaded to the CPU.
The program execution is active (CPU in "RUN").
The Parameter view of the technology object is open.
The Monitor all button is selected.

Procedure
To show the current parameter values, follow these steps:
1. In the Parameter view, click the Create snapshot of monitor values" icon .

Result
The current monitor values are transferred once to the "Snapshot" column of the parameter
table.
You can analyze the values "frozen" in this way while the monitor values continue to be
updated in the "Monitor values" column.

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3.7.5.10 Modifying values

With the Parameter view, you can modify values of the technology object in the CPU.
You can assign values to the parameter once (Modify value) and modify them immediately.
The modify request is executed as quickly as possible without reference to any particular
point in the user program.

DANGER
Danger when modifying:
Changing the parameter values while the plant is operating may result in severe damage to
property and personal injury in the event of malfunctions or program errors.
Make sure that dangerous states cannot occur before you use the "Modify" function.

Requirements
There is an online connection.
The technology object is downloaded to the CPU.
The program execution is active (CPU in "RUN").
The Parameter view of the technology object is open.
The Monitor all button is selected.
The parameter can be modified (associated field in the "Modify value" column has a light-
orange background).

Procedure
To modify parameters immediately, follow these steps:
1. Enter the desired modify values in the Modify values column of the parameter table.
2. Check whether the check box for modifying is selected in the "Select for transmission"
column.
The modify values and associated check boxes of dependent parameters are
automatically adapted at the same time.
3. Click the Modify all selected parameters immediately and once icon .
The selected parameters are modified once and immediately with the specified values and
can be monitored in the "Modify values" column. The check boxes for modifying in the
"Selection for transmission" column are automatically cleared after the modify request is
complete.

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Error indication
When a start value is input, a check is made immediately for process-related and syntax
errors and the result is indicated.
Bad start values are indicated by:
Red background in the Modify value field
and
If you click the bad field, a roll-out error message appears with information of the
permissible value range or the necessary syntax (format)

Bad modify values

Modify values with process-related errors can be transmitted.
Modify values with syntax errors cannot be transmitted.

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3.7 Parameter view

3.7.5.11 Comparing values

You can use comparison functions to compare the following memory values of a parameter:
Start value project
Start value PLC
Snapshot

Requirements
There is an online connection.
The technology object is downloaded to the CPU.
The program execution is active (CPU in "RUN").
The Parameter view of the technology object is open.
The Monitor all button is selected.

Procedure
To compare the start values on the various target systems, follow these steps:
1. Click the "Selection of compare values" icon .
A selection list containing the comparison options opens:
Start value project - Start value PLC (default setting)
Start value project - Snapshot
Start value PLC - Snapshot
2. Select the desired comparison option.
The selected comparison option is executed as follows:
A scales symbol appears in the header cells of the two columns selected for
comparison.
Symbols are used in the "Compare result" column to indicate the result of the
comparison of the selected columns.

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Symbol in "Compare result" column

Symbol Meaning
The compare values are equal and error-free.

The compare values are not equal and error-free.

At least one of the two compare values has a process-related or syntax error.

The comparison cannot be performed. At least one of the two comparison values is not available (e.g.
snapshot).
Comparison of the value is inappropriate since it is not relevant in one of the configurations.

Symbol in the navigation

The symbols are shown in the same way in the navigation if the comparison result applies to
at least one of the parameters below the displayed navigation structure.

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3.7 Parameter view

3.7.5.12 Applying values from the online program as start values

In order to apply optimized values from the CPU to the project as start values, you create a
snapshot of the monitor values. Values of the snapshot marked as a "Setpoint" are then
applied to the project as start values.

Requirements
The technology object is of type "PID_Compact" or "PID_3Step".
There is an online connection.
The technology object is downloaded to the CPU.
The program execution is active (CPU in "RUN").
The Parameter view of the technology object is open.
The Monitor all button is selected.

Procedure
To apply optimized values from the CPU, follow these steps:
1. Click the "Create snapshot of monitor values and accept setpoints of this snapshot as
start values" icon .

Result
The current monitor values are applied to the "Snapshot" column and their setpoints are
copied to the "Start value project" column as new start values.

Note
Applying values of individual parameters
You can also apply the values of individual parameters that are not marked as a setpoint
from the "Snapshot" column to the "Start values project" column. To do so, copy the values
and insert them into the "Start value project" column using the "Copy" and "Paste"
commands in the shortcut menu.

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3.7.5.13 Initializing setpoints in the online program

You can initialize all parameters that are marked as a "Setpoint" in the Parameter view with
new values in the CPU in one step. In so doing, the start values are downloaded from the
project to the CPU. The CPU remains in "RUN" mode.
To avoid data loss on the CPU during a cold restart or warm restart, you must also download
the technology object to the CPU.

DANGER
Danger when changing parameter values
Changing the parameter values while the plant is operating may result in severe damage to
property and personal injury in the event of malfunctions or program errors.
Make sure that dangerous states cannot occur before you reinitialize the setpoints.

Requirements
The technology object is of type "PID_Compact" or "PID_3Step".
There is an online connection.
The technology object is downloaded to the CPU.
The program execution is active (CPU in "RUN").
The Parameter view of the technology object is open.
The Monitor all button is selected.
The parameters marked as a "Setpoint" have a "Start value project" that is free of
process-related and syntax errors

Procedure
To initialize all setpoints, follow these steps:
1. Enter the desired values in the "Start value project" column.
Ensure that the start values are free of process-related and syntax errors.
2. Click the "Initialize setpoints" icon .

Result
The setpoints in the CPU are initialized with the start values from the project.

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3.8 Downloading technology objects to device

3.8 Downloading technology objects to device

A new or modified configuration of the technology object must be downloaded to the CPU for
the online mode. The following characteristics apply when downloading retentive data:
Software (changes only)
S7-1200, S7-1500:
Retentive data is retained.
S7-300/400:
Retentive data is updated immediately. CPU does not change to Stop.
Download PLC program to device and reset
S7-1200, S7-1500:
Retentive data is updated at the next change from Stop to RUN. The PLC program
can only be downloaded completely.
S7-300/400:
Retentive data is updated at the next change from Stop to RUN.

Downloading retentive data to an S7-1200 or S7-1500 CPU

Note
The download and reset of the PLC program during ongoing system operation can result in
serious damages or injuries in the case of malfunctions or program errors.
Make sure that dangerous states cannot occur before you download and reset the PLC
program.

Proceed as follows to download the retentive data:

1. Select the entry of the CPU in the project tree.
2. Select the command "Download and reset PLC program" from the "Online" menu.
If you have not established an online connection yet, the "Extended download" dialog
opens. In this case, set all required parameters for the connection and click
"Download".
If the online connection has been defined, the project data is compiled, if necessary,
and the dialog "Load preview" opens. This dialog displays messages and
recommends actions necessary for download.
3. Check the messages.
As soon as download is possible, the "Download" button becomes active.
4. Click on "Download".
The complete PLC program is downloaded and the "Load results" dialog opens. This
dialog displays the status and the actions after the download.
5. If the modules are to restart immediately after the download, select the check box "Start
all".
6. Close the dialog "Download results" with "Finish".

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Result
The complete PLC program is downloaded to the device. Blocks that only exist online in the
device are deleted. By downloading all affected blocks and by deleting any blocks in the
device that are not required, you avoid inconsistencies between the blocks in the user
program.
The messages under "Info > General" in the Inspector window indicate whether the
download was successful.

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3.9 Commissioning software controller

3.9 Commissioning software controller

Procedure
To open the "Commissioning" work area of the technology object, follow these steps:
1. Open the "Technology objects" folder in the project tree.
2. Open the technology object in the project tree.
3. Double-click the "Commissioning" object.
The commissioning functions are specific for each controller and are described there.

3.10 Save optimized PID parameter in the project

The software controller is optimized in the CPU. Through this, the values in the instance-DB
on the CPU no longer agree with those in the project.
To update the PID parameter in the project with the optimized PID parameters, proceed as
follows:

Requirement
An online connection to the CPU is established and the CPU is in "RUN" mode.
The functions of the commissioning window have been enabled by means of the "Start"
button.

Procedure
1. Open the CPU folder in the project tree.
2. Open the "Technology objects" folder.
3. Open a technology object.
4. Double click on "Commissioning".
5. Click on the icon "Upload PID parameters".
6. Save the project.

Result
The currently active PID parameters are stored in the project data. When reloading the
project data in the CPU, the optimized parameters are used.

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3.11 Display instance DB of a technology object.

3.11 Display instance DB of a technology object.

An instance DB, in which the parameter and static variables are saved, is created for each
technology object.

Procedure
To display the instance DB of a technology object, proceed as follows:
1. Open the CPU folder in the project tree.
2. Open the "Technology objects" folder.
3. Highlight a technology object.
4. Select the command "Open DB editor" in the shortcut menu.

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4.1 PID_Compact V2

4.1.1 Configuring PID_Compact V2

4.1.1.1 Basic settings V2

Introduction V2
Configure the following properties of the "PID_Compact" technology object under "Basic
settings" in the Inspector window or in the configuration window:
Physical quantity
Control logic
Start-up behavior after reset
Setpoint (only in the Inspector window)
Process value (only in the Inspector window)
Output value (only in the Inspector window)

Setpoint, process value and output value

You can only configure the setpoint, process value and output value in the Inspector window
of the programming editor. Select the source for each value:
Instance DB
The value saved in the instance DB is used.
Value must be updated in the instance DB by the user program.
There should be no value at the instruction.
Change via HMI possible.
Instruction
The value connected to the instruction is used.
The value is written to the instance DB each time the instruction is called.
No change via HMI possible.

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Control mode V2

Physical quantity
Select the physical quantity and unit of measurement for setpoint, process value, and
disturbance variable in the "Controller type" group. Setpoint, process value, and disturbance
variable is displayed in this unit of measurement.

Control logic
An increase of the output value is generally intended to cause an increase in the process
value. This is referred to as a normal control logic.
PID_Compact does not work with negative proportional gain. Select the check box "Invert
control logic" to reduce the process value with a higher output value.
Examples
Opening the drain valve will reduce the level of a container's contents.
Increasing cooling will reduce the temperature.

Startup characteristics
1. To switch to "Inactive" mode after CPU restart, clear the "Activate Mode after CPU
restart" check box.
To switch to the operating mode saved in the Mode parameter after CPU restart, select
the "Activate Mode after CPU restart" check box.
2. In the "Set Mode to" drop-down list, select the mode that is to be enabled after a
complete download to the device.
After a complete download to the device, PID_Compact starts in the selected operating
mode. With each additional restart, PID_Compact starts in the mode that was last saved
in Mode.
Example
You have selected the "Activate Mode after CPU restart" check box and the entry
"Pretuning" in the "Set Mode to" list. After a complete download to the device, PID_Compact
starts in the "Pretuning" mode. If pretuning is still active, PID_Compact starts in "Pretuning"
mode again after restart of the CPU. If pretuning was successfully completed and automatic
mode is active, PID_Compact starts in "Automatic mode" after restart of the CPU.

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Setpoint V2

Procedure
Proceed as follows to define a fixed setpoint:
1. Select "Instance DB".
2. Enter a setpoint, e.g. 80 C.
3. Delete any entry in the instruction.
Proceed as follows to define a variable setpoint:
1. Select "Instruction".
2. Enter the name of the REAL variable in which the setpoint is saved.
Program-controlled assignment of various values to the REAL variable is possible, for
example for the time controlled change of the setpoint.

Process value V2
PID_Compact will scale the value of the analog input to the physical quantity if you use the
analog input value directly.
You will need to write a program for processing if you wish first to process the analog input
value. The process value is, for example, not directly proportional to the value at the analog
input. The processed process value must be in floating point format.

Procedure
Proceed as follows to use the analog input value without processing:
1. Select the entry "Input_PER" in the drop-down list "Input".
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the address of the analog input.
Proceed as follows to use the processed process value in floating point format:
1. Select the entry "Input" in the drop-down list "Input".
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the name of the variable in which the processed process value is saved.

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Output value V2
PID_Compact offers three output values. Your actuator will determine which output value
you use.
Output_PER
The actuator is triggered via an analog output and controlled with a continuous signal,
e.g. 0...10V, 4...20mA.
Output
The output value needs to be processed by the user program, for example because of
nonlinear actuator response.
Output_PWM
The actuator is controlled via a digital output. Pulse width modulation creates minimum
ON and minimum OFF times.

Procedure
Proceed as follows to use the analog output value:
1. Select the entry "Output_PER (analog)" in the drop-down list "Output".
2. Select "Instruction".
3. Enter the address of the analog output.
Proceed as follows to process the output value using the user program:
1. Select the entry "Output" in the drop-down list "Output".
2. Select "Instance DB".
The calculated output value is saved in the instance data block.
3. For the preparation of the output value, use the output parameter Output.
4. Transfer the processed output value to the actuator via a digital or analog CPU output.
Proceed as follows to use the digital output value:
1. Select the entry "Output_PWM" in the drop-down list "Output".
2. Select "Instruction".
3. Enter the address of the digital output.

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4.1.1.2 Process value settings V2

Process value scaling V2

If you have configured the use of Input_PER in the basic setting, you must convert the value
of the analog input to the physical quantity of the process value. The current configuration is
displayed in the Input_PER display.
Input_PER will be scaled using a low and high value pair if the process value is directly
proportional to the value of the analog input.

Procedure
To scale the process value, follow these steps:
1. Enter the low pair of values in the "Scaled low process value" and "Low" input fields.
2. Enter the high pair of values in the "Scaled high process value" and "High" input boxes.
Default settings for the value pairs are stored in the hardware configuration. To use the value
pairs from the hardware configuration, follow these steps:
1. Select the PID_Compact instruction in the programming editor.
2. Interconnect Input_PER with an analog input in the basic settings.
3. Click the "Automatic setting" button in the process value settings.
The existing values will be overwritten with the values from the hardware configuration.

Process value limits V2

You must specify an appropriate absolute high limit and low limit for the process value as
limit values for your controlled system. As soon as the process value violates these limits, an
error occurs (ErrorBits = 0001h). Tuning is canceled when the process value limits are
violated. You can configure how PID_Compact reacts to an error in automatic mode in the
output value settings.

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4.1.1.3 Advanced settings V2

Process value monitoring V2

Configure a warning high and low limit for the process value in the "Process value
monitoring" configuration window. If one of the warning limits is exceeded or undershot
during operation, a warning will be displayed at the PID_Compact instruction:
At the InputWarning_H output parameter if the warning high limit has been exceeded
At the InputWarning_L output parameter if the warning low limit has been undershot
The warning limits must be within the process value high and low limits.
The process value high and low limits will be used if you do not enter values.

Example
Process value high limit = 98 C; warning high limit = 90 C
Warning low limit = 10 C; process value low limit = 0 C
PID_Compact will respond as follows:

Process value InputWarn- InputWarn- Error- Operating mode

ing_H ing_L Bits
> 98 C TRUE FALSE 0001h Inactive or
Substitute output value with error
monitoring
98 C and > 90 C TRUE FALSE 0000h Automatic mode
90 C and 10 C FALSE FALSE 0000h Automatic mode
< 10 C and 0 C FALSE TRUE 0000h Automatic mode
< 0 C FALSE TRUE 0001h Inactive or
Substitute output value with error
monitoring

In the output value settings, you can specify the reaction of PID_Compact when the process
value high limit or low limit is violated.

See also
Parameters State and Mode V2 (Page 274)

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PWM limits V2
The value at the output parameter Output is transformed into a pulse sequence that is output
at output parameter Output_PWM by means of a pulse width modulation. Output is
calculated in the PID algorithm sampling time, Output_PWM is output in the PID_Compact
sampling time.
The PID algorithm sampling time is determined during pretuning or fine tuning. If manually
setting the PID parameters, you will also need to configure the PID algorithm sampling time.
The PID_Compact sampling time is equivalent to the cycle time of the calling OB.
The pulse duration is proportional to the value at Output and is always an integer multiple of
the PID_Compact sampling time.

PID_Compact sampling time

PID algorithm sampling time
Pulse duration
Break time

The "Minimum ON time" and the "Minimum OFF time" are rounded to an integer multiple of
the PID_Compact sampling time.
A pulse or a break is never shorter than the minimum ON or OFF time. The inaccuracies this
causes are added up and compensated in the next cycle.

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Example
PID_Compact sampling time = 100 ms
PID algorithm sampling time = 1000 ms
Minimum ON time = 200 ms
Output is a constant 15%. The smallest pulse that PID_Compact can output is 20%. In the
first cycle, no pulse is output. In the second cycle, the pulse not output in the first cycle is
added to the pulse of the second cycle.

PID_Compact sampling time

PID algorithm sampling time
Minimum ON time

In order to minimize operation frequency and conserve the actuator, extend the minimum ON
and OFF times.
If you are using "Output" or "Output_PER", you must configure the value 0.0 for the minimum
ON and OFF times.

Note
The minimum ON and OFF times only affect the output parameter Output_PWM and are not
used for any pulse generators integrated in the CPU.

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Output value V2

Output value limits

In the "Output value limits" configuration window, configure the absolute limits of your output
value in percent. Absolute output value limits are not violated in neither manual mode nor
automatic mode. If an output value outside the limits is specified in manual mode, the
effective value is limited in the CPU to the configured limits.
The output value limits must match the control logic.
The valid output value limit values depend on the Output used.

Output -100.0 to 100.0%

Output_PER -100.0 to 100.0%
Output_PWM 0.0 to 100.0%

Reaction to error

NOTICE
Your system may be damaged.
If you output "Current value while error pending " or "Substitute output value while error
pending" in the event of an error, PID_Compact remains in automatic mode. This may
cause a violation of the process value limits and damage your system.
It is essential to configure how your controlled system reacts in the event of an error to
protect your system from damage.

PID_Compact is preset so that the controller stays active in most cases in the event of an
error. If errors occur frequently in controller mode, this default reaction has a negative effect
on the control response. In this case, check the Errorbits parameter and eliminate the cause
of the error.
PID_Compact generates a programmable output value in response to an error:
Zero (inactive)
PID_Compact outputs 0.0 as output value for all errors and switches to "Inactive" mode.
The controller is only reactivated by a falling edge at Reset or a rising edge at
ModeActivate.
Current value while error is pending
If the following errors occur in automatic mode, PID_Compact returns to automatic mode
as soon as the errors are no longer pending.
If one or more of the following errors occur, PID_Compact stays in
automatic mode:
0001h: The "Input" parameter is outside the process value limits.
0800h: Sampling time error
40000h: Invalid value at Disturbance parameter.

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If one or more of the following errors occur in automatic mode, PID_Compact switches to
"Substitute output value with error monitoring" mode and outputs the last valid output
value:
0002h: Invalid value at Input_PER parameter.
0200h: Invalid value at Input parameter.
0400h: Calculation of output value failed.
1000h: Invalid value at Setpoint parameter.
If an error occurs in manual mode, PID_Compact continues using the manual value as
the output value. If the manual value is invalid, the substitute output value is used. If the
manual value and substitute output value are invalid, the output value low limit is used.
If the following error occurs during a pretuning or fine tuning, PID_Compact remains in
active mode:
0020h: Pretuning is not permitted during fine tuning.
When any other error occurs, PID_Compact cancels the tuning and switches to the mode
from which tuning was started.
As soon as no errors are pending, PID_Compact returns to automatic mode.
Substitute output value while error is pending
PID_Compact outputs the substitute output value.
If the following error occurs, PID_Compact stays in "Substitute output value with error
monitoring" mode and outputs the output value low limit:
20000h: Invalid value at SubstituteOutput tag.
For all other errors, PID_Compact reacts as described for "Current value while error is
pending".

See also
Parameters State and Mode V2 (Page 274)

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PID parameters V2
The PID parameters are displayed in the "PID Parameters" configuration window. The
PID parameters will be adapted to your controlled system during controller tuning. You do
not need to enter the PID parameters manually.
The PID algorithm operates according to the following equation:

Symbol Description
y Output value of the PID algorithm
Kp Proportional gain
s Laplace operator
b Proportional action weighting
w Setpoint
x Process value
TI Integral action time
a Derivative delay coefficient (derivative delay T1 = a TD)
TD Derivative action time
c Derivative action weighting

The diagram below illustrates the integration of the parameters into the PID algorithm:

All PID parameters are retentive. If you enter the PID parameters manually, you must
completely download PID_Compact.
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

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Proportional gain
The value specifies the proportional gain of the controller. PID_Compact does not work with
a negative proportional gain. Control logic is inverted under Basic settings > Controller type.

Integral action time

The integral action time determines the time behavior of the integral action. The integral
action is deactivated with integral action time = 0.0.

Derivative action time

The derivative action time determines the time behavior of the derivative action. Derivative
action is deactivated with derivative action time = 0.0.

Derivative delay coefficient

The derivative delay coefficient delays the effect of the derivative action.
Derivative delay = derivative action time derivative delay coefficient
0.0: Derivative action is effective for one cycle only and therefore almost not effective.
0.5: This value has proved useful in practice for controlled systems with one dominant
time constant.
> 1.0: The greater the coefficient, the longer the effect of the derivative action is delayed.

Proportional action weighting

The proportional action may weaken with changes to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is fully effective
0.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is not effective
The proportional action is always fully effective when the process value is changed.

Derivative action weighting

The derivative action may weaken with changes to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Derivative action is fully effective upon setpoint change
0.0: Derivative action is not effective upon setpoint change
The derivative action is always fully effective when the process value is changed.

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PID algorithm sampling time

The controlled system needs a certain amount of time to respond to changes in the output
value. It is therefore not advisable to calculate the output value in every cycle. The sampling
time of the PID algorithm represents the time between two calculations of the output value. It
is calculated during tuning and rounded to a multiple of the cycle time. All other functions of
PID_Compact are executed at every call.
If you use Output_PWM, the accuracy of the output signal is determined by the ratio of the
PID algorithm sampling time to the cycle time of the OB. The PID algorithm sampling time
corresponds to the time period of the pulse width modulation. The cycle time should be at
least 10 times the PID algorithm sampling time.

Rule for tuning

Select whether PI or PID parameters are to be calculated in the "Controller structure" drop-
down list.
PID
Calculates PID parameters during pretuning and fine tuning.
PI
Calculates PI parameters during pretuning and fine tuning.
User-defined
The drop-down list displays "User-defined" if you have configured different controller
structures for pretuning and fine tuning via a user program.

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4.1.2 Commissioning PID_Compact V2

4.1.2.1 Pretuning V2
The pretuning determines the process response to a jump change of the output value and
searches for the point of inflection. The PID parameters are calculated from the maximum
rate of rise and dead time of the controlled system. You obtain the best PID parameters
when you perform pretuning and fine tuning.
The more stable the process value is, the easier it is to calculate the PID parameters and the
more precise the result will be. Noise on the process value can be tolerated as long as the
rate of rise of the process value is significantly higher compared to the noise. This is most
likely the case in operating modes "Inactive" and "manual mode". The PID parameters are
backed up before being recalculated.

Requirement
The "PID_Compact" instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
PID_Compact is in one of the following modes: "Inactive", "Manual mode", or "Automatic
mode".
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits (see "Process value
monitoring" configuration).
The difference between setpoint and process value is greater than 30% of the difference
between process value high limit and process value low limit.
The distance between the setpoint and the process value is > 50% of the setpoint.

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Procedure
To perform pretuning, follow these steps:
1. Double-click the "PID_Compact > Commissioning" entry in the project tree.
2. Select the entry "Pretuning" in the "Tuning mode" drop-down list.
3. Click the "Start" icon.
An online connection will be established.
Value recording is started.
Pretuning is started.
The "Status" field displays the current steps and any errors that may have occurred.
The progress bar indicates the progress of the current step.

Note
Click the "Stop" icon when the progress bar has reached 100% and it can be assumed
the controller tuning function is blocked. Check the configuration of the technology
object and, if necessary, restart controller tuning.

Result
If pretuning was performed without an error message, the PID parameters have been tuned.
PID_Compact switches to automatic mode and uses the tuned parameters. The tuned
PID parameters will be retained during power OFF and a restart of the CPU.
If pretuning is not possible, PID_Compact responds with the configured reaction to errors.

See also
Parameters State and Mode V2 (Page 274)

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4.1.2.2 Fine tuning V2

Fine tuning generates a constant, limited oscillation of the process value. The
PID parameters are tuned for the operating point from the amplitude and frequency of this
oscillation. All PID parameters are recalculated from the results. PID parameters from fine
tuning usually have better master control and disturbance characteristics than
PID parameters from pretuning. You obtain the best PID parameters when you perform
pretuning and fine tuning.
PID_Compact automatically attempts to generate an oscillation greater than the noise of the
process value. Fine tuning is only minimally influenced by the stability of the process value.
The PID parameters are backed up before being recalculated.

Requirement
The PID_Compact instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits.
The control loop has stabilized at the operating point. The operating point is reached
when the process value corresponds to the setpoint.
No disturbances are expected.
PID_Compact is in one of the following operating modes: Inactive, automatic mode, or
manual mode.

Process depends on initial situation

Fine tuning can be started from the following operating modes: "Inactive", "automatic mode",
or "manual mode". Fine tuning proceeds as follows when started from:
Automatic mode
Start fine tuning from automatic mode if you wish to improve the existing PID parameters
through tuning.
PID_Compact controls the system using the existing PID parameters until the control loop
has stabilized and the requirements for fine tuning have been met. Only then will fine
tuning start.
Inactive or manual mode
If the requirements for pretuning are met, pretuning is started. The determined
PID parameters will be used for control until the control loop has stabilized and the
requirements for fine tuning have been met. Only then will fine tuning start. If pretuning is
not possible, PID_Compact responds with the configured reaction to errors.
An attempt is made to reach the setpoint with the minimum or maximum output value if
the process value for pretuning is already too near the setpoint. This can produce
increased overshoot.

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Procedure
To perform fine tuning, follow these steps:
1. Select the entry "Fine tuning" in the "Tuning mode" drop-down list.
2. Click the "Start" icon.
An online connection will be established.
Value recording is started.
The process of fine tuning is started.
The "Status" field displays the current steps and any errors that may have occurred.
The progress bar indicates the progress of the current step.

Note
Click the "Stop" icon in the "Tuning mode" group when the progress bar has reached
100% and it is to be assumed that tuning is blocked. Check the configuration of the
technology object and, if necessary, restart controller tuning.

Result
If no errors occurred during fine tuning, the PID parameters have been tuned. PID_Compact
switches to automatic mode and uses the tuned parameters. The tuned PID parameters will
be retained during power OFF and a restart of the CPU.
If errors occurred during "fine tuning", PID_Compact responds with the configured response
to errors.

See also
Parameters State and Mode V2 (Page 274)

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4.1.2.3 "Manual" mode V1

The following section describes how you can use the "manual mode" operating mode in the
commissioning window of the "PID_Compact" technology object. Manual mode is also
possible when an error is pending.

Requirement
The "PID_Compact" instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
An online connection to the CPU has been established and the CPU is in the "RUN"
mode.

Procedure
Use "Manual mode" in the commissioning window if you want to test the controlled system
by specifying a manual value. To define a manual value, follow these steps:
1. Click the "Start" icon.
2. Select the "Manual mode" check box in the "Online status of controller" area.
PID_Compact operates in manual mode. The most recent current output value remains in
effect.
3. Enter the manual value in the "Output" field as a % value.
4. Click the icon.

Result
The manual value is written to the CPU and immediately goes into effect.
Clear the "Manual mode" check box if the output value is to be specified again by the
PID controller. The switchover to automatic mode is bumpless.

See also
Parameters State and Mode V2 (Page 274)

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4.1.3 Override control with PID_Compact V2

Override control
In case of override control, two or more controllers share one actuator. Only one controller
has access to the actuator at any time and influences the process.
A logic operation decides which controller has access to the actuator. This decision is often
made based on a comparison of the output values of all controllers, for example, in case of a
maximum selection, the controller with the largest output value gets access to the actuator.
The selection based on the output value requires that all controllers operate in automatic
mode. The controllers that do not have an effect on the actuator are updated. This is
necessary to prevent windup effects and their negative impacts on the control response and
the switchover between the controllers.
PID_Compact supports override controls as of version 2.3 by offering a simple process for
updating the controllers that are not active: By using the tags OverwriteInitialOutputValue
and PIDCtrl.PIDInit, you can pre-assign the integral action of the controller in automatic
mode as though the PID algorithm had calculated Output = OverwriteInititalOutputValue for
the output value in the last cycle. To do this, OverwriteInitialOutputValue is interconnected
with the output value of the controller that currently has access to the actuator. By setting the
bit PIDCtrl.PIDInit, you trigger the pre-assignment of the integral action as well as the restart
of the controller cycle and the PWM period. The subsequent calculation of the output value
in the current cycle takes place based on the pre-assigned (and synchronized for all
controllers) integral action as well as the proportional action and integral action from the
current control deviation. The derivative action is not active during the call with
PIDCtrl.PIDInit = TRUE and therefore does not contribute to the output value.
This procedure ensures that the calculation of the current output value and thus the decision
on which controller is to have access to the actuator is only based on the current process
state and the PI parameters. Windup effects for controllers that are not active and thus
incorrect decisions of the switchover logic are prevented.

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Requirements
PIDCtrl.PIDInit is only effective if the integral action is activated (Retain.CtrlParams.Ti tag
> 0.0).
You must assign PIDCtrl.PIDInit and OverwriteInitialOutputValue in your user program
yourself (see example below). PID_Compact does not automatically change these tags.
PIDCtrl.PIDInit is only effective when PID_Compact is in automatic mode (parameter
State = 3)
If possible, select the sampling time of the PID algorithm (Retain.CtrlParams.Cycle tag) in
such a way that it is identical for all controllers, and call all controllers in the same cyclic
interrupt OB. In this way, you ensure that the switchover does not take place within a
controller cycle or a PWM period.

Note
Constant adaptation of the output value limits
Instead of the active updating of the controllers without access to the actuator described
here, this is implemented alternatively by constant adaptation of the output value limits in
other controller systems.
This is not possible with PID_Compact, because a change of the output value limits is not
supported in automatic mode.

Example: Control of a gas pipeline

PID_Compact is used for control of a gas pipeline.
The main goal is to control the flow rate Input1. The controller PID_Compact_1 is used for
this purpose. In addition, the pressure Input2 (measured in flow direction in front of the valve)
is to be kept below the high limit with the limiting controller PID_Compact_2.
Flow rate and pressure are controlled by a single solenoid valve. The output value of the
controller corresponds to the valve opening: The valve is opened when the output value
increases. This means the flow rate increases (normal control logic) while the pressure drops
(inverted control logic).

The valve is controlled with the output value of PID_Compact in I/O format (parameter
Output_PER) by writing the program tag ActuatorInput.

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The setpoint for the flow rate is specified at the parameter PID_Compact_1.Setpoint.
The pressure high limit is specified as setpoint at the parameter PID_Compact_2.Setpoint.

Both controllers must share one valve as shared actuator. The logic that decides which
controller gets access to the actuator is implemented by a maximum selection of the output
value (in Real format, parameter Output) in this case. Because the output value corresponds
to the opening of the valve, the controller that requires the larger valve opening gets the
control.

Note
Activate inversion of the control logic
Because a decrease of the actual value (pressure) is to be achieved with the pressure
regulator PID_Compact_2 when the output value increases (valve opening), the inversion of
the control logic must be activated: PID_Compact_2.Config.InvertControl = TRUE.

In normal operation of the plant, the actual value of the flow rate corresponds to the setpoint.
The flow controller PID_Compact_1 has settled on a stationary output value
PID_Compact_1.Output. The actual value of the pressure in normal operation is significantly
below the high limit that is specified as setpoint for PID_Compact_2. The pressure regulator
therefore wants to close the valve even further to increase the pressure, which means it will
calculate an output value PID_Compact_2.Output that is smaller than the output value of the
flow controller PID_Compact_1.Output. The maximum selection of the switchover logic
therefore gives the flow controller PID_Compact_1 continued access to the actuator. In
addition, it is ensured that PID_Compact_2 is updated by means of the assignments
PID_Compact_2.OverwriteInitialOutputValue = PID_Compact_1.Output and
PID_Compact_2.PIDCtrl.PIDInit = TRUE.

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If the pressure now approaches the high limit or exceeds it, for example due to a fault, the
pressure regulator PID_Compact_2 calculates a higher output value to open the valve even
further and thus reduce the pressure. If PID_Compact_2.Output is greater than
PID_Compact_1.Output, the pressure regulator PID_Compact_2 receives access to the
actuator through the maximum selection and opens it. It is ensured that PID_Compact_1 is
updated by means of the assignments PID_Compact_1.OverwriteInitialOutputValue =
PID_Compact_2.Output and PID_Compact_1.PIDCtrl.PIDInit = TRUE.
The pressure is reduced while the flow rate increases and can no longer be kept at the
setpoint.
Once the fault has been remedied, the pressure will continue to drop and the opening of the
valve is reduced by the pressure regulator. If the flow controller calculates a larger opening
as output value, the plant returns to normal operation so that the flow controller
PID_Compact_1 once again has access to the actuator.
This example can be implemented with the following SCL program code:

"PID Compact 1"(Input := "Input1");

"PID Compact 2"(Input := "Input2");
IF "PID Compact 1".Output >= "PID Compact 2".Output THEN
"ActuatorInput" := "PID_Compact_1".Output_PER;
"PID_Compact_1".PIDCtrl.PIDInit := FALSE;
"PID_Compact_2".PIDCtrl.PIDInit := TRUE;
"PID_Compact_2".OverwriteInitialOutputValue := "PID_Compact_1".Output;
ELSE
"ActuatorInput" := "PID_Compact_2".Output_PER;
"PID_Compact_1".PIDCtrl.PIDInit := TRUE;
"PID_Compact_2".PIDCtrl.PIDInit := FALSE;
"PID_Compact_1".OverwriteInitialOutputValue := "PID_Compact_2".Output;
END IF;

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4.1.4 Simulating PID_Compact V2 with PLCSIM

Note
Simulation with PLCSIM
The simulation of PID_Compact V2.x with PLCSIM for CPU S7-1200 is not supported.
PID_Compact V2.x can only be simulated for CPU S7-1500 with PLCSIM.

For the simulation with PLCSIM, the time behavior of the simulated PLC is not exactly
identical to that of a "real" PLC. The actual cycle clock of a cyclic interrupt OB can have
larger fluctuations with a simulated PLC than with "real" PLCs.
In the standard configuration, PID_Compact determines the time between calls automatically
and monitors them for fluctuations.
For the simulation of PID_Compact with PLCSIM, for example, a sampling time error
(ErrorBits = DW#16#00000800) can therefore be detected.
This results in ongoing tuning being aborted.
The response in automatic mode depends on the value of the ActivateRecoverMode tag.
To prevent this from happening, you should configure PID_Compact for simulation with
PLCSIM as follows:
CycleTime.EnEstimation = FALSE
CycleTime.EnMonitoring = FALSE
CycleTime.Value: Assign the cycle clock of the calling cyclic interrupt OB in seconds to
this tag.

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4.2 PID_Compact V1

4.2.1 Configuring PID_Compact V1

4.2.1.1 Basic settings V1

Introduction V1
Configure the following properties of the "PID_Compact" technology object under "Basic
settings" in the Inspector window or in the configuration window:
Physical quantity
Control logic
Start-up behavior after reset
Setpoint (only in the Inspector window)
Process value (only in the Inspector window)
Output value (only in the Inspector window)

Setpoint, process value and output value

You can only configure the setpoint, process value and output value in the Inspector window
of the programming editor. Select the source for each value:
Instance DB
The value saved in the instance DB is used.
Value must be updated in the instance DB by the user program.
There should be no value at the instruction.
Change via HMI possible.
Instruction
The value connected to the instruction is used.
The value is written to the instance DB each time the instruction is called.
No change via HMI possible.

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Control mode V1

Physical quantity
Select the unit of measurement and physical quantity for the setpoint and process value in
the "Controller type" group. The setpoint and process value will be displayed in this unit.

Control logic
An increase of the output value is generally intended to cause an increase in the process
value. This is referred to as a normal control logic.
PID_Compact does not work with negative proportional gain. Select the check box "Invert
control logic" to reduce the process value with a higher output value.
Examples
Opening the drain valve will reduce the level of a container's contents.
Increasing cooling will reduce the temperature.

Start-up behavior after reset

To change straight to the last active mode after restarting the CPU, select the "Enable last
mode after CPU restart" check box.
PID_Compact will remain in "Inactive" mode if the check box is cleared.

Setpoint V1

Procedure
Proceed as follows to define a fixed setpoint:
1. Select "Instance DB".
2. Enter a setpoint, e.g. 80 C.
3. Delete any entry in the instruction.
Proceed as follows to define a variable setpoint:
1. Select "Instruction".
2. Enter the name of the REAL variable in which the setpoint is saved.
Program-controlled assignment of various values to the REAL variable is possible, for
example for the time controlled change of the setpoint.

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Process value V1
PID_Compact will scale the value of the analog input to the physical quantity if you use the
analog input value directly.
You will need to write a program for processing if you wish first to process the analog input
value. The process value is, for example, not directly proportional to the value at the analog
input. The processed process value must be in floating point format.

Procedure
Proceed as follows to use the analog input value without processing:
1. Select the entry "Input_PER" in the drop-down list "Input".
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the address of the analog input.
Proceed as follows to use the processed process value in floating point format:
1. Select the entry "Input" in the drop-down list "Input".
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the name of the variable in which the processed process value is saved.

Output value V1
PID_Compact offers three output values. Your actuator will determine which output value
you use.
Output_PER
The actuator is triggered via an analog output and controlled with a continuous signal,
e.g. 0...10V, 4...20mA.
Output
The output value needs to be processed by the user program, for example because of
nonlinear actuator response.
Output_PWM
The actuator is controlled via a digital output. Pulse width modulation creates minimum
ON and minimum OFF times.

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Procedure
Proceed as follows to use the analog output value:
1. Select the entry "Output_PER (analog)" in the drop-down list "Output".
2. Select "Instruction".
3. Enter the address of the analog output.
Proceed as follows to process the output value using the user program:
1. Select the entry "Output" in the drop-down list "Output".
2. Select "Instance DB".
The calculated output value is saved in the instance data block.
3. For the preparation of the output value, use the output parameter Output.
4. Transfer the processed output value to the actuator via a digital or analog CPU output.
Proceed as follows to use the digital output value:
1. Select the entry "Output_PWM" in the drop-down list "Output".
2. Select "Instruction".
3. Enter the address of the digital output.

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4.2.1.2 Process value settings V1

Configure the scaling of your process value and specify the process value absolute limits In
the "Process value settings" configuration window.

Scaling the process value

If you have configured the use of Input_PER in the basic settings, you will need to convert
the value of the analog input into the physical quantity of the process value. The current
configuration will be displayed in the Input_PER display.
Input_PER will be scaled using a low and high value pair if the process value is directly
proportional to the value of the analog input.
1. Enter the low pair of values in the "Scaled low process value" and "Low" input fields.
2. Enter the high pair of values in the "Scaled high process value" and "High" input boxes.
Default settings for the value pairs are saved in the hardware configuration. Proceed as
follows to use the value pairs from the hardware configuration:
1. Select the instruction PID_Compact in the programming editor.
2. Connect Input_PER with an analog input in the basic settings.
3. Click on the "Automatic setting" button in the process value settings.
The existing values will be overwritten with the values from the hardware configuration.

Monitoring process value

Specify the absolute high and low limit of the process value. As soon as these limits are
violated during operation, the controller switches off and the output value is set to 0%. You
must enter reasonable limits for your controlled system. Reasonable limits are important
during optimization to obtain optimal PID parameters.
The default for the "High limit process value" is 120 %. At the I/O input, the process value
can be a maximum of 18% higher than the standard range (overrange). An error is no longer
reported for a violation of the "High limit process value". Only a wire-break and a short-circuit
are recognized and the PID_Compact switches to "Inactive" mode.

WARNING

If you set very high process value limits (for example -3.4*1038...+3.4*1038), process value
monitoring will be disabled. Your system may then be damaged if an error occurs.

See also
Process value monitoring V1 (Page 104)
PWM limits V1 (Page 105)
Output value limits V1 (Page 108)
PID parameters V1 (Page 109)

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4.2.1.3 Advanced settings V1

Process value monitoring V1

Configure a warning high and low limit for the process value in the "Process value
monitoring" configuration window. If one of the warning limits is exceeded or undershot
during operation, a warning will be displayed at the PID_Compact instruction:
At the InputWarning_H output parameter if the warning high limit has been exceeded
At the InputWarning_L output parameter if the warning low limit has been undershot
The warning limits must be within the process value high and low limits.
The process value high and low limits will be used if you do not enter values.

Example
Process value high limit = 98 C; warning high limit = 90 C
Warning low limit = 10 C; process value low limit = 0 C
PID_Compact will respond as follows:

Process value InputWarning_H InputWarning_L Operating mode

> 98 C TRUE FALSE Inactive
98 C and > 90 C TRUE FALSE Automatic mode
90 C and 10 C FALSE FALSE Automatic mode
< 10 C and 0 C FALSE TRUE Automatic mode
< 0 C FALSE TRUE Inactive

See also
Process value settings V1 (Page 103)
PWM limits V1 (Page 105)
Output value limits V1 (Page 108)
PID parameters V1 (Page 109)

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PWM limits V1
The value at the output parameter Output is transformed into a pulse sequence that is output
at output parameter Output_PWM by means of a pulse width modulation. Output is
calculated in the PID algorithm sampling time, Output_PWM is output in the PID_Compact
sampling time.
The PID algorithm sampling time is determined during pretuning or fine tuning. If manually
setting the PID parameters, you will also need to configure the PID algorithm sampling time.
The PID_Compact sampling time is equivalent to the cycle time of the calling OB.
The pulse duration is proportional to the value at Output and is always an integer multiple of
the PID_Compact sampling time.

PID_Compact sampling time

PID algorithm sampling time
Pulse duration
Break time

The "Minimum ON time" and the "Minimum OFF time" are rounded to an integer multiple of
the PID_Compact sampling time.
A pulse or a break is never shorter than the minimum ON or OFF time. The inaccuracies this
causes are added up and compensated in the next cycle.

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Example
PID_Compact sampling time = 100 ms
PID algorithm sampling time = 1000 ms
Minimum ON time = 200 ms
Output is a constant 15%. The smallest pulse that PID_Compact can output is 20%. In the
first cycle, no pulse is output. In the second cycle, the pulse not output in the first cycle is
added to the pulse of the second cycle.

PID_Compact sampling time

PID algorithm sampling time
Minimum ON time

In order to minimize operation frequency and conserve the actuator, extend the minimum ON
and OFF times.
If you are using "Output" or "Output_PER", you must configure the value 0.0 for the minimum
ON and OFF times.

Note
The minimum ON and OFF times only affect the output parameter Output_PWM and are not
used for any pulse generators integrated in the CPU.

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See also
Process value settings V1 (Page 103)
Process value monitoring V1 (Page 104)
Output value limits V1 (Page 108)
PID parameters V1 (Page 109)

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Output value limits V1

In the "Output value limits" configuration window, configure the absolute limits of your output
value in percent. Absolute output value limits are not violated in neither manual mode nor in
automatic mode. If a output value outside the limits is specified in manual mode, the effective
value is limited in the CPU to the configured limits.
The valid output value limit values depend on the Output used.

Output -100.0 to 100.0

Output_PER -100.0 to 100.0
Output_PWM 0.0 to 100.0

PID_Compact sets the output value to 0.0 if an error occurs. 0.0 must therefore always be
within the output value limits. You will need to add an offset to Output and Output_PER in the
user program if you want an output value low limit of greater than 0.0.

See also
Process value settings V1 (Page 103)
Process value monitoring V1 (Page 104)
PWM limits V1 (Page 105)
PID parameters V1 (Page 109)

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PID parameters V1
The PID parameters are displayed in the "PID Parameters" configuration window. The
PID parameters will be adapted to your controlled system during controller tuning. You do
not need to enter the PID parameters manually.
The PID algorithm operates according to the following equation:

Symbol Description
y Output value of the PID algorithm
Kp Proportional gain
s Laplace operator
b Proportional action weighting
w Setpoint
x Process value
TI Integral action time
a Derivative delay coefficient (derivative delay T1 = a TD)
TD Derivative action time
c Derivative action weighting

The diagram below illustrates the integration of the parameters into the PID algorithm:

All PID parameters are retentive. If you enter the PID parameters manually, you must
completely download PID_Compact.

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Proportional gain
The value specifies the proportional gain of the controller. PID_Compact does not work with
a negative proportional gain. Control logic is inverted under Basic settings > Controller type.

Integral action time

The integral action time determines the time behavior of the integral action. The integral
action is deactivated with integral action time = 0.0.

Derivative action time

The derivative action time determines the time behavior of the derivative action. Derivative
action is deactivated with derivative action time = 0.0.

Derivative delay coefficient

The derivative delay coefficient delays the effect of the derivative action.
Derivative delay = derivative action time derivative delay coefficient
0.0: Derivative action is effective for one cycle only and therefore almost not effective.
0.5: This value has proved useful in practice for controlled systems with one dominant
time constant.
> 1.0: The greater the coefficient, the longer the effect of the derivative action is delayed.

Proportional action weighting

The proportional action may weaken with changes to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is fully effective
0.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is not effective
The proportional action is always fully effective when the process value is changed.

Derivative action weighting

The derivative action may weaken with changes to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Derivative action is fully effective upon setpoint change
0.0: Derivative action is not effective upon setpoint change
The derivative action is always fully effective when the process value is changed.

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PID algorithm sampling time

The controlled system needs a certain amount of time to respond to changes in the output
value. It is therefore not advisable to calculate the output value in every cycle. The sampling
time of the PID algorithm represents the time between two calculations of the output value. It
is calculated during tuning and rounded to a multiple of the cycle time. All other functions of
PID_Compact are executed at every call.
If you use Output_PWM, the accuracy of the output signal is determined by the ratio of the
PID algorithm sampling time to the cycle time of the OB. The PID algorithm sampling time
corresponds to the time period of the pulse width modulation. The cycle time should be at
least 10 times the PID algorithm sampling time.

Rule for tuning

Select whether PI or PID parameters are to be calculated in the "Controller structure" drop-
down list.
PID
Calculates PID parameters during pretuning and fine tuning.
PI
Calculates PI parameters during pretuning and fine tuning.
User-defined
The drop-down list displays "User-defined" if you have configured different controller
structures for pretuning and fine tuning via a user program.

See also
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

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4.2.2 Commissioning PID_Compact V1

4.2.2.1 Commissioning V1
The commissioning window helps you commission the PID controller. You can monitor the
values for the setpoint, process value and output value along the time axis in the trend view.
The following functions are supported in the commissioning window:
Controller pretuning
Controller fine tuning
Use fine tuning for fine adjustments to the PID parameters.
Monitoring the current closed-loop control in the trend view
Testing the controlled system by specifying a manual output value
All functions require an online connection to the CPU to have been established.

Basic handling
Select the desired sampling time in the "Sampling time" drop-down list.
All values in the commissioning window are updated in the selected update time.
Click the "Start" icon in the measuring group if you want to use the commissioning
functions.
Value recording is started. The current values for the setpoint, process value and output
value are entered in the trend view. Operation of the commissioning window is enabled.
Click the "Stop" icon if you want to end the commissioning functions.
The values recorded in the trend view can continue to be analyzed.
Closing the commissioning window will terminate recording in the trend view and delete the
recorded values.

See also
Pretuning V1 (Page 113)
Fine tuning V1 (Page 115)
"Manual" mode V1 (Page 117)

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4.2.2.2 Pretuning V1
The pretuning determines the process response to a jump change of the output value and
searches for the point of inflection. The tuned PID parameters are calculated as a function of
the maximum slope and dead time of the controlled system.
The more stable the process value is, the easier it is to calculate the PID parameters and the
more precise the result will be. Noise on the process value can be tolerated as long as the
rate of rise of the process value is significantly higher compared to the noise. The
PID parameters are backed up before being recalculated.

Requirement
The "PID_Compact" instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
ManualEnable = FALSE
PID_Compact is in "inactive" or "manual" mode.
The setpoint may not be changed during controller tuning. PID_Compact will otherwise be
deactivated.
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits (see "Process value
monitoring" configuration).
The difference between setpoint and process value is greater than 30% of the difference
between process value high limit and process value low limit.
The distance between the setpoint and the process value is > 50% of the setpoint.

Procedure
To perform pretuning, follow these steps:
1. Double-click the "PID_Compact > Commissioning" entry in the project tree.
2. Select the entry "Pretuning" in the "Tuning mode" drop-down list.
3. Click the "Start" icon.
An online connection will be established.
Value recording is started.
Pretuning is started.
The "Status" field displays the current steps and any errors that may have occurred.
The progress bar indicates the progress of the current step.

Note
Click the "Stop" icon when the progress bar has reached 100% and it is to be
assumed the controller tuning function is blocked. Check the configuration of the
technology object and, if necessary, restart controller tuning.

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Result
If pretuning was performed without an error message, the PID parameters have been tuned.
PID_Compact switches to automatic mode and uses the tuned parameters. The tuned
PID parameters will be retained during power OFF and a restart of the CPU.
If pretuning is not possible, PID_Compact will change to "Inactive" mode.

See also
Parameters State and sRet.i_Mode V1 (Page 303)
Commissioning V1 (Page 112)
Fine tuning V1 (Page 115)
"Manual" mode V1 (Page 117)

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4.2.2.3 Fine tuning V1

Fine tuning generates a constant, limited oscillation of the process value. The
PID parameters are optimized for the operating point from the amplitude and frequency of
this oscillation. All PID parameters are recalculated on the basis of the findings.
PID parameters from fine tuning usually have better master control and disturbance behavior
than PID parameters from pretuning.
PID_Compact automatically attempts to generate an oscillation greater than the noise of the
process value. Fine tuning is only minimally influenced by the stability of the process value.
The PID parameters are backed up before being recalculated.

Requirement
The PID_Compact instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
ManualEnable = FALSE
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits (see "Process value
monitoring" configuration).
The control loop has stabilized at the operating point. The operating point is reached
when the process value corresponds to the setpoint.
No disturbances are expected.
The setpoint may not be changed during controller tuning.
PID_Compact is in inactive mode, automatic mode or manual mode.

Process depends on initial situation

Fine tuning can be started in "inactive", "automatic" or "manual" mode. Fine tuning proceeds
as follows when started in:
Automatic mode
Start fine tuning in automatic mode if you wish to improve the existing PID parameters
using controller tuning.
PID_Comact will regulate using the existing PID parameters until the control loop has
stabilized and the requirements for fine tuning have been met. Only then will fine tuning
start.
Inactive or manual mode
If the requirements for pretuning are met, pretuning is started. The PID parameters
established will be used for adjustment until the control loop has stabilized and the
requirements for fine tuning have been met. Only then will fine tuning start. If pretuning is
not possible, PID_Compact will change to "Inactive" mode.
An attempt is made to reach the setpoint with a minimum or maximum output value if the
process value for pretuning is already too near the setpoint. This can produce increased
overshoot.

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Procedure
Proceed as follows to carry out "fine tuning":
1. Select the entry "Fine tuning" in the "Tuning mode" drop-down list.
2. Click the "Start" icon.
An online connection will be established.
Value recording is started.
The process of fine tuning is started.
The "Status" field displays the current steps and any errors that may have occurred.
The progress bar indicates the progress of the current step.

Note
Click the "Stop" icon in the "Tuning mode" group when the progress bar has reached
100% and it is to be assumed the controller tuning function is blocked. Check the
configuration of the technology object and, if necessary, restart controller tuning.

Result
The PID parameters will have been optimized if fine tuning has been executed without
errors. PID_Compact changes to automatic mode and uses the optimized parameters. The
optimized PID parameters will be retained during power OFF and a restart of the CPU.
If errors occurred during "fine tuning", PID_Compact will change to "inactive" mode.

See also
Parameters State and sRet.i_Mode V1 (Page 303)
Commissioning V1 (Page 112)
Pretuning V1 (Page 113)
"Manual" mode V1 (Page 117)

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4.2.2.4 "Manual" mode V1

The following section describes how you can use the "Manual" operating mode in the
commissioning window of the "PID Compact" technology object.

Requirement
The "PID_Compact" instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
An online connection to the CPU has been established and the CPU is in the "RUN"
mode.
The functions of the commissioning window have been enabled via the "Start" icon.

Procedure
Use "Manual mode" in the commissioning window if you want to test the process by
specifying a manual value. To define a manual value, proceed as follows:
1. Select the check box "Manual mode" in the "Online status of the controller" area.
PID_Compact operates in manual mode. The most recent current output value remains in
effect.
2. Enter the manual value in the "Output" field as a % value.
3. Click the control icon .

Result
The manual value is written to the CPU and immediately goes into effect.

Note
PID_Compact continues to monitor the process value. If the process value limits are
exceeded, PID_Compact is deactivated.

Clear the "Manual mode" check box if the output value is to be specified again by the
PID controller. The change to automatic mode is bumpless.

See also
Parameters State and sRet.i_Mode V1 (Page 303)
Commissioning V1 (Page 112)
Pretuning V1 (Page 113)
Fine tuning V1 (Page 115)

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4.2.3 Simulating PID_Compact V1 with PLCSIM

Note
Simulation with PLCSIM
For the simulation with PLCSIM, the time behavior of the simulated PLC is not exactly
identical to that of a "real" PLC. The actual cycle clock of a cyclic interrupt OB can have
larger fluctuations with a simulated PLC than with "real" PLCs.
In the standard configuration, PID_Compact determines the time between calls automatically
and monitors them for fluctuations.
For a simulation of PID_Compact with PLCSIM, for example, a sampling time error (ErrorBits
= DW#16#00000800) can therefore be detected.
PID_Compact switches to "Inactive" mode (State = 0) in this case.
To prevent this from happening, you should configure PID_Compact for simulation with
PLCSIM as follows:
sb_EnCyclEstimation = FALSE
sb_EnCyclMonitoring = FALSE
sPid_Calc.r_Cycle: Assign the cycle clock of the calling cyclic interrupt OB in seconds to
this tag.

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4.3 Technology object PID_Compact

4.3 Technology object PID_Compact

The technology object PID_Compact provides a continuous PID controller with integrated
optimization. You can alternatively configure a pulse controller. Both manual and automatic
mode are possible.
PID-Compact continuously acquires the measured process value within a control loop and
compares it with the required setpoint. From the resulting control deviation, the instruction
PID_Compact calculates an output value by which the process value is adapted as quickly
and stable as possible to the setpoint. The output value for the PID controller consists of
three actions:
Proportional action
The proportional action of the output value increases in proportion to the control
deviation.
I action
The integral action of the output value increases until the control deviation has been
balanced.
D action
The derivative action increases with the rate of change of control deviation. The process
value is corrected to the setpoint as quickly as possible. The derivative action will be
reduced again if the rate of change of control deviation drops.
The instruction PID_Compact calculates the proportional, integral and derivative parameters
for your controlled system during pretuning. Fine tuning can be used to tune the parameters
further. You do not need to manually determine the parameters.

Additional information
Overview of software controller (Page 38)
Add technology objects (Page 40)
Configure technology objects (Page 45)
Configuring PID_Compact V2 (Page 76)
Configuring PID_Compact V1 (Page 99)

FAQ
For more information, see the following FAQs in the Siemens Industry Online Support:
Entry ID 79047707 (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/79047707)

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5.1 Technology object PID_3Step
The technology object PID_3Step provides a PID controller with tuning for valves or
actuators with integral response.
You can configure the following controllers:
Three-point step controller with position feedback
Three-point step controller without position feedback
Valve controller with analog output value
PID_3Step continuously acquires the measured process value within a control loop and
compares it with the setpoint. From the resulting control deviation, PID_3Step calculates an
output value through which the process value reaches the setpoint as quickly and steadily as
possible. The output value for the PID controller consists of three actions:
Proportional action
The proportional action of the output value increases in proportion to the control
deviation.
I action
The integral action of the output value increases until the control deviation has been
balanced.
D action
The derivative action increases with the rate of change of control deviation. The process
value is corrected to the setpoint as quickly as possible. The derivative action will be
reduced again if the rate of change of control deviation drops.
The instruction PID_3Step calculates the proportional, integral and derivative parameters for
your controlled system during pretuning. Fine tuning can be used to tune the parameters
further. You do not need to manually determine the parameters.

Additional information
Overview of software controller (Page 38)
Add technology objects (Page 40)
Configure technology objects (Page 45)
Configuring PID_3Step V2 (Page 121)
Configuring PID_3Step V1 (Page 144)

Principle
For more information, see the following FAQs in the Siemens Industry Online Support:
Entry ID 68011827 (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/68011827)

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5.2 PID_3Step V2

5.2 PID_3Step V2

5.2.1 Configuring PID_3Step V2

5.2.1.1 Basic settings V2

Introduction V2
Configure the following properties of the "PID_3Step" technology object under "Basic
settings" in the Inspector window or in the configuration window:
Physical quantity
Control logic
Start-up behavior after reset
Setpoint (only in the Inspector window)
Process value (only in the Inspector window)
Output value (only in the Inspector window)
Position feedback (only in the Inspector window)

Setpoint, process value, output value and position feedback

You can only configure the setpoint, process value, output value and position feedback in the
Inspector window of the programming editor. Select the source for each value:
Instance DB
The value saved in the instance DB is used.
Value must be updated in the instance DB by the user program.
There should be no value at the instruction.
Change via HMI possible.
Instruction
The value connected to the instruction is used.
The value is written to the instance DB each time the instruction is called.
No change via HMI possible.

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Control mode V2

Physical quantity
Select the physical quantity and unit of measurement for setpoint, process value, and
disturbance variable in the "Controller type" group. Setpoint, process value, and disturbance
variable is displayed in this unit of measurement.

Control logic
An increase of the output value is generally intended to cause an increase in the process
value. This is referred to as a normal control logic.
PID_3Step does not work with negative proportional gain. Select the check box "Invert
control logic" to reduce the process value with a higher output value.
Examples
Opening the drain valve will reduce the level of a container's contents.
Increasing cooling will reduce the temperature.

Startup characteristics
1. To switch to "Inactive" mode after CPU restart, clear the "Activate Mode after CPU
restart" check box.
To switch to the operating mode saved in the Mode parameter after CPU restart, select
the "Activate Mode after CPU restart" check box.
2. In the "Set Mode to" drop-down list, select the mode that is to be enabled after a
complete download to the device.
After a complete download to the device, PID_3Step starts in the selected operating
mode. With each additional restart, PID_3Step starts in the mode that was last saved in
Mode.
Example
You have selected the "Activate Mode after CPU restart" check box and the entry
"Pretuning" in the "Set Mode to" list. After a complete download to the device, PID_3Step
starts in the "Pretuning" mode. If pretuning is still active, PID_3Step starts in "Pretuning"
mode again after restart of the CPU. If pretuning was successfully completed and automatic
mode is active, PID_3Step starts in "Automatic mode" after restart of the CPU.

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Setpoint V2

Procedure
Proceed as follows to define a fixed setpoint:
1. Select "Instance DB".
2. Enter a setpoint, e.g. 80 C.
3. Delete any entry in the instruction.
Proceed as follows to define a variable setpoint:
1. Select "Instruction".
2. Enter the name of the REAL variable in which the setpoint is saved.
Program-controlled assignment of various values to the REAL variable is possible, for
example for the time controlled change of the setpoint.

Process value V2
PID_3Step will scale the value of the analog input to the physical quantity if you use the
analog input value directly.
You will need to write a program for processing if you wish first to process the analog input
value. The process value is, for example, not directly proportional to the value at the analog
input. The processed process value must be in floating point format.

Procedure
Proceed as follows to use the analog input value without processing:
1. Select the entry "Input_PER" in the drop-down list "Input".
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the address of the analog input.
Proceed as follows to use the processed process value in floating point format:
1. Select the entry "Input" in the drop-down list "Input".
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the name of the variable in which the processed process value is saved.

Position feedback V2
Position feedback configuration depends upon the actuator used.
Actuator without position feedback
Actuator with digital endstop signals
Actuator with analog position feedback
Actuator with analog position feedback and endstop signals

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Actuator without position feedback

Proceed as follows to configure PID_3Step for an actuator without position feedback:
1. Select the entry "No Feedback" in the drop-down list "Feedback".

Actuator with digital endstop signals

Proceed as follows to configure PID_3Step for an actuator with endstop signals:
1. Select the entry "No Feedback" in the drop-down list "Feedback".
2. Activate the "Actuator endstop signals" check box.
3. Select "Instruction" as source for Actuator_H and Actuator_L.
4. Enter the addresses of the digital inputs for Actuator_H and Actuator_L.

Actuator with analog position feedback

Proceed as follows to configure PID_3Step for an actuator with analog position feedback:
1. Select the entry "Feedback" or "Feedback_PER" in the drop-down list "Feedback".
Use the analog input value for Feedback_PER. Configure Feedback_PER scaling in
the actuator settings.
Process the analog input value for Feedback using your user program.
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the address of the analog input or the variable of your user program.

Actuator with analog position feedback and endstop signals

Proceed as follows to configure PID_3Step for an actuator with analog position feedback and
endstop signals:
1. Select the entry "Feedback" or "Feedback_PER" in the drop-down list "Feedback".
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the address of the analog input or the variable of your user program.
4. Activate the "Actuator endstop signals" check box.
5. Select "Instruction" as source for Actuator_H and Actuator_L.
6. Enter the addresses of the digital inputs for Actuator_H and Actuator_L.

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Output value V2
PID_3Step offers an analog output value (Output_PER) and digital output values
(Output_UP, Output_DN). Your actuator will determine which output value you use.
Output_PER
The actuator has a relevant motor transition time and is triggered via an analog output
and controlled with a continuous signal, e.g. 0...10 V or 4...20 mA. The value at
Output_PER corresponds to the target position of the valve, e.g. Output_PER = 13824,
when the valve is to be opened by 50%.
For auto-tuning and anti windup behavior, for example, PID_3Step takes into
consideration that the analog output value has a delayed effect on the process due to the
motor transition time. If no relevant motor transition time is in effect in your process (e.g.
with solenoid valves), so that the output value has a direct and full effect on the process,
use PID_Compact instead.
Output_UP, Output_DN
The actuator has a relevant motor transition time and is controlled by two digital outputs.
Output_UP moves the valve in the open state direction.
Output_DN moves the valve in the closed state direction.
The motor transition time is taken into consideration in the calculation of the analog output
value as well as in the calculation of the digital output values. It is mainly required for correct
operation during auto-tuning and the anti-windup behavior. You should therefore configure
the motor transition time under "Actuator settings" with the value that the motor requires to
move the actuator from the closed to the opened state.

Procedure
Proceed as follows to use the analog output value:
1. Select the entry "Output (analog)" in the drop-down list "Output".
2. Select "Instruction".
3. Enter the address of the analog output.
Proceed as follows to use the digital output value:
1. Select the entry "Output (digital)" in the drop-down list "Output".
2. Select "Instruction" for Output_UP and Output_DN.
3. Enter the addresses of the digital outputs.
Proceed as follows to process the output value using the user program:
1. Select the entry corresponding to the actuator in the drop-down list "Output".
2. Select "Instruction".
3. Enter the name of the tag you are using to process the output value.
4. Transfer the processed output value to the actuator by means of an analog or digital CPU
output.

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5.2.1.2 Process value settings V2

Process value scaling V2

If you have configured the use of Input_PER in the basic setting, you must convert the value
of the analog input to the physical quantity of the process value. The current configuration is
displayed in the Input_PER display.
Input_PER will be scaled using a low and high value pair if the process value is directly
proportional to the value of the analog input.

Procedure
To scale the process value, follow these steps:
1. Enter the low pair of values in the "Scaled low process value" and "Low" text boxs.
2. Enter the high pair of values in the "Scaled high process value" and "High" input boxes.
Default settings for the value pairs are stored in the hardware configuration. To use the value
pairs from the hardware configuration, follow these steps:
1. Select the PID_3Step instruction in the programming editor.
2. Interconnect Input_PER with an analog input in the basic settings.
3. Click the "Automatic setting" button in the process value settings.
The existing values will be overwritten with the values from the hardware configuration.

Process value limits V2

You must specify an appropriate absolute high limit and low limit for the process value as
limit values for your controlled system. As soon as the process value violates these limits, an
error occurs (ErrorBits = 0001h). Tuning is canceled when the process value limits are
violated. You can specify how PID_3Step responds to errors in automatic mode in the
actuator settings.

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5.2.1.3 Final controlling element settings V2

Final controlling element V2

Actuator-specific times
Configure the motor transition time and the minimum ON and OFF times to prevent damage
to the actuator. You can find the specifications in the actuator data sheet.
The motor transition time is the time in seconds the motor requires to move the actuator from
the closed to the opened state. You can measure the motor transition time during
commissioning.
The motor transition time is taken into consideration in the calculation of the analog output
value as well as in the calculation of the digital output values. It is mainly required for correct
operation during auto-tuning and the anti-windup behavior.
If no relevant motor transition time is in effect in your process (e.g. with solenoid valves), so
that the output value has a direct and full effect on the process, use PID_Compact instead.
The motor transition time is retentive. If you enter the motor transition time manually, you
must completely download PID_3Step.
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)
If you are using "Output_UP" or "Output_DN", you can reduce the switching frequency with
the minimum on and minimum OFF time.
The on or off times calculated are totaled in automatic mode and only become effective
when the sum is greater than or equal to the minimum on or OFF time.
Manual_UP = TRUE or Manual_DN = TRUE in manual mode operates the actuator for at
least the minimum ON or OFF time.
If you have selected the analog output value Output_PER, the minimum ON time and the
minimum OFF time are not evaluated and cannot be changed.

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Reaction to error
PID_3Step is preset so that the controller stays active in most cases in the event of an error.
If errors occur frequently in controller mode, this default reaction has a negative effect on the
control response. In this case, check the Errorbits parameter and eliminate the cause of the
error.

NOTICE
Your system may be damaged.
If you output "Current value while error pending" or "Substitute output value while error
pending" in the event of an error, PID_3Step remains in automatic mode even if the
process value limits are violated. This may damage your system.
It is essential to configure how your controlled system reacts in the event of an error to
protect your system from damage.

PID_3Step generates a programmable output value in the case of an error:

Current value
PID_3Step is switched off and no longer modifies the actuator position.
Current value for error while error is pending
The controller functions of PID_3Step are switched off and the position of the actuator is
no longer changed.
If the following errors occur in automatic mode, PID_3Step returns to automatic mode as
soon as the errors are no longer pending.
0002h: Invalid value at Input_PER parameter.
0200h: Invalid value at Input parameter.
0400h: Calculation of output value failed.
1000h: Invalid value at Setpoint parameter.
2000h: Invalid value at Feedback_PER parameter.
4000h: Invalid value at Feedback parameter.
8000h: Error during digital position feedback.
20000h: Invalid value at SavePosition tag.

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If one or more of the following errors occur, PID_3Step stays in

automatic mode:
0001h: The Input parameter is outside the process value limits.
0800h: Sampling time error
40000h: Invalid value at Disturbance parameter.
PID_3Step remains in manual mode if an error occurs in manual mode.
If an error occurs during tuning or transition time measurement, PID_3Step switches to
the mode in which tuning or transition time measurement was started. Only in the event
of the following error is tuning not aborted:
0020h: Pretuning is not permitted during fine tuning.
Substitute output value
PID_3Step moves the actuator to the substitute output value and then switches off.
Substitute output value while error is pending
PID_3Step moves the actuator to the substitute output value. When the substitute output
value is reached, PID_3Step reacts as it does with "Current value for while error is
pending".
Enter the substitute output value in "%".
Only substitute output values 0% and 100% can be approached precisely in the case of
actuators without analog position feedback. A substitute output value not equal to 0% or
100% is approached via an internally simulated position feedback. This procedure does not,
however, allow the exact approach of substitute output value.
All substitute output values can be approached precisely with actuators with analog position
feedback.

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Scaling V2 position feedback

Scaling position feedback

If you have configured the use of Feedback_PER in the basic settings, you will need to
convert the value of the analog input into %. The current configuration will be displayed in
the "Feedback" display.
Feedback_PER is scaled using a low and high value pair.
1. Enter the low pair of values in the "Low endstop" and "Low" input boxes.
2. Enter the high pair of values in the "High endstop" and "High" input boxes.
"Low endstop" must be less than "High endstop"; "Low" must be less than "High".
The valid values for "High endstop" and "Low endstop" depend upon:
No Feedback, Feedback, Feedback_PER
Output (analog), Output (digital)

Output Feedback Low endstop High endstop

Output (digital) No Feedback Cannot be set (0.0%) Cannot be set (100.0%)
Output (digital) Feedback -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%
Output (digital) Feedback_PER -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%
Output (analog) No Feedback Cannot be set (0.0%) Cannot be set (100.0%)
Output (analog) Feedback -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%
Output (analog) Feedback_PER -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%

Output value limits V2

Limiting the output value

You can exceed or undershoot the output value limits during the transition time
measurement and with mode = 10. The output value is limited to these values in all other
modes.
Enter the absolute output value limits in the "Output value high limit" and "Output value low
limit" input boxes. The output value limits must be within "Low endstop" and "High endstop".
If no Feedback is available and Output (digital) is set, you cannot limit the output value.
Output_UP and Output_DN are then reset upon Actuator_H = TRUE or Actuator_L = TRUE.
If no endstop signals are available, Output_UP and Output_DN are reset after a travel time of
150% of the motor actuating time.
The default value of 150% can be adjusted using the tagConfig.VirtualActuatorLimit. As of
PID_3Step Version 2.3 the monitoring and limiting of the travel time can be deactivated with
Config.VirtualActuatorLimit = 0.0.

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5.2.1.4 Advanced settings V2

Actual value monitoring V2

Configure a warning high and low limit for the process value in the "Process value
monitoring" configuration window. If one of the warning limits is exceeded or undershot
during operation, a warning will be displayed at the PID_3Step instruction:
At the InputWarning_H output parameter if the warning high limit has been exceeded
At the InputWarning_L output parameter if the warning low limit has been undershot
The warning limits must be within the process value high and low limits.
The process value high and low limits will be used if you do not enter values.

Example
Process value high limit = 98 C; warning high limit = 90 C
Warning low limit = 10 C; process value low limit = 0 C
PID_3Step will respond as follows:

Process value InputWarn- InputWarn- Error- Operating mode

ing_H ing_L Bits
> 98 C TRUE FALSE 0001h As configured
98 C and > 90 C TRUE FALSE 0000h Automatic mode
90 C and 10 C FALSE FALSE 0000h Automatic mode
< 10 C and 0 C FALSE TRUE 0000h Automatic mode
< 0 C FALSE TRUE 0001h As configured

In the actuator settings, you can configure the response of PID_3Step when the process
value high limit or low limit is violated.

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PID parameters V2
The PID parameters are displayed in the "PID Parameters" configuration window. The
PID parameters will be adapted to your controlled system during controller tuning. You do
not need to enter the PID parameters manually.
The PID algorithm operates according to the following equation:

Symbol Description
y Output value of the PID algorithm
Kp Proportional gain
s Laplace operator
b Proportional action weighting
w Setpoint
x Process value
TI Integration time
a Derivative delay coefficient (derivative delay T1 = a TD)
TD Derivative action time
c Derivative action weighting

The diagram below illustrates the integration of the parameters into the PID algorithm:

All PID parameters are retentive. If you enter the PID parameters manually, you must
completely download PID_3Step.
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

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Proportional gain
The value specifies the proportional gain of the controller. PID_3Step does not work with a
negative proportional gain. Control logic is inverted under Basic settings > Controller type.

Integration time
The integration time determines the time behavior of the integral action. The integral action is
deactivated with integration time = 0.0.

Derivative action time

The derivative action time determines the time behavior of the derivative action. Derivative
action is deactivated with derivative action time = 0.0.

Derivative delay coefficient

The derivative delay coefficient delays the effect of the derivative action.
Derivative delay = derivative action time derivative delay coefficient
0.0: Derivative action is effective for one cycle only and therefore almost not effective.
0.5: This value has proved useful in practice for controlled systems with one dominant
time constant.
> 1.0: The greater the coefficient, the longer the effect of the derivative action is delayed.

Proportional action weighting

The proportional action may weaken with changes to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is fully effective
0.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is not effective
The proportional action is always fully effective when the process value is changed.

Derivative action weighting

The derivative action may weaken with changes to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Derivative action is fully effective upon setpoint change
0.0: Derivative action is not effective upon setpoint change
The derivative action is always fully effective when the process value is changed.

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PID algorithm sampling time

The controlled system needs a certain amount of time to respond to changes in the output
value. It is therefore not advisable to calculate the output value in every cycle. The sampling
time of the PID algorithm represents the time between two calculations of the output value. It
is calculated during tuning and rounded to a multiple of the PID_3Step sampling time. All
other functions of PID_3Step are executed at every call.

Dead band width

The deadband suppresses the noise component in the steady controller state. The dead
band width specifies the size of the dead band. The dead band is off if the dead band width
is 0.0.
If values not equal to 1.0 are configured for the proportional action weighting or the derivative
action weighting, setpoint changes even within the dead zone affect the output value.
Process value changes within the dead zone do not affect the output value, regardless of the
weighting.

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5.2.2 Commissioning PID_3Step V2

5.2.2.1 Pretuning V2
The pretuning determines the process response to a pulse of the output value and searches
for the point of inflection. The tuned PID parameters are calculated as a function of the
maximum slope and dead time of the controlled system. You obtain the best PID parameters
when you perform pretuning and fine tuning.
The more stable the process value is, the easier it is to calculate the PID parameters and the
more precise the result will be. Noise on the process value can be tolerated as long as the
rate of rise of the process value is significantly higher compared to the noise. This is most
likely the case in operating modes "Inactive" and "manual mode". The PID parameters are
backed up before being recalculated.
The setpoint is frozen during pretuning.

Requirement
The PID_3Step instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
The motor transition time has been configured or measured.
PID_3Step is in one of the following modes: "Inactive", "Manual mode", or "Automatic
mode".
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits (see "Process value
settings" configuration).

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Procedure
To perform pretuning, follow these steps:
1. Double-click the "PID_3Step > Commissioning" entry in the project tree.
2. Select the entry "Pretuning" in the "Tuning mode" drop-down list in the working area
"Tuning".
3. Click the "Start" icon.
An online connection will be established.
Value recording is started.
Pretuning is started.
The "Status" field displays the current steps and any errors that may have occurred.
The progress bar indicates the progress of the current step.

Note
Click the "Stop" icon when the progress bar has reached 100% and it is to be
assumed the controller tuning function is blocked. Check the configuration of the
technology object and, if necessary, restart controller tuning.

Result
If pretuning was performed without an error message, the PID parameters have been tuned.
PID_3Step switches to automatic mode and uses the tuned parameters. The tuned
PID parameters will be retained during power OFF and a restart of the CPU.
If pretuning is not possible, PID_3Step responds with the configured reaction to errors.

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5.2.2.2 Fine tuning V2

Fine tuning generates a constant, limited oscillation of the process value. The
PID parameters are tuned for the operating point from the amplitude and frequency of this
oscillation. All PID parameters are recalculated from the results. PID parameters from fine
tuning usually have better master control and disturbance characteristics than
PID parameters from pretuning. You obtain the best PID parameters when you perform
pretuning and fine tuning.
PID_3Step automatically attempts to generate an oscillation greater than the noise of the
process value. Fine tuning is only minimally influenced by the stability of the process value.
The PID parameters are backed up before being recalculated.
The setpoint is frozen during fine tuning.

Requirement
The PID_3Step instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
The motor transition time has been configured or measured.
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits (see "Process value
settings" configuration).
The control loop has stabilized at the operating point. The operating point is reached
when the process value corresponds to the setpoint.
No disturbances are expected.
PID_3Step is in inactive mode, automatic mode or manual mode.

Process depends on initial situation

Fine tuning proceeds as follows when started from:
Automatic mode
Start fine tuning from automatic mode if you wish to improve the existing PID parameters
through tuning.
PID_3Step controls the system using the existing PID parameters until the control loop
has stabilized and the requirements for fine tuning have been met. Only then will fine
tuning start.
Inactive or manual mode
Pretuning is always started first. The determined PID parameters will be used for control
until the control loop has stabilized and the requirements for fine tuning have been met.
Only then will fine tuning start.

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Procedure
To perform fine tuning, follow these steps:
1. Select the entry "Fine tuning" in the "Tuning mode" drop-down list.
2. Click the "Start" icon.
An online connection will be established.
Value recording is started.
The process of fine tuning is started.
The "Status" field displays the current steps and any errors that may have occurred.
The progress bar indicates the progress of the current step.

Note
Click the "Stop" icon in the "Tuning mode" group when the progress bar has reached
100% and it is to be assumed the controller tuning function is blocked. Check the
configuration of the technology object and, if necessary, restart controller tuning.

Result
If no errors occurred during fine tuning, the PID parameters have been tuned. PID_3Step
switches to automatic mode and uses the tuned parameters. The tuned PID parameters will
be retained during power OFF and a restart of the CPU.
If errors occurred during fine tuning, PID_3Step responds with the configured response to
errors.

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5.2.2.3 Commissioning with manual PID parameters V2

Requirement
The PID_3Step instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
The motor transition time has been configured or measured.
PID_3Step is in "inactive" mode.
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits (see "Process value
settings" configuration).

Procedure
Proceed as follows to commission PID_3Step with manual PID parameters:
1. Double-click on "PID_3Step > Configuration" in the project tree.
2. Click on "Advanced settings > PID Parameters" in the configuration window.
3. Select the check box "Enable direct input".
4. Enter the PID parameters.
5. Double-click the "PID_3Step > Commissioning" entry in the project tree.
6. Establish an online connection to the CPU.
7. Load the PID parameters to the CPU.
8. Click the "Start PID_3Step" icon.

Result
PID_3Step changes to automatic mode and controls using the current PID parameters.

See also
PID parameters V2 (Page 132)

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5.2.2.4 Measuring the motor transition time V2

Introduction
PID_3Step requires the motor transition time to be as accurate as possible for good
controller results. The data in the actuator documentation contains average values for this
type of actuator. The value for the specific actuator used may differ.
You can measure the motor transition time during commissioning if you are using actuators
with position feedback or endstop signals. The output value limits are not taken into
consideration during the motor transition time measurement. The actuator can travel to the
high or the low endstop.
The motor transition time cannot be measured if neither position feedback nor endstop
signals are available.

Actuators with analog position feedback

Proceed as follows to measure motor transition time with position feedback:
Requirement
Feedback or Feedback_PER has been selected in the basic settings and the signal has
been connected.
An online connection to the CPU has been established.
1. Select the "Use position feedback" check box.
2. Enter the position to which the actuator is to be moved in the "Target position" input field.
The current position feedback (starting position) will be displayed. The difference
between "Target position" and "Position feedback" must be at least 50% of the valid
output value range.
3. Click the "Start" icon.

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Result
The actuator is moved from the starting position to the target position. Time measurement
starts immediately and ends when the actuator reaches the target position. The motor
transition time is calculated according to the following equation:
Motor transition time = (output value high limit output value low limit) Measuring time /
AMOUNT (target position starting position).
The progress and status of transition time measurement are displayed. The transition time
measured is saved in the instance data block on the CPU and displayed in the "Measured
transition time" field. When the transition time measurement is ended and
ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode from which the
transition time measurement was started. If the transition time measurement is ended and
ActivateRecoverMode = FALSE, PID_3Step changes to "Inactive" mode.

Note
Click on the icon "Upload measured transition time" to load the motor transition time
measured to the project.

Actuators with endstop signals

Proceed as follows to measure the transition time of actuators with endstop signals:
Requirement
The "Endstop signals" check box in the basic settings has been selected and Actuator_H
and Actuator_L are connected.
An online connection to the CPU has been established.
Proceed as follows to measure motor transition time with endstop signals:
1. Select the "Use actuator endstop signals" check box.
2. Select the direction in which the actuator is to be moved.
Open - Close - Open
The actuator is moved first to the high endstop, then to the low endstop and then back
to the high endstop.
Close - Open - Close
The actuator is moved first to the low endstop, then to the high endstop and then back
to the low endstop.
3. Click the "Start" icon.

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Result
The actuator is moved in the selected direction. Time measurement will start once the
actuator has reached the first endstop and will end when the actuator reaches this endstop
for the second time. The motor transition time is equal to the time measured divided by two.
The progress and status of transition time measurement are displayed. The transition time
measured is saved in the instance data block on the CPU and displayed in the "Measured
transition time" field. When the transition time measurement is ended and
ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode from which the
transition time measurement was started. If the transition time measurement is ended and
ActivateRecoverMode = FALSE, PID_3Step changes to "Inactive" mode.

Cancelling transition time measurement

PID_3Step switches to "Inactive" mode if you cancel transition time measurement by
pressing the Stop button.

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5.2.3 Simulating PID_3Step V2 with PLCSIM

Note
Simulation with PLCSIM
The simulation of PID_3Step V2.x with PLCSIM for CPU S7-1200 is not supported.
PID_3Step V2.x can only be simulated for CPU S7-1500 with PLCSIM.
For the simulation with PLCSIM, the time behavior of the simulated PLC is not exactly
identical to that of a "real" PLC. The actual cycle clock of a cyclic interrupt OB can have
larger fluctuations with a simulated PLC than with "real" PLCs.
In the standard configuration, PID_3Step determines the time between calls automatically
and monitors them for fluctuations.
For a simulation of PID_3Step with PLCSIM, for example, a sampling time error ((ErrorBits =
DW#16#00000800) can therefore be detected.
This results in ongoing tuning being aborted.
The response in automatic mode depends on the value of the ActivateRecoverMode tag.
To prevent this from happening, you should configure PID_3Step for simulation with PLCSIM
as follows:
CycleTime.EnEstimation = FALSE
CycleTime.EnMonitoring = FALSE
CycleTime.Value: Assign the cycle clock of the calling cyclic interrupt OB in seconds to
this tag.

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5.3 PID_3Step V1

5.3.1 Configuring PID_3Step V1

5.3.1.1 Basic settings V1

Introduction V1
Configure the following properties of the "PID_3Step" technology object under "Basic
settings" in the Inspector window or in the configuration window:
Physical quantity
Control logic
Start-up behavior after reset
Setpoint (only in the Inspector window)
Process value (only in the Inspector window)
Output value (only in the Inspector window)
Position feedback (only in the Inspector window)

Setpoint, process value, output value and position feedback

You can only configure the setpoint, process value, output value and position feedback in the
Inspector window of the programming editor. Select the source for each value:
Instance DB
The value saved in the instance DB is used.
Value must be updated in the instance DB by the user program.
There should be no value at the instruction.
Change via HMI possible.
Instruction
The value connected to the instruction is used.
The value is written to the instance DB each time the instruction is called.
No change via HMI possible.

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Control mode V1

Physical quantity
Select the unit of measurement and physical quantity for the setpoint and process value in
the "Controller type" group. The setpoint and process value will be displayed in this unit.

Control logic
An increase of the output value is generally intended to cause an increase in the process
value. This is referred to as a normal control logic.
PID_3Step does not work with negative proportional gain. Select the check box "Invert
control logic" to reduce the process value with a higher output value.
Examples
Opening the drain valve will reduce the level of a container's contents.
Increasing cooling will reduce the temperature.

Start-up behavior after reset

To change straight to the last active mode after restarting the CPU, select the "Enable last
mode after CPU restart" check box.
PID_3Step will remain in "Inactive" mode if the check box is cleared.

Setpoint V1

Procedure
Proceed as follows to define a fixed setpoint:
1. Select "Instance DB".
2. Enter a setpoint, e.g. 80 C.
3. Delete any entry in the instruction.
Proceed as follows to define a variable setpoint:
1. Select "Instruction".
2. Enter the name of the REAL variable in which the setpoint is saved.
Program-controlled assignment of various values to the REAL variable is possible, for
example for the time controlled change of the setpoint.

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Process value V1
PID_3Step will scale the value of the analog input to the physical quantity if you use the
analog input value directly.
You will need to write a program for processing if you wish first to process the analog input
value. The process value is, for example, not directly proportional to the value at the analog
input. The processed process value must be in floating point format.

Procedure
Proceed as follows to use the analog input value without processing:
1. Select the entry "Input_PER" in the drop-down list "Input".
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the address of the analog input.
Proceed as follows to use the processed process value in floating point format:
1. Select the entry "Input" in the drop-down list "Input".
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the name of the variable in which the processed process value is saved.

Position feedback V1
Position feedback configuration depends upon the actuator used.
Actuator without position feedback
Actuator with digital endstop signals
Actuator with analog position feedback
Actuator with analog position feedback and endstop signals

Actuator without position feedback

Proceed as follows to configure PID_3Step for an actuator without position feedback:
1. Select the entry "No Feedback" in the drop-down list "Feedback".

Actuator with digital endstop signals

Proceed as follows to configure PID_3Step for an actuator with endstop signals:
1. Select the entry "No Feedback" in the drop-down list "Feedback".
2. Activate the "Actuator endstop signals" check box.
3. Select "Instruction" as source for Actuator_H and Actuator_L.
4. Enter the addresses of the digital inputs for Actuator_H and Actuator_L.

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Actuator with analog position feedback

Proceed as follows to configure PID_3Step for an actuator with analog position feedback:
1. Select the entry "Feedback" or "Feedback_PER" in the drop-down list "Feedback".
Use the analog input value for Feedback_PER. Configure Feedback_PER scaling in
the actuator settings.
Process the analog input value for Feedback using your user program.
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the address of the analog input or the variable of your user program.

Actuator with analog position feedback and endstop signals

Proceed as follows to configure PID_3Step for an actuator with analog position feedback and
endstop signals:
1. Select the entry "Feedback" or "Feedback_PER" in the drop-down list "Feedback".
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the address of the analog input or the variable of your user program.
4. Activate the "Actuator endstop signals" check box.
5. Select "Instruction" as source for Actuator_H and Actuator_L.
6. Enter the addresses of the digital inputs for Actuator_H and Actuator_L.

Output value V1
PID_3Step offers an analog output value (Output_PER) and digital output values
(Output_UP, Output_DN). Your actuator will determine which output value you use.
Output_PER
The actuator has a relevant motor transition time and is triggered via an analog output
and controlled with a continuous signal, e.g. 0...10 V or 4...20 mA. The value at
Output_PER corresponds to the target position of the valve, e.g. Output_PER = 13824,
when the valve is to be opened by 50%.
For auto-tuning and anti windup behavior, for example, PID_3Step takes into
consideration that the analog output value has a delayed effect on the process due to the
motor transition time. If no relevant motor transition time is in effect in your process (e.g.
with solenoid valves), so that the output value has a direct and full effect on the process,
use PID_Compact instead.
Output_UP, Output_DN
The actuator has a relevant motor transition time and is controlled by two digital outputs.
Output_UP moves the valve in the open state direction.
Output_DN moves the valve in the closed state direction.
The motor transition time is taken into consideration in the calculation of the analog output
value as well as in the calculation of the digital output values. It is mainly required for correct
operation during auto-tuning and the anti-windup behavior. You should therefore configure
the motor transition time under "Actuator settings" with the value that the motor requires to
move the actuator from the closed to the opened state.

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Procedure
Proceed as follows to use the analog output value:
1. Select the entry "Output (analog)" in the drop-down list "Output".
2. Select "Instruction".
3. Enter the address of the analog output.
Proceed as follows to use the digital output value:
1. Select the entry "Output (digital)" in the drop-down list "Output".
2. Select "Instruction" for Output_UP and Output_DN.
3. Enter the addresses of the digital outputs.
Proceed as follows to process the output value using the user program:
1. Select the entry corresponding to the actuator in the drop-down list "Output".
2. Select "Instruction".
3. Enter the name of the tag you are using to process the output value.
4. Transfer the processed output value to the actuator by means of an analog or digital CPU
output.

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5.3.1.2 Process value settings V1

Configure the scaling of your process value and specify the process value absolute limits In
the "Process value settings" configuration window.

Scaling the process value

If you have configured the use of Input_PER in the basic settings, you will need to convert
the value of the analog input into the physical quantity of the process value. The current
configuration will be displayed in the Input_PER display.
Input_PER will be scaled using a low and high value pair if the process value is directly
proportional to the value of the analog input.
1. Enter the low pair of values in the "Scaled low process value" and "Low" input fields.
2. Enter the high pair of values in the "Scaled high process value" and "High" input boxes.
Default settings for the value pairs are saved in the hardware configuration. Proceed as
follows to use the value pairs from the hardware configuration:
1. Select the instruction PID_3Step in the programming editor.
2. Connect Input_PER to an analog input in the basic settings.
3. Click on the "Automatic setting" button in the process value settings.
The existing values will be overwritten with the values from the hardware configuration.

Monitoring process value

Specify the absolute high and low limit of the process value. You must enter reasonable
limits for your controlled system. Reasonable limits are important during optimization to
obtain optimal PID parameters. The default for the "High limit process value" is 120 %. At the
I/O input, the process value can be a maximum of 18% higher than the standard range
(overrange). This setting ensures that an error is no longer signaled due to a violation of the
"Process value high limit". Only a wire-break and a short-circuit are recognized and
PID_3Step reacts according to the configured reaction to error.

NOTICE
Your system may be damaged.
If you set very high process value limits (for example -3.4*1038...+3.4*1038), process value
monitoring will be disabled. Your system may then be damaged if an error occurs. You
need to configure useful process value limits for your controlled system.

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5.3.1.3 V1 final controlling element setting

Actuator-specific times
Configure the motor transition time and the minimum ON and OFF times to prevent damage
to the actuator. You can find the specifications in the actuator data sheet.
The motor transition time is the time in seconds the motor requires to move the actuator from
the closed to the opened state. The maximum time that the actuator is moved in one
direction is 110% of the motor transition time. You can measure the motor transition time
during commissioning.
The motor transition time is taken into consideration in the calculation of the analog output
value as well as in the calculation of the digital output values. It is mainly required for correct
operation during auto-tuning and the anti-windup behavior.
If no relevant motor transition time is in effect in your process (e.g. with solenoid valves), so
that the output value has a direct and full effect on the process, use PID_Compact instead.
If you are using "Output_UP" or "Output_DN", you can reduce the switching frequency with
the minimum on and minimum OFF time.
The on or off times calculated are totaled in automatic mode and only become effective
when the sum is greater than or equal to the minimum on or OFF time.
A rising edge at Manual_UP or Manual_DN in manual mode will operate the actuator for at
least the minimum on or OFF time.
If you have selected the analog output value Output_PER, the minimum ON time and the
minimum OFF time are not evaluated and cannot be changed.

Reaction to error
PID_3Step is preset so that the controller stays active in most cases in the event of an error.
If errors occur frequently in controller mode, this default reaction has a negative effect on the
control response. In this case, check the Errorbits parameter and eliminate the cause of the
error.

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PID_3Step generates a programmable output value in response to an error:

Current value
PID_3Step is switched off and no longer modifies the actuator position.
Current value for error while error is pending
The controller functions of PID_3Step are switched off and the position of the actuator is
no longer changed.
If the following errors occur in automatic mode, PID_3Step returns to automatic mode as
soon as the errors are no longer pending.
0002h: Invalid value at Input_PER parameter.
0200h: Invalid value at Input parameter.
0800h: Sampling time error
1000h: Invalid value at Setpoint parameter.
2000h: Invalid value at Feedback_PER parameter.
4000h: Invalid value at Feedback parameter.
8000h: Error during digital position feedback.
If one of these error occurs in manual mode, PID_3Step remains in manual mode.
If an error occurs during the tuning or transition time measurement, PID_3Step is
switched off.
Substitute output value
PID_3Step moves the actuator to the substitute output value and then switches off.
Substitute output value while error is pending
PID_3Step moves the actuator to the substitute output value. When the substitute output
value is reached, PID_3Step reacts as it does with "Current value for while error is
pending".
Enter the substitute output value in "%".
Only substitute output values 0% and 100% can be approached precisely in the case of
actuators without analog position feedback. The actuator is moved in one direction at 110%
of the motor transition time to ensure the high or low endstop is reached. There endstop
signals take priority. A substitute output value not equal to 0% or 100% is approached via an
internally simulated position feedback. This procedure does not, however, allow the exact
approach of substitute output value.
All substitute output values can be approached precisely with actuators with analog position
feedback.

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Scaling position feedback

If you have configured the use of Feedback_PER in the basic settings, you will need to
convert the value of the analog input into %. The current configuration will be displayed in
the "Feedback" display.
Feedback_PER is scaled using a low and high value pair.
1. Enter the low pair of values in the "Low endstop" and "Low" input boxes.
2. Enter the high pair of values in the "High endstop" and "High" input boxes.
"Low endstop" must be less than "High endstop"; "Low" must be less than "High".
The valid values for "High endstop" and "Low endstop" depend upon:
No Feedback, Feedback, Feedback_PER
Output (analog), Output (digital)

Output Feedback Low endstop High endstop

Output (digital) No Feedback Cannot be set (0.0%) Cannot be set (100.0%)
Output (digital) Feedback -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%
Output (digital) Feedback_PER -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%
Output (analog) No Feedback Cannot be set (0.0%) Cannot be set (100.0%)
Output (analog) Feedback -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%
Output (analog) Feedback_PER -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%

Limiting the output value

You can only exceed or undershoot the output value limits during the transition time
measurement. The output value is limited to these values in all other modes.
Enter the absolute output value limits in the "Output value high limit" and "Output value low
limit" input boxes. The output value limits must be within "Low endstop" and "High endstop".
If no Feedback is available and Output (digital) is set, you cannot limit the output value. The
digital outputs are reset with Actuator_H = TRUE or Actuator_L = TRUE, or after a travel time
amounting to 110% of the motor transition time.

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5.3.1.4 Advanced settings V1

Actual value monitoring V1

Configure a warning high and low limit for the process value in the "Process value
monitoring" configuration window. If one of the warning limits is exceeded or undershot
during operation, a warning will be displayed at the PID_3Step instruction:
At the InputWarning_H output parameter if the warning high limit has been exceeded
At the InputWarning_L output parameter if the warning low limit has been undershot
The warning limits must be within the process value high and low limits.
The process value high and low limits will be used if you do not enter values.

Example
Process value high limit = 98 C; warning high limit = 90 C
Warning low limit = 10 C; process value low limit = 0 C
PID_3Step will respond as follows:

Process value InputWarning_H InputWarning_L Operating mode

> 98 C TRUE FALSE Inactive
98 C and > 90 C TRUE FALSE Automatic mode
90 C and 10 C FALSE FALSE Automatic mode
< 10 C and 0 C FALSE TRUE Automatic mode
< 0 C FALSE TRUE Inactive

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PID parameters V1
The PID parameters are displayed in the "PID Parameters" configuration window. The
PID parameters will be adapted to your controlled system during controller tuning. You do
not need to enter the PID parameters manually.
The PID algorithm operates according to the following equation:

Symbol Description
y Output value of the PID algorithm
Kp Proportional gain
s Laplace operator
b Proportional action weighting
w Setpoint
x Process value
TI Integration time
a Derivative delay coefficient (derivative delay T1 = a TD)
TD Derivative action time
c Derivative action weighting

The diagram below illustrates the integration of the parameters into the PID algorithm:

All PID parameters are retentive. If you enter the PID parameters manually, you must
completely download PID_3Step.
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

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Proportional gain
The value specifies the proportional gain of the controller. PID_3Step does not work with a
negative proportional gain. Control logic is inverted under Basic settings > Controller type.

Integration time
The integration time determines the time behavior of the integral action. The integral action is
deactivated with integration time = 0.0.

Derivative action time

The derivative action time determines the time behavior of the derivative action. Derivative
action is deactivated with derivative action time = 0.0.

Derivative delay coefficient

The derivative delay coefficient delays the effect of the derivative action.
Derivative delay = derivative action time derivative delay coefficient
0.0: Derivative action is effective for one cycle only and therefore almost not effective.
0.5: This value has proved useful in practice for controlled systems with one dominant
time constant.
> 1.0: The greater the coefficient, the longer the effect of the derivative action is delayed.

Proportional action weighting

The proportional action may weaken with changes to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is fully effective
0.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is not effective
The proportional action is always fully effective when the process value is changed.

Derivative action weighting

The derivative action may weaken with changes to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Derivative action is fully effective upon setpoint change
0.0: Derivative action is not effective upon setpoint change
The derivative action is always fully effective when the process value is changed.

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PID algorithm sampling time

The controlled system needs a certain amount of time to respond to changes in the output
value. It is therefore not advisable to calculate the output value in every cycle. The sampling
time of the PID algorithm represents the time between two calculations of the output value. It
is calculated during tuning and rounded to a multiple of the PID_3Step sampling time. All
other functions of PID_3Step are executed at every call.

Dead band width

The deadband suppresses the noise component in the steady controller state. The dead
band width specifies the size of the dead band. The dead band is off if the dead band width
is 0.0.
If values not equal to 1.0 are configured for the proportional action weighting or the derivative
action weighting, setpoint changes even within the dead zone affect the output value.
Process value changes within the dead zone do not affect the output value, regardless of the
weighting.

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5.3.2 Commissioning PID_3Step V1

5.3.2.1 Commissioning V1
You can monitor the setpoint, process value and output value over time in the "Tuning"
working area. The following commissioning functions are supported in the curve plotter:
Controller pretuning
Controller fine tuning
Monitoring the current closed-loop control in the trend view
All functions require an online connection to the CPU to have been established.

Basic handling
Select the desired sampling time in the "Sampling time" drop-down list.
All values in the tuning working area are updated in the selected update time.
Click the "Start" icon in the measuring group if you want to use the commissioning
functions.
Value recording is started. The current values for the setpoint, process value and output
value are entered in the trend view. Operation of the commissioning window is enabled.
Click the "Stop" icon if you want to end the commissioning functions.
The values recorded in the trend view can continue to be analyzed.
Closing the commissioning window will terminate recording in the trend view and delete
the recorded values.

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5.3.2.2 Pretuning V1
The pretuning determines the process response to a pulse of the output value and searches
for the point of inflection. The tuned PID parameters are calculated as a function of the
maximum slope and dead time of the controlled system.
The more stable the process value is, the easier it is to calculate the PID parameters and the
more precise the result will be. Noise on the process value can be tolerated as long as the
rate of rise of the process value is significantly higher compared to the noise. The
PID parameters are backed up before being recalculated.
The setpoint is frozen during pretuning.

Requirement
The PID_3Step instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
ManualEnable = FALSE
PID_3Step is in "inactive" or "manual" mode.
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits (see "Process value
settings" configuration).

Procedure
To perform pretuning, follow these steps:
1. Double-click the "PID_3Step > Commissioning" entry in the project tree.
2. Select the entry "Pretuning" in the "Tuning mode" drop-down list in the working area
"Tuning".
3. Click the "Start" icon.
An online connection will be established.
Value recording is started.
Pretuning is started.
The "Status" field displays the current steps and any errors that may have occurred.
The progress bar indicates the progress of the current step.

Note
Click the "Stop" icon when the progress bar has reached 100% and it is to be
assumed the controller tuning function is blocked. Check the configuration of the
technology object and, if necessary, restart controller tuning.

Result
If pretuning was performed without an error message, the PID parameters have been tuned.
PID_3Step switches to automatic mode and uses the tuned parameters. The tuned
PID parameters will be retained during power OFF and a restart of the CPU.
If pretuning is not possible, PID_3Step changes to "Inactive" mode.

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5.3.2.3 Fine tuning V1

Fine tuning generates a constant, limited oscillation of the process value. The
PID parameters are optimized for the operating point from the amplitude and frequency of
this oscillation. All PID parameters are recalculated on the basis of the findings.
PID parameters from fine tuning usually have better master control and disturbance behavior
than PID parameters from pretuning.
PID_3Step automatically attempts to generate an oscillation greater than the noise of the
process value. Fine tuning is only minimally influenced by the stability of the process value.
The PID parameters are backed up before being recalculated.
The setpoint is frozen during fine tuning.

Requirement
The PID_3Step instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
ManualEnable = FALSE
The motor transition time has been configured or measured.
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits (see "Process value
settings" configuration).
The control loop has stabilized at the operating point. The operating point is reached
when the process value corresponds to the setpoint.
No disturbances are expected.
PID_3Step is in inactive mode, automatic mode or manual mode.

Process depends on initial situation

Fine tuning proceeds as follows when started in:
Automatic mode
Start fine tuning in automatic mode if you wish to improve the existing PID parameters
using controller tuning.
PID_3Step will regulate using the existing PID parameters until the control loop has
stabilized and the requirements for fine tuning have been met. Only then will fine tuning
start.
Inactive or manual mode
Pretuning is always started first. The PID parameters established will be used for
adjustment until the control loop has stabilized and the requirements for fine tuning have
been met. Only then will fine tuning start.

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Procedure
Proceed as follows to carry out "fine tuning":
1. Select the entry "Fine tuning" in the "Tuning mode" drop-down list.
2. Click the "Start" icon.
An online connection will be established.
Value recording is started.
The process of fine tuning is started.
The "Status" field displays the current steps and any errors that may have occurred.
The progress bar indicates the progress of the current step.

Note
Click the "Stop" icon in the "Tuning mode" group when the progress bar has reached
100% and it is to be assumed the controller tuning function is blocked. Check the
configuration of the technology object and, if necessary, restart controller tuning.

Result
The PID parameters will have been optimized if fine tuning has been executed without
errors. PID_3Step changes to automatic mode and uses the optimized parameters. The
optimized PID parameters will be retained during power OFF and a restart of the CPU.
If errors occurred during fine tuning, PID_3Step will change to "inactive" mode.

5.3.2.4 Commissioning with manual PID parameters V1

Procedure
Proceed as follows to commission PID_3Step with manual PID parameters:
1. Double-click on "PID_3Step > Configuration" in the project tree.
2. Click on "Advanced settings > PID Parameters" in the configuration window.
3. Select the check box "Enable direct input".
4. Enter the PID parameters.
5. Double-click on "PID_3Step > Commissioning" in the project tree.
6. Establish an online connection to the CPU.
7. Load the PID parameters to the CPU.
8. Click on the "Activate controller" icon.

Result
PID_3Step changes to automatic mode and controls using the current PID parameters.

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5.3.2.5 Measuring the motor transition time V1

Introduction
PID_3Step requires the motor transition time to be as accurate as possible for good
controller results. The data in the actuator documentation contains average values for this
type of actuator. The value for the specific actuator used may differ.
You can measure the motor transition time during commissioning if you are using actuators
with position feedback or endstop signals. The output value limits are not taken into
consideration during the motor transition time measurement. The actuator can travel to the
high or the low endstop.
The motor transition time cannot be measured if neither position feedback nor endstop
signals are available.

Actuators with analog position feedback

Proceed as follows to measure motor transition time with position feedback:
Requirement
Feedback or Feedback_PER has been selected in the basic settings and the signal has
been connected.
An online connection to the CPU has been established.
1. Select the "Use position feedback" check box.
2. Enter the position to which the actuator is to be moved in the "Target position" input field.
The current position feedback (starting position) will be displayed. The difference
between "Target position" and "Position feedback" must be at least 50% of the valid
output value range.
3. Click the "Start transition time measurement" icon.

Result
The actuator is moved from the starting position to the target position. Time measurement
starts immediately and ends when the actuator reaches the target position. The motor
transition time is calculated according to the following equation:
Motor transition time = (output value high limit output value low limit) Measuring time /
AMOUNT (target position starting position).
The progress and status of transition time measurement are displayed. The transition time
measured is saved in the instance data block on the CPU and displayed in the "Measured
transition time" field. PID_3Step will change to "Inactive" mode once transition time
measurement is complete.

Note
Click on the icon "Upload measured transition time" to load the motor transition time
measured to the project.

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Actuators with endstop signals

Proceed as follows to measure the transition time of actuators with endstop signals:
Requirement
The "Endstop signals" check box in the basic settings has been selected and Actuator_H
and Actuator_L are connected.
An online connection to the CPU has been established.
Proceed as follows to measure motor transition time with endstop signals:
1. Select the "Use actuator endstop signals" check box.
2. Select the direction in which the actuator is to be moved.
Open - Close - Open
The actuator is moved first to the high endstop, then to the low endstop and then back
to the high endstop.
Close - Open - Close
The actuator is moved first to the low endstop, then to the high endstop and then back
to the low endstop.
3. Click the "Start transition time measurement" icon.

Result
The actuator is moved in the selected direction. Time measurement will start once the
actuator has reached the first endstop and will end when the actuator reaches this endstop
for the second time. The motor transition time is equal to the time measured divided by two.
The progress and status of transition time measurement are displayed. The transition time
measured is saved in the instance data block on the CPU and displayed in the "Measured
transition time" field. PID_3Step will change to "Inactive" mode once transition time
measurement is complete.

Cancelling transition time measurement

PID_3Step will change to "Inactive" mode immediately if you cancel transition time
measurement. The actuator will stop being moved. You can reactive PID-3Step in the curve
plotter.

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5.3.3 Simulating PID_3Step V1 with PLCSIM

Note
Simulation with PLCSIM
For the simulation with PLCSIM, the time behavior of the simulated PLC is not exactly
identical to that of a "real" PLC. The actual cycle clock of a cyclic interrupt OB can have
larger fluctuations with a simulated PLC than with "real" PLCs.
In the standard configuration, PID_3Step determines the time between calls automatically
and monitors them for fluctuations.
For a simulation of PID_3Step with PLCSIM, for example, a sampling time error (ErrorBits =
DW#16#00000800) can therefore be detected.
This results in ongoing tuning being aborted.
The response in automatic mode depends on the value of the ActivateRecoverMode tag.
To prevent this from happening, you should configure PID_3Step for simulation with PLCSIM
as follows:
CycleTime.EnEstimation = FALSE
CycleTime.EnMonitoring = FALSE
CycleTime.Value: Assign the cycle clock of the calling cyclic interrupt OB in seconds to
this tag.

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Using PID_Temp 6
6.1 Technology object PID_Temp
The PID_Temp technology object provides a continuous PID controller with integrated
tuning. PID_Temp is especially designed for temperature control and is suited for heating or
heating/cooling applications. Two outputs are available for this purpose, one each for heating
and cooling. PID_Temp can also be used for other control tasks. PID_Temp is cascadable
and can be used in manual or automatic mode.
PID_Temp continuously acquires the measured process value within a control loop and
compares it with the set setpoint. From the resulting control deviations, the instruction
PID_Temp calculates the output value for heating and/or cooling which is used to adjust the
process value to the setpoint. The output values for the PID controller consist of three
actions:
Proportional action
The proportional action of the output value increases in proportion to the control
deviation.
Integral action
The integral action of the output value increases until the control deviation has been
balanced.
Derivative action
The derivative action increases with the rate of change of control deviation. The process
value is corrected to the setpoint as quickly as possible. The derivative action will be
reduced again if the rate of change of control deviation drops.
The instruction PID_Temp calculates the proportional, integral and derivative parameters for
your controlled system during "pretuning". "Fine tuning" can be used to tune the parameters
further. You do not need to manually determine the parameters.
Either a fixed cooling factor or two PID parameter sets can be used for heating-and-cooling
applications.

Additional information
Overview of software controller (Page 38)
Add technology objects (Page 40)
Configure technology objects (Page 45)
Configuring PID_Temp (Page 165)

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6.2 Configuring PID_Temp

6.2.1 Basic settings

6.2.1.1 Introduction
Configure the following properties of the "PID_Temp" technology object under "Basic
settings" in the Inspector window or in the configuration window:
Physical quantity
Start-up behavior after reset
Source and input of the setpoint (only in the Inspector window)
Selection of the process value
Source and input of the process value (only in the Inspector window)
Selection of the heating output value
Source and input of the heating output value (only in the Inspector window)
Activation and selection of the cooling output value
Source and input of the cooling output value (only in the Inspector window)
Activation of PID_Temp as master or slave of a cascade
Number of slaves
Selection of the master (only in the Inspector window)

Setpoint, process value, heating output value and cooling output value
You can select the source and enter values or tags for the setpoint, process value, heating
output value and cooling output value in the Inspector window of the programming editor.
Select the source for each value:
Instance DB:
The value saved in the instance DB is used. The value must be updated by the user
program in the instance DB. There should be no value at the instruction. Can be changed
using HMI.
Instruction:
The value connected to the instruction is used. The value is written to the instance DB
each time the instruction is called. Cannot be changed using HMI.

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6.2.1.2 Controller type

Physical quantity
Select the unit of measurement and physical quantity for the setpoint and the process value
in the "Controller type" group. The setpoint and the process value are displayed in this unit.

Startup characteristics
1. To switch to "Inactive"mode after CPU restart, clear the "Activate Mode after CPU
restart"check box.
To switch to the operating mode saved in the Mode parameter after CPU restart, select
the "Activate Mode after CPU restart" check box.
2. In the "Set Mode to" drop-down list, select the mode that is to be enabled after a
complete download to the device.
After a complete "Download to device", PID_Temp starts in the selected operating mode.
With each additional restart, PID_Temp starts in the mode that was last saved in Mode.
When selecting pretuning or fine tuning, you also have to set or reset the
Heat.EnableTuning and Cool.EnableTuning tags in order to choose between tuning for
heating and tuning for cooling.
Example:
You have selected the "Activate Mode after CPU restart" check box and the "Pretuning"
entry in the "Set Mode to" list. After a complete "Download to device", PID_Temp starts in the
"Pretuning" mode. If pretuning is still active, PID_Temp starts in "Pretuning" mode again after
restart of the CPU (heating/cooling depends on the tags Heat.EnableTuning and
Cool.EnableCooling). If pretuning was successfully completed and automatic mode is active,
PID_Temp starts in "Automatic mode" after restart of the CPU.

6.2.1.3 Setpoint

Procedure
Proceed as follows to define a fixed setpoint:
1. Select "Instance DB".
2. Enter a setpoint, e.g. 80 C.
3. Delete any entry in the instruction.
Proceed as follows to define a variable setpoint:
1. Select "Instruction".
2. Enter the name of the REAL tag in which the setpoint is saved.
Program-controlled assignment of various values to the REAL tag is possible, for
example for the time-controlled change of the setpoint.

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6.2.1.4 Process value

PID_Temp will scale the value of the analog input to the physical quantity if you use the
analog input value directly.
You will need to write a program for processing if you wish first to process the analog input
value. The process value is, for example, not directly proportional to the value at the analog
input. The processed process value must be in floating point format.

Procedure
Proceed as follows to use the analog input value without processing:
1. Select the entry "Input_PER" in the drop-down list "Input".
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the address of the analog input.
Proceed as follows to use the processed process value in floating point format:
1. Select the entry "Input" in the drop-down list "Input".
2. Select "Instruction" as source.
3. Enter the name of the variable in which the processed process value is saved.

6.2.1.5 Heating and cooling output value

The PID_Temp instruction provides a PID controller with integrated tuning for temperature
processes. PID_Temp is suitable for heating or heating-and-cooling applications.
PID_Temp provides the following output values. Your actuator will determine which output
value you use.
OutputHeat
Heating output value (floating-point format): The output value for heating needs to be
processed by the user program, for example, because of non-linear actuator response.
OutputHeat_PER
Analog heating output value: The actuator for heating is triggered via an analog output
and controlled with a continuous signal, e.g. 0...10 V, 4...20 mA.
OutputHeat_PWM
Pulse-width modulated heating output value: The actuator for heating is controlled via a
digital output. Pulse width modulation creates variable ON and OFF times.
OutputCool
Cooling output value (floating-point format): The output value for cooling needs to be
processed by the user program, for example because of non-linear actuator response.
OutputCool_PER
Analog cooling output value: The actuator for cooling is triggered via an analog output
and controlled with a continuous signal, e.g. 0...10 V, 4...20 mA.

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OutputCool_PWM
Pulse-width modulated cooling output value: The actuator for cooling is controlled via a
digital output. Pulse width modulation creates variable ON and OFF times.

The cooling output is only available if it was activated via the "Activate cooling" check box.
If the check box is cleared, the output value of the PID algorithm (PidOutputSum) is
scaled and output at the outputs for heating.
If the check box is selected, positive output values of the PID algorithm (PidOutputSum)
are scaled and output at the outputs for heating. Negative output values of the
PID algorithm are scaled and output at the outputs for cooling. You can choose between
two methods for output value calculation at the output settings.

Note
Note:
The OutputHeat_PWM, OutputHeat_PER, OutputCool_PWM, OutputCool_PER outputs
are only calculated if you select these correspondingly from the drop-down list.
The OutputHeat output is always calculated.
The OutputCool output is calculated if the check box for cooling is selected.
The "Activate cooling" check box is only available if the controller is not configured as a
master in a cascade.

Procedure
Proceed as follows to use the analog output value:
1. Select the entry "OutputHeat_PER" or "OutputCool_PER" in the drop-down list
"OutputHeat" or "OutputCool".
2. Select "Instruction".
3. Enter the address of the analog output.
Proceed as follows to use the pulse-width modulated output value:
1. Select the entry "OutputHeat_PWM" or "OutputCool_PWM" in the drop-down list
"OutputHeat" or "OutputCool".
2. Select "Instruction".
3. Enter the address of the digital output.
Proceed as follows to process the output value using the user program:
1. Select the entry "OutputHeat" or "OutputCool" in the drop-down list "OutputHeat" or
"OutpuCool".
2. Select "Instruction".
3. Enter the name of the variable you are using to process the output value.
4. Transfer the processed output value to the actuator by means of an analog or digital CPU
output.

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6.2.1.6 Cascade
If a PID_Temp instance receives its setpoint from a higher-level master controller and
outputs its output value in turn to a subordinate slave controller, this PID_Temp instance is
both a master controller and a slave controller simultaneously. Both configurations listed
below then have to be carried out for such a PID_Temp instance. This is the case, for
example, for the middle PID_Temp instance in a cascade control system with three
concatenated measured variables and three PID_Temp instances.

Configuring a controller as master in a cascade

A master controller defines the setpoint of a slave controller with its output.
In order to use PID_Temp as master in a cascade, you have to deactivate the cooling in the
basic settings. In order to configure this PID_Temp instance as a master controller in a
cascade, activate the "Controller is master" check box. The selection of the output value for
heating is set automatically to OutputHeat.
OutputHeat_PWM and OutputHeat_PER cannot be used at a master in a cascade.
Subsequently specify the number of directly subordinate slave controllers that receive their
setpoint from this master controller.
If no own scaling function is used when assigning the OutputHeat parameter of the master to
the Setpoint parameter of the slave, it may be necessary to adapt the output value limits and
the output scaling of the master to the setpoint/process value range of the slave. This can be
done in the output settings of the master in the "OutputHeat / OutputCool" section.

Configuring a controller as a slave in a cascade

A slave controller receives its setpoint (Setpoint parameter) from the output of its master
controller (OutputHeat parameter).
In order to configure this PID_Temp instance as a slave controller in a cascade, activate the
"Controller is slave" check box in the basic settings.
Subsequently select the PID_Temp instance that is to be used as the master controller for
this slave controller in the Inspector window of the programming editor. The Master and
Setpoint parameters of the slave controller are interconnected with the selected master
controller through this selection (the existing interconnections at these parameters are
overwritten). This interconnection allows the exchange of information and the setpoint
specification between master and slave. If required, the interconnection can be changed
subsequently at the Setpoint parameter of the slave controller in order, for example, to insert
an additional filter. The interconnection at the parameter Master may not be changed
subsequently.
The "Controller is master" check box has to be selected and the number of slaves has to be
configured correctly at the selected master controller. The master controller has to be called
before the slave controller in the same cyclic interrupt OB.

Additional information
Additional information about program creation, configuration and commissioning when
PID_Temp is used in cascade control systems is available under Cascade control with
PID_Temp (Page 198).

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6.2.2 Process value settings

6.2.2.1 Process value limits

You must specify an appropriate absolute high limit and low limit for the process value as
limit values for your controlled system. As soon as the process value violates these limits, an
error occurs (ErrorBits = 0001h). Tuning is canceled when the process value limits are
violated. You can specify how PID_Temp responds to errors in automatic mode in the output
settings.

6.2.2.2 Process value scaling

If you have configured the use of Input_PER in the basic settings, you will need to convert
the value of the analog input into the physical quantity of the process value. The current
configuration is displayed in the Input_PER display.
Input_PER is scaled using a low and high value pair if the process value is directly
proportional to the value of the analog input.

Procedure
To scale the process value, follow these steps:
1. Enter the low pair of values in the "Scaled low process value" and "Low" input fields.
2. Enter the high pair of values in the "Scaled high process value" and "High" input fields.
Default settings for the value pairs are saved in the hardware configuration. Proceed as
follows to use the value pairs from the hardware configuration:
1. Select the instruction PID_Temp in the programming editor.
2. Interconnect Input_PER with an analog input in the basic settings.
3. Click on the "Automatic setting" button in the process value settings.
The existing values are overwritten with the values from the hardware configuration.

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6.2.3 Output settings

6.2.3.1 Basic settings of output

Method for heating and cooling

If cooling is activated in the basic settings, two methods are available for calculating the
PID output value:
PID parameter switching (Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE):
The output value calculation for cooling takes place by means of a separate
PID parameter set. Based on the calculated output value and the control deviation, the
PID algorithm decides whether the PID parameter for heating or cooling is used. This
method is suitable if the heating and cooling actuators have different time responses and
different gains.
Pretuning and fine tuning for cooling are only available if this method is selected.
Cooling factor (Config.AdvancedCooling = FALSE):
Output value calculation for cooling is effected with the PID parameters for heating under
consideration of the configurable cooling factor Config.CoolFactor. This method is
suitable if the heating and cooling actuators have a similar time response but different
gains. If this method is selected, pretuning and fine tuning for cooling as well as the
PID parameter set for cooling are not available. You can only execute the tuning for
heating.

Cooling factor
If the cooling factor is selected as the method for heating/cooling, this factor is used in the
calculation of the output value for cooling. This allows different gains of heating and cooling
actuators to be taken into account.
The cooling factor is not set automatically or adjusted during tuning. You have to configure
the correct cooling factor manually by using the ratio "Heating actuator gain/Cooling actuator
gain".
Example: Cooling factor = 2.0 means that the heating actuator gain is twice as high as the
cooling actuator gain.
The cooling factor is only effective and can only be changed if "Cooling factor" is selected as
the method for heating/cooling.

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Reaction to error

NOTICE
Your system may be damaged.
If you output "Current value while error is pending " or "Substitute output value while error is
pending" in the event of an error, PID_Temp remains in automatic mode or in manual
mode. This may cause a violation of the process value limits and damage your system.
It is essential to configure how your controlled system reacts in the event of an error to
protect your system from damage.

PID_Temp is preset so that the controller stays active in most cases in the event of an error.
If errors occur frequently in controller mode, this default reaction has a negative effect on the
control response. In this case, check the ErrorBits parameter and eliminate the cause of the
error.
PID_Temp generates a programmable output value in response to an error:
Zero (inactive)
At all errors, PID_Temp switches to the "Inactive" operating mode and outputs the
following:
0.0 as PID output value (PidOutputSum)
0.0 as output value for heating (OutputHeat) and output value for cooling (OutputCool)
0 as analog output value for heating (OutputHeat_PER) and analog output value for
cooling (OutputCool_PER)
FALSE as PWM output value for heating (OutputHeat_PWM) and PWM output value
for cooling (OutputCool_PWM)
This is independent of the configured output value limits and the scaling. The controller is
only reactivated by a falling edge at Reset or a rising edge at ModeActivate.
Current value while error is pending
The error response depends on the error occurring and the operating mode.
If one or more of the following errors occur in automatic mode, PID_Temp stays in
automatic mode:
0000001h: The Input parameter is outside the process value limits.
0000800h: Sampling time error
0040000h: Invalid value at Disturbance parameter.
8000000h: Error during the calculation of the PID parameters.

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If one or more of the following errors occur in automatic mode, PID_Temp switches to
"Substitute output value with error monitoring" mode and outputs the last valid PID output
value (PidOutputSum):
0000002h: Invalid value at Input_PER parameter.
0000200h: Invalid value at Input parameter.
0000400h: Calculation of output value failed.
0001000h: Invalid value at Setpoint or SubstituteSetpoint parameter.
The values at the outputs for heating and cooling resulting from the PID output value are
produced by the configured output scaling.
As soon as the errors are no longer pending, PID_Temp switches back to automatic
mode.
If an error occurs during manual mode, PID_Temp remains in manual mode and
continues to use the manual value as the PID output value.
If the manual value is invalid, the configured substitute output value is used.
If the manual value and substitute output value are invalid, the low limit of the PID output
value for heating (Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit) is used.
If the following error occurs during pretuning or fine tuning, PID_Temp remains in active
mode:
0000020h: Pretuning is not permitted during fine tuning.
When any other error occurs, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and switches to the mode
from which tuning was started.
Substitute output value while error is pending
PID_Temp behaves as described at "Current value while error is pending", but outputs
the configured substitute output value (SubstituteOutput) as a PID output value
(PidOutputSum) in "Substitute output value with error monitoring" operating mode.
The values at the outputs for heating and cooling resulting from the PID output value are
produced by the configured output scaling.
In the case of controllers with activated cooling output (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE),
enter:
A positive substitute output value to output the value at the outputs for heating.
A negative substitute output value to output the value at the outputs for cooling.
If the following error occurs, PID_Temp stays in "Substitute output value with error
monitoring" mode and outputs the low limit of the PID output value for heating
(Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit):
0020000h: Invalid value at SubstituteOutput tag.

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6.2.3.2 Output value limits and scaling

Depending on the operating mode, the PID output value (PidOutputSum) is calculated
automatically by the PID algorithm or by the manual value (ManualValue) or the configured
substitute output value (SubstituteOutput).
The PID output value is limited depending on the configuration:
If the cooling is deactivated in the basic settings (Config.ActivateCooling = FALSE), the
value is limited to the high limit of the PID output value (heating)
(Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit) and the low limit of the PID output value (heating)
(Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit).
You can configure both limits at the horizontal axis of the scaling characteristic line in the
"OutputHeat / OutputCool" section. These are displayed in the "OutputHeat_PWM /
OutputCool_PWM" and "OutputHeat_PER / OutputCool_PER" sections, but cannot be
changed.
If the cooling is activated in the basic settings (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE), the value
is limited to the high limit of the PID output value (Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit) and
the low limit of the PID output value (cooling) (Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit).
You can configure both limits at the horizontal axis of the scaling characteristic line in the
"OutputHeat / OutputCool" section. These are displayed in the "OutputHeat_PWM /
OutputCool_PWM" and "OutputHeat_PER / OutputCool_PER" sections, but cannot be
changed.
The low limit of the PID output value (heating) (Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit) and
the high limit of the PID output value (cooling) (Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit) cannot
be changed and have to be assigned the value 0.0.
The PID output value is scaled and output at the outputs for heating and cooling. Scaling can
be specified separately for each output and is specified across 2 value pairs each, consisting
of a limit value of the PID output value and a scaling value:

Output Value pair Parameter

OutputHeat Value pair 1 PID output value high limit (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit,
Scaled high output value (heating) Con-
fig.Output.Heat.UpperScaling
Value pair 2 PID output value low limit (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit,
Scaled low output value (heating) Con-
fig.Output.Heat.LowerScaling
OutputHeat_PWM Value pair 1 PID output value high limit (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit,
Scaled high PWM output value (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PwmUpperScaling
Value pair 2 PID output value low limit (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit,
Scaled low PWM output value (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PwmLowerScaling

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Output Value pair Parameter

OutputHeat_PER Value pair 1 PID output value high limit (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit,
Scaled high analog output value (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PerUpperScaling
Value pair 2 PID output value low limit (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit,
Scaled low analog output value (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PerLowerScaling
OutputCool Value pair 1 PID output value low limit (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit,
Scaled high output value (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.UpperScaling
Value pair 2 PID output value high limit (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit,
Scaled low output value (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.LowerScaling
OutputCool_PWM Value pair 1 PID output value low limit (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit,
Scaled high PWM output value (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PwmUpperScaling
Value pair 2 PID output value high limit (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit,
Scaled low PWM output value (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PwmLowerScaling
OutputCool_PER Value pair 1 PID output value low limit (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit,
Scaled high analog output value (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PerUpperScaling
Value pair 2 PID output value high limit (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit,
Scaled low analog output value (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PerLowerScaling

The low limit of PID output value (heating) (Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit) has to have the
value 0.0, if the cooling is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
The high limit of PID output value (cooling) (Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit) must always have
the value 0.0.

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Example:
Output scaling when the OutputHeat output is used (cooling deactivated. The low limit of
PID output value (heating) (Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit) may be unequal to 0.0):

Example:
Output scaling when the OutputHeat_PWM and OutputCool_PER outputs are used (cooling
activated. The low limit of PID output value (heating) (Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit)
must be 0.0):

With the exception of the "Inactive" operating mode, the value at an output always lies
between its scaled high output value and the scaled low output value, for example for
OutputHeat always between the scaled high output value (heating)
(Config.Output.Heat.UpperScaling) and the scaled low output value (heating)
(Config.Output.Heat.LowerScaling).
If you want to limit the value at the associated output, you therefore have to adapt these
scaling values as well.
You can configure the scaling values of an output at the vertical axes of the scaling
characteristic line. Each output has two separate scaling values. These can only be changed
for OutputHeat_PWM, OutputCool_PWM, OutputHeat_PER and OutputCool_PER if the
corresponding output is selected in the basic settings. The cooling has to be activated
additionally in the basic settings at all the outputs for cooling.
The trend view in the commissioning dialog box only records the values of OutputHeat and
OutputCool, irrespective of the selected output in the basic settings. Therefore, if necessary,
adapt the scaling values for OutputHeat or OutputCool if you use OutputHeat_PWM or
OutputHeat_PER or OutputCool_PWM or OutputCool_PER and want to use the trend view in
the commissioning dialog.

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6.2.4 Advanced settings

6.2.4.1 Process value monitoring

Configure a warning high and low limit for the process value in the "Process value
monitoring" configuration window. If one of the warning limits is exceeded or undershot
during operation, a warning is displayed at the PID_Temp instruction:
At the InputWarning_H output parameter if the warning high limit has been exceeded
At the InputWarning_L output parameter if the warning low limit has been undershot
The warning limits must be within the process value high and low limits.
The process value high and low limits are used if you do not enter values.

Example
Process value high limit = 98 C; warning high limit = 90 C
Warning low limit = 10 C; process value low limit = 0 C
PID_Temp will respond as follows:

Process value InputWarning_H InputWarning_L ErrorBits

> 98 C TRUE FALSE 0001h
98 C and > 90 C TRUE FALSE 0000h
90 C and 10 C FALSE FALSE 0000h
< 10 C and 0 C FALSE TRUE 0000h
< 0 C FALSE TRUE 0001h

You can configure the response of PID_Temp when the process value high limit or low limit
is violated in the output settings.

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6.2.4.2 PWM limits

The PID output value PidOutputSum is scaled and transformed via a pulse width modulation
into a pulse train that is output at the output parameter OutputHeat_PWM or
OutputCool_PWM. The "Sampling time of PID algorithm" represents the time between two
calculations of the PID output value. The sampling time is used as time period of the pulse
width modulation.
During heating, the PID output value is always calculated in the "Sampling time of
PID algorithm for heating".
Calculation of the PID output value during cooling depends on the type of cooling selected in
"Basic settings Output":
If the cooling factor is used, the "Sampling time of PID algorithm for heating" applies.
If the PID parameter switching is used, the "Sampling time of PID algorithm for cooling"
applies.
OutputHeat_PWM and OutputCool_PWM are output in the sampling time PID_Temp
(corresponds to the cycle time of the calling OB).
The PID algorithm sampling time for heating or cooling is determined during pretuning or fine
tuning. If you set the PID parameters manually, you will also need to configure the
PID algorithm sampling time for heating or cooling. The PID_Temp sampling time is
equivalent to the cycle time of the calling OB.
The pulse duration is proportional to the PID output value and is always an integer multiple
of the PID_Temp sampling time.
Example for OutputHeat_PWM

PID_Temp sampling time

PID algorithm sampling time for heating
Pulse duration
Break time

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The "Minimum ON time" and the "Minimum OFF time" can be set separately for heating and
cooling, rounded to an integer multiple of the PID_Temp sampling time.
A pulse or a break is never shorter than the minimum ON or OFF time. The inaccuracies this
causes are added up and compensated in the next cycle.
Example for OutputHeat_PWM
PID_Temp sampling time = 100 ms
PID algorithm sampling time = 1000 ms
Minimum ON time = 200 ms
The PID output value PidOutputSum amounts to 15% constantly. The smallest pulse that
PID_Temp can output corresponds to 20%. In the first cycle, no pulse is output. In the
second cycle, the pulse not output in the first cycle is added to the pulse of the second cycle.

PID_Temp sampling time

PID algorithm sampling time for heating
Minimum ON time

In order to minimize operation frequency and conserve the actuator, extend the minimum ON
and OFF times.
If you have selected OutputHeat/OutputCool or OutputHeat_PER/OutputCool_PER as the
output in the basic settings, the minimum ON time and the minimum OFF time are not
evaluated and cannot be changed.

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If the "Sampling time of PID algorithm" (Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle or

Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Cycle) and thus the period duration of the pulse width modulation is
very high when OutputHeat_PWM or OutputCool_PWM is used, you can specify a deviating
shorter period duration at the parameters Config.Output.Heat.PwmPeriode or
Config.Output.Cool.PwmPeriode in order to improve smoothness of the process value (see
also PwmPeriode tag (Page 456)).

Note
The minimum ON and OFF times only affect the output parameters OutputHeat_PWM or
OutputCool_PWM and are not used for any pulse generators integrated in the CPU.

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6.2.4.3 PID parameters

The PID parameters are displayed in the "PID Parameters" configuration window.
If cooling is activated in the basic settings and PID parameter switching is selected as the
method for heating/cooling in the output settings, two parameter sets are available: One for
heating and one for cooling.
In this case, the PID algorithm decides on the basis of the calculated output value and the
control deviation whether the PID parameters for heating or cooling are used.
If cooling is deactivated or the cooling factor is selected as the method for heating/cooling,
the parameter set for heating is always used.
During tuning, the PID parameters are adapted to the controlled system with the exception of
the dead zone width that has to be configured manually.
PID_Temp is a PIDT1 controller with anti-windup and weighting of the proportional and
derivative actions.
The PID algorithm operates according to the following equation (control zone and dead zone
deactivated):

Symbol Description Associated parameters of the PID_Temp instruc-

tion
y Output value of the PID algorithm -
Kp Proportional gain Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Gain
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Gain
CoolFactor
s Laplace operator -
b Proportional action weighting Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.PWeighting
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.PWeighting
w Setpoint CurrentSetpoint
x Process value ScaledInput
TI Integral action time Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Ti
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Ti
TD Derivative action time Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Td
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Td
a Coefficient for derivative-action delay Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.TdFiltRatio
(Derivative delay T1 = a TD) Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.TdFiltRatio
c Derivative action weighting Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.DWeighting
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.DWeighting
DeadZone Dead zone width Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.DeadZone
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.DeadZone
ControlZone Control zone width Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.ControlZone
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.ControlZone

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The diagram below illustrates the integration of the parameters into the PID algorithm:

All PID parameters are retentive. If you enter the PID parameters manually, you must
completely download PID_Temp (Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)).

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PID_Temp block diagram

The following block diagram shows how the PID algorithm is integrated in the PID_Temp.

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Proportional gain
The value specifies the proportional gain of the controller. PID_Temp does not operate with a
negative proportional gain and only supports the normal control direction, meaning that an
increase in the process value is achieved by an increase in the PID output value
(PidOutputSum).

Integral action time

The integral action time determines the time behavior of the integral action. The integral
action is deactivated with integral action time = 0.0.

Derivative action time

The derivative action time determines the time behavior of the derivative action. Derivative
action is deactivated with derivative action time = 0.0.

Derivative delay coefficient

The derivative delay coefficient delays the effect of the derivative action.
Derivative delay = derivative action time derivative delay coefficient
0.0: Derivative action is effective for one cycle only and therefore almost not effective.
0.5: This value has proved useful in practice for controlled systems with one dominant
time constant.
> 1.0: The greater the coefficient, the longer the effect of the derivative action is delayed.

Proportional action weighting

The proportional action may weaken with changes to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is fully effective
0.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is not effective
The proportional action is always fully effective when the process value is changed.

Derivative action weighting

The derivative action may weaken with changes to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Derivative action is fully effective upon setpoint change
0.0: Derivative action is not effective upon setpoint change
The derivative action is always fully effective when the process value is changed.

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PID algorithm sampling time

The controlled system needs a certain amount of time to respond to changes in the output
value. It is therefore not advisable to calculate the output value in every cycle. The sampling
time of "PID algorithm" represents the time between two calculations of the PID output value.
It is calculated during tuning and rounded to a multiple of the PID_Temp sampling time (cycle
time of the cyclic interrupt OB). All other functions of PID_Temp are executed at every call.
If you use OutputHeat_PWM or OutputCool_PWM, the sampling time of the PID algorithm is
used as the period duration of the pulse width modulation. The accuracy of the output signal
is determined by the ratio of the PID algorithm sampling time to the cycle time of the OB. The
cycle time should be no more than a tenth of the PID algorithm sampling time.
The sampling time of the PID algorithm that is used as the period duration of the pulse width
modulation at OutputCool_PWM depends on the method for heating/cooling selected in
"Basic settings Output":
If the cooling factor is used, the "sampling time of the PID algorithm for heating" also
applies to OutputCool_PWM.
If PID parameter switching is used, the "sampling time PID algorithm for cooling" applies
as the period duration for OutputCool_PWM.
If the sampling time of the PID algorithm and thus the period duration of the pulse width
modulation is very high when OutputHeat_PWM or OutputCool_PWM is used, you can
specify a deviating shorter period duration at the parameters
Config.Output.Heat.PwmPeriode or Config.Output.Cool.PwmPeriode in order to improve
smoothness of the process value.

Dead zone width

If the process value is affected by noise, the noise can also have an effect on the output
value. The output value may fluctuate considerably when controller gain is high and the
derivative action is activated. If the process value lies within the dead zone around the
setpoint, the control deviation is suppressed so that the PID algorithm does not react and
unnecessary fluctuations of the output value are reduced.
The dead zone width for heating or cooling is not set automatically during tuning. You have
to correctly configure the dead zone width manually. The dead zone is deactivated by setting
the dead zone width = 0.0.
When the dead zone is switched on, the result can be a permanent control deviation
(deviation between setpoint and actual value). This can have a negative effect on fine tuning.
If cooling is activated in the basic settings and PID parameter switching is selected as the
method for heating/cooling in the output settings, the dead zone lies between "Setpoint -
dead zone width (heating)" and "Setpoint + dead zone width (cooling)".
If cooling is deactivated in the basic settings or the cooling factor is used, the dead zone lies
symmetrically between "Setpoint - dead zone width (heating)" and "Setpoint + dead zone
width (heating)".

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If values not equal to 1.0 are configured for the proportional action weighting or the derivative
action weighting, setpoint changes even within the dead zone affect the output value.
Process value changes within the dead zone do not affect the output value, regardless of the
weighting.

Dead zone with deactivated cooling or cooling factor (left) or activated cooling and
PID parameter switching (right). The x / horizontal axis displays the control deviation =
setpoint - process value. The y / vertical axis shows the output signal of the dead zone that is
passed to the PID algorithm.

Control zone width

If the process value exits the control zone around the setpoint, the minimum or maximum
output value is output. This means that the process value reaches the setpoint faster.
If the process value lies within the control zone around the setpoint, the output value is
calculated by the PID algorithm.
The control zone width for heating or cooling is only set automatically during the pretuning, if
"PID (temperature)" is selected as the controller structure for cooling or heating.
The control zone is deactivated by setting the control zone width = 3.402822e+38.
If cooling is deactivated in the basic settings or the cooling factor is used, the control zone
lies symmetrically between "Setpoint - control zone width (heating)" and "Setpoint + control
zone width (heating)".
If cooling is activated in the basic settings and PID parameter switching is selected as the
method for heating/cooling in the output settings, the control zone lies between "Setpoint -
control zone width (heating)" and "Setpoint + control zone width (cooling)".

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Control zone with deactivated cooling or cooling factor.

Control zone with activated cooling and PID parameter switching.

Rule for tuning

Select whether PI or PID parameters are to be calculated in the "Controller structure" drop-
down list. You can specify the rules for tuning for heating and for tuning for cooling
separately.
PID (temperature)
Calculates PID parameters during pretuning and fine tuning.
Pretuning is designed for temperature processes and results in a slower and rather
asymptotic control response with lower overshoot than with the "PID" option. Fine tuning
is identical to the "PID" option.
The control zone width is determined automatically during pretuning only if this option is
selected.
PID
Calculates PID parameters during pretuning and fine tuning.
PI
Calculates PI parameters during pretuning and fine tuning.
User-defined
The drop-down list displays "User-defined" if you have configured different controller
structures for pretuning and fine tuning via a user program or the parameter view.

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6.3 Commissioning PID_Temp

6.3 Commissioning PID_Temp

6.3.1 Commissioning
The commissioning window helps you commission the PID controller. You can monitor the
values for the setpoint, process value and the output values for heating and cooling along
the time axis in the trend view. The following functions are supported in the commissioning
window:
Controller pretuning
Controller fine tuning
Use fine tuning for fine adjustments to the PID parameters.
Monitoring the current closed-loop control in the trend view
Testing the controlled system by specifying a manual PID output value and a substitute
setpoint
Saving the actual values of the PID parameters to an offline project.
All functions require an online connection to the CPU.
The online connection to the CPU is established, if it does not exist already, and operation of
the commissioning window is enabled by means of the "Monitor all" or "Start" buttons of
the trend view.

Operation of the trend view

Select the desired sampling time in the "Sampling time" drop-down list.
All the values of the trend view are updated in the selected sampling time.
Click the "Start" icon in the Measurement group if you want to use the trend view.
Value recording is started. The current values for the setpoint, process value and output
values for heating and cooling are entered in the trend view.
Click the "Stop" icon if you want to end the trend view.
The values recorded in the trend view can continue to be analyzed.
Closing the commissioning window will terminate recording in the trend view and delete the
recorded values.

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6.3.2 Pretuning
The pretuning determines the process response to a jump change of the output value and
searches for the point of inflection. The tuned PID parameters are calculated as a function of
the maximum slope and dead time of the controlled system. You obtain the best
PID parameters when you perform pretuning and fine tuning.
The more stable the process value is, the easier it is to calculate the PID parameters and the
more precise the result will be. Noise on the process value can be tolerated as long as the
rate of rise of the process value is significantly higher compared to the noise. This is most
likely the case in operating modes "Inactive" or "Manual mode". The PID parameters are
backed up before being recalculated.
PID_Temp offers different pretuning types depending on the configuration:
Pretuning heating
A jump is output at the output value heating, the PID parameters for heating are
calculated and then the setpoint is used as the control variable in automatic mode.
Pretuning heating and cooling
A jump is output at the output value heating.
As soon as the process value is close to the setpoint, a jump change is output at the
output value cooling.
The PID parameters for heating (Retain.CtrlParams.Heat structure) and cooling
(Retain.CtrlParams.Cool structure) are calculated and then the setpoint is used as the
control variable in automatic mode.
Pretuning cooling
A jump is output at the output value cooling.
The PID parameters for cooling are calculated and then the setpoint is used as the
control variable in automatic mode.
If you want to tune the PID parameters for heating and cooling, you can expect a better
control response with "Pretuning heating" followed by "Pretuning cooling" rather than with
"Pretuning heating and cooling". However, carrying out pretuning in two steps takes more
time.

General requirements
The PID_Temp instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
PID_Temp is in one of the following modes: "Inactive", "Manual mode", or "Automatic
mode".
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits (see Process value
monitoring (Page 177) configuration).

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Requirements for pretuning heating

The difference between setpoint and process value is greater than 30% of the difference
between process value high limit and process value low limit.
The distance between the setpoint and the process value is greater than 50% of the
setpoint.
The setpoint is greater than the process value.

Requirements for pretuning heating and cooling

The cooling output in the "Basic settings" is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
The PID parameter switching in the "Basic settings of output value" is activated
(Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
The difference between setpoint and process value is greater than 30% of the difference
between process value high limit and process value low limit.
The distance between the setpoint and the process value is greater than 50% of the
setpoint.
The setpoint is greater than the process value.

Requirements for pretuning cooling

The cooling output in the "Basic settings" is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
The PID parameter switching in the "Basic settings of output value" is activated
(Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
"Pretuning heating" or "Pretuning heating and cooling" has been carried out successfully
(PIDSelfTune.SUT.ProcParHeatOk = TRUE). The same setpoint should be used for all
tunings.
The difference between setpoint and process value is smaller than 5% of the difference
between process value high limit and process value low limit.

Procedure
To perform pretuning, follow these steps:
1. Double-click the "PID_Temp > Commissioning" entry in the project tree.
2. Activate the "Monitor all" button or start the trend view.
An online connection will be established.

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3. Select the desired pretuning entry from the "Tuning mode" drop-down list.
4. Click the "Start" icon.
Pretuning is started.
The "Status" field displays the current steps and any errors that may have occurred.
The progress bar indicates the progress of the current step.

Note
Click the "Stop" icon when the progress bar ("Progress" tag) has not changed for a
long period and it is to be assumed that the tuning function is blocked. Check the
configuration of the technology object and, if necessary, restart controller tuning.

Result
If pretuning was performed without an error message, the PID parameters have been tuned.
PID_Temp switches to automatic mode and uses the tuned parameters. The tuned
PID parameters will be retained during power OFF and a restart of the CPU.
If pretuning is not possible, PID_Temp responds with the configured reaction to errors.

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6.3.3 Fine tuning

Fine tuning generates a constant, limited oscillation of the process value. The
PID parameters are tuned for the operating point from the amplitude and frequency of this
oscillation. The PID parameters are recalculated from the results. PID parameters from fine
tuning usually have better master control and disturbance characteristics than
PID parameters from pretuning. You obtain the best PID parameters when you perform
pretuning and fine tuning.
PID_Temp automatically attempts to generate an oscillation greater than the noise of the
process value. Fine tuning is only minimally influenced by the stability of the process value.
The PID parameters are backed up before being recalculated.
PID_Temp offers different fine tuning types depending on the configuration:
Fine tuning heating:
PID_Temp generates an oscillation of the process value with periodic changes at the
output value heating and calculates the PID parameters for heating.
Fine tuning cooling:
PID_Temp generates an oscillation of the process value with periodic changes at the
output value cooling and calculates the PID parameters for cooling.

Temporary tuning offset for heating/cooling controllers

If PID_Temp is used as a heating/cooling controller (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE), the
PID output value (PidOutputSum) at the setpoint has to fulfill the following requirements so
that process value oscillation can be generated and fine tuning can be carried out
successfully:
Positive PID output value for fine tuning heating
Negative PID output value for fine tuning cooling
If this condition is not fulfilled, you can specify a temporary offset for fine tuning that is output
at the opposing output.
Offset for cooling output (PIDSelfTune.TIR.OutputOffsetCool) with fine tuning heating.
Before starting tuning, enter a negative tuning offset cooling that is smaller than the
PID output value (PidOutputSum) at the setpoint in the stationary state.
Offset for heating output (PIDSelfTune.TIR.OutputOffsetHeat) at fine tuning cooling
Before starting tuning, enter a positive tuning offset heating that is greater than the
PID output value (PidOutputSum) at the setpoint in the stationary state.
The defined offset is balanced by the PID algorithm so that the process value remains at the
setpoint. The height of the offset allows the PID output value to be adapted correspondingly
so that it fulfills the requirement mentioned above.
To avoid larger overshoots of the process value when defining the offset, it can also be
increased in several steps.
If PID_Temp exits the fine tuning mode, the tuning offset is reset.

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Example: Specification of an offset for fine tuning cooling

Without offset
Setpoint = Process value (ScaledInput) = 80 C
PID output value (PidOutputSum) = 30.0
Output value heating (OutputHeat) = 30.0
Output value cooling (OutputCool) = 0.0
Oscillation of the process value around the setpoint cannot be generated with the
cooling output alone. Fine tuning would fail here.
With offset for heating output (PIDSelfTune.TIR.OutputOffsetHeat) = 80.0
Setpoint = Process value (ScaledInput) = 80 C
PID output value (PidOutputSum) = -50.0
Output value heating (OutputHeat) = 80.0
Output value cooling (OutputCool) = -50.0
Thanks to the specification of an offset for the heating output, the cooling output can
now generate oscillation of the process value around the setpoint. Fine tuning can
now be carried out successfully.

General requirements
The PID_Temp instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits (see "Process value
settings" configuration).
The control loop has stabilized at the operating point. The operating point is reached
when the process value corresponds to the setpoint.
When the dead zone is switched on, the result can be a permanent control deviation
(deviation between setpoint and actual value). This can have a negative effect on fine
tuning.
No disturbances are expected.
PID_Temp is in inactive mode, automatic mode or manual mode.

Requirements for fine tuning heating

Heat.EnableTuning = TRUE
Cool.EnableTuning = FALSE
If PID_Temp is configured as a heating-and-cooling controller (Config.ActivateCooling =
TRUE), the heating output has to be active at the operating point where tuning is to be
carried out.
PidOutputSum > 0.0 (see tuning offset)

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Requirements for fine tuning cooling

Heat.EnableTuning = FALSE
Cool.EnableTuning = TRUE
The cooling output is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
The PID parameter switching is activated (Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
The cooling output has to be active at the operating point where tuning is to be carried
out.
PidOutputSum < 0.0 (see tuning offset)

Process depends on initial situation

Fine tuning can be started from the following operating modes: "Inactive", "automatic mode",
or "manual mode".
Fine tuning proceeds as follows when started from:
Automatic mode with PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn = FALSE (default)
Start fine tuning from automatic mode if you wish to improve the existing PID parameters
through tuning.
PID_Temp controls the system using the existing PID parameters until the control loop
has stabilized and the requirements for fine tuning have been met. Only then will fine
tuning start.
Inactive, manual mode or automatic mode with PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn = TRUE
An attempt is made to reach the setpoint with the minimum or maximum output value
(two-point control):
With minimum or maximum output value heating at fine tuning heating.
With minimum or maximum output value cooling for fine tuning cooling.
This can produce increased overshoot. Fine tuning starts when the setpoint is reached.
If the setpoint cannot be reached, PID_Temp does not automatically abort tuning.

Procedure
To perform fine tuning, follow these steps:
1. Double-click the "PID_Temp > Commissioning" entry in the project tree.
2. Activate the "Monitor all" button or start the trend view.
An online connection will be established.
3. Select the desired fine tuning entry from the "Tuning mode" drop-down list.

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4. If required (see tuning offset), specify a tuning offset and wait until the stationary state is
reached again.
5. Click the "Start" icon.
The process of fine tuning is started.
The "Status" field displays the current steps and any errors that may have occurred.
The progress bar indicates the progress of the current step.

Note
Click the "Stop" icon in the "Tuning mode" group if the progress bar ("Progress" tag) has
not changed for a long period and it is to be assumed that the tuning function is blocked.
Check the configuration of the technology object and, if necessary, restart controller
tuning.
In the following phases in particular, tuning is not aborted automatically if the setpoint
cannot be reached.
"Attempting to reach setpoint for heating with two-point control."
"Attempting to reach setpoint for cooling with two-point control."

Result
If fine tuning was performed without errors, the PID parameters have been tuned. PID_Temp
switches to automatic mode and uses the tuned parameters. The tuned PID parameters will
be retained during power OFF and a restart of the CPU.
If errors occurred during fine tuning, PID_Temp responds with the configured response to
errors.

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6.3.4 "Manual" mode

The following section describes how you can use "Manual mode" in the commissioning
window of the "PID_Temp" technology object.
Manual mode is also possible when an error is pending.

Requirement
The "PID_Temp" instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
An online connection to the CPU has been established.
The CPU is in "RUN" mode.

Procedure
If you want to test the controlled system by specifying a manual value, use "Manual mode" in
the commissioning window.
To define a manual value, follow these steps:
1. Double-click the "PID_Temp > Commissioning" entry in the project tree.
2. Activate the "Monitor all" button or start the trend view.
An online connection will be established.
3. Select the "Manual mode" check box in the "Online status of controller" area.
PID_Temp operates in manual mode. The most recent current output value remains in
effect.
4. Enter the manual value in the editable field as a % value.
If cooling is activated in the basic settings, enter the manual value as follows:
Enter a positive manual value to output the value at the outputs for heating.
Enter a negative manual value to output the value at the outputs for cooling.
5. Click the icon.

Result
The manual value is written to the CPU and immediately goes into effect.
Clear the "Manual mode" check box if the output value is to be specified again by the
PID controller.
The switchover to automatic mode is bumpless.

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6.3.5 Substitute setpoint

The following section describes how you can use the substitute setpoint in the
commissioning window of the "PID_Temp" technology object.

Requirement
The "PID_Temp" instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
An online connection to the CPU has been established.
The CPU is in "RUN" mode.

Procedure
If you want to use a different value as the setpoint than that specified at the "Setpoint"
parameter (for example to tune a slave in a cascade), use the substitute setpoint in the
commissioning window.
Proceed as follows to specify a substitute setpoint:
1. Double-click the "PID_Temp > Commissioning" entry in the project tree.
2. Activate the "Monitor all" button or start the trend view.
An online connection will be established.
3. Select the "Subst.Setpoint" check box in the "Online status of controller" section.
The substitute setpoint (SubstituteSetpoint tag) is initialized with the most recently
updated setpoint and now used.
4. Enter the substitute setpoint in the editable field.
5. Click the icon.

Result
The substitute setpoint is written to the CPU and immediately goes into effect.
Clear the "Subst.Setpoint" check box if the value at the "Setpoint" parameter is to be used
again as setpoint.
The switchover is not bumpless.

6.3.6 Cascade commissioning

Information about cascade commissioning with PID_Temp is available under Commissioning
(Page 204).

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6.4 Cascade control with PID_Temp

6.4.1 Introduction
In cascade control, several control loops are nested within each other. In the process, slaves
receive their setpoint (Setpoint) from the output value (OutputHeat) of the respective higher-
level master.
A prerequisite for establishing a cascade control system is that the controlled system can be
divided into subsystems, each with its own measured variable.
Setpoint specification for the controlled variable is carried out at the outmost master.
The output value of the innermost slave is applied to the actuator and thus acts on the
controlled system.
The following major advantages result from the use of a cascade control system in
comparison with a single-loop control system:
Thanks to the additional subordinate control loops, disturbances which occur there are
corrected quickly. Their influence on the controlled variable is reduced considerably. The
disturbance behavior is thus improved.
The subordinate control loops act in linearizing form. The negative effects of such non-
linearities on the controlled variable are thus moderated.
PID_Temp offers the following functionality especially for use in cascade control systems:
Specification of a substitute setpoint
Exchange of status information between master and slave (for example, current operating
mode)
Different Anti-Wind-Up modes (response of the master to limitation of its slave)

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Example
The following block diagram shows a cascade control system with PID_Temp using the
simplified example of a chocolate melting unit:

The PID_Temp_1 master compares the process value of the chocolate temperature
(TempChocolate) with the setpoint specification by the user at the Setpoint parameter. Its
output value OutputHeat forms the setpoint of the slave PID_Temp_2.
PID_Temp_2 attempts to regulate the process value of the water-bath temperature
(TempWater) to this setpoint. The output value of PID_Temp_2 acts directly on the actuator
of the controlled system (heating of the water bath) and thus influences the water-bath
temperature. The water-bath temperature in turn has an effect on the chocolate temperature.

FAQ
For more information, see the following FAQs in the Siemens Industry Online Support:
Entry ID 103526819 (https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/103526819)

See also
Program creation (Page 200)

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6.4.2 Program creation

Observe the following points during program creation:
Number of PID_Temp instances
The number of different PID_Temp instances called up in a cyclic interrupt OB has to
agree with the number of concatenated measured variables in the process.
There are two concatenated measured variables in the example: TempChocolate and
TempWater. Therefore two PID_Temp instances are required.
Call sequence
A master has to be called before its slaves in the same cyclic interrupt OB.
The outermost master at which the user setpoint is specified is called first.
The slave whose setpoint is specified by the outermost master is called next, etc.
The innermost slave that acts on the actuator of the process with its output value is called
last.
In the example, PID_Temp_1 is called before PID_Temp_2.
Interconnection of the measured variables
The outermost master is interconnected with the outermost measured variable that is to
be regulated to the user setpoint.
The innermost slave is interconnected with the innermost measured variable that is
influenced directly by the actuator.
Interconnection of the measured variables with PID_Temp is carried out with the
parameters Input or Input_PER.
In the example, the outermost measured variable TempChocolate is interconnected with
PID_Temp_1 and the innermost measured variable TempWater with PID_Temp_2.
Interconnection of the output value of the master to the setpoint of the slave
The output value (OutputHeat) of a master has to be assigned to the setpoint (Setpoint)
of its slave.
This interconnection can be carried out in the programming editor or automatically in the
Inspector window of the slave in the basic settings via the selection of the master.
If required, you can insert your own filter or scaling functions, for example in order to
adapt the output value range of the master to the setpoint/process value range of the
slave.
In the example, OutputHeat of PID_Temp_1 is assigned to Setpoint of PID_Temp_2.

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Interconnection of the interface for information exchange between master and slave
The "Slave" parameter of a master has to be assigned to the "Master" parameter of all its
directly subordinate slaves (which receive their setpoint from this master). The
assignment should be carried out via the interface of the slave in order to allow the
interconnection of a master with multiple slaves and the display of the interconnection in
the Inspector window of the slave in the basic settings.
This interconnection can be carried out in the programming editor or automatically in the
Inspector window of the slave in the basic settings via the selection of the master.
The Anti-Wind-Up functionality and the evaluation of the slave operating modes at the
master can only function correctly if this interconnection is carried out.
In the example, the "Slave" parameter of PID_Temp_1 is assigned to the "Master"
parameter of PID_Temp_2.
Program code of the example using SCL (without assignment of the output value of the slave
to the actuator):
"PID_Temp_1"(Input:="TempChocolate");

"PID_Temp_2"(Input:="TempWater", Master := "PID_Temp_1".Slave, Setpoint :=

"PID_Temp_1".OutputHeat);

See also
PID_Temp ActivateRecoverMode tag (Page 453)

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6.4.3 Configuration
You can carry out the configuration via your user program, the configuration editor or the
Inspector window of the PID_Temp call.
When using PID_Temp in a cascade control system, ensure the correct configuration of the
settings specified below.
If a PID_Temp instance receives its setpoint from a superior master controller and outputs its
output value in turn to a subordinate slave controller, this PID_Temp instance is both a
master controller and a slave controller simultaneously. Both configurations listed below
have to be carried out for such a PID_Temp instance. This is the case, for example, for the
middle PID_Temp instance in a cascade control system with three concatenated measured
variables and three PID_Temp instances.

Configuration of a master

Setting in the configuration editor or DB parameter Explanation

Inspector window
Basic settings Cascade: Config.Cascade.IsMaster = TRUE Activates this controller as a master in a
Activate "Controller is master" check cascade
box
Basic settings Cascade: Config.Cascade.CountSlaves Number of directly subordinate slaves that
Number of slaves receive their setpoint directly from this mas-
ter
Basic settings Input/output parame- Config.Output.Heat.Select = 0 The master only uses the output parameter
ters: OutputHeat.
Selection of the output value (heating) OutputHeat_PWM and OutputHeat_PER are
= OutputHeat deactivated.
Basic settings Input/output parame- Config.ActivateCooling = FALSE The cooling has to be deactivated at a mas-
ters: ter.
Clear "Activate cooling" check box
Output settings Output limits and Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit, If no own scaling function is used when
scaling OutputHeat / OutputCool: Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit, assigning OutputHeat of the master to Set-
PID output value low limit (heating), point of the slave, it may be necessary to
Config.Output.Heat.LowerScaling,
PID output value high limit (heating), adapt the output value limits and the output
Config.Output.Heat.UpperScaling scaling of the master to the setpoint/process
Scaled low output value (heating),
Scaled high output value (heating) value range of the slave.

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Setting in the configuration editor or DB parameter Explanation

Inspector window
This tag is not available in the Inspector Config.Cascade.AntiWindUpMode The Anti-Wind-Up mode determines how
window or in the functional view of the the integral action of this master is treated if
configuration editor. directly subordinate slaves reach their out-
You can change it via the parameter put value limits.
view of the configuration editor. Options are:
AntiWindUpMode = 0:

The AntiWindUp functionality is deac-

tivated. The master does not react to the
limitation of its slaves.
AntiWindUpMode = 1 (default):

The integral action of the master is re-

duced in the relationship "Slaves in limi-
tation/Number of slaves". This reduces
the effects of the limitation on the control
behavior.
AntiWindUpMode = 2:

The integral action of the master is held

as soon as a slave is in limitation.

Configuration of a slave

Setting in the configuration editor or DB parameter Explanation

Inspector window
Basic settings Cascade: Config.Cascade.IsSlave = Activates this controller as a slave in a cascade
Select the "Controller is slave" check TRUE
box

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6.4.4 Commissioning
After compiling and loading of the program, you can start commissioning of the cascade
control system.
Begin with the innermost slave at commissioning (implementation of tuning or change to
automatic mode with existing PID parameters) and continue outwards until the outermost
master has been reached.
In the above example, commissioning starts with PID_Temp_2 and is continued with
PID_Temp_1.

Tuning the slave

Tuning of PID_Temp requires a constant setpoint. Therefore, activate the substitute setpoint
of a slave (SubstituteSetpoint and SubstituteSetpointOn tags) to tune the slave or set the
associated master to manual mode with a corresponding manual value. This ensures that
the setpoint of the slave remains constant during tuning.

Tuning the master

In order for a master to influence the process or to carry out tuning, all the downstream
slaves have to be in automatic mode and their substitute setpoint has to be deactivated. A
master evaluates these conditions through the interface for information exchange between
master and slave (Master parameter and Slave parameter) and displays the current state at
the AllSlaveAutomaticState and NoSlaveSubstituteSetpoint tags. Corresponding status
messages are output in the commissioning editor.

Status message in the commis- DB parameter of the master Correction

sioning editor of the master
One or more slaves are not in AllSlaveAutomaticState = FALSE, First, carry out commissioning of all down-
automatic mode. NoSlaveSubstituteSetpoint = TRUE stream slaves.
One or more slaves have activat- AllSlaveAutomaticState = TRUE, Ensure that the following conditions are fulfilled
ed the substitute setpoint. before carrying out tuning or activating manual
NoSlaveSubstituteSetpoint = FALSE mode or automatic mode of the master:
One or more slaves are not in AllSlaveAutomaticState = FALSE,
All downstream slaves are in automatic
automatic mode and have acti- NoSlaveSubstituteSetpoint = FALSE
vated the substitute setpoint. mode (state = 3).
All downstream slaves have deactivated the
substitute setpoint (SubstituteSetpointOn =
FALSE).

If pretuning or fine tuning is started for a master, PID_Temp aborts tuning in the following
cases and displays an error with ErrorBits = DW#16#0200000:
One or more slaves are not in automatic mode (AllSlaveAutomaticState = FALSE)
One or more slaves have activated the substitute setpoint (NoSlaveSubstituteSetpoint =
FALSE).
The subsequent operating mode changeover depends on ActivateRecoverMode.

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6.4.5 Substitute setpoint

In order to specify a setpoint, PID_Temp offers a substitute setpoint at the SubstituteSetpoint
tag in addition to the Setpoint parameter. This can be activated by setting
SubstituteSetpointOn = TRUE or by selecting the corresponding check box in the
commissioning editor.
The substitute setpoint allows you to specify the setpoint temporarily directly at the slave, for
example during commissioning or tuning.
In this case, the interconnection of the output value of the master with the setpoint of the
slave that is required for normal operation of the cascade control system does not have to be
changed in the program
In order for a master to influence the process or to carry out tuning, the substitute setpoint
has to be deactivated at all downstream slaves.
You can monitor the currently effective setpoint as it is used by the PID algorithm for
calculation at the CurrentSetpoint tag.

6.4.6 Operating modes and fault response

The master or slave of a PID_Temp instance does not change the operating mode of this
PID_Temp instance.
If a fault occurs at one of its slaves, the master remains in its current operating mode.
If a fault occurs at its master, the slave remains in its current operating mode. However,
further operation of the slave then depends on the fault and the configured fault response of
the master since the output value of the master is used as the setpoint of the slave:
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE is configured at the master. and the fault does not
prevent the calculation of OutputHeat, the fault does not have any effect on the slave.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE is configured at the master and the fault prevents the
calculation of OutputHeat, the master outputs the last output value or the configured
substitute output value SubstituteOutput, depending on SetSubstituteOutput. This is then
used by the slave as the setpoint.
PID_Temp is preconfigured so that the substitute output value 0.0 is output in this case
(ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, SetSubstituteOutput = TRUE, SubstituteOutput = 0.0).
Configure a suitable substitute output value for your application or activate the use of the
last valid PID output value (SetSubstituteOutput = FALSE).
If ActivateRecoverMode = FALSE is configured at the master, the master changes to the
"Inactive" mode when a fault occurs and outputs OutputHeat = 0.0. The slave then uses
0.0 as the setpoint.
The fault response is located in the output settings in the configuration editor.

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6.5 Multi-zone controlling with PID_Temp

6.5 Multi-zone controlling with PID_Temp

Introduction
In a multi-zone control system, several sections, so-called zones, of a plant are controlled
simultaneously to different temperatures. A multi-zone control system is characterized by the
mutual influence of the temperature zones through thermal coupling, i.e. the process value of
one zone can influence the process value of a different zone through thermal coupling. The
strength that this influence has depends on the structure of the plant and the selected
operating points of the zones.
Example: Extrusion plant as it is used, for example, in plastics processing.
The substance mixture that passes through the extruder has to be controlled to different
temperatures for optimal processing. For example, different temperatures can be required at
the filling point of the extruder than at the outlet nozzle. The individual temperature zones
mutually influence each other through thermal coupling.
When PID_Temp is used in multi-zone control systems, each temperature zone is controlled
by a separate PID_Temp instance.
Observe the following explanations if you want to use the PID_Temp in a multi-zone control
system.

Separate pretuning for heating and cooling

Initial commissioning of a plant as a rule begins with the carrying out of pretuning in order to
carry out initial setting of the PID parameters and control to the operating point. The
pretuning for multi-zone control systems is often carried out simultaneously for all zones.
PID_Temp offers the possibility of carrying out pretuning for heating and cooling in one step
(Mode = 1, Heat.EnableTuning = TRUE, Cool.EnableTuning = TRUE) for controllers with
activated cooling and PID parameter switching as the method for heating/cooling
(Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE, Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
However, it is advisable not to use this tuning for simultaneous pretuning of several
PID_Temp instances in a multi-zone control system. Instead, first carry out the pretuning for
heating (Mode = 1, Heat.EnableTuning = TRUE, Cool.EnableTuning = FALSE) and the
pretuning for cooling (Mode = 1, Heat.EnableTuning = FALSE, Cool.EnableTuning = TRUE)
separately.
Pretuning for cooling should not be started until all zones have completed pretuning for
heating and have reached their operating points.
This reduces mutual influencing through thermal coupling between the zones during tuning.

Adapting the delay time

If PID_Temp is used in a multi-zone control system with strong thermal couplings between
the zones, you should ensure that the adaption of the delay time is deactivated for pretuning
with PIDSelfTune.SUT.AdaptDelayTime = 0. Otherwise, the determination of the delay time
can be incorrect if the cooling of a zone is prevented by the thermal influence of other zones
during the adapting of the delay time (heating is deactivated in this phase).

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6.5 Multi-zone controlling with PID_Temp

Temporary deactivation of cooling

PID_Temp offers the possibility of deactivating cooling temporarily in automatic mode for
controllers with active cooling (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE) by setting DisableCooling =
TRUE.
This ensures that this controller does not cool in automatic mode during commissioning while
the controllers of other zones have not yet completed tuning of heating. The tuning could
otherwise be influenced negatively by the thermal coupling between the zones.

Procedure
You can proceed as follows during the commissioning of multi-zone control systems with
relevant thermal couplings:
1. Set DisableCooling = TRUE for all controllers with activated cooling.
2. Set PIDSelfTune.SUT.AdaptDelayTime = 0 for all controllers.
3. Specify the desired setpoints (Setpoint parameter) and start pretuning for heating (Mode
= 1, Heat.EnableTuning = TRUE, Cool.EnableTuning = FALSE) simultaneously for all
controllers.
4. Wait until all the controllers have completed pretuning for heating.
5. Set DisableCooling = FALSE for all controllers with activated cooling.
6. Wait until the process values of all the zones are steady and close to the respective
setpoint.
If the setpoint cannot be reached permanently for a zone, the heating or cooling actuator
is too weak.
7. Start pretuning for cooling (Mode = 1, Heat.EnableTuning = FALSE, Cool.EnableTuning =
TRUE) for all controllers with activated cooling.

Note
Limit violation of the process value
If the cooling is deactivated in automatic mode with DisableCooling = TRUE, this can cause
the process value to exceed the setpoint and the process value limits while DisableCooling =
TRUE. Observe the process values and intervene, if appropriate, if you use DisableCooling.

Note
Multi-zone control systems
For multi-zone control systems, the thermal couplings between the zones can result in
increased overshoots, permanent or temporary violation of limits and permanent or
temporary control deviations during commissioning or operation. Observe the process values
and be ready to intervene. Depending on the system, it can be necessary to deviate from the
procedure described above.

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6.5 Multi-zone controlling with PID_Temp

Synchronization of several fine tuning processes

If fine tuning is started from automatic mode with PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn = FALSE,
PID_Temp tries to reach the setpoint with PID controlling and the current PID parameters.
The actual tuning does not start until the setpoint is reached. The time required to reach the
setpoint can be different for the individual zones of a multi-zone control system.
If you want to carry out fine tuning for several zones simultaneously, PID_Temp offers the
possibility to synchronize these by waiting with the further tuning steps after the setpoint has
been reached.

Procedure
This ensures that all the controllers have reached their setpoint when the actual tuning steps
start. This reduces mutual influencing through thermal coupling between the zones during
tuning.
Proceed as follows for controllers for whose zones you want to carry out fine tuning
simultaneously:
1. Set PIDSelfTune.TIR.WaitForControlIn = TRUE for all controllers.
These controllers have to be in automatic mode with PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn = FALSE.
2. Specify the desired setpoints (Setpoint parameters) and start fine tuning for all controllers.
3. Wait until PIDSelfTune.TIR.ControlInReady = TRUE at all controllers.
4. Set PIDSelfTune.TIR.FinishControlIn = TRUE for all controllers.
All controllers then start the actual tuning simultaneously.

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6.6 Override control with PID_Temp

6.6 Override control with PID_Temp

Override control
In case of override control, two or more controllers share one actuator. Only one controller
has access to the actuator at any time and influences the process.
A logic operation decides which controller has access to the actuator. This decision is often
made based on a comparison of the output values of all controllers, for example, in case of a
maximum selection, the controller with the largest output value gets access to the actuator.
The selection based on the output value requires that all controllers operate in automatic
mode. The controllers that do not have an effect on the actuator are updated. This is
necessary to prevent windup effects and their negative impacts on the control response and
the switchover between the controllers.
PID_Temp supports override controls as of version 1.1 by offering a simple process for
updating the controllers that are not active: By using the tags OverwriteInitialOutputValue
and PIDCtrl.PIDInit, you can pre-assign the integral action of the controller in automatic
mode as though the PID algorithm had calculated PidOutputSum =
OverwriteInititalOutputValue for the PID output value in the last cycle. To do this,
OverwriteInitialOutputValue is interconnected with the PID output value of the controller that
currently has access to the actuator. By setting the bit PIDCtrl.PIDInit, you trigger the pre-
assignment of the integral action as well as the restart of the controller cycle and the PWM
period. The subsequent calculation of the PID output value in the current cycle takes place
based on the pre-assigned (and synchronized for all controllers) integral action as well as the
proportional action and integral action from the current control deviation. The derivative
action is not active during the call with PIDCtrl.PIDInit = TRUE and therefore does not
contribute to the output value.
This procedure ensures that the calculation of the current PID output value and thus the
decision on which controller is to have access to the actuator is only based on the current
process state and the PI parameters. Windup effects for controllers that are not active and
thus incorrect decisions of the switchover logic are prevented.

Requirement
PIDCtrl.PIDInit is only effective if the integral action is activated (tags
Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Ti and Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Ti > 0.0).
You must assign PIDCtrl.PIDInit and OverwriteInitialOutputValue in your user program
yourself (see example below). PID_Temp does not automatically change these tags.
PIDCtrl.PIDInit is only effective when PID_Temp is in automatic mode
(parameter State = 3).

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6.6 Override control with PID_Temp

If possible, select the sampling time of the PID algorithm ( Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle

and Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Cycle tags) so that it is identical for all controllers, and call all
controllers in the same cyclic interrupt OB. In this way, you ensure that the switchover
does not take place within a controller cycle or a PWM period.

Note
Constant adaptation of the output value limits
Instead of the active updating of the controllers without access to the actuator described
here, this is implemented alternatively by constant adaptation of the output value limits in
other controller systems.
This is not possible with PID_Temp, because a change of the output value limits is not
supported in automatic mode.

Example: Control of a large boiler

PID_Temp is used for control of a large boiler.
The main goal is to control the temperature Input1. The controller PID_Temp_1 is used for
this purpose. In addition, the temperature Input2 is to be kept below a high limit at an
additional measuring point with the limiting controller PID_Temp_2.
Both temperatures are influenced by only one heater. The output value of the controller
corresponds to the heating power.

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6.6 Override control with PID_Temp

The heater is controlled with the pulse-width modulated output value of PID_Temp
(parameter OutputHeat_PWM) by writing the program tag ActuatorInput. The setpoint for the
temperature Input1 is specified at the parameter PID_Temp_1.Setpoint. The temperature
high limit for the additional measuring point is specified as setpoint at the parameter
PID_Temp_2.Setpoint.

Both controllers must share one heater as shared actuator. The logic that decides which
controller gets access to the actuator is implemented by a minimum selection of the
PID output value (in Real format, parameter PidOutputSum) in this case. Because the
PID output value corresponds to the heating power, the controller that requires lower heating
power gets the control.
In normal operation of the plant, the process value of the main controlled variable
corresponds to the setpoint. The main controller PID_Temp_1 has settled on a stationary
PID output value PID_Temp_1.PidOutputSum. The process value of the limiting controller
Input2 in normal operation is significantly below the high limit that is specified as setpoint for
fr PID_Temp_2. The limiting controller therefore wants to increase the heating power to
increase its process value, which means it will calculate a PID output value
PID_Temp_2.PidOutputSum that is greater than the main controller
PID_Temp_1.PidOutputSum. The minimum selection of the switchover logic therefore gives
the main controller PID_Temp_1 continued access to the actuator. In addition, it is ensured
that PID_Temp_2 is updated by means of the assignments
PID_Temp_2.OverwriteInitialOutputValue = PID_Temp_1.PidOutputSum and
PID_Temp_2.PIDCtrl.PIDInit = TRUE.
If Input2 now approaches the high limit or exceeds it, for example due to a fault, the limiting
controller PID_Temp_2 calculates a smaller PID output value to restrict the heating power
and thus reduce Input2. If PID_Temp_2.PidOutputSum is smaller than
PID_Temp_1.PidOutputSum, the limiting controller PID_Temp_2 receives access to the
actuator through the minimum selection and reduces the heating power. It is ensured that
PID_Temp_1 is updated by means of the assignments
PID_Temp_1.OverwriteInitialOutputValue = PID_Temp_2.PidOutputSum and
PID_Temp_1.PIDCtrl.PIDInit = TRUE.

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6.6 Override control with PID_Temp

The temperature at the additional measuring point Input2 drops. The temperature of the
main controlled variable Input1 drops as well and cannot be held at the setpoint any longer.
Once the fault has been remedied, the Input2 will continue to drop and the heating power is
further increased by the limiting controller. As soon as the main controller has calculated a
lower heating power as output value, the plant returns to normal operation so that the main
controller PID_Temp_1 once again has access to the actuator. This example can be
implemented with the following SCL program code:

"PID Temp 1"(Input := "Input1");

"PID Temp 2"(Input := "Input2");
IF "PID Temp 1".PidOutputSum <= "PID Temp 2".PidOutputSum THEN
"ActuatorInput" := "PID_Temp_1".OutputHeat_PWM;
"PID_Temp_1".PIDCtrl.PIDInit := FALSE;
"PID_Temp_2".PIDCtrl.PIDInit := TRUE;
"PID_Temp_2".OverwriteInitialOutputValue := "PID_Temp_1".PidOutputSum;
ELSE
"ActuatorInput" := "PID_Temp_2".OutputHeat_PWM;
"PID_Temp_1".PIDCtrl.PIDInit := TRUE;
"PID_Temp_2".PIDCtrl.PIDInit := FALSE;
"PID_Temp_1".OverwriteInitialOutputValue := "PID_Temp_2".PidOutputSum;
END IF;

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6.7 Simulating PID_Temp with PLCSIM

6.7 Simulating PID_Temp with PLCSIM

Note
Simulation with PLCSIM
The simulation of PID_Temp with PLCSIM for CPU S7-1200 is not supported.
PID_TEMP can be simulated only for CPU S7-1500 with PLCSIM.
For the simulation with PLCSIM, the time behavior of the simulated PLC is not exactly
identical to that of a "real" PLC. The actual cycle clock of a cyclic interrupt OB can have
larger fluctuations with a simulated PLC than with "real" PLCs.
In the standard configuration, PID_Temp determines the time between calls automatically
and monitors them for fluctuations.
For the simulation of PID_Temp with PLCSIM, for example, a sampling time error (ErrorBits
= DW#16#00000800) can therefore be detected.
This results in ongoing tuning being aborted.
The response in automatic mode depends on the value of the ActivateRecoverMode tag.
To prevent this from happening, you should configure PID_Temp for simulation with PLCSIM
as follows:
CycleTime.EnEstimation = FALSE
CycleTime.EnMonitoring = FALSE
CycleTime.Value: Assign the cycle clock of the calling cyclic interrupt OB in seconds to
this tag.

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Using PID basic functions 7
7.1 CONT_C

7.1.1 Technology object CONT_C

The technology object CONT_C provides a continual PID-controller for automatic and
manual mode. It corresponds to the instance data block of the instruction CONT_C. You can
configure a pulse controller using the PULSEGEN instruction.
The proportional, integral (INT) and differential components (DIF) are switched parallel to
each other and can be turned on and off individually. With this, P-, I, PI-, PD- and
PID-controller can be set.
S7-1500
All parameters and tags of the technology object are retentive and can only be changed
during download to the device if you completely download CONT_C.

See also
Overview of software controller (Page 38)
Add technology objects (Page 40)
Configure technology objects (Page 45)
CONT_C (Page 461)
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

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7.1 CONT_C

7.1.2 Configure controller difference CONT_C

Use process value periphery

To use the process value in the periphery format at the PV_PER input parameter, follow
these steps:
1. Select the "Enable I/O" check box.
2. If the process value is available as a physical size, enter the factor and offset for the
scaling in percent.
The process value is then determined according to the following formula:
PV = PV_PER PV_FAC + PV_OFF

Use internal process values

To use the process value in the floating-point format at the PV_IN input parameter, follow
these steps:
1. Clear the "Enable I/O" check box.

Control deviation
Set a dead zone range under the following requirement:
The process value signal is noisy.
The controller gain is high.
The derivative action is activated.
The noise component of the process value causes strong deviations of the output value in
this case. The dead zone suppresses the noise component in the steady controller state.
The dead zone range specifies the size of the dead zone. With a dead zone range of 0.0, the
dead zone is turned off.

See also
How CONT_C works (Page 462)

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7.1 CONT_C

7.1.3 Configure the controller algorithm CONT_C

General
To determine which components of the control algorithm are activated, proceed as follows:
1. Select an entry from the "Controller structure" list.
You can only specify required parameters for the selected controller structure.

Proportional action
1. If the controller structure contains a proportional action, enter the "proportional gain".

Integral action
1. If the controller structure contains an integral action, enter the integral action time.
2. To give the integral action an initialization value, select the check box "Initialize integral
action" and enter the initialization value.
3. In order to permanently set the integral action to this initialization value, select the
"Integral action hold" check box.

Derivative action
1. If the controller structure contains a derivative action, enter the derivative action time, the
derivative action weighting and the delay time.

See also
How CONT_C works (Page 462)

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7.1 CONT_C

7.1.4 Configure the output value CONT_C

General
You can set CONT_C in the manual or automatic mode.
1. To set a manual manipulated value, activate the option "Activate manual mode" option
check box.
You can specify a manual manipulated value on the input parameter MAN.

Manipulated value limits

The manipulated value is limited at the top and bottom so that it can only accept valid values.
You cannot turn off the limitation. Exceeding the limits is displayed through the output
parameters QLMN_HLM and QLMN_LLM.
1. Enter a value for the high and low manipulated value limits.
If the manipulated value is a physical size, the units for the high and low manipulated
value limits must match.

Scaling
The manipulated value can be scaled for output as a floating point and periphery value
through a factor and an offset according to the following formula.
Scaled manipulated value = manipulated value x factor + offset
Default is a factor of 1.0 and an offset of 0.0.
1. Enter a value for the factor and offset.

See also
How CONT_C works (Page 462)

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7.1 CONT_C

7.1.5 Programming a pulse controller

With the continuous controller CONT_C and the pulse shaper PULSEGEN, you can
implement a fixed setpoint controller with a switching output for proportional actuators. The
following figure shows the signal flow of the control loop.

The continuous controller CONT_C forms the output value LMN that is converted by the
pulse shaper PULSEGEN into pulse/break signals QPOS_P or QNEG_P.

See also
PULSEGEN (Page 473)

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7.1 CONT_C

7.1.6 Commissioning CONT_C

Requirements
The instruction and the technology object are loaded on the CPU.

Procedure
In order to manually determine the optimal PID parameter, proceed as follows:
1. Click the "Start" icon.
If there is no online connection, this will be established. The current values for the
setpoint, process value and output value are recorded.
2. Enter new PID parameters in the "P", "I", "D" and "Delay time" fields.
3. Click on the icon "Send parameter to CPU" in the "Tuning" group.
4. Select the "Change setpoint" check box in the "Current values" group.
5. Enter a new setpoint and click in the "Current Values" group on the icon .
6. Clear the "Manual mode" check box.
The controller works with the new PID parameters and controls the new setpoint.
7. Check the quality of the PID parameter to check the curve points.
8. Repeat steps 2 to 6 until you are satisfied with the controller results.

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7.2 CONT_S

7.2 CONT_S

7.2.1 Technology object CONT_S

The technology object CONT_S provides a step controller for actuators with integrating
behavior and is used to control technical temperature processes with binary output value
output signals. The technology object corresponds to the instance data block of the CONT_S
instruction. The operating principle is based on the PI control algorithm of the sampling
controller. The step controller operates without a position feedback signal. Both manual and
automatic mode are possible.
S7-1500
All parameters and tags of the technology object are retentive and can only be changed
during download to the device if you completely download CONT_S.

See also
Overview of software controller (Page 38)
Add technology objects (Page 40)
Configure technology objects (Page 45)
CONT_S (Page 468)
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

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7.2 CONT_S

7.2.2 Configure controller difference CONT_S

Use process value periphery

To use the process value in the periphery format at the PV_PER input parameter, follow
these steps:
1. Select the "Enable I/O" check box.
2. If the process value is available as a physical quantity, enter the factor and offset for the
scaling in percent.
The process value is then determined according to the following formula:
PV = PV_PER PV_FAC + PV_OFF

Use internal process values

To use the process value in the floating-point format at the PV_IN input parameter, follow
these steps:
1. Clear the "Enable I/O" check box.

Control deviation
Set a deadband range under the following requirement:
The process value signal is noisy.
The controller gain is high.
The derivative action is activated.
The noise component of the process value causes strong deviations of the manipulated
variable in this case. The deadband suppresses the noise component in the steady controller
state. The deadband range specifies the size of the deadband. With a deadband range of
0.0, the deadband is turned off.

See also
Mode of operation CONT_S (Page 469)

7.2.3 Configuring control algorithm CONT_S

PID algorithm
1. Enter the "proportional amplification" for the P-component.
2. Enter the integration time for the time behavior of the I-component.
With an integration time of 0.0, the I-component is switched off.

See also
Mode of operation CONT_S (Page 469)

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7.2 CONT_S

7.2.4 Configure manipulated value CONT_S

General
You can set CONT_S in the manual or automatic mode.
1. To set a manual manipulated value, activate the "Activate manual mode" option check
box.
Enter a manual manipulated value for the input parameters LMNUP and LMNDN.

Pulse generator
1. Enter the minimum impulse duration and minimum pause duration.
The values must be greater than or equal to the cycle time for the input parameter
CYCLE. The frequency of operation is reduced through this.
2. Enter the motor setting time.
The value must be greater than or equal to the cycle time of the input parameter CYCLE.

See also
Mode of operation CONT_S (Page 469)

7.2.5 Commissioning CONT_S

Requirements
The instruction and the technology object have been loaded to the CPU.

Procedure
To manually determine the optimal PID parameters, proceed as follows:
1. Click the "Start" icon.
If there is no online connection, this will be established. The current values for the
setpoint, process value and output value are recorded.
2. In the fields "P" and "I", enter a new proportional value and a new integration time.
3. Click on the icon "Send parameter to CPU" in the "Tuning" group.
4. Select the "Change setpoint" check box in the "Current values" group.
5. Enter a new setpoint and click in the "Current Values" group on the icon .
6. Clear the "Manual mode" check box.
The controller works with the new parameters and controls the new setpoint.
7. Check the quality of the PID parameter to check the curve points.
8. Repeat steps 2 to 6 until you are satisfied with the controller results.

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7.3 TCONT_CP

7.3 TCONT_CP

7.3.1 Technology object TCONT_CP

The technology object TCONT_CP provides a continual temperature controller with pulse
generator. It corresponds to the instance data block of the instruction TCONT_CP. The
operation is based on the PID control algorithm of the sampling controller. Both manual and
automatic mode are possible.
The instruction TCONT_CP calculates the proportional, integral and derivative parameters
for your controlled system during pretuning. "Fine tuning" can be used to tune the
parameters further. You can also enter the PID parameters manually.
S7-1500
All parameters and tags of the technology object are retentive and can only be changed
during download to the device if you completely download TCONT_CP.

See also
Overview of software controller (Page 38)
Add technology objects (Page 40)
Configure technology objects (Page 45)
TCONT_CP (Page 483)
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

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Using PID basic functions
7.3 TCONT_CP

7.3.2 Configure TCONT_CP

7.3.2.1 Controller difference

Use process value periphery

To use the input parameter PV_PER, proceed as follows:
1. Select the entry "Periphery" from the "Source" list.
2. Select the "sensor type".
Depending on the sensor type, the process value is scaled according to different
formulas.
Standard
Thermoelements; PT100/NI100
PV = 0.1 PV_PER PV_FAC + PV_OFFS
Cooling;
PT100/NI100
PV = 0.01 PV_PER PV_FAC + PV_OFFS
Current/voltage
PV = 100/27648 PV_PER PV_FAC + PV_OFFS
3. Enter the factor and offset for the scaling of the process value periphery.

Use internal process values

To use the input parameter PV_IN, proceed as follows:
1. Select the entry "Internal" from the "Source" list.

Control deviation
Set a deadband range under the following requirement:
The process value signal is noisy.
The controller gain is high.
The derivative action is activated.
The noise component of the process value causes strong deviations of the manipulated
variable in this case. The deadband suppresses the noise component in the steady controller
state. The deadband range specifies the size of the deadband. With a deadband range of
0.0, the deadband is turned off.

See also
Mode of operation TCONT_CP (Page 484)

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7.3 TCONT_CP

7.3.2.2 Controlling algorithm

General
1. Enter the "Sampling time PID algorithm".
A controller sampling time should not exceed 10 % of the determined integratl action time
of the controller (TI).
2. If the controller structure contains a proportional action, enter the "proportional gain".
A negative proportional gain inverts the rule meaning.

Proportional action
For changes of the setpoint, it may lead to overshooting of the proportional action. Through
the weighting of the proportional action, you can select how strongly the proportional action
should react when setpoint changes are made. The weakening of the proportional action is
reached through a compensation of the integral action.
1. To weaken the proportional action for setpoint changes, enter a "Proportional action
weighting".
1.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is fully effective
0.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is not effective

Integral action
With a limitation of the manipulated value, the integral action is stopped. With a control
deviation that moves the integral action in the direction of an internal setting range, the
integral action is released again.
1. If the controller structure contains an integral action, enter the "integral action time".
With an integral action time of 0.0, the integral action is switched off.
2. To give the integral action an initialization value, select the "Initialize integral action"
check box and enter the "Initialization value".
Upon restart or COM_RST = TRUE, the integral action is set to this value.

Derivative action
1. If the controller structure contains a derivative action, enter the derivative action time (TD)
and the coefficients DT1 (D_F).
With switched derivative action, the following equation should be maintained:
TD = 0.5 CYCLE D_F.
The delay time is calculated from this according to the formula:
delay time = TD/D_F

Set PD-controller with operating point

1. Enter the integral action time 0.0.
2. Activate the "Initialize integral action" check box.
3. Enter the operating point as the initialization value.

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7.3 TCONT_CP

Set P-controller with operating point

1. Set a PD-controller with an operating point.
2. Enter the derivative action time 0.0.
The derivative action is disabled.

Control zone
The control zone limits the value range of the control deviation. If the control deviation is
outside of this value range, the manipulated value limits are used.
With an occurrence in the control zone, the derivative action leads to a very quick reduction
of the manipulated variable. Thus, the control zone only makes sense for switched on
derivative actions. Without control zone, only the reducing proportional action would reduce
the manipulated value. The control zone leads to a quick oscillation without over/under
shooting if the emitted minimum or maximum manipulated values are removed from the
manipulated value required for the new operating point.
1. Activate the "Activate" check box in the "control zone" group.
2. Enter a setpoint value in the "Width" input field from which the process value may deviate
above or below.

See also
Mode of operation TCONT_CP (Page 484)

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7.3.2.3 Manipulated value continual controller

Manipulated value limits

The manipulated value is limited at the top and bottom so that it can only accept valid values.
You cannot turn off the limitation. Exceeding the limits is displayed through the output
parameters QLMN_HLM and QLMN_LLM.
1. Enter a value for the high and low manipulated value limits.

Scaling
The manipulated value can be scaled for output as a floating point and periphery value
through a factor and an offset according to the following formula.
Scaled manipulated value = manipulated value x factor + offset
Default is a factor of 1.0 and an offset of 0.0.
1. Enter a value for the factor and offset.

Pulse generator
The pulse generator must be turned on for a continual controller.
1. Disable the "Activate" option check box in the "Pulse generator" group.

See also
Mode of operation TCONT_CP (Page 484)

7.3.2.4 Manipulated value pulse controller

Pulse generator
The analog manipulated value (LmnN) can be emitted through pulse-duration modulation on
the output parameter QPULSE as an impulse sequence.
To use the pulse generator, proceed as follows:
1. Activate the "Activate" option check box in the "pulse generator" group.
2. Enter the "sampling time pulse generator", the "minimum impulse/break duration" and the
"period duration".

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The following graphics clarify the connection between the "sampling pulse generator"
(CYCLE_P), the "minimum impulse/break duration" (P_B_TM) and the "period duration"
(PER_TM):

Sampling time pulse generator

The sampling time pulse generator must agree with the time tact of the cyclic interrupt OB
being called. The duration of the created impulse is always a whole number factor of this
value. For an adequately precise manipulated value resolution, the following relationship
should apply:
CYCLE_P PER_TM/50

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Minimum impulse/break duration

Through the minimum impulse/break duration, short on or off times on the actuator are
avoided. An impulse smaller than P_B_TM is suppressed.
Recommended are values P_B_TM 0.1 PER_TM.

Period duration
The period duration should not exceed 20% of the determined integration time of the
controller (TI):
PER_TM TI/5

Example for the effect of the parameter CYCLE_P, CYCLE and PER_TM:
Period duration PER_TM = 10 s
Sampling time PID-algorithm CYCLE = 1 s
Sampling time pulse generator CYCLE_P = 100 ms.
Every second, a new manipulated value, every 100 ms the comparison of the manipulated
value occurs with the previously emitted impulse length and break length.
If an impulse is emitted, there are 2 possibilities:
The calculated manipulated value is larger than the previous impulse length/PER_TM.
Then the impulse is extended.
The calculated manipulated value is less than or equal to the previous impulse
length/PER_TM. Then no impulse signal will be emitted.
If no impulse is emitted, there are also 2 possibilities:
The value (100 % - calculated manipulated value) is greater than the previous break
length / PER_TM. Then the break is extended.
The value (100 % - calculated manipulated value) is less than or equal to the previous
break length / PER_TM. Then an impulse signal will be emitted.

See also
Mode of operation TCONT_CP (Page 484)
Operating principle of the pulse generator (Page 493)

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7.3.3 Commissioning TCONT_CP

7.3.3.1 Optimization of TCONT_CP

Application possibilities
The controller optimization for heating or cooling processes from process type I is applicable.
But you can use the block for processes with higher levels like process type II or III.
The PI/PID parameters are automatically determined and set. The controller draft is
designed for an optimal disruption behavior The "precise" parameters resulting from this lead
to overshooting of 10% to 40% of the jump height for setpoint jump heights.

Phases of controller optimization

For the controller optimization, individual phases are run through, which you can read on the
parameter PHASE .

PHASE = 0
No tuning is running. TCONT_CP works in automatic or manual mode.
During PHASE = 0, you can make sure that the controlled system fulfills the requirements for
an optimization.
At the end of the optimization, TCONT_CP changes back into PHASE = 0.

PHASE = 1
TCONT_CP is prepared for optimization. PHASE = 1 may only be started if the requirements
for an optimization are fulfilled.
During PHASE = 1, the following values are determined:
Process value noise NOISE_PV
Initial slope PVDT0
Average of the manipulated variable
Sampling time PID algorithm CYCLE
Sampling time pulse generator CYCLE_P

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PHASE = 2
In phase 2, the process value attempts to detect the point of inflection with a constant
manipulated variable. This method prevents the point of inflection from being found too early
as a result of process variable noise.
With the pulse controller, the process variable is averaged over N pulse cycles and then
made available to the controller stage. There is a further averaging of the process variable in
the controller stage: Initially, this averaging is inactive; in other words, averaging always
takes place over 1 cycle. As long as the noise exceeds a certain level, the number of cycles
is doubled.
The period and amplitude of the noise are calculated. The search for the point of inflection is
canceled and phase 2 is exited only when the gradient is always smaller than the maximum
rise during the estimated period. TU and T_P_INF are, however, calculated at the actual
point of inflection.
Tuning, however, is only ended when the following two conditions are met:
1. The process value is more than 2*NOISE_PV away from the point of inflection.
2. The process value has exceeded the point of inflection by 20%.

Note
When exciting the process using a setpoint step change, tuning is ended at the latest
when the process value exceeds 75% of the setpoint step change (SP_INT-PV0) (see
below).

PHASE = 3, 4, 5
The phases 3, 4 and 5 last 1 cycle each.
In Phase 3, the valid PI/PID parameters are saved before the optimization and the process
parameter is calculated.
In Phase 4, the new PI/PID parameters are calculated.
In Phase 5, the new manipulated variable is calculated and the controlled system is given.

PHASE = 7
The process type is inspected in Phase 7, because TCONT_CP always changes to
automatic mode after optimization. The automatic mode starts with
LMN = LMN0 + 0.75*TUN_DLMN as a manipulated variable. The testing of the process type
occurs in the automatic mode with the recently recalculated controller parameters and ends
at the latest 0.35*TA (equilibrium time) after the point of inflection. If the process order
deviates strongly from the estimated value, the controller parameters are newly calculated
and STATUS_D is counted up by 1, otherwise, the controller parameters remain unchanged.
Then the optimization mode is complete and TCONT_CP is back in PHASE = 0. At the
STATUS_H parameter, you can identify whether the tuning was successfully completed.

Premature cancellation of the optimization

In Phase 1, 2 or 3, you can cancel the optimization by resetting TUN_ON = FALSE without
calculating new parameters. The controller starts in the automatic mode with
LMN = LMN0 + TUN_DLMN. If the controller was in manual mode before the tuning, the old
manual manipulated variable is output.
If the tuning is canceled in Phase 4, 5 or 7 with TUN_ON = FALSE, the determined
controlled parameters are contained until then.

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7.3.3.2 Requirements for an optimization

Transient response
The process must have a stable, asymptotic transient response with time lag.
The process value must settle to steady state after a step change of the manipulated
variable. This therefore excludes processes that already show an oscillating response
without control, as well as processes with no recovery (integrator in the control system).

WARNING

This may result in death, severe injury or considerable property damage.

During an tuning, the parameter MAN_ON is ineffective. Through this, the output value or
process value may take on undesired - even extreme - values.
The output value is defined through the tuning. To cancel the tuning, you first have to set
TUN_ON = FALSE. This makes MAN_ON effective again.

Guaranteeing a stationary initial state (phase 0)

With lower-frequency oscillations of the process value, for example, due to incorrect
controller parameters, the controller must be put in manual mode before the tuning is started
and wait for the oscillation to stop. Alternatively, you could switch to a "soft" set PI controller
(small loop gain large integration time).
Now you have to wait until the stationary state is reached, this means, until the process
value and output value have a steady state. It is also permissible to have an asymptotic
transient oscillation or slow drifting of the process value (stationary state, see the following
image). The output value must be constant or fluctuate by a constant average.

Note
Avoid changing the manipulated variable shortly before starting the tuning. A change of the
manipulated variable can occur in an unintended manner through the establishment of the
test conditions (for example, closing an oven door)! If this does happen, you have to at least
wait until the process value has an asymptotic transient oscillation in a stationary state again.
Better controller parameters can be reached if you wait until the transient effect has
completely subsided.

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In the following image, the transient oscillation is illustrated in the stationary state:

Linearity and operating range

The process response must be linear across the operating range. Non-linear response
occurs, for example, when an aggregation state changes. Tuning must take place in a linear
part of the operating range.
This means, during tuning and normal control operation non-linear effects within the
operating range must be insignificant. It is, however possible to retune the process when the
operating point changes, providing tuning is repeated in the close vicinity of the new
operating point and non-linearity does not occur during tuning.
If a specific static non-linearity (e.g., valve characteristics) is known, it is always advisable to
compensate this with a polyline to linearize the process response.

Disturbance in temperature processes

Disturbances such as the transfer of heat to neighboring zones must not affect the overall
temperature process too much. For example, when optimizing the zones of an extruder, all
zones must be heated simultaneously.

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7.3.3.3 Possibilities for optimization

The following possibilities for tuning exist:
Pretuning
Fine tuning
Manual fine-tuning in control mode

Pretuning
During this tuning, the working point is approached from the cold state through a setpoint
jump.
With TUN_ON = TRUE, you can establish the tuning readiness. The controller switches from
PHASE = 0 to PHASE = 1.

The tuning manipulated variable (LMN0 + TUN_DLMN) is activated by a setpoint change

(transition phase 1 -> 2). The setpoint is not effective until the inflection point has been
reached (automatic mode is not enabled until this point is reached).
The user is responsible for defining the output excitation delta (TUN_DLMN) according to the
permitted process value change. The sign of TUN_DLMN must be set depending on the
intended process value change (take into account the direction in which the control is
operating).
The setpoint step change and TUN_DLMN must be suitably matched. If the value of
TUN_DLMN is too high, there is a risk that the point of inflection will not be found before 75%
of the setpoint step change is reached.
TUN_DLMN must nonetheless be high enough to ensure that the process value reaches at
least 22 % of the setpoint step change. Otherwise, the process will remain in tuning mode
(phase 2).

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Remedy: Reduce the setpoint value during the inflection point search.

Note
If processes are extremely sluggish, it is advisable during tuning to specify a target setpoint
that is somewhat lower than the desired operating point and to monitor the status bits and
PV closely (risk of overshooting).
Tuning only in the linear range:
The signals of certain processes (e.g., zinc or magnesium smelters) will pass a non-linear
area at the approach of the operating range (change in the state of aggregation).
By selecting a suitable setpoint step change, tuning can be limited to the linear range. When
the process value has passed 75% of the setpoint step change (SP_INT-PV0), tuning is
ended.
At the same time, TUN_DLMN should be reduced to the extent that the point of inflection is
guaranteed to be found before 75% of the setpoint step change is reached.

Fine tuning
During this tuning, the process with a constant setpoint is activated through a output value
jump.

The tuning manipulated variable (LMN0 + TUN_DLMN) is activated by setting the start bit
TUN_ST (transition from phase 1 -> 2). When you modify the setpoint value, the new value
will not take effect until the point of inflection has been reached (automatic mode will not be
enabled until this point has been reached).

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The user is responsible for defining the output excitation delta (TUN_DLMN) according to the
permitted process value change. The sign of TUN_DLMN must be set depending on the
intended process value change (take into account the direction in which the control is
operating).

NOTICE

Safety off at 75% is not available when you excite the process via TUN_ST. Tuning is
ended when the point of inflection is reached. However, in noisy processes the point of
inflection may be significantly exceeded.

Manual fine-tuning in control mode

The following measures can be employed to achieve an overshoot-free setpoint response:
Adapting the control zone
Optimize command action
Attenuation of control parameters
Modifying control parameters

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7.3.3.4 Tuning result

The left cipher of STATUS_H displays the tuning status

STATUS_H Result
0 Default, i.e., new controller parameters have not (yet) been found.
10000 Suitable control parameters found.
2xxxx Control parameters have been found via estimated values; check the control
response or check the STATUS_H diagnostic message and repeat controller
tuning.
3xxxx An operator error has occurred; check the STATUS_H diagnostic message and
repeat controller tuning.

The CYCLE and CYCLE_P sampling times were already checked in phase 1.
The following controller parameters are updated on TCONT_CP:
P (proportional GAIN)
I (integration time TI)
D (derivative time TD)
Weighting of the proportional action PFAC_SP
Coefficient DT1 (D_F)
Control zone on/off CONZ_ON
Control zone width CON_ZONE
The control zone is only activated if the process type is suitable (process type I and II) and a
PID controller is used (CONZ_ON = TRUE).
Depending on PID_ON, control is implemented either with a PI or a PID controller. The old
controller parameters are saved and can be retrieved with UNDO_PAR. A PI parameter
record and a PID parameter record are saved additionally in the PI_CON and PID_CON
structures. Using LOAD_PID and making a suitable setting for PID_ON, it is also possible to
switch later between the tuned PI or PID parameters.

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7.3.3.5 Parallel tuning of controller channels

Adjacent zones (strong heat coupling)

If two or more controllers are controlling the temperature, on a plate, for example (in other
words, there are two heaters and two measured process values with strong heat coupling),
proceed as follows:
1. OR the two outputs QTUN_RUN.
2. Interconnect each TUN_KEEP input with the output of the OR element.
3. Start both controllers by specifying a setpoint step change at the same time or by setting
TUN_ST at the same time.
The following schematic illustrates the parallel tuning of controller channels.

Advantage:
Both controllers output LMN0 + TUN_DLMN until both controllers have left phase 2. This
prevents the controller that completes tuning first from falsifying the tuning result of the other
controller due to the change in its manipulated variable.

NOTICE

Reaching 75% of the setpoint step change causes an exiting of phase 2 and resetting of
output QTUN_RUN. However, automatic mode does not start until TUN_KEEP is also 0.

Adjacent zones (weak heat coupling)

In general terms, tuning should be carried out to reflect the way in which the controller will
operate subsequently. If zones are operated together during production such that the
temperature differences between the zones remain the same, the temperature of the
adjacent zones ought to be increased accordingly during tuning.
Differences in temperature at the beginning of the tuning are irrelevant since they will be
compensated by the initial heating (-> initial rise = 0).

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7.3.3.6 Fault descriptions and corrective measures

Compensating operator errors

Operator error STATUS and action Comment

TUN_ON and setpoint step Transition to phase 1; how- The setpoint change is canceled.
change or TUN_ST are set sim- ever, tuning is not started. This prevents the controller from
ultaneously settling to the new setpoint value
SP_INT = SPold or
and from leaving the stationary
TUN_ST = FALSE operating point unnecessarily.
Effective TUN_DLMN < 5% (end STATUS_H = 30002 Tuning is canceled.
of phase 1) The setpoint change is canceled.
Transition to phase 0
This prevents the controller from
TUN_ON = FALSE
settling to the new setpoint value
SP = SPold and from leaving the stationary
operating point unnecessarily.

Point of inflection not reached (only if excited by setpoint step change)

At the latest, tuning is ended when the process value has passed 75% of the setpoint step
change (SP_INT-PV0). This is signaled by "inflection point not reached" in STATUS_H
(2xx2x).
The currently valid setpoint always applies. By reducing the setpoint, it is possible to achieve
an earlier end of the tuning function.
In typical temperature processes, cancelation of tuning at 75% of the setpoint step change is
normally adequate to prevent overshoot. However, caution is advised, particularly in
processes with a greater delay (TU/TA > 0.1, process type III). If manipulated variable
excitation is too strong compared to the setpoint step change, the process value can
overshoot heavily (up to a factor of 3).
In higher-order processes, if the point of inflection is still a long way off after reaching 75% of
the setpoint step change, there will be significant overshoot. In addition, the controller
parameters are too stringent. In this case, you should reduce the controller parameters or
repeat the attempt.

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The following schematic illustrates the overshoot of the process variable when the excitation
is too strong (process type III):

In typical temperature processes, cancelation shortly before reaching the point of inflection is
not critical in terms of the controller parameters.
If you repeat the attempt, reduce TUN_DLMN or increase the setpoint step change.
Principle: The value of the manipulated variable used for tuning must be suitable for the
setpoint step change.

Error estimating the delay time or order

The delay time (STATUS_H = 2x1xx or 2x3xx) or order (STATUS_H = 21xxx or 22xxx) were
not acquired correctly. Operation continues with an estimate that can lead to non-optimum
controller parameters.
Repeat the tuning procedure and ensure that disturbances do not occur at the process
value.

Note
The special case of a PT1-only process is also indicated by STATUS_H = 2x1xx
(TU <= 3*CYCLE). In this case, it is not necessary to repeat the attempt. Reduce the
controller parameters if the control oscillates.

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Quality of measuring signals (measurement noise, low-frequency interference)

The results of tuning can be distorted by measurement noise or by low-frequency
interference. Note the following:
If you encounter measurement noise, set the sampling frequency higher rather than
lower. During one noise period, the process value should be sampled at least twice. In
pulse mode, integrated mean value filtering can be helpful. This assumes, however, that
the process variable PV is transferred to the instruction in the fast pulse cycle. The
degree of noise should not exceed 5% of the useful signal change.
High-frequency interference cannot be filtered out by TCONT_CP. This should be filtered
earlier in the measuring sensor to prevent the aliasing effect.
The following schematic illustrates the aliasing effect when the sampling time is too long:

With low-frequency interference, it is relatively easy to ensure an adequately high

sampling rate. However, the TCONT_CP must then generate a uniform measuring signal
by having a large interval in the mean value filtering. Mean value filtering must extend
over at least two noise periods. Internally in the block, this soon results in higher sampling
times such that the accuracy of the tuning is adversely affected. Adequate accuracy is
guaranteed with at least 40 noise periods up to the point of inflection.
Possible remedy when repeating the attempt:
Increase TUN_DLMN.

Overshoot
Overshoot can occur in the following situations:

Situation Cause Remedy

End of tuning Excitation by a too high manipu- Increase the setpoint step change
lated value change compared with or reduce the manipulated value
the setpoint step change (see step change.
above).
PI controller activated by If the process permits a
PID_ON = FALSE. PID controller, start tuning with
PID_ON = TRUE.
Tuning in phase 7 Initially, less aggressive controller -
parameters were determined (process
type III); these can lead to an over-
shoot in phase 7.
Control mode PI controller with PFAC_SP = 1.0 for If the process permits a PID controller,
process type I. start tuning with PID_ON = TRUE.

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7.3.3.7 Performing pretuning

Requirements
The instruction and the technology object are loaded on the CPU.

Procedure
To manually determine the optimum PID parameters for initial commissioning, follow these
steps:
1. Click the "Start" icon.
If there is no online connection, this will be established. The current values for the
setpoint, process value and output value are recorded.
2. Select "Pretuning" from the "Mode" drop-down list.
TCONT_CP is ready for tuning.
3. In the "Output value jump" field, specify how much the output value should be increased.
4. Enter a setpoint in the "Setpoint" field. The output value jump only takes effect when
another setpoint is entered.
5. Click the "Start tuning" icon.
The pretuning starts. The status of the tuning is displayed.

7.3.3.8 Performing fine tuning

Requirements
The instruction and the technology object are loaded on the CPU.

Procedure
To determine the optimal PID parameters at the operating point, follow these steps:
1. Click the "Start" icon.
If there is no online connection, this will be established. The current values for the
setpoint, process value and output value are recorded.
2. Select "Fine tuning" from the "Mode" drop-down list.
TCONT_CP is ready for tuning.
3. In the "Output value jump" field, specify how much the output value should be increased.
4. Click the "Start tuning" icon.
Fine tuning starts. The status of the tuning is displayed.

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7.3.3.9 Cancelling pretuning or fine tuning

To cancel pretuning or fine tuning, click on the icon, "Stop tuning".
If the PID parameters have not yet been calculated and stored, TCONT_CP starts in
automatic mode LMN = LMN0 + TUN_DLMN. If the controller was in manual mode before
the tuning, the old manual manipulated variable is output.
If the calculated PID parameters have already been saved, TCONT_CP starts in automatic
mode and works with the previously determined PID parameters.

7.3.3.10 Manual fine-tuning in control mode

The following measures can be employed to achieve an overshoot-free setpoint response:

Adapting the control zone

During tuning, "TCONT_CP" determines a control zone CON_ZONE and activated if the
process type is suitable (process type I and II) and a PID controller is used
(CONZ_ON = TRUE). In control mode, you can modify the control zone or switch it off
completely (with CONZ_ON = FALSE).

Note
Activating the control zone with higher-order processes (process type III) does not normally
provide any benefit since the control zone is then larger than the control range that can be
achieved with a 100% manipulated variable. There is also no advantage in activating the
control zone for PI controllers.
Before you switch on the control zone manually, make sure that the control zone is not too
narrow. If the control zone is set too narrow, oscillations occur in the manipulated variable
and the process value.

Continuous attenuation of the control response with PFAC_SP

The control response can be attenuated with the PFAC_SP parameter. This parameter
specifies the percentage of proportional component that is effective for setpoint step
changes.
Regardless of the process type, PFAC_SP is set to a default value of 0.8 by the tuning
function; you can later modify this value if required. To limit overshoot during setpoint step
changes (with otherwise correct controller parameters) to approximately 2%, the following
values are adequate for PFAC_SP:

Process type I Process type II Process type III

Typical temperature pro- Intermediate range Higher-order temperature process
cess
PI 0.8 0.82 0.8
PID 0.6 0.75 0.96

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Adjust the default factor (0.8) in the following situations, in particular:

Process type I with PID (0.8 0.6): Setpoint step changes within the control zone still lead
to approximately 18% overshoot with PFAC_SP = 0.8.
Process type III with PID (0.8 0.96): Setpoint step changes with PFAC_SP = 0.8 are
attenuated too strongly. This leads to a significantly slower response time.

Attenuation of control parameters

When a closed-loop control circuit oscillates or if overshoot occurs after setpoint step
changes, you can reduce the controller GAIN (e.g., to 80% of the original value) and
increase integral time TI (e.g., to 150% of the original value). If the analog output value of the
continuous controller is converted to binary actuating signals by a pulse shaper, quantization
noise may cause minor permanent oscillation. You can eliminate this by increasing the
controller deadband DEADB_W.

Modifying control parameters

Proceed as follows to modify control parameters:
1. Save the current parameters with SAVE_PAR.
2. Modify the parameters.
3. Test the control response.
If the new parameter settings are worse than the old ones, retrieve the old parameters with
UNDO_PAR.

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7.3.3.11 Performing fine tuning manually

Requirements
The instruction and the technology object have been loaded to the CPU.

Procedure
To manually determine the optimal PID parameters, proceed as follows:
1. Click the "Start" icon.
If there is no online connection, this will be established. The current values for the
setpoint, process value and output value are recorded.
2. Select "Manual" from the "Mode" drop-down list.
3. Enter the new PID parameters.
4. Click on the icon "Send parameter to CPU" in the "Tuning" group.
5. Select the "Change setpoint" check box in the "Current values" group.
6. Enter a new setpoint and click in the "Current Values" group on the icon .
7. Clear the "Manual mode" check box.
The controller works with the new PID parameters and controls the new setpoint.
8. Check the quality of the PID parameter to check the curve points.
9. Repeat steps 3 to 8 until you are satisfied with the controller results.

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7.4 TCONT_S

7.4 TCONT_S

7.4.1 Technology object TCONT_S

The technology object TCONT_S provides a step controller for actuators with integrating
behavior and is used to control technical temperature processes with binary output value
output signals. The technology object corresponds to the instance data block of the
TCONT_S instruction. The operating principle is based on the PI control algorithm of the
sampling controller. The step controller operates without a position feedback signal. Both
manual and automatic mode are possible.
S7-1500
All parameters and tags of the technology object are retentive and can only be changed
during download to the device if you completely download TCONT_S.

See also
Overview of software controller (Page 38)
Add technology objects (Page 40)
Configure technology objects (Page 45)
TCONT_S (Page 508)
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

7.4.2 Configure controller difference TCONT_S

Use process value periphery

To use the input parameter PV_PER, proceed as follows:
1. Select the entry "Periphery" from the "Source" list.
2. Select the "sensor type".
Depending on the sensor type, the process value is scaled according to different
formulas.
Standard
Thermoelements; PT100/NI100
PV = 0.1 PV_PER PV_FAC + PV_OFFS
Cooling;
PT100/NI100
PV = 0.01 PV_PER PV_FAC + PV_OFFS
Current/voltage
PV = 100/27648 PV_PER PV_FAC + PV_OFFS
3. Enter the factor and offset for the scaling of the process value periphery.

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Use internal process values

To use the input parameter PV_IN, proceed as follows:
1. Select the entry "Internal" from the "Source" list.

Control deviation
Set a dead zone range under the following requirement:
The process value signal is noisy.
The controller gain is high.
The derivative action is activated.
The noise component of the process value causes strong deviations of the output value in
this case. The dead zone suppresses the noise component in the steady controller state.
The dead zone range specifies the size of the dead zone. With a dead zone range of 0.0, the
dead zone is turned off.

See also
Mode of operation TCONT_S (Page 509)

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Using PID basic functions
7.4 TCONT_S

7.4.3 Configure controller algorithm TCONT_S

General
1. Enter the "Sampling time PID algorithm".
A controller sampling time should not exceed 10 % of the determined integral action time
of the controller (TI).
2. If the controller structure contains a proportional action, enter the "proportional gain".
A negative proportional gain inverts the rule meaning.

Proportional action
For changes of the setpoint, it may lead to overshooting of the proportional action. Through
the weighting of the proportional action, you can select how strongly the proportional action
should react when setpoint changes are made. The weakening of the proportional action is
reached through a compensation of the integral action.
1. To weaken the proportional action for setpoint changes, enter a "Proportional action
weighting".
1.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is fully effective
0.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is not effective

Integral action
1. If the controller structure contains an integral action, enter the "integral action time".
With an integral action time of 0.0, the integral action is switched off.

See also
Mode of operation TCONT_S (Page 509)

7.4.4 Configure manipulated value TCONT_S

Pulse generator
1. Enter the minimum impulse duration and minimum pause duration.
The values must be greater than or equal to the cycle time for the input parameter
CYCLE. The frequency of operation is reduced through this.
2. Enter the motor setting time.
The value must be greater than or equal to the cycle time of the input parameter CYCLE.

See also
Mode of operation TCONT_S (Page 509)

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7.4 TCONT_S

7.4.5 Commissioning TCONT_S

Requirements
The instruction and the technology object have been loaded to the CPU.

Procedure
To manually determine the optimal PID parameters, proceed as follows:
1. Click the "Start" icon.
If there is no online connection, this will be established. The current values for the
setpoint, process value and output value are recorded.
2. Enter new PID parameters in the "P", "I" and weighting proportional action fields.
3. Click on the icon "Send parameter to CPU" in the "Tuning" group.
4. Select the "Change setpoint" check box in the "Current values" group.
5. Enter a new setpoint and click in the "Current Values" group on the icon .
6. Clear the "Manual mode" check box.
The controller works with the new parameters and controls the new setpoint.
7. Check the quality of the PID parameter to check the curve points.
8. Repeat steps 2 to 6 until you are satisfied with the controller results.

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Instructions 8
8.1 PID_Compact

8.1.1 New features of PID_Compact

PID_Compact V2.3
Response of the output value when switching from "Inactive" operating mode to
"Automatic mode"
The new option IntegralResetMode = 4 was added and defined as default. With
IntegralResetMode = 4, the integral action is automatically pre-assigned when switching
from "Inactive" operating mode to "Automatic mode" so that a control deviation results in
a jump of the output value with identical sign.
Initialization of the integral action in automatic mode
The integral action can be initialized in automatic mode with the tags
OverwriteInitialOutputValue and PIDCtrl.PIDInit. This simplifies the use of PID_Compact
for override controls.

PID_Compact V2.2
Use with S7-1200
As of PID_Compact V2.2, the instruction with V2 functionality can also be used on
S7-1200 with firmware version 4.0 or higher.

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PID_Compact V2.0
Reaction to error
The reaction to error has been completely overhauled. PID_Compact now reacts in a
more fault-tolerant manner in the default setting. This reaction is set when copying
PID_Compact V1.X from an S7-1200 CPU to an S7-1500 CPU.

NOTICE
Your system may be damaged.
If you use the default setting, PID_Compact remains in automatic mode when the
process value limits are exceeded. This may damage your system.
It is essential to configure how your controlled system reacts in the event of an error to
protect your system from damage.

The Error parameter indicates if an error is pending. When the error is no longer pending,
Error = FALSE. The ErrorBits parameter shows which errors have occurred. Use
ErrorAck to acknowledge the errors and warnings without restarting the controller or
clearing the integral action. Switching operating modes no longer clears errors that are no
longer pending.
You can configure the reaction to error with SetSubstituteOutput and
ActivateRecoverMode.
Substitute output value
You can configure a substitute output value that is to be output if an error occurs.
Switching the operating mode
You specify the operating mode at the Mode in/out parameter and use a rising edge at
ModeActivate to start the operating mode. The sRet.i_Mode tag has been omitted.
Multi-instance capability
You can call up PID_Compact as multi-instance DB. No technology object is created in
this case and no parameter assignment interface or commissioning interface is available.
You must assign parameters for PID_Compact directly in the multi-instance DB and
commission it via a watch table.
Startup characteristics
The operating mode specified at the Mode parameter is also started on a falling edge at
Reset and during a CPU cold restart, if RunModeByStartup = TRUE.
ENO characteristics
ENO is set depending on the operating mode.
If State = 0, then ENO = FALSE.
If State 0, then ENO = TRUE.
Setpoint value specification during tuning
You configure the permitted fluctuation of the setpoint during tuning at the
CancelTuningLevel tag.

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Value range for output value limits

The value 0.0 no longer has to fall within the output value limits.
Pre-assigning the integral action
Using the tags IntegralResetMode and OverwriteInitialOutputValue, you can determine
the pre-assignment of the integral action when switching from "Inactive" operating mode
to "Automatic mode".
Switching a disturbance variable on
You can switch a disturbance variable on at the Disturbance parameter.
Default value of PID parameters
The following default settings have been changed:
Proportional action weighting (PWeighting) from 0.0 to 1.0
Derivative action weighting (DWeighting) from 0.0 to 1.0
Coefficient for derivative delay (TdFiltRatio) from 0.0 to 0.2
Renaming tags
The static tags have been given new names that are compatible with PID_3Step.

PID_Compact V1.2
Manual mode on CPU startup
If ManualEnable = TRUE when the CPU starts, PID_Compact starts in manual mode. A
rising edge at ManualEnable is not necessary.
Pretuning
If the CPU is switched off during pretuning, pretuning starts again when the CPU is
switched back on.

PID_Compact V1.1
Manual mode on CPU startup
When the CPU starts up, PID_Compact only switches to manual mode with a rising edge
at ManualEnable. Without rising edge, PID_Compact starts in the last operating mode in
which ManualEnable was FALSE.
Reaction to reset
A rising edge at Reset resets the errors and warnings and clears the integral action. A
falling edge at Reset triggers a switchover to the most recently active operating mode.
Default of process value high limit
The default value of r_Pv_Hlm has been changed to 120.0.

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Monitoring the sampling time

An error is no longer output when the current sampling time is 1.5 x current mean
value or when the current sampling time is 0.5 x current mean value. The sampling
time may deviate much more in automatic mode.
PID_Compact is compatible with FW, V2.0 or higher.
Access to tags
The following tags can now be used in the user program.
i_Event_SUT
i_Event_TIR
r_Ctrl_Ioutv
Troubleshooting
PID_Compact now outputs the correct pulses when the shortest ON time is not equal to
the shortest OFF time.

8.1.2 Compatibility with CPU and FW

The following table shows which version of PID_Compact can be used on which CPU.

CPU FW PID_Compact
S7-1200 V4.2 or higher V2.3
V2.2
V1.2
V4.0 to V4.1 V2.2
V1.2
V3.x V1.2
V1.1
V2.x V1.2
V1.1
V1.x V1.0
S7-1500 V2.0 or higher V2.3
V2.2
V2.1
V2.0
V1.5 to V1.8 V2.2
V2.1
V2.0
V1.1 V2.1
V2.0
V1.0 V2.0

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Instructions
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8.1.3 PID_Compact V2

8.1.3.1 Description of PID_Compact V2

Description
The PID_Compact instruction provides a PID controller with integrated tuning for actuators
with proportional action.
The following operating modes are possible:
Inactive
Pretuning
Fine tuning
Automatic mode
Manual mode
Substitute output value with error monitoring
For a more detailed description of the operating modes, see the State parameter.

PID algorithm
PID_Compact is a PIDT1 controller with anti-windup and weighting of the proportional and
derivative actions. The PID algorithm operates according to the following equation:

Symbol Description
y Output value of the PID algorithm
Kp Proportional gain
s Laplace operator
b Proportional action weighting
w Setpoint
x Process value
TI Integral action time
TD Derivative action time
a Derivative delay coefficient (derivative delay T1 = a TD)
c Derivative action weighting

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Block diagram of PID_Compact

Block diagram of PIDT1 with anti-windup

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Call
PID_Compact is called in the constant time scale of a cycle interrupt OB.
If you call PID_Compact as a multi-instance DB, no technology object is created. No
parameter assignment interface or commissioning interface is available. You must assign
parameters for PID_Compact directly in the multi-instance DB and commission it via a watch
table.

Download to device
The actual values of retentive variables are only updated when you download PID_Compact
completely.
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

Startup
When the CPU starts up, PID_Compact starts in the operating mode that is saved in the
Mode in/out parameter. To switch to "Inactive" operating mode during startup, set
RunModeByStartup = FALSE.

Reaction to error
In automatic mode and during commissioning, the reaction to error depends on the
SetSubstituteOutput and ActivateRecoverMode variables. In manual mode, the reaction is
independent of SetSubstituteOutput and ActivateRecoverMode. If ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, the reaction additionally depends on the error that occurred.

SetSubstitute- Acti- Configuration editor Reaction

Output vateRecov- > output value
erMode > Set Output to
Not relevant FALSE Zero (inactive) Switch to "Inactive" mode (State = 0)
The value 0.0 0 is transferred to the actuator.
FALSE TRUE Current output value while error is Switch to "Substitute output value with error moni-
pending toring" mode (State = 5)
The current output value is transferred to the
actuator while the error is pending.
TRUE TRUE Substitute output value while error Switch to "Substitute output value with error moni-
is pending toring" mode (State = 5)
The value at SubstituteOutput is transferred to the
actuator while the error is pending.

In manual mode, PID_Compact uses ManualValue as output value, unless ManualValue is

invalid. If ManualValue is invalid, SubstituteOutput is used. If ManualValue and
SubstituteOutput are invalid, Config.OutputLowerLimit is used.
The Error parameter indicates if an error is pending. When the error is no longer pending,
Error = FALSE. The ErrorBits parameter shows which errors have occurred. ErrorBits is
reset by a rising edge at Reset or ErrorAck.

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8.1.3.2 Mode of operation of PID_Compact V2

Monitoring process value limits

You specify the high limit and low limit of the process value in the Config.InputUpperLimit
and Config.InputLowerLimit tags. If the process value is outside these limits, an error occurs
(ErrorBits = 0001h).
You specify a high and low warning limit of the process value in the
Config.InputUpperWarning and Config.InputLowerWarning tags. If the process value is
outside these warning limits, a warning occurs (Warning = 0040h), and the InputWarning_H
or InputWarning_L output parameter changes to TRUE.

Limiting the setpoint

You specify a high limit and low limit of the setpoint in the Config.SetpointUpperLimit and
Config.SetpointLowerLimit tags. PID_Compact automatically limits the setpoint to the
process value limits. You can limit the setpoint to a smaller range. PID_Compact checks
whether this range falls within the process value limits. If the setpoint is outside these limits,
the high or low limit is used as the setpoint, and output parameter SetpointLimit_H or
SetpointLimit_L is set to TRUE.
The setpoint is limited in all operating modes.

Limiting the output value

You specify a high limit and low limit of the output value in the Config.OutputUpperLimit and
Config.OutputLowerLimit tags. Output, ManualValue and SubstituteOutput are limited to
these values. The output value limits must match the control logic.
The valid output value limit values depend on the Output used.

Output -100.0 to 100.0%

Output_PER -100.0 to 100.0%
Output_PWM 0.0 to 100.0%

Rule:
OutputUpperLimit > OutputLowerLimit

Note
Use with two or more actuators
PID_Compact is not suitable for use with two or more actuators (for example, in
heating/cooling applications), because different actuators need different PID parameters to
achieve a good control response. Use PID_Temp for applications with two actuators acting in
opposite directions.

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Substitute output value

In the event of an error, PID_Compact can output a substitute output value that you define at
the SubstituteOutput tag. The substitute output value must be within the output value limits.

Monitoring signal validity

The values of the following parameters are monitored for validity when used:
Setpoint
Input
Input_PER
Disturbance
ManualValue
SubstituteOutput
Output
Output_PER
Output_PWM

Monitoring of the sampling time PID_Compact

Ideally, the sampling time is equivalent to the cycle time of the calling OB. The PID_Compact
instruction measures the time interval between two calls. This is the current sampling time.
On every switchover of operating mode and during the initial startup, the mean value is
formed from the first 10 sampling times. Too great a difference between the current sampling
time and this mean value triggers an error (Error = 0800h).
The error occurs during tuning if:
New mean value >= 1.1 x old mean value
New mean value <= 0.9 x old mean value
The error occurs in automatic mode if:
New mean value >= 1.5 x old mean value
New mean value <= 0.5 x old mean value
If you deactivate the sampling time monitoring (CycleTime.EnMonitoring = FALSE), you can
also call PID_Compact in OB1. You must then accept a lower control quality due to the
deviating sampling time.

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Sampling time of the PID algorithm

The controlled system needs a certain amount of time to respond to changes in the output
value. It is therefore not advisable to calculate the output value in every cycle. The sampling
time of the PID algorithm represents the time between two calculations of the output value. It
is calculated during tuning and rounded to a multiple of the cycle time. All other functions of
PID_Compact are executed at every call.
If you use Output_PWM, the accuracy of the output signal is determined by the ratio of the
PID algorithm sampling time to the cycle time of the OB. The cycle time should be at least 10
times the PID algorithm sampling time.

Control logic
An increase of the output value is generally intended to cause an increase in the process
value. This is referred to as a normal control logic. For cooling and discharge control
systems, it may be necessary to invert the control logic. PID_Compact does not work with
negative proportional gain. If InvertControl = TRUE, an increasing control deviation causes a
reduction in the output value. The control logic is also taken into account during pretuning
and fine tuning.

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8.1.3.3 Input parameters of PID_Compact V2

Table 8- 1

Parameter Data type Default Description

Setpoint REAL 0.0 Setpoint of the PID controller in automatic mode
Input REAL 0.0 A tag of the user program is used as source for the
process value.
If you are using parameter Input, then Con-
fig.InputPerOn = FALSE must be set.
Input_PER INT 0 An analog input is used as the source of the process
value.
If you are using parameter Input_PER, then Con-
fig.InputPerOn = TRUE must be set.
Disturbance REAL 0.0 Disturbance variable or precontrol value
ManualEnable BOOL FALSE A FALSE -> TRUE edge activates "manual mode",
while State = 4, Mode remains unchanged.

As long as ManualEnable = TRUE, you cannot

change the operating mode via a rising edge at
ModeActivate or use the commissioning dialog.
A TRUE -> FALSE edge activates the operating
mode that is specified by Mode.
We recommend that you change the operating mode
using ModeActivate only.
ManualValue REAL 0.0 Manual value
This value is used as the output value in manual
mode.
Values from Config.OutputLowerLimit to Con-
fig.OutputUpperLimit are permitted.
ErrorAck BOOL FALSE FALSE -> TRUE edge
ErrorBits and Warning are reset.

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Parameter Data type Default Description

Reset BOOL FALSE Restarts the controller.
FALSE -> TRUE edge
Switch to "Inactive" mode
ErrorBits and Warnings are reset.
As long as Reset = TRUE,
PID_Compact remains in "Inactive" mode
(State = 0).
You cannot change the operating mode with
Mode and ModeActivate or ManualEnable.
You cannot use the commissioning dialog.
TRUE -> FALSE edge
If ManualEnable = FALSE, PID_Compact
switches to the operating mode that is saved in
Mode.
If Mode = 3, the integral action is treated as
configured with the tag IntegralResetMode.
ModeActivate BOOL FALSE FALSE -> TRUE edge

PID_Compact switches to the operating mode that

is saved in the Mode parameter.

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8.1.3.4 Output parameters of PID_Compact V2

Table 8- 2

Parameter Data type Default Description

ScaledInput REAL 0.0 Scaled process value
The "Output", "Output_PER", and "Output_PWM" outputs can be used concurrently.
Output REAL 0.0 Output value in REAL format
Output_PER INT 0 Analog output value
Output_PWM BOOL FALSE Pulse-width-modulated output value
The output value is formed by by variable On and Off
times.
SetpointLimit_H BOOL FALSE If SetpointLimit_H = TRUE, the absolute setpoint high limit
is reached (Setpoint Config.SetpointUpperLimit).
The setpoint is limited to Config.SetpointUpperLimit .
SetpointLimit_L BOOL FALSE If SetpointLimit_L = TRUE, the absolute setpoint low limit
has been reached (Setpoint Config.SetpointLowerLimit).
The setpoint is limited to Config.SetpointLowerLimit .
InputWarning_H BOOL FALSE If InputWarning_H = TRUE, the process value has reached
or exceeded the warning high limit.
InputWarning_L BOOL FALSE If InputWarning_L = TRUE, the process value has reached
or fallen below the warning low limit.
State INT 0 The State parameter (Page 274) shows the current operat-
ing mode of the PID controller. You can change the operat-
ing mode using the input parameter Mode and a rising
edge at ModeActivate.
State = 0: Inactive
State = 1: Pretuning
State = 2: Fine tuning
State = 3: Automatic mode
State = 4: Manual mode
State = 5: Substitute output value with error monitoring
Error BOOL FALSE If Error = TRUE, at least one error message is pending in
this cycle.
ErrorBits DWORD DW#16#0 The ErrorBits parameter (Page 278) shows which error
messages are pending. ErrorBits is retentive and is reset
upon a rising edge at Reset or ErrorAck.

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8.1.3.5 In/out parameters of PID_Compact V2

Table 8- 3

Parameter Data type Default Description

Mode INT 4 At Mode, specify the operating mode to
which PID_Compact is to switch. Options
are:
Mode = 0: Inactive
Mode = 1: Pretuning
Mode = 2: Fine tuning
Mode = 3: Automatic mode
Mode = 4: Manual mode
The operating mode is activated by:
Rising edge at ModeActivate
Falling edge at Reset
Falling edge at ManualEnable
Cold restart of CPU if RunModeBy-
Startup = TRUE
Mode is retentive.
A detailed description of the operating
modes can be found in Parameters State
and Mode V2 (Page 274).

See also
Parameters State and Mode V2 (Page 274)

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8.1.3.6 Static tags of PID_Compact V2

You must not change tags that are not listed. These are used for internal purposes only.

Tag Data type Default Description

IntegralResetMode INT Up to V2.2: 1, The IntegralResetMode V2 tag (Page 283) de-
V2.3 or higher: 4 termines how the integral ac-
tionPIDCtrl.IntegralSum is pre-assigned when
switching from "Inactive" operating mode to "Au-
tomatic mode". This setting only works for one
cycle.
Options are:
IntegralResetMode = 0: Smooth
IntegralResetMode = 1: Delete
IntegralResetMode = 2: Hold
IntegralResetMode = 3: Pre-assign
IntegralResetMode = 4: Like setpoint change
(only for PID_Compact with version 2.3)
OverwriteInitialOutputValue REAL 0.0 If one of the following conditions is met, the inte-
gral action PIDCtrl.IntegralSum is pre-assigned
automatically as if Output = OverwriteInitialOut-
putValue in the previous cycle:
IntegralResetMode = 3 when switching from
"Inactive" operating mode to "Automatic
mode".
TRUE -> FALSE edge at parameter Reset
and parameter Mode = 3
PIDCtrl.PIDInit = TRUE in "Automatic mode"
(available as of PID_Compact version 2.3)
RunModeByStartup BOOL TRUE Activate operating mode at Mode parameter after
CPU restart
If RunModeByStartup = TRUE, PID_Compact
starts in the operating mode saved in the Mode
parameter after CPU startup.
If RunModeByStartup = FALSE, PID_Compact
remains in "Inactive" mode after CPU startup.
LoadBackUp BOOL FALSE If LoadBackUp = TRUE, the last set of
PID parameters is reloaded. The set was saved
prior to the last tuning. LoadBackUp is automati-
cally set back to FALSE.
PhysicalUnit INT 0 Unit of measurement of the process value and
setpoint, e.g., C, or F.
PhysicalQuantity INT 0 Physical quantity of the process value and set-
point, e.g., temperature.
ActivateRecoverMode BOOL TRUE The Tag ActivateRecoverMode V2 (Page 280)
determines the reaction to error.
Warning DWORD 0 Tag Warning V2 (Page 282) shows the warnings
since Reset = TRUE or ErrorAck =TRUE. Warn-
ing is retentive.
Progress REAL 0.0 Progress of tuning as a percentage (0.0 - 100.0)

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Tag Data type Default Description

CurrentSetpoint REAL 0.0 CurrentSetpoint always displays the current set-
point. This value is frozen during tuning.
CancelTuningLevel REAL 10.0 Permissible fluctuation of setpoint during tuning.
Tuning is not canceled until:
Setpoint > CurrentSetpoint + CancelTun-
ingLevel
or
Setpoint < CurrentSetpoint - CancelTun-
ingLevel
SubstituteOutput REAL 0.0 Substitute output value
When the following conditions are met, the sub-
stitute output value is used:
An error has occurred in automatic mode.
SetSubstituteOutput = TRUE
ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE
SetSubstituteOutput BOOL TRUE If SetSubstituteOutput = TRUE and Acti-
vateRecoverMode = TRUE, the substitute output
value configured is output as long as an error is
pending.
If SetSubstituteOutput = FALSE and Acti-
vateRecoverMode = TRUE, the actuator remains
at the current output value as long as an error is
pending.
If ActivateRecoverMode = FALSE, SetSubsti-
tuteOutput is not effective.
If SubstituteOutput is invalid (ErrorBits = 20000h),
the substitute output value cannot be output.
Config.InputPerOn BOOL TRUE If InputPerOn = TRUE, the Input_PER parameter
is used. If InputPerOn = FALSE, the Input pa-
rameter is used.
Config.InvertControl BOOL FALSE Invert control logic
If InvertControl = TRUE, an increasing control
deviation causes a reduction in the output value.
Config.InputUpperLimit REAL 120.0 High limit of the process value
Input and Input_PER are monitored to ensure
adherence to this limit.
At the I/O input, the process value can be a max-
imum of 18% higher than the standard range
(overrange). This pre-assignment ensures that an
error is no longer signaled due to a violation of
the "Process value high limit". Only a wire-break
and a short-circuit are recognized and
PID_Compact reacts according to the configured
reaction to error.
InputUpperLimit > InputLowerLimit
Config.InputLowerLimit REAL 0.0 Low limit of the process value
Input and Input_PER are monitored to ensure
adherence to this limit.
InputLowerLimit < InputUpperLimit

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Tag Data type Default Description

Config.InputUpperWarning REAL 3.402822e+38 Warning high limit of the process value
If you set InputUpperWarning outside the process
value limits, the configured absolute process
value high limit is used as the warning high limit.
If you configure InputUpperWarning within the
process value limits, this value is used as the
warning high limit.
InputUpperWarning > InputLowerWarning
InputUpperWarning InputUpperLimit
Config.InputLowerWarning REAL -3.402822e+38 Warning low limit of the process value
If you set InputLowerWarning outside the process
value limits, the configured absolute process
value low limit is used as the warning low limit.
If you configure InputLowerWarning within the
process value limits, this value is used as the
warning low limit.
InputLowerWarning < InputUpperWarning
InputLowerWarning InputLowerLimit
Config.OutputUpperLimit REAL 100.0 High limit of output value
For details, see OutputLowerLimit
OutputUpperLimit > OutputLowerLimit
Config.OutputLowerLimit REAL 0.0 Low limit of output value
For Output and Output_PER, the range of values
from -100.0 to +100.0, including zero, is valid. At -
100.0, Output_PER = -27648; at +100.0, Out-
put_PER = 27648.
For Output_PWM, the value range 0.0 to +100.0
applies.
The output value limits must match the control
logic.
OutputLowerLimit < OutputUpperLimit
Config.SetpointUpperLimit REAL 3.402822e+38 High limit of setpoint
If you configure SetpointUpperLimit outside the
process value limits, the configured process val-
ue absolute high limit is used as the setpoint high
limit.
If you configure SetpointUpperLimit within the
process value limits, this value is used as the
setpoint high limit.
Config.SetpointLowerLimit REAL -3.402822e+38 Low limit of the setpoint
If you set SetpointLowerLimit outside the process
value limits, the configured process value abso-
lute low limit is used as the setpoint low limit.
If you set SetpointLowerLimit within the process
value limits, this value is used as the setpoint low
limit.
Config.MinimumOnTime REAL 0.0 The minimum ON time of the pulse width modula-
tion in seconds is rounded to
MinimumOnTime = nCycleTime.Value

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Tag Data type Default Description

Config.MinimumOffTime REAL 0.0 The minimum OFF time of the pulse width modu-
lation in seconds is rounded to
MinimumOffTime = nCycleTime.Value
Config.InputScaling.UpperPointIn REAL 27648.0 Scaling Input_PER high
Input_PER is converted to percent based on the
two value pairs UpperPointOut, UpperPointIn and
LowerPointOut, LowerPointIn.
Config.InputScaling.LowerPointIn REAL 0.0 Scaling Input_PER low
Input_PER is converted to percent based on the
two value pairs UpperPointOut, UpperPointIn and
LowerPointOut, LowerPointIn.
Config.InputScaling.UpperPointOut REAL 100.0 Scaled high process value
Input_PER is converted to percent based on the
two value pairs UpperPointOut, UpperPointIn and
LowerPointOut, LowerPointIn.
Config.InputScaling.LowerPointOut REAL 0.0 Scaled low process value
Input_PER is converted to percent based on the
two value pairs UpperPointOut, UpperPointIn and
LowerPointOut, LowerPointIn.
CycleTime.StartEstimation BOOL TRUE If CycleTime.StartEstimation = TRUE, the auto-
matic determination of the cycle time is started.
CycleTime.StartEstimation = FALSE once meas-
urement is complete.
CycleTime.EnEstimation BOOL TRUE If CycleTime.EnEstimation = TRUE, the
PID_Compact sampling time is calculated.
If CycleTime.EnEstimation = FALSE, the
PID_Compact sampling time is not calculated and
you need to correct the configuration of Cy-
cleTime.Value manually.
CycleTime.EnMonitoring BOOL TRUE If CycleTime.EnMonitoring = FALSE, the
PID_Compact sampling time is not monitored. If it
is not possible to execute PID_Compact within
the sampling time, no error (ErrorBits=0800h) is
output and PID_Compact does not switch to
"Inactive" mode.
CycleTime.Value REAL 0.1 PID_Compact sampling time in seconds
CycleTime.Value is determined automatically and
is usually equivalent to the cycle time of the call-
ing OB.
CtrlParamsBackUp.Gain REAL 1.0 Saved proportional gain
You can reload values from the CtrlParams-
BackUp structure with LoadBackUp = TRUE.
CtrlParamsBackUp.Ti REAL 20.0 Saved integral action time [s]
CtrlParamsBackUp.Td REAL 0.0 Saved derivative action time [s]
CtrlParamsBackUp.TdFiltRatio REAL 0.2 Saved derivative delay coefficient
CtrlParamsBackUp.PWeighting REAL 1.0 Saved proportional action weighting factor
CtrlParamsBackUp.DWeighting REAL 1.0 Saved derivative action weighting factor
CtrlParamsBackUp.Cycle REAL 1.0 Saved sampling time of PID algorithm

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Tag Data type Default Description

PIDSelfTune.SUT.CalculateParams BOOL FALSE The properties of the controlled system are saved
during tuning. If SUT.CalculateParams = TRUE,
the parameters for pretuning are recalculated
according to these properties. This enables you
to change the parameter calculation method
without having to repeat controller tuning.
SUT.CalculateParams is set to FALSE after the
calculation.
PIDSelfTune.SUT.TuneRule INT 0 Methods used to calculate parameters during
pretuning:
SUT.TuneRule = 0: PID according to Chien,
Hrones and Reswick
SUT.TuneRule = 1: PI according to Chien,
Hrones and Reswick
PIDSelfTune.SUT.State INT 0 The SUT.State tag indicates the current phase of
pretuning:
State = 0: Initialize pretuning
State = 100: Calculate the standard deviation
State = 200: Find the point of inflection
State = 9900: Pretuning successful
State = 1: Pretuning not successful
PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn BOOL FALSE With the RunIn tag, you can specify that fine
tuning can also be performed without pretuning.
RunIn = FALSE
Pretuning is started when fine tuning is start-
ed from inactive or manual mode. If the re-
quirements for pretuning are not met,
PID_Compact reacts as if RunIn = TRUE.
If fine tuning is started from automatic mode,
the system uses the existing PID parameters
to control to the setpoint.
Only then will fine tuning start. If pretuning is
not possible, PID_Compact switches to the
mode from which tuning was started.
RunIn = TRUE
The pretuning is skipped. PID_Compact tries
to reach the setpoint with minimum or maxi-
mum output value. This can produce in-
creased overshoot. Fine tuning then starts
automatically.
RunIn is set to FALSE after fine tuning.

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Tag Data type Default Description

PIDSelfTune.TIR.CalculateParams BOOL FALSE The properties of the controlled system are saved
during tuning. If TIR.CalculateParams = TRUE,
the parameters for fine tuning are recalculated
according to these properties. This enables you
to change the parameter calculation method
without having to repeat controller tuning.
TIR.CalculateParams is set to FALSE after the
calculation.
PIDSelfTune.TIR.TuneRule INT 0 Methods used to calculate parameters during fine
tuning:
TIR.TuneRule = 0: PID automatic
TIR.TuneRule = 1: PID fast
TIR.TuneRule = 2: PID slow
TIR.TuneRule = 3: Ziegler-Nichols PID
TIR.TuneRule = 4: Ziegler-Nichols PI
TIR.TuneRule = 5: Ziegler-Nichols P
PIDSelfTune.TIR.State INT 0 The TIR.State tag indicates the current phase of
fine tuning:
State = -100 Fine tuning is not possible. Pre-
tuning will be performed first.
State = 0: Initialize fine tuning
State = 200: Calculate the standard deviation
State = 300: Attempt to reach setpoint
State = 400: Attempt to reach setpoint with
existing PID parameters
(if pretuning was successful)
State = 500: Determine oscillation and calcu-
late parameters
State = 9900: Fine tuning successful
State = 1: Fine tuning not successful
PIDCtrl.IntegralSum REAL 0.0 Current integral action
PIDCtrl.PIDInit BOOL FALSE PIDCtrl.PIDInit is available as of PID_Compact
version 2.3.
If PIDCtrl.PIDInit = TRUE in "Automatic mode",
the integral action PIDCtrl.IntegralSum is pre-
assigned automatically as if Output = OverwriteI-
nitialOutputValue in the previous cycle. This can
be used for a Override control with PID_Compact
V2 (Page 94).
Retain.CtrlParams.Gain REAL 1.0 Active proportional gain
To invert the control logic, use the Con-
fig.InvertControl tag. Negative values at Gain also
invert the control logic. We recommend you use
only InvertControl to set the control logic. The
control logic is also inverted if InvertControl =
TRUE and Gain < 0.0.
Gain is retentive.

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Instructions
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Tag Data type Default Description

Retain.CtrlParams.Ti REAL 20.0 CtrlParams.Ti > 0.0: Active integral action
time
CtrlParams.Ti = 0.0: Integral action is deac-
tivated
Ti is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.Td REAL 0.0 CtrlParams.Td > 0.0: Active derivative action
time
CtrlParams.Td = 0.0: Derivative action is
deactivated
Td is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.TdFiltRatio REAL 0.2 Active derivative delay coefficient
The derivative delay coefficient delays the effect
of the derivative action.
Derivative delay = derivative action time deriva-
tive delay coefficient
0.0: Derivative action is effective for one cycle
only and therefore almost not effective.
0.5: This value has proved useful in practice
for controlled systems with one dominant time
constant.
> 1.0: The greater the coefficient, the longer
the effect of the derivative action is delayed.
TdFiltRatio is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.PWeighting REAL 1.0 Active proportional action weighting
The proportional action may weaken with chang-
es to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is
fully effective
0.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is
not effective
The proportional action is always fully effective
when the process value is changed.
PWeighting is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.DWeighting REAL 1.0 Active derivative action weighting
The derivative action may weaken with changes
to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Derivative action is fully effective upon
setpoint change
0.0: Derivative action is not effective upon
setpoint change
The derivative action is always fully effective
when the process value is changed.
DWeighting is retentive.

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Tag Data type Default Description

Retain.CtrlParams.Cycle REAL 1.0 Active sampling time of the PID algorithm
CtrlParams.Cycle is calculated during tuning and
rounded to an integer multiple of Cy-
cleTime.Value.
Cycle is retentive.

Note
Change the tags listed in this table in "Inactive" mode to prevent malfunction of the
PID controller.

See also
Tag ActivateRecoverMode V2 (Page 280)
Tag Warning V2 (Page 282)
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

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Instructions
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8.1.3.7 Changing the PID_Compact V2 interface

The following table shows what has changed in the PID_Compact instruction interface.

PID_Compact V1 PID_Compact V2 Change

Input_PER Input_PER Data type from Word to Int
Disturbance New
ErrorAck New
ModeActivate New
Output_PER Output_PER Data type from Word to Int
Error ErrorBits Renamed
Error New
Mode New
sb_RunModeByStartup RunModeByStartup Function
IntegralResetMode
OverwriteInitialOutputValue New
SetSubstituteOutput New
CancelTuningLevel New
SubstituteOutput New

The following table shows which variables have been renamed.

PID_Compact V1.x PID_Compact V2

sb_GetCycleTime CycleTime.StartEstimation
sb_EnCyclEstimation CycleTime.EnEstimation
sb_EnCyclMonitoring CycleTime.EnMonitoring
sb_RunModeByStartup RunModeByStartup
si_Unit PhysicalUnit
si_Type PhysicalQuantity
sd_Warning Warning
sBackUp.r_Gain CtrlParamsBackUp.Gain
sBackUp.r_Ti CtrlParamsBackUp.Ti
sBackUp.r_Td CtrlParamsBackUp.Td
sBackUp.r_A CtrlParamsBackUp.TdFiltRatio
sBackUp.r_B CtrlParamsBackUp.PWeighting
sBackUp.r_C CtrlParamsBackUp.DWeighting
sBackUp.r_Cycle CtrlParamsBackUp.Cycle
sPid_Calc.r_Cycle CycleTime.Value
sPid_Calc.b_RunIn PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn
sPid_Calc.b_CalcParamSUT PIDSelfTune.SUT.CalculateParams
sPid_Calc.b_CalcParamTIR PIDSelfTune.TIR.CalculateParams
sPid_Calc.i_CtrlTypeSUT PIDSelfTune.SUT.TuneRule
sPid_Calc.i_CtrlTypeTIR PIDSelfTune.TIR.TuneRule
sPid_Calc.r_Progress Progress

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PID_Compact V1.x PID_Compact V2

sPid_Cmpt.r_Sp_Hlm Config.SetpointUpperLimit
sPid_Cmpt.r_Sp_Llm Config.SetpointLowerLimit
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Norm_IN_1 Config.InputScaling.LowerPointIn
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Norm_IN_2 Config.InputScaling.UpperPointIn
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Norm_OUT_1 Config.InputScaling.LowerPointOut
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Norm_OUT_2 Config.InputScaling.UpperPointOut
sPid_Cmpt.r_Lmn_Hlm Config.OutputUpperLimit
sPid_Cmpt.r_Lmn_Llm Config.OutputLowerLimit
sPid_Cmpt.b_Input_PER_On Config.InputPerOn
sPid_Cmpt.b_LoadBackUp LoadBackUp
sPid_Cmpt.b_InvCtrl Config.InvertControl
sPid_Cmpt.r_Lmn_Pwm_PPTm Config.MinimumOnTime
sPid_Cmpt.r_Lmn_Pwm_PBTm Config.MinimumOffTime
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Hlm Config.InputUpperLimit
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Llm Config.InputLowerLimit
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_HWrn Config.InputUpperWarning
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_LWrn Config.InputLowerWarning
sParamCalc.i_Event_SUT PIDSelfTune.SUT.State
sParamCalc.i_Event_TIR PIDSelfTune.TIR.State
sRet.i_Mode sRet.i_Mode has been omitted. The operating
mode is changed using Mode and ModeActivate.
sRet.r_Ctrl_Gain Retain.CtrlParams.Gain
sRet.r_Ctrl_Ti Retain.CtrlParams.Ti
sRet.r_Ctrl_Td Retain.CtrlParams.Td
sRet.r_Ctrl_A Retain.CtrlParams.TdFiltRatio
sRet.r_Ctrl_B Retain.CtrlParams.PWeighting
sRet.r_Ctrl_C Retain.CtrlParams.DWeighting
sRet.r_Ctrl_Cycle Retain.CtrlParams.Cycle

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8.1.3.8 Parameters State and Mode V2

Correlation of the parameters

The State parameter shows the current operating mode of the PID controller. You cannot
change the State parameter.
With a rising edge at ModeActivate, PID_Compact switches to the operating mode saved in
the Mode in-out parameter.
When the CPU is switched on or switches from Stop to RUN mode, PID_Compact starts in
the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter. To leave PID_Compact in
"Inactive" mode, set RunModeByStartup = FALSE.

Meaning of values

State / Mode Description of operating mode

0 Inactive
In "Inactive" operating mode, the output value 0.0 is always output, regardless of Config.OutputUpperLimit
and Config.OutputLowerLimit. Pulse width modulation is off.
1 Pretuning
The pretuning determines the process response to a jump change of the output value and searches for the
point of inflection. The PID parameters are calculated from the maximum rate of rise and dead time of the
controlled system. You obtain the best PID parameters when you perform pretuning and fine tuning.
Pretuning requirements:
Inactive (State = 0), manual mode (State = 4), or automatic mode (State = 3)
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
The process value must not be too close to the setpoint.

|Setpoint - Input| > 0.3 * | Config.InputUpperLimit - Config.InputLowerLimit| and

|Setpoint - Input| > 0.5 * |Setpoint|

The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits.
The more stable the process value is, the easier it is to calculate the PID parameters and the more precise
the result will be. Noise on the process value can be tolerated as long as the rate of rise of the process
value is significantly higher compared to the noise.
The setpoint is frozen in the CurrentSetpoint tag. Tuning is canceled when:
Setpoint > CurrentSetpoint + CancelTuningLevel
or
Setpoint < CurrentSetpoint - CancelTuningLevel
Before the PID parameters are recalculated, they are backed up and can be reactivated with LoadBackUp.
The controller switches to automatic mode following successful pretuning. If pretuning is unsuccessful, the
switchover of the operating mode is dependent on ActivateRecoverMode.
The phase of pretuning is indicated with PIDSelfTune.SUT.State.

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State / Mode Description of operating mode

2 Fine tuning
Fine tuning generates a constant, limited oscillation of the process value. The PID parameters are recalcu-
lated based on the amplitude and frequency of this oscillation. PID parameters from fine tuning usually have
better master control and disturbance characteristics than PID parameters from pretuning. You obtain the
best PID parameters when you perform pretuning and fine tuning.
PID_Compact automatically attempts to generate an oscillation greater than the noise of the process value.
Fine tuning is only minimally influenced by the stability of the process value.
The setpoint is frozen in the CurrentSetpoint tag. Tuning is canceled when:
Setpoint > CurrentSetpoint + CancelTuningLevel
or
Setpoint < CurrentSetpoint - CancelTuningLevel
Before the PID parameters are recalculated, they are backed up and can be reactivated with LoadBackUp.
Requirements for fine tuning:
No disturbances are expected.
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits.
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
Automatic (State = 3), inactive (State = 0) or manual (State = 4) mode
Fine tuning proceeds as follows when started from:
Automatic mode (State = 3)

Start fine tuning from automatic mode if you wish to improve the existing PID parameters through tuning.

PID_Compact controls the system using the existing PID parameters until the control loop has stabilized
and the requirements for fine tuning have been met. Only then will fine tuning start.
Inactive (State = 0) or manual mode (State = 4)

If the requirements for pretuning are met, pretuning is started. The determined PID parameters will be
used for control until the control loop has stabilized and the requirements for fine tuning have been met.

If the process value for pretuning is already too near the setpoint or PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn = TRUE, an
attempt is made to reach the setpoint with the minimum or maximum output value. This can produce in-
creased overshoot.

Only then will fine tuning start.

The controller switches to automatic mode following successful fine tuning. If fine tuning is unsuccessful,
the switchover of the operating mode is dependent on ActivateRecoverMode.
The "Fine tuning" phase is indicated with PIDSelfTune.TIR.State.
3 Automatic mode
In automatic mode, PID_Compact corrects the controlled system in accordance with the parameters speci-
fied.
The controller switches to automatic mode if one the following requirements is fulfilled:
Pretuning successfully completed
Fine tuning successfully completed
Changing of the Mode in-out parameter to the value 3 and a rising edge at ModeActivate.
The switchover from automatic mode to manual mode is only bumpless if carried out in the commissioning
editor.
The ActivateRecoverMode tag is taken into consideration in automatic mode.

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Instructions
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State / Mode Description of operating mode

4 Manual mode
In manual mode, you specify a manual output value in the ManualValue parameter.
You can also activate this operating mode using ManualEnable = TRUE. We recommend that you change
the operating mode using Mode and ModeActivate only.
The switchover from manual mode to automatic mode is bumpless. Manual mode is also possible when an
error is pending.
5 Substitute output value with error monitoring
The control algorithm is deactivated. The SetSubstituteOutput tag determines which output value is output
in this operating mode.
SetSubstituteOutput = FALSE: Last valid output value
SetSubstituteOutput = TRUE: Substitute output value
You cannot activate this operating mode using Mode = 5.
In the event of an error, it is activated instead of "Inactive" operating mode if all the following conditions are
met:
Automatic mode (Mode = 3)
ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE
One or more errors have occurred in which ActivateRecoverMode is effective.
As soon as the errors are no longer pending, PID_Compact switches back to automatic mode.

ENO characteristics
If State = 0, then ENO = FALSE.
If State 0, then ENO = TRUE.

Automatic switchover of operating mode during commissioning

Automatic mode is activated following successful pretuning or fine tuning. The following table
shows how Mode and State change during successful pretuning.

Cycle no. Mode State Action

0 4 4 Set Mode = 1
1 1 4 Set ModeActivate = TRUE
1 4 1 Value of State is saved in Mode parameter
Pretuning is started
n 4 1 Pretuning successfully completed
n 3 3 Automatic mode is started

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PID_Compact automatically switches the operating mode in the event of an error. The
following table shows how Mode and State change during pretuning with errors.

Cycle no. Mode State Action

0 4 4 Set Mode = 1
1 1 4 Set ModeActivate = TRUE
1 4 1 Value of State is saved in Mode parameter
Pretuning is started
n 4 1 Pretuning canceled
n 4 4 Manual mode is started

If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter is
activated. At the start of pretuning or fine tuning, PID_Compact has saved the value of State
in the Mode in/out parameter. PID_Compact therefore switches to the operating mode from
which tuning was started.
If ActivateRecoverMode = FALSE, the system switches to "Inactive" operating mode.

See also
Output parameters of PID_Compact V2 (Page 262)

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Instructions
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8.1.3.9 Parameter ErrorBits V2

If several errors are pending simultaneously, the values of the ErrorBits are displayed with
binary addition. The display of ErrorBits = 0003h, for example, indicates that the errors
0001h and 0002h are pending simultaneously.
In manual mode, PID_Compact uses ManualValue as output value. The exception is
Errorbits = 10000h.

ErrorBits Description
(DW#16#...)
0000 There is no error.
0001 The "Input" parameter is outside the process value limits.
Input > Config.InputUpperLimit or
Input < Config.InputLowerLimit
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE,
PID_Compact remains in automatic mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Compact switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0002 Invalid value at "Input_PER" parameter. Check whether an error is pending at the analog input.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE,
PID_Compact outputs the configured substitute output value. As soon as the error is no longer pending,
PID_Compact switches back to automatic mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Compact switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0004 Error during fine tuning. Oscillation of the process value could not be maintained.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Compact cancels the tuning and
switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0008 Error at start of pretuning. The process value is too close to the setpoint. Start fine tuning.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Compact cancels the tuning and
switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0010 The setpoint was changed during tuning.
You can set the permitted fluctuation of the setpoint at the CancelTuningLevel tag.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Compact cancels the tuning and
switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0020 Pretuning is not permitted during fine tuning.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Compact remains in fine tuning mode.
0080 Error during pretuning. Incorrect configuration of output value limits.
Check whether the limits of the output value are configured correctly and match the control logic.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Compact cancels the tuning and
switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0100 Error during fine tuning resulted in invalid parameters.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Compact cancels the tuning and
switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.

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ErrorBits Description
(DW#16#...)
0200 Invalid value at "Input" parameter: Value has an invalid number format.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE,
PID_Compact outputs the configured substitute output value. As soon as the error is no longer pending,
PID_Compact switches back to automatic mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Compact switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0400 Calculation of output value failed. Check the PID parameters.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE,
PID_Compact outputs the configured substitute output value. As soon as the error is no longer pending,
PID_Compact switches back to automatic mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Compact switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0800 Sampling time error: PID_Compact is not called within the sampling time of the cyclic interrupt OB.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE,
PID_Compact remains in automatic mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Compact switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
If this error occurred during simulation with PLCSIM, see the notes under Simulating PID_Compact V2
with PLCSIM (Page 98).
1000 Invalid value at "Setpoint" parameter: Value has an invalid number format.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE,
PID_Compact outputs the configured substitute output value. As soon as the error is no longer pending,
PID_Compact switches back to automatic mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Compact switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
10000 Invalid value at ManualValue parameter. Value has an invalid number format.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before an error occurred, PID_Compact uses SubstituteOutput as the
output value. As soon as you specify a valid value in ManualValue, PID_Compact uses it as the output
value.
20000 Invalid value at SubstituteOutput tag. Value has an invalid number format.
PID_Compact uses the output value low limit as the output value.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred, ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, and the error is
no longer pending, PID_Compact switches back to automatic mode.
40000 Invalid value at Disturbance parameter. Value has an invalid number format.
If automatic mode was active and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, Disturbance
is set to zero. PID_Compact remains in automatic mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error oc-
curred, PID_Compact switches to the operating mode saved in the Mode parameter. If Disturbance in
the current phase has no effect on the output value, tuning is not be canceled.

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Instructions
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8.1.3.10 Tag ActivateRecoverMode V2

The ActivateRecoverMode tag determines the reaction to error. The Error parameter
indicates if an error is pending. When the error is no longer pending, Error = FALSE. The
ErrorBits parameter shows which errors have occurred.

Automatic mode

NOTICE
Your system may be damaged.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Compact remains in automatic mode even if there is
an error and the process limit values are exceeded. This may damage your system.
It is essential to configure how your controlled system reacts in the event of an error to
protect your system from damage.

ActivateRecov- Description
erMode
FALSE PID_Compact automatically switches to "Inactive" mode in the event of an error. The controller is only
activated by a falling edge at Reset or a rising edge at ModeActivate.
TRUE If errors occur frequently in automatic mode, this setting has a negative effect on the control response,
because PID_Compact switches between the calculated output value and the substitute output value at
each error. In this case, check the ErrorBits parameter and eliminate the cause of the error.
If one or more of the following errors occur, PID_Compact stays in automatic mode:
0001h: The "Input" parameter is outside the process value limits.
0800h: Sampling time error
40000h: Invalid value at parameter Disturbance.
If one or more of the following errors occur, PID_Compact switches to "Substitute output value with error
monitoring" mode:
0002h: Invalid value at Input_PER parameter.
0200h: Invalid value at Input parameter.
0400h: Calculation of output value failed.
1000h: Invalid value at Setpoint parameter.
If the following error occurs, PID_Compact switches to "Substitute output value with error monitoring"
mode and moves the actuator to Config.OutputLowerLimit:
20000h: Invalid value at SubstituteOutput tag. Value has an invalid number format.
This characteristics are independent of SetSubstituteOutput.
As soon as the errors are no longer pending, PID_Compact switches back to automatic mode.

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Pretuning and fine tuning

ActivateRecov- Description
erMode
FALSE PID_Compact automatically switches to "Inactive" mode in the event of an error. The controller is only
activated by a falling edge at Reset or a rising edge at ModeActivate.
TRUE If the following error occurs, PID_Compact remains in the active mode:
0020h: Pretuning is not permitted during fine tuning.
The following errors are ignored:
10000h: Invalid value at ManualValue parameter.
20000h: Invalid value at SubstituteOutput tag.
When any other error occurs, PID_Compact cancels the tuning and switches to the mode from which
tuning was started.

Manual mode
ActivateRecoverMode is not effective in manual mode.

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Instructions
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8.1.3.11 Tag Warning V2

If several warnings are pending simultaneously, the values of the Warning tag are displayed
with binary addition. The display of warning 0003h, for example, indicates that the warnings
0001h and 0002h are pending simultaneously.

Warning Description
(DW#16#....)
0000 No warning pending.
0001 The point of inflection was not found during pretuning.
0004 The setpoint was limited to the configured limits.
0008 Not all the necessary controlled system properties were defined for the selected method of calculation.
Instead, the PID parameters were calculated using the TIR.TuneRule = 3 method.
0010 The operating mode could not be changed because Reset = TRUE or ManualEnable = TRUE.
0020 The cycle time of the calling OB limits the sampling time of the PID algorithm.
Improve results by using shorter OB cycle times.
0040 The process value exceeded one of its warning limits.
0080 Invalid value at Mode. The operating mode is not switched.
0100 The manual value was limited to the limits of the controller output.
0200 The specified rule for tuning is not supported. No PID parameters are calculated.
1000 The substitute output value cannot be reached because it is outside the output value limits.

The following warnings are deleted as soon as the cause is eliminated:

0001h
0004h
0008h
0040h
0100h
All other warnings are cleared with a rising edge at Reset or ErrorAck.

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8.1.3.12 IntegralResetMode V2 tag

The IntegralResetMode tag determines how the integral action PIDCtrl.IntegralSum is pre-
assigned:
When switching from "Inactive" operating mode to "Automatic mode"
With edge TRUE -> FALSE at parameter Reset and parameter Mode = 3
This setting only works for one cycle and is only effective if the integral action is activated
(Retain.CtrlParams.Ti > 0.0 tag).

IntegralReset- Description
Mode
0 Smooth
The value of PIDCtrl.IntegralSum is pre-assigned so that the switchover is bumpless, which means
"Automatic mode" starts with the output value = 0.0 (parameter Output) and there is no jump of the
output value regardless of the control deviation (setpoint actual value).
1 Delete
We recommend setting the weighting of the proportional action (Retain.CtrlParams.PWeighting) to 1.0 if
this option is used.
The value of PIDCtrl.IntegralSum is deleted. Any control deviation will cause a jump change of the out-
put value. The direction of the output value jump depends on the configured weighting of the propor-
tional action (Retain.CtrlParams.PWeighting tag) and the control deviation:
Proportional action weighting = 1.0:

Output value jump and control deviation have identical signs.

Example: If the actual value value is smaller than the setpoint (positive control deviation), the output
value jumps to a positive value.
Proportional action weighting < 1.0:

For large control deviations, the output value jump and control deviation have identical signs.
Example: If the actual value is much smaller than the setpoint (positive control deviation), the output
value jumps to a positive value.

For small control deviations, the output value jump and control deviation have different signs.
Example: If the actual value value is just below the setpoint (positive control deviation), the output
value jumps to a negative value. This is usually not desirable, because it results in a temporary in-
crease in the control deviation.

The smaller the configured weighting of the proportional action, the greater the control deviation
must be to receive an output value jump with identical sign.
We recommend setting the weighting of the proportional action (Retain.CtrlParams.PWeighting) to 1.0
when this option is used. Otherwise, you may experience the undesirable behavior described for small
control deviations. Alternatively, you can also use IntegralResetMode = 4. This option guarantees iden-
tical signs of the output value jump and control deviation independent of the configured weighting of the
proportional action and the control deviation.
2 Hold
The value of PIDCtrl.IntegralSum is not changed. You can define a new value using the user program.

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IntegralReset- Description
Mode
3 Pre-assign
The value of PIDCtrl.IntegralSum is automatically pre-assigned as if Output = OverwriteInitialOutput-
Value in the last cycle.
4 Like setpoint change (only for PID_Compact with version 2.3)
The value of PIDCtrl.IntegralSum is automatically pre-assigned so that a similar output value jump re-
sults as for a PI controller in automatic mode in case of a setpoint change from the current actual value
to the current setpoint.
Any control deviation will cause a jump of the output value. Output value jump and control deviation
have identical signs.
Example: If the actual value value is smaller than the setpoint (positive control deviation), the output
value jumps to a positive value. This is independent of the configured weighting of the proportional ac-
tion and the control deviation.

If IntegralResetMode is assigned a value outside the valid value range, PID_Compact

behaves as with the pre-assignment of IntegralResetMode:
PID_Compact up to V2.2: IntegralResetMode = 1
PID_Compact V2.3 and higher: IntegralResetMode = 4
All statements made above regarding the sign of the output value jump are based on a
normal control logic (Config.InvertControl = FALSE tag). With an inverted control logic
(Config.InvertControl = TRUE), the output value jump will have a reverse sign.

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8.1.3.13 Sample program for PID_Compact

In the following example, you are controlling temperature values with the technology object
of the instruction "PID_Compact". The temperature values are simulated based on a block
which simulates a delay element of the third order (PT3 element). The PID parameters of the
technology object can be set automatically via the pretuning.

Data storage
Create seven tags in a global data block for storage of the interconnection data.

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Interconnection of the parameters

You call the following interconnections in a cyclic interrupt OB.
Network 1: You interconnect the parameters of the instruction "PID_Compact" as follows.

Network 2: You interconnect the parameters of the block simulating the temperature values
"SLI_PROC_C" as follows.

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Technology object
You configure the technology object with the properties of the instruction "PID_Compact" or
by using the path Technology object > Configuration. The controller type and the input/output
parameters are important for the example. With the controller type, you make a preselection
for the unit of the value to the controlled. In this example, "Temperature" with the unit "C" is
used as controller type. The parameters of the "PID_Compact" are already interconnected
with global tags. Therefore, the information on use of the parameters Input and Output is
sufficient.

Procedure for starting the control

After the download to the CPU the PID_Compact is in manual mode with manual value 0.0.
To start the control, follow these steps:
1. Open the Commissioning of the technology object "SLI_Tech_PID_Compact".
2. Click the "Start" button in the "Measurement" area.

Measurement starts and PID_Compact can be activated.

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3. Pretuning is selected.
Click the "Start" button in the "Tuning mode" area.
A pretuning is performed. The PID parameters are automatically adjusted to the process.
After the completion of the pretuning PID_Compact switches to automatic mode.

Note
Alternative to start PID_Compact
Alternatively, you can switch PID_Compact to automatic mode in the "Online status of
controller" area with the "Stop PID_Compact" / "Start PID_Compact" without pretuning. In
this case the controller uses default values for the PID parameters and shows a worse
controller behavior for the application case.

Procedure for stopping control

To stop and exit PID_Compact and the program, follow these steps:
1. Click the "Stop PID_Compact" button in the technology object "SLI_Tech_PID_Compact"
in the "Online status of controller" area.

The instruction "PID_Compact" exits the control and outputs the value "0.0" as
manipulated variable.
2. Click the "Stop" button in the "Measurement" area.
3. To set the process value immediately to the value "0.0", follow these steps:
In the block "SLI_OB_PID_Compact", set the "resetAll" tag to the value "TRUE", and then
to the value "FALSE".

"PID_Compact" instruction
The setpoint for the temperature that is to be controlled is specified at the parameter
Setpoint ("setpoint"). The control is started when the instruction "PID_Compact" was started
with the technology object. The instruction "PID_Compact" outputs a manipulated variable at
the output parameter Output ("outputValue"). The process value of the temperature is
transferred to the instruction "PID_Compact" with the input parameter Input ("inputValue").

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The instruction "PID_Compact" adjusts the manipulated variable ("outputValue") depending

on the history of the difference between setpoint ("setpoint") and process value
("inputValue") . The process is repeated so that the process value ("inputValue") approaches
the setpoint ("setpoint") through the manipulated variable ("outputValue").
The current operating mode of the instruction "PID_Compact" is displayed at the output
parameter State ("state"). After pretuning (the value of "state" is "1"), the PID_Compact
switches to automatic mode (the value is "3").
The output parameter Error ("error") currently shows that no error is pending. The output
parameter ErrorBits ("errorBits") provides information on the error type in case of error. If an
error occurs, this can be acknowledged in the technology object, in the optimization status
area with the "ErrorAck" button.

"SLI_PROC_C" block
The "SLI_PROC_C" block simulates the process value ("inputValue") of the rising
temperature of a plant. The block "SLI_PROC_C" contains the manipulated variable of the
controller ("outputValue) and simulates the temperature behavior of the process. This
temperature is fed as process value ("inputValue") into the controller.

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A change in the values of the "resetAll" tag (of the comRst parameter) has the following
effects:

Parameter comRst The instruction "PID_Compact" is The instruction "PID_Compact" was

("resetAll") running stopped
comRst ("resetAll") The "SLI_PROC_C" block outputs The "SLI_PROC_C" block does not
remains set to the a new process value ("inputValue") receive a manipulated variable > "0.0",
value "FALSE" based on a manipulated variable but it still outputs a new process value
("outputValue"). > "0.0".
comRst ("resetAll"): Both manipulated variable ("out- The output process value ("input-
Change from "FALSE" putValue") and output process Value") / the temperature of the
to the value "TRUE" value ("inputValue") are reset to "SLI_PROC_C" block is reset to "0.0".
"0.0".
comRst ("resetAll"): Temperature control starts again. The output process value / the tem-
Change from "TRUE" perature ("inputValue") remains "0.0".
to the value "FALSE"

Program code
You can find additional information about the program code for the above-named example
under the keyword "Sample Library for Instructions".

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8.1.4 CPU processing time and memory requirement PID_Compact V2.x

CPU processing time

Typical CPU processing times of the PID_Compact technology object as of Version V2.0,
depending on CPU type.

CPU Typ. CPU processing time PID_Compact V2.x

CPU 1211C V4.0 300 s
CPU 1215C V4.0 300 s
CPU 1217C V4.0 300 s
CPU 1505S V1.0 45 s
CPU 1510SP-1 PN V1.6 85 s
CPU 1511-1 PN V1.5 85 s
CPU 1512SP-1 PN V1.6 85 s
CPU 1516-3 PN/DP V1.5 50 s
CPU 1518-4 PN/DP V1.5 4 s

Memory requirement
Memory requirement of an instance DB of the PID_Compact technology object as of Version
V2.0.

Memory requirement of the instance DB of

PID_Compact V2.x
Load memory requirement Approx. 12000 bytes
Total work memory requirement 788 bytes
Retentive work memory requirement 44 bytes

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8.1.5 PID_Compact V1

8.1.5.1 Description of PID_Compact V1

Description
The PID_Compact instruction provides a PID controller with integrated tuning for automatic
and manual mode.

Call
PID_Compact is called in the constant interval of the cycle time of the calling OB (preferably
in a cyclic interrupt OB).

Download to device
The actual values of retentive tags are only updated when you download PID_Compact
completely.
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

Startup
At the startup of the CPU, PID_Compact starts in the operating mode that was last active. To
retain PID_ Compact in "Inactive" mode, set sb_RunModeByStartup = FALSE.

Monitoring of the sampling time PID_Compact

Ideally, the sampling time is equivalent to the cycle time of the calling OB. The PID_Compact
instruction measures the time interval between two calls. This is the current sampling time.
On every switchover of operating mode and during the initial startup, the mean value is
formed from the first 10 sampling times. If the current sampling time deviates too much from
this mean value, Error = 0800 hex occurs and PID_Compact switches to "Inactive" mode.
PID_Compact, Version 1.1 or higher is set to "Inactive" mode during controller tuning under
the following conditions:
New mean value >= 1.1 x old mean value
New mean value <= 0.9 x old mean value
In automatic mode, PID_Compact, Version 1.1 or higher, is set to "Inactive" mode under the
following conditions:
New mean value >= 1.5 x old mean value
New mean value <= 0.5 x old mean value

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During controller tuning and in automatic mode, PID_Compact 1.0 is set to "Inactive"
operating mode under the following conditions:
New mean value >= 1.1 x old mean value
New mean value <= 0.9 x old mean value
Current sampling time >= 1.5 x current mean value
Current sampling time <= 0.5 x current mean value

Sampling time of the PID algorithm

The controlled system needs a certain amount of time to respond to changes in the output
value. It is therefore not advisable to calculate the output value in every cycle. The sampling
time of the PID algorithm represents the time between two calculations of the output value. It
is calculated during tuning and rounded to a multiple of the cycle time. All other functions of
PID_Compact are executed at every call.

PID algorithm
PID_Compact is a PIDT1 controller with anti-windup and weighting of the proportional and
derivative actions. The following equation is used to calculate the output value.

Symbol Description
y Output value
Kp Proportional gain
s Laplace operator
b Proportional action weighting
w Setpoint
x Process value
TI Integral action time
a Derivative delay coefficient (T1 = a TD)
Derivative action time
c Derivative action weighting

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Block diagram of PID_Compact

Block diagram of PIDT1 with anti-windup

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Reaction to error
If errors occur, they are output in parameter Error, and PID_Compact changes to "Inactive"
mode. Reset the errors using the Reset parameter.

Control logic
An increase of the output value is generally intended to cause an increase in the process
value. This is referred to as a normal control logic. For cooling and discharge control
systems, it may be necessary to invert the control logic. PID_Compact does not work with
negative proportional gain. If InvertControl = TRUE, an increasing control deviation causes a
reduction in the output value. The control logic is also taken into account during pretuning
and fine tuning.

See also
Control mode V1 (Page 100)

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8.1.5.2 Input parameters of PID_Compact V1

Table 8- 4

Parameter Data type Default Description

Setpoint REAL 0.0 Setpoint of the PID controller in automatic mode
Input REAL 0.0 A variable of the user program is used as source for the process val-
ue.
If you are using parameter Input, then
sPid_Cmpt.b_Input_PER_On = FALSE must be set.
Input_PER WORD W#16#0 Analog input as the source of the process value
If you are using parameter Input_PER, then
sPid_Cmpt.b_Input_PER_On = TRUE must be set.
ManualEnable BOOL FALSE A FALSE -> TRUE edge selects "Manual mode", while State = 4,
sRet.i_Mode remains unchanged.
A TRUE -> FALSE edge selects the most recently active operating
mode, State =sRet.i_Mode
A change of sRet.i_Mode will not take effect during ManualEnable =
TRUE. The change of sRet.i_Mode will only be considered upon a
TRUE -> FALSE edge at ManualEnable .
PID_Compact V1.2 und PID_Compact V1.0
If at start of the CPU ManualEnable = TRUE, PID_Compact starts in
manual mode. A rising edge (FALSE > TRUE) at ManualEnable is not
necessary.
PID_Compact V1.1
At the start of the CPU, PID_Compact only switches to manual mode
with a rising edge (FALSE->TRUE) at ManualEnable . Without rising
edge, PID_Compact starts in the last operating mode in which Manu-
alEnable was FALSE.
ManualValue REAL 0.0 Manual value
This value is used as the output value in manual mode.
Reset BOOL FALSE The Reset parameter (Page 308) restarts the controller.

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8.1.5.3 Output parameters of PID_Compact V1

Table 8- 5

Parameter Data type Default Description

ScaledInput REAL 0.0 Output of the scaled process value
Outputs "Output", "Output_PER", and "Output_PWM" can be used concurrently.
Output REAL 0.0 Output value in REAL format
Output_PER WORD W#16#0 Analog output value
Output_PWM BOOL FALSE Pulse-width-modulated output value
The output value is formed by minimum On and Off times.
SetpointLimit_H BOOL FALSE If SetpointLimit_H = TRUE, the setpoint absolute high limit is
reached. The setpoint in the CPU is limited to the configured setpoint
absolute high limit. The configured process value absolute high limit
is the default for the setpoint high limit.
If you set sPid_Cmpt.r_Sp_Hlm to a value within the process value
limits, this value is used as the setpoint high limit.
SetpointLimit_L BOOL FALSE If SetpointLimit_L = TRUE, the setpoint absolute low limit has been
reached. In the CPU, the setpoint is limited to the configured setpoint
absolute low limit. The configured process value absolute low limit is
the default setting for the setpoint low limit.
If you set sPid_Cmpt.r_Sp_Llm to a value within the process value
limits, this value is used as the setpoint low limit.
InputWarning_H BOOL FALSE If InputWarning_H = TRUE, the process value has reached or ex-
ceeded the warning high limit.
InputWarning_L BOOL FALSE If InputWarning_L = TRUE, the process value has reached or fallen
below the warning low limit.
State INT 0 The State parameter (Page 303) shows the current operating mode
of the PID controller. To change the operating mode, use variable
sRet.i_Mode.
State = 0: Inactive
State = 1: pretuning
State = 2: fine tuning
State = 3: Automatic mode
State = 4: Manual mode
Error DWORD W#16#0 The Error parameter (Page 307) indicates the error messages.
Error = 0000: No error pending.

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8.1.5.4 Static tags of PID_Compact V1

You must not change tags that are not listed. These are used for internal purposes only.

Table 8- 6

Tag Data type Default Description

sb_GetCycleTime BOOL TRUE If sb_GetCycleTime = TRUE, the automatic determi-
nation of the cycle time is started. Cy-
cleTime.StartEstimation = FALSE once measurement
is complete.
sb_EnCyclEstimation BOOL TRUE If sb_EnCyclEstimation = TRUE, the PID_Compact
sampling time is not monitored.
sb_EnCyclMonitoring BOOL TRUE If sb_EnCyclMonitoring = FALSE, the PID_Compact
sampling time is not monitored. If it is not possible to
execute PID_Compact within the sampling time, an
0800 error is not output and PID_Compact does not
change to "Inactive" mode.
sb_RunModeByStartup BOOL TRUE Activate Mode after CPU restart
If sb_RunModeByStartup = FALSE, the controller will
remain inactive after a CPU startup.
After a CPU startup and if sb_RunModeByStartup =
TRUE, the controller will return to the most recently
active operating mode.
si_Unit INT 0 Unit of measurement of the process value and set-
point, e.g., C, or F.
si_Type INT 0 Physical quantity of the process value and setpoint,
e.g., temperature.
sd_Warning DWORD DW#16#0 Variable sd_warning (Page 310) displays the warn-
ings generated since the reset, or since the last
change of the operating mode.
sBackUp.r_Gain REAL 1.0 Saved proportional gain
You can reload values from the sBackUp structure
with sPid_Cmpt.b_LoadBackUp = TRUE.
sBackUp.r_Ti REAL 20.0 Saved integral action time [s]
sBackUp.r_Td REAL 0.0 Saved derivative action time [s]
sBackUp.r_A REAL 0.0 Saved derivative delay coefficient
sBackUp.r_B REAL 0.0 Saved proportional action weighting factor
sBackUp.r_C REAL 0.0 Saved derivative action weighting factor
sBackUp.r_Cycle REAL 1.0 Saved sampling time of PID algorithm
sPid_Calc.r_Cycle REAL 0.1 Sampling time of the PID_Compact instruction
r_Cycle is determined automatically and is usually
equivalent to the cycle time of the calling OB.

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Tag Data type Default Description

sPid_Calc.b_RunIn BOOL FALSE b_RunIn = FALSE

Pretuning is started when fine tuning is started

from inactive or manual mode. If the requirements
for pretuning are not met, PID_Compact reacts as
if b_RunIn = TRUE.

If fine tuning is started from automatic mode, the

system uses the existing PID parameters to con-
trol to the setpoint.

Only then will fine tuning start. If pretuning is not

possible, PID_Compact switches to "Inactive"
mode.
b_RunIn = TRUE
The pretuning is skipped. PID_3Compact tries to
reach the setpoint with minimum or maximum
output value. This can produce increased over-
shoot. Fine tuning then starts automatically.

b_RunIn is set to FALSE after fine tuning.

sPid_Calc.b_CalcParamSUT BOOL FALSE The parameters for pretuning will be recalculated if
b_CalcParamSUT = TRUE. This enables you to
change the parameter calculation method without
having to repeat controller tuning.
b_CalcParamSUT is set to FALSE after the calcula-
tion.
sPid_Calc.b_CalcParamTIR BOOL FALSE The parameters for fine tuning will be recalculated if
b_CalcParamTIR = TRUE. This enables you to
change the parameter calculation method without
having to repeat controller tuning.
b_CalcParamTIR will be set to FALSE after calcula-
tion.
sPid_Calc.i_CtrlTypeSUT INT 0 Methods used to calculate parameters during pretun-
ing:
i_CtrlTypeSUT = 0: PID according to Chien,
Hrones and Reswick
i_CtrlTypeSUT = 1: PI according to Chien, Hrones
and Reswick
sPid_Calc.i_CtrlTypeTIR INT 0 Methods used to calculate parameters during fine
tuning:
i_CtrlTypeTIR = 0: PID automatic
i_CtrlTypeTIR = 1: PID fast
i_CtrlTypeTIR = 2: PID slow
i_CtrlTypeTIR = 3: Ziegler-Nichols PID
i_CtrlTypeTIR = 4: Ziegler-Nichols PI
i_CtrlTypeTIR = 5: Ziegler-Nichols P
sPid_Calc.r_Progress REAL 0.0 Progress of tuning as a percentage (0.0 - 100.0)

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Tag Data type Default Description

sPid_Cmpt.r_Sp_Hlm REAL +3.402822e+ High limit of setpoint
38 If you configure sPid_Cmpt.r_Sp_Hlm outside the
process value limits, the configured process value
absolute high limit is used as the setpoint high limit.
If you set sPid_Cmpt.r_Sp_Hlm within the process
value limits, this value is used as the setpoint high
limit.
sPid_Cmpt.r_Sp_Llm REAL - Low limit of the setpoint
3.402822e+3 If you set sPid_Cmpt.r_Sp_Llm outside the process
8 value limits, the configured process value absolute
low limit is used as the setpoint low limit.
If you set sPid_Cmpt.r_Sp_Llm within the process
value limits, this value is used as the setpoint low
limit.
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Norm_IN_1 REAL 0.0 Scaling Input_PER low
Input_PER is converted to percent based on the two
value pairs r_Pv_Norm_OUT_1, r_Pv_Norm_IN_1 and
r_Pv_Norm_OUT_2, r_Pv_Norm_IN_2 from the
sPid_Cmpt structure.
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Norm_IN_2 REAL 27648.0 Scaling Input_PER high
Input_PER is converted to percent based on the two
value pairs r_Pv_Norm_OUT_1, r_Pv_Norm_IN_1 and
r_Pv_Norm_OUT_2, r_Pv_Norm_IN_2 from the
sPid_Cmpt structure.
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Norm_OUT_1 REAL 0.0 Scaled low process value
Input_PER is converted to percent based on the two
value pairs r_Pv_Norm_OUT_1, r_Pv_Norm_IN_1 and
r_Pv_Norm_OUT_2, r_Pv_Norm_IN_2 from the
sPid_Cmpt structure.
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Norm_OUT_2 REAL 100.0 Scaled high process value
Input_PER is converted to percent based on the two
value pairs r_Pv_Norm_OUT_1, r_Pv_Norm_IN_1 and
r_Pv_Norm_OUT_2, r_Pv_Norm_IN_2 from the
sPid_Cmpt structure.
sPid_Cmpt.r_Lmn_Hlm REAL 100.0 Output value high limit for output parameter "Output"
sPid_Cmpt.r_Lmn_Llm REAL 0.0 Low output value limit for output parameter "Output"
sPid_Cmpt.b_Input_PER_On BOOL TRUE If b_Input_PER_On = TRUE, then parameter In-
put_PER is used. If b_Input_PER_On = FALSE, then
parameter Input is used.
sPid_Cmpt.b_LoadBackUp BOOL FALSE Activate the back-up parameter set. If an optimization
has failed, you can reactivate the previous
PID parameters by setting this bit.
sPid_Cmpt.b_InvCtrl BOOL FALSE Invert control logic
With b_InvCtrl = TRUE, an increasing control devia-
tion causes a reduction in the output value.
sPid_Cmpt.r_Lmn_Pwm_PPTm REAL 0.0 The minimum ON time of the pulse width modulation
in seconds is rounded to
r_Lmn_Pwm_PPTm = r_Cycle or
r_Lmn_Pwm_PPTm = n*r_Cycle

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Tag Data type Default Description

sPid_Cmpt.r_Lmn_Pwm_PBTm REAL 0.0 The minimum OFF time of the pulse width modulation
in seconds is rounded to
r_Lmn_Pwm_PBTm = r_Cycle or
r_Lmn_Pwm_PBTm = n*r_Cycle
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Hlm REAL 120.0 High limit of the process value
At the I/O input, the process value can be a maxi-
mum of 18% higher than the standard range (over-
range). An error is no longer reported for a violation
of the "Process value high limit". Only a wire-break
and a short-circuit are recognized and the
PID_Compact switches to "Inactive" mode.
r_Pv_Hlm > r_Pv_Llm
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Llm REAL 0.0 Low limit of the process value
r_Pv_Llm < r_Pv_Hlm
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_HWrn REAL +3.402822e+ Warning high limit of the process value
38 If you set r_Pv_HWrn outside the process value lim-
its, the configured process value absolute high limit is
used as the warning high limit.
If you configure r_Pv_HWrn within the process value
limits, this value is used as the warning high limit.
r_Pv_HWrn > r_Pv_LWrn
r_Pv_HWrn r_Pv_Hlm
sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_LWrn REAL - Warning low limit of the process value
3.402822e+3 If you set r_Pv_LWrn outside the process value limits,
8 the configured process value absolute low limit is
used as the warning low limit.
If you configure r_Pv_LWrn within the process value
limits, this value is used as the warning low limit.
r_Pv_LWrn < r_Pv_HWrn
r_Pv_LWrn r_Pv_LWrn
sPidCalc.i_Ctrl_IOutv REAL 0.0 Current integral action
sParamCalc.i_Event_SUT INT 0 Variable i_Event_SUT (Page 310) indicates the cur-
rent phase of "pretuning":
sParamCalc.i_Event_TIR INT 0 Variable i_Event_TIR (Page 311) indicates the cur-
rent phase of "fine tuning":
sRet.i_Mode INT 0 The operating mode is changed edge-triggered.
The following operating mode is enabled on a change
to
i_Mode = 0: "Inactive" mode (controller stop)
i_Mode = 1: "Pretuning" mode
i_Mode = 2: "Fine tuning" mode
i_Mode = 3: "Automatic" mode
i_Mode = 4: "Manual" mode
i_Mode is retentive.
sRet.r_Ctrl_Gain REAL 1.0 Active proportional gain
Gain is retentive.

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Tag Data type Default Description

sRet.r_Ctrl_Ti REAL 20.0 r_Ctrl_Ti > 0.0: Active integral action time
r_Ctrl_Ti = 0.0: Integral action is deactivated
r_Ctrl_Ti is retentive.
sRet.r_Ctrl_Td REAL 0.0 r_Ctrl_Td > 0.0: Active derivative action time
r_Ctrl_Td = 0.0: Derivative action is deactivated
r_Ctrl_Td is retentive.
sRet.r_Ctrl_A REAL 0.0 Active derivative delay coefficient
r_Ctrl_A is retentive.
sRet.r_Ctrl_B REAL 0.0 Active proportional action weighting
r_Ctrl_B is retentive.
sRet.r_Ctrl_C REAL 0.0 Active derivative action weighting
r_Ctrl_C is retentive.
sRet.r_Ctrl_Cycle REAL 1.0 Active sampling time of the PID algorithm
r_Ctrl_Cycle is calculated during tuning and rounded
to an integer multiple of r_Cycle.
r_Ctrl_Cycle is retentive.

Note
Change the tags listed in this table in "Inactive" mode to prevent malfunction of the
PID controller. "Inactive" mode is forced by setting the "sRet.i_Mode" tag to "0".

See also
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

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8.1.5.5 Parameters State and sRet.i_Mode V1

Correlation of the parameters

The State parameter indicates the current operating mode of the PID controller. You cannot
modify the State parameter.
You need to modify the sRet.i_Mode tag to change the operating mode. This also applies
when the value for the new operating mode is already in sRet.i_Mode. First set sRet.i_Mode
= 0 and then sRet.i_Mode = 3. Provided the current operating mode of the controller
supports this change, State is set to the value of sRet.i_Mode.
When PID_Compact automatically switches the operating mode, the following applies: State
!= sRet.i_Mode.
Examples:
Successful pretuning
State = 3 and sRet.i_Mode = 1
Error
State = 0 and sRet.i_Mode remains at the same value, e.g sRet.i_Mode = 3
ManualEnalbe = TRUE
State = 4 and sRet.i_Mode remain at the previous value, for example, sRet.i_Mode = 3

Note
You wish to repeat successful fine tuning without exiting automatic mode with i_Mode = 0.
Setting sRet.i_Mode to an invalid value such as 9999 for one cycle has no effect on
State. Set Mode = 2 in the next cycle. You can generate a change to sRet.i_Mode without
first switching to "inactive" mode.

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Meaning of values

State / Description of the operating mode

sRet.i_Mode
0 Inactive
The controller is switched off.
The controller was in "inactive" mode before pretuning was performed.
The PID controller will change to "inactive" mode when running if an error occurs or if the "Deactivate con-
troller" icon is clicked in the commissioning window.
1 Pretuning
The pretuning determines the process response to a jump of the output value and searches for the point of
inflection. The optimized PID parameters are calculated as a function of the maximum rate of rise and dead
time of the controlled system.
Pretuning requirements:
The controller is in inactive mode or manual mode
ManualEnable = FALSE
The process value must not be too close to the setpoint.

|Setpoint - Input| > 0.3 * |sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Hlm - sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Llm| and

|Setpoint - Input| > 0.5 * |Setpoint|

The setpoint may not be changed during pretuning.
The higher the stability of the process value, the easier it is to calculate the PID parameters and increase
precision of the result. Noise on the process value can be tolerated as long as the rate of rise of the process
value is significantly higher compared to the noise.
PID parameters are backed up before they are recalculated and can be reactivated with
sPid_Cmpt.b_LoadBackUp.
There is a change to automatic mode following successful pretuning and to "inactive" mode following un-
successful pretuning.
The phase of pretuning is indicated with Tag i_Event_SUT V1 (Page 310).

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State / Description of the operating mode

sRet.i_Mode
2 Fine tuning
Fine tuning generates a constant, limited oscillation of the process value. The PID parameters are opti-
mized based on the amplitude and frequency of this oscillation. The differences between the process re-
sponse during pretuning and fine tuning are analyzed. All PID parameters are recalculated on the basis of
the findings. PID parameters from fine tuning usually have better master control and disturbance behavior
than PID parameters from pretuning.
PID_Compact automatically attempts to generate an oscillation greater than the noise of the process value.
Fine tuning is only minimally influenced by the stability of the process value.
PID parameters are backed up before they are recalculated and can be reactivated with
sPid_Cmpt.b_LoadBackUp.
Requirements for fine tuning:
No disturbances are expected.
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits.
The setpoint may not be changed during fine tuning.
ManualEnable = FALSE
Automatic (State = 3), inactive (State = 0) or manual (State = 4) mode
Fine tuning proceeds as follows when started in:
Automatic mode (State = 3)

Start fine tuning in automatic mode if you wish to improve the existing PID parameters using controller
tuning.

PID_Comact will regulate using the existing PID parameters until the control loop has stabilized and the
requirements for fine tuning have been met. Only then will fine tuning start.
Inactive (State = 0) or manual (State = 4) mode

If the requirements for pretuning are met, pretuning is started. The PID parameters established will be
used for adjustment until the control loop has stabilized and the requirements for fine tuning have been
met. Only then will fine tuning start. If pretuning is not possible, PID_Compact will change to "Inactive"
mode.

An attempt is made to reach the setpoint with a minimum or maximum output value if the process value
for pretuning is already too near the setpoint or sPid_Calc.b_RunIn = TRUE. This can produce in-
creased overshoot.
The controller will change to "automatic mode" after successfully completed "fine tuning" and to "inactive"
mode if "fine tuning" has not been successfully completed.
The "Fine tuning" phase is indicated with Tag i_Event_TIR V1 (Page 311).

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State / Description of the operating mode

sRet.i_Mode
3 Automatic mode
In automatic mode, PID_Compact corrects the controlled system in accordance with the parameters speci-
fied.
The controller changes to automatic mode if one the following conditions is fulfilled:
Pretuning successfully completed
Fine tuning successfully completed
Change of variable sRet.i_Mode to the value 3.
After CPU startup or change from Stop to RUN mode, PID_Compact will start in the most recently active
operating mode. To retain PID_Compact in "Inactive" mode, set sb_RunModeByStartup = FALSE.
4 Manual mode
In manual mode, you specify a manual output value in the ManualValue parameter.
This operating mode is enabled if sRet.i_Mode = 4, or at the rising edge on ManualEnable. If ManualEnable
changes to TRUE, only State will change. sRet.i_Mode will retain its current value. PID_Compact will return
to the previous operating mode upon a falling edge at ManualEnable.
The change to automatic mode is bumpless.

See also
Output parameters of PID_Compact V1 (Page 297)
Pretuning V1 (Page 113)
Fine tuning V1 (Page 115)
"Manual" mode V1 (Page 117)
Tag i_Event_SUT V1 (Page 310)
Tag i_Event_TIR V1 (Page 311)

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8.1.5.6 Parameter Error V1

If several errors are pending simultaneously, the values of the error codes are displayed with
binary addition. The display of error code 0003, for example, indicates that the errors 0001
and 0002 are pending simultaneously.

Error Description
(DW#16#...)
0000 There is no error.
0001 The "Input" parameter is outside the process value limits.
Input > sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Hlm or
Input < sPid_Cmpt.r_Pv_Llm
You cannot move the actuator again until you eliminate the error.
0002 Invalid value at "Input_PER" parameter. Check whether an error is pending at the analog input.
0004 Error during fine tuning. Oscillation of the process value could not be maintained.
0008 Error at start of pretuning. The process value is too close to the setpoint. Start fine tuning.
0010 The setpoint was changed during tuning.
0020 Pretuning is not permitted in automatic mode or during fine tuning.
0080 Incorrect configuration of output value limits.
Check whether the limits of the output value are configured correctly and match the control logic.
0100 Error during tuning resulted in invalid parameters.
0200 Invalid value at "Input" parameter: Value has an invalid number format.
0400 Calculation of output value failed. Check the PID parameters.
0800 Sampling time error: PID_Compact is not called within the sampling time of the cyclic interrupt OB.
If this error occurred during simulation with PLCSIM, see the notes under Simulating PID_Compact V1
with PLCSIM (Page 118).
1000 Invalid value at "Setpoint" parameter: Value has an invalid number format.

See also
Output parameters of PID_Compact V1 (Page 297)

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8.1.5.7 Parameter Reset V1

The response to Reset = TRUE depends on the version of the PID_Compact instruction.

Reset response PID_Compact V.1.1 or higher

A rising edge at Reset triggers a change to "Inactive" mode; errors and warnings are reset
and the integral action is deleted. A falling edge at Reset triggers a change to the most
recently active operating mode. If automatic mode was active before, the integral action is
pre-assigned in such a way that the switchover is bumpless.

Activation
Error
Reset

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Reset response PID_Compact V.1.0

A rising edge at Reset triggers a change to "Inactive" mode; errors and warnings are reset
and the integral action is deleted. The controller is not reactivated until the next edge at
i_Mode.

Activation
Error
Reset

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8.1.5.8 Tag sd_warning V1

If several warnings are pending, the values of variable sd_warning are displayed by means
of binary addition. The display of warning 0003, for example, indicates that the warnings
0001 and 0002 are also pending.

sd_warning Description
(DW#16#....)
0000 No warning pending.
0001 The point of inflection was not found during pretuning.
0002 Oscillation increased during fine tuning.
0004 The setpoint was outside the set limits.
0008 Not all the necessary controlled system properties were defined for the selected method of calculation.
The PID parameters were instead calculated using the "i_CtrlTypeTIR = 3" method.
0010 The operating mode could not be changed because ManualEnable = TRUE.
0020 The cycle time of the calling OB limits the sampling time of the PID algorithm.
Improve results by using shorter OB cycle times.
0040 The process value exceeded one of its warning limits.

The following warnings are deleted as soon as the cause is dealt with:
0004
0020
0040
All other warnings are cleared with a rising edge at Reset.

8.1.5.9 Tag i_Event_SUT V1

i_Event_SUT Name Description

0 SUT_INIT Initialize pretuning
100 SUT_STDABW Calculate the standard deviation
200 SUT_GET_POI Find the point of inflection
9900 SUT_IO Pretuning successful
1 SUT_NIO Pretuning not successful

See also
Static tags of PID_Compact V1 (Page 298)
Parameters State and sRet.i_Mode V1 (Page 303)

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8.1.5.10 Tag i_Event_TIR V1

i_Event_TIR Name Description

-100 TIR_FIRST_SUT Fine tuning is not possible. Pretuning will be executed first.
0 TIR_INIT Initialize fine tuning
200 TIR_STDABW Calculate the standard deviation
300 TIR_RUN_IN Attempt to reach the setpoint
400 TIR_CTRLN Attempt to reach the setpoint with the existing PID parameters
(if pretuning has been successful)
500 TIR_OSZIL Determine oscillation and calculate parameters
9900 TIR_IO Fine tuning successful
1 TIR_NIO Fine tuning not successful

See also
Static tags of PID_Compact V1 (Page 298)
Parameters State and sRet.i_Mode V1 (Page 303)

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8.2 PID_3Step

8.2 PID_3Step

8.2.1 New features of PID_3Step

PID_3Step V2.3
As of PID_3Step Version 2.3 the monitoring and limiting of the travel time can be
deactivated with Config.VirtualActuatorLimit = 0.0.

PID_3Step V2.2
Use with S7-1200
As of PID_3Step V2.2, the instruction with V2 functionality can also be used on S7-1200
with firmware version 4.0 or higher.

PID_3Step V2.0
Reaction to error
The reaction to ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE has been completely overhauled.
PID_3Step reacts in a more fault tolerant manner in the default setting.

NOTICE
Your system may be damaged.
If you use the default setting, PID_3Step remains in automatic mode even if the process
value limits are exceeded. This may damage your system.
It is essential to configure how your controlled system reacts in the event of an error to
protect your system from damage.

You use the ErrorAck input parameter to acknowledge the errors and warnings without
restarting the controller or clearing the integral action.
Switching operating modes does not acknowledge errors that are no longer pending.
Switching the operating mode
You specify the operating mode at the Mode in/out parameter and use a positive edge at
ModeActivate to start the operating mode. The Retain.Mode tag has been omitted.
The transition time measurement can no longer be started with GetTransitTime.Start, but
only with Mode = 6 and a positive edge at ModeActivate.
Multi-instance capability
You can call up PID_3Step as multi-instance DB. No technology object is created in this
case and no parameter assignment interface or commissioning interface is available. You
must assign parameters for PID_3Step directly in the multi-instance DB and commission
it via a watch table.

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Startup characteristics
The operating mode specified at the Mode parameter is also started on a negative edge
at Reset and during a CPU cold restart, if RunModeByStartup = TRUE.
ENO characteristics
ENO is set depending on the operating mode.
If State = 0, then ENO = FALSE.
If State 0, then ENO = TRUE.
Manual mode
The Manual_UP and Manual_DN input parameters no longer function as edge-triggered
parameters. Edge-triggered manual mode continues to be possible using the
ManualUpInternal and ManualDnInternal tags.
In "Manual mode without endstop signals" (Mode = 10), the endstop signals Actuator_H
and Actuator_L are ignored even though they are activated.
Default value of PID parameters
The following default settings have been changed:
Proportional action weighting (PWeighting) from 0.0 to 1.0
Derivative action weighting (DWeighting) from 0.0 to 1.0
Coefficient for derivative delay (TdFiltRatio) from 0.0 to 0.2
Limiting of motor transition time
You configure the maximum percentage of the motor transition time that the actuator will
travel in one direction in the Config.VirtualActuatorLimit tag.
Setpoint value specification during tuning
You configure the permitted fluctuation of the setpoint during tuning at the
CancelTuningLevel tag.
Switching a disturbance variable on
You can switch a disturbance variable on at the Disturbance parameter.
Troubleshooting
If the endstop signals are not activated (ActuatorEndStopOn = FALSE), ScaledFeedback
is determined without Actuator_H or Actuator_L.

PID_3Step V1.1
Manual mode on CPU startup
If ManualEnable = TRUE when the CPU starts, PID_3Step starts in manual mode. A
positive edge at ManualEnable is not necessary.
Reaction to error
The ActivateRecoverMode tag is no longer effective in manual mode.
Troubleshooting
The Progress tag is reset following successful tuning or transition time measurement.

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8.2.2 Compatibility with CPU and FW

The following table shows which version of PID_3Step can be used on which CPU.

CPU FW PID_3Step
S7-1200 V4.2 or higher V2.3
V2.2
V1.1
V4.0 to V4.1 V2.2
V1.1
V3.x V1.1
V1.0
V2.x V1.1
V1.0
V1.x -
S7-1500 V2.0 or higher V2.3
V2.2
V2.1
V2.0
V1.5 to V1.8 V2.2
V2.1
V2.0
V1.1 V2.1
V2.0
V1.0 V2.0

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8.2.3 CPU processing time and memory requirement PID_3Step V2.x

CPU processing time

Typical CPU processing times of the PID_3Step technology object as of Version V2.0,
depending on CPU type.

CPU Typ. CPU processing time PID_3Step V2.x

CPU 1211C V4.0 410 s
CPU 1215C V4.0 410 s
CPU 1217C V4.0 410 s
CPU 1505S V1.0 50 s
CPU 1510SP-1 PN V1.6 120 s
CPU 1511-1 PN V1.5 120 s
CPU 1512SP-1 PN V1.6 120 s
CPU 1516-3 PN/DP V1.5 65 s
CPU 1518-4 PN/DP V1.5 5 s

Memory requirement
Memory requirement of an instance DB of the PID_3Step technology object as of Version
V2.0.

Memory requirement of the instance DB of

PID_3Step V2.x
Load memory requirement Approx. 15000 bytes
Total work memory requirement 1040 bytes
Retentive work memory requirement 60 bytes

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8.2.4 PID_3Step V2

8.2.4.1 Description of PID_3Step V2

Description
You use the PID_3Step instruction to configure a PID controller with self tuning for valves or
actuators with integrating behavior.
The following operating modes are possible:
Inactive
Pretuning
Fine tuning
Automatic mode
Manual mode
Approach substitute output value
Transition time measurement
Error monitoring
Approach substitute output value with error monitoring
Manual mode without endstop signals
For a more detailed description of the operating modes, see the State parameter.

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PID algorithm
PID_3Step is a PIDT1 controller with anti-windup and weighting of the proportional and
derivative actions. The PID algorithm operates according to the following equation:

Symbol Description
y Output value of the PID algorithm
Kp Proportional gain
s Laplace operator
b Proportional action weighting
w Setpoint
x Process value
TI Integral action time
TD Derivative action time
a Derivative delay coefficient (derivative delay T1 = a TD)
c Derivative action weighting

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Block diagram without position feedback

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Block diagram with position feedback

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Block diagram of PIDT1 with anti-windup

Call
PID_3Step is called in the constant time scale of a cycle interrupt OB.
If you call PID_3Step as a multi-instance DB, no technology object is created. No parameter
assignment interface or commissioning interface is available. You must assign parameters
for PID_3Step directly in the multi-instance DB and commission it via a watch table.

Download to device
The actual values of retentive tags are only updated when you download PID_3Step
completely.
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

Startup
When the CPU starts up, PID_3Step starts in the operating mode that is saved in the Mode
in/out parameter. To leave PID_3Step in "Inactive" mode, set RunModeByStartup = FALSE.

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Reaction to error
In automatic mode and during commissioning, the reaction to error depends on the
ErrorBehaviour and ActivateRecoverMode tags. In manual mode, the reaction is
independent of ErrorBehaviour and ActivateRecoverMode. If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE,
the reaction additionally depends on the error that occurred.

ErrorBe- Acti- Configuration editor Reaction

haviour vateRecover- > actuator setting
Mode > Set Output to
FALSE FALSE Current output value Switch to "Inactive" mode (State = 0)
The actuator remains in the current
position.
FALSE TRUE Current output value while Switch to "Error monitoring" mode
error is pending (State = 7)
The actuator remains in the current
position while the error is pending.
TRUE FALSE Substitute output value Switch to "Approach substitute output
value" mode (State = 5)
The actuator moves to the configured
substitute output value.
Switch to "Inactive" mode (State = 0)
The actuator remains in the current
position.
TRUE TRUE Substitute output value while Switch to "Approach substitute output
error is pending value with error monitoring" mode
(State = 8)
The actuator moves to the configured
substitute output value.
Switch to "Error monitoring" mode
(State = 7)

In manual mode, PID_3Step uses ManualValue as output value, unless the following errors
occur:
2000h: Invalid value at Feedback_PER parameter.
4000h: Invalid value at Feedback parameter.
8000h: Error during digital position feedback.
You can only change the position of the actuator with Manual_UP and Manual_DN, not with
ManualValue.
The Error parameter indicates whether an error has occurred in this cycle. The ErrorBits
parameter shows which errors have occurred. ErrorBits is reset by a rising edge at Reset or
ErrorAck.

See also
Parameters State and Mode V2 (Page 342)
Parameter ErrorBits V2 (Page 347)
Configuring PID_3Step V2 (Page 121)

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8.2.4.2 Mode of operation of PID_3Step V2

Monitoring process value limits

You specify the high limit and low limit of the process value in the Config.InputUpperLimit
and Config.InputLowerLimit tags. If the process value is outside these limits, an error occurs
(ErrorBits = 0001h).
You specify a high and low warning limit of the process value in the
Config.InputUpperWarning and Config.InputLowerWarning tags. If the process value is
outside these warning limits, a warning occurs (Warning = 0040h), and the InputWarning_H
or InputWarning_L output parameter changes to TRUE.

Limiting the setpoint

You specify a high limit and low limit of the setpoint in the Config.SetpointUpperLimit and
Config.SetpointLowerLimit tags. PID_3Step automatically limits the setpoint to the process
value limits. You can limit the setpoint to a smaller range. PID_3Step checks whether this
range falls within the process value limits. If the setpoint is outside these limits, the high or
low limit is used as the setpoint, and output parameter SetpointLimit_H or SetpointLimit_L is
set to TRUE.
The setpoint is limited in all operating modes.

Limiting the output value

You specify a high limit and low limit of the output value in the Config.OutputUpperLimit and
Config.OutputLowerLimit tags. The output value limits must be within "Low endstop" and
"High endstop".
High endstop: Config.FeedbackScaling.UpperPointOut
Low endstop: Config.FeedbackScaling.LowerPointOut
Rule:
UpperPointOut OutputUpperLimit > OutputLowerLimit LowerPointOut
The valid values for "High endstop" and "Low endstop" depend upon:
FeedbackOn
FeedbackPerOn
OutputPerOn

OutputPerOn FeedbackOn FeedbackPerOn LowerPointOut UpperPointOut

FALSE FALSE FALSE Cannot be set (0.0%) Cannot be set (100.0%)
FALSE TRUE FALSE -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%
FALSE TRUE TRUE -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%
TRUE FALSE FALSE Cannot be set (0.0%) Cannot be set (100.0%)
TRUE TRUE FALSE -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%
TRUE TRUE TRUE -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%

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If OutputPerOn = FALSE and FeedbackOn = FALSE, you cannot limit the output value.
Output_UP and Output_DN are then reset upon Actuator_H = TRUE or Actuator_L = TRUE.
If endstop signals are also not present, Output_UP and Output_DN are reset after a travel
time of Config.VirtualActuatorLimit Retain.TransitTime/100. As of PID_3Step Version 2.3
the monitoring and limiting of the travel time can be deactivated with
Config.VirtualActuatorLimit = 0.0.
The output value is 27648 at 100% and -27648 at -100%. PID_3Step must be able to
completely close the valve.

Note
Use with two or more actuators
PID_3 Step is not suitable for use with two or more actuators (for example, in heating/cooling
applications), because different actuators need different PID parameters to achieve a good
control response.

Substitute output value

If an error has occurred, PID_3Step can output a substitute output value and move the
actuator to a safe position that is specified in the SavePosition tag. The substitute output
value must be within the output value limits.

Monitoring signal validity

The values of the following parameters are monitored for validity when used:
Setpoint
Input
Input_PER
Input_PER
Feedback
Feedback_PER
Disturbance
ManualValue
SavePosition
Output_PER

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Monitoring the PID_3Step sampling time

Ideally, the sampling time is equivalent to the cycle time of the calling OB. The PID_3Step
instruction measures the time interval between two calls. This is the current sampling time.
On every switchover of operating mode and during the initial startup, the mean value is
formed from the first 10 sampling times. Too great a difference between the current sampling
time and this mean value triggers an error (ErrorBits = 0800h).
The error occurs during tuning if:
New mean value >= 1.1 x old mean value
New mean value <= 0.9 x old mean value
The error occurs in automatic mode if:
New mean value >= 1.5 x old mean value
New mean value <= 0.5 x old mean value
If you deactivate the sampling time monitoring (CycleTime.EnMonitoring = FALSE), you can
also call PID_3Step in OB1. You must then accept a lower control quality due to the
deviating sampling time.

Sampling time of the PID algorithm

The controlled system needs a certain amount of time to respond to changes in the output
value. It is therefore not advisable to calculate the output value in every cycle. The sampling
time of the PID algorithm represents the time between two calculations of the output value. It
is calculated during tuning and rounded to a multiple of the cycle time. All other functions of
PID_3Step are executed at every call.

Measuring the motor transition time

The motor transition time is the time in seconds the motor requires to move the actuator from
the closed to the opened state. The actuator is moved in one direction for a maximum time of
Config.VirtualActuatorLimit Retain.TransitTime/100. PID_3Step requires the motor
transition time to be as accurate as possible for good controller results. The data in the
actuator documentation contains average values for this type of actuator. The value for the
specific actuator used may differ. You can measure the motor transition time during
commissioning. The output value limits are not taken into consideration during the motor
transition time measurement. The actuator can travel to the high or the low endstop.
The motor transition time is taken into consideration in the calculation of the analog output
value as well as in the calculation of the digital output values. It is mainly required for correct
operation during auto-tuning and the anti-windup behavior. You should therefore configure
the motor transition time with the value that the motor requires to move the actuator from the
closed to the opened state.
If no relevant motor transition time is in effect in your process (e.g. with solenoid valves), so
that the output value has a direct and full effect on the process, use PID_Compact instead.

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Control logic
An increase of the output value is generally intended to cause an increase in the process
value. This is referred to as a normal control logic. For cooling and discharge control
systems, it may be necessary to invert the control logic. PID_3Step does not work with
negative proportional gain. If InvertControl = TRUE, an increasing control deviation causes a
reduction in the output value. The control logic is also taken into account during pretuning
and fine tuning.

See also
Configuring PID_3Step V1 (Page 144)

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8.2.4.3 Changing the PID_3Step V2 interface

The following table shows what has changed in the PID_3Step instruction interface.

PID_3Step V1 PID_3Step V2 Change

Input_PER Input_PER Data type from Word to Int
Feedback_PER Feedback_PER Data type from Word to Int
Disturbance New
Manual_UP Manual_UP Function
Manual_DN Manual_DN Function
ErrorAck New
ModeActivate New
Output_PER Output_PER Data type from Word to Int
ManualUPInternal New
ManualDNInternal New
CancelTuningLevel New
VirtualActuatorLImit New
Config.Loadbackup Loadbackup Renamed
Config.TransitTime Retain.TransitTime Renamed and retentivity added
GetTransitTime.Start Replaced by Mode and ModeActivate
SUT.CalculateSUTPara SUT.CalculateParams Renamed
ms
SUT.TuneRuleSUT SUT.TuneRule Renamed
TIR.CalculateTIRParams TIR.CalculateParams Renamed
TIR.TuneRuleTIR TIR.TuneRule Renamed
Retain.Mode Mode Function
Declaration of static for in-out parameters

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8.2.4.4 Input parameters of PID_3Step V2

Table 8- 7

Parameter Data type Default Description

Setpoint REAL 0.0 Setpoint of the PID controller in automatic mode
Input REAL 0.0 A tag of the user program is used as source for the process value.
If you are using parameter Input, then Config.InputPerOn = FALSE must
be set.
Input_PER INT 0 An analog input is used as the source of the process value.
If you are using parameter Input_PER, then Config.InputPerOn = TRUE
must be set.
Actuator_H BOOL FALSE Digital position feedback of the valve for the high endstop
If Actuator_H = TRUE, the valve is at the high endstop and is no longer
moved towards this direction.
Actuator_L BOOL FALSE Digital position feedback of the valve for the low endstop
If Actuator_L = TRUE, the valve is at the low endstop and is no longer
moved towards this direction.
Feedback REAL 0.0 Position feedback of the valve
If you are using parameter Feedback, then Con-
fig.FeedbackPerOn = FALSE must be set.
Feedback_PER INT 0 Analog position feedback of a valve
If you are using parameter Feedback_PER, then Con-
fig.FeedbackPerOn = TRUE must be set.
Feedback_PER is scaled based on the tags:
Config.FeedbackScaling.LowerPointIn
Config.FeedbackScaling.UpperPointIn
Config.FeedbackScaling.LowerPointOut
Config.FeedbackScaling.UpperPointOut
Disturbance REAL 0.0 Disturbance variable or precontrol value
ManualEnable BOOL FALSE A FALSE -> TRUE edge activates "manual mode", while State = 4,
Mode remains unchanged.

As long as ManualEnable = TRUE, you cannot change the operating

mode via a rising edge at ModeActivate or use the commissioning
dialog.
A TRUE -> FALSE edge activates the operating mode that is speci-
fied by Mode.
We recommend that you change the operating mode using ModeActi-
vate only.
ManualValue REAL 0.0 In manual mode, the absolute position of the valve is specified. Manu-
alValue is only evaluated if you are using Output_PER, or if position
feedback is available.

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Parameter Data type Default Description

Manual_UP BOOL FALSE Manual_UP = TRUE

The valve is opened even if you are using Output_PER or a position

feedback. The valve is no longer moved if the high endstop has been
reached.

See also Config.VirtualActuatorLimit

Manual_UP = FALSE

If you are using Output_PER or a position feedback, the valve is

moved to ManualValue. Otherwise, the valve is no longer moved.
If Manual_UP and Manual_DN are set to TRUE simultaneously, the
valve is not moved.
Manual_DN BOOL FALSE Manual_DN = TRUE

The valve is closed even if you are using Output_PER or a position

feedback. The valve is no longer moved if the low endstop has been
reached.

See also Config.VirtualActuatorLimit

Manual_DN = FALSE

If you are using Output_PER or a position feedback, the valve is

moved to ManualValue. Otherwise, the valve is no longer moved.
ErrorAck BOOL FALSE FALSE -> TRUE edge
ErrorBits and Warning are reset.
Reset BOOL FALSE Restarts the controller.
FALSE -> TRUE edge
Switch to "Inactive" mode
ErrorBits and Warnings are reset.
As long as Reset = TRUE,
PID_3Step remains in "Inactive" mode (State = 0).
You cannot change the operating mode with Mode and ModeAc-
tivate or ManualEnable.
You cannot use the commissioning dialog.
TRUE -> FALSE edge
If ManualEnable = FALSE, PID_3Step switches to the operating
mode that is saved in Mode.
If Mode = 3, the integral action is treated as configured with the
tag IntegralResetMode.
ModeActivate BOOL FALSE FALSE -> TRUE edge

PID_3Step switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode

parameter.

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8.2.4.5 Output parameters of PID_3Step V2

Table 8- 8

Parameter Data type Default Description

ScaledInput REAL 0.0 Scaled process value
ScaledFeedback REAL 0.0 Scaled position feedback
For an actuator without position feedback, the position of the actuator
indicated by ScaledFeedback is very imprecise. ScaledFeedback may
only be used for rough estimation of the current position in this case.
Output_UP BOOL FALSE Digital output value for opening the valve
If Config.OutputPerOn = FALSE, the Output_UP parameter is used.
Output_DN BOOL FALSE Digital output value for closing the valve
If Config.OutputPerOn = FALSE, the Output_DN parameter is used.
Output_PER INT 0 Analog output value
If Config.OutputPerOn = TRUE, Output_PER is used.
Use Output_PER if you are using a valve as actuator which is triggered
via an analog output and controlled with a continuous signal, e.g.
0...10 V or 4...20 mA.
The value at Output_PER corresponds to the target position of the valve,
e.g. Output_PER = 13824, when the valve is to be opened by 50%.
SetpointLimit_H BOOL FALSE If SetpointLimit_H = TRUE, the absolute setpoint high limit is reached
(Setpoint Config.SetpointUpperLimit).
The setpoint is limited to Config.SetpointUpperLimit .
SetpointLimit_L BOOL FALSE If SetpointLimit_L = TRUE, the absolute setpoint low limit has been
reached (Setpoint Config.SetpointLowerLimit).
The setpoint is limited to Config.SetpointLowerLimit .
InputWarning_H BOOL FALSE If InputWarning_H = TRUE, the process value has reached or exceeded
the warning high limit.
InputWarning_L BOOL FALSE If InputWarning_L = TRUE, the process value has reached or fallen
below the warning low limit.
State INT 0 The State parameter (Page 342) shows the current operating mode of
the PID controller. You can change the operating mode using the input
parameter Mode and a rising edge at ModeActivate.
State = 0: Inactive
State = 1: Pretuning
State = 2: Fine tuning
State = 3: Automatic mode
State = 4: Manual mode
State = 5: Approach substitute output value
State = 6: Transition time measurement
State = 7: Error monitoring
State = 8: Approach substitute output value with error monitoring
State = 10: Manual mode without endstop signals

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Parameter Data type Default Description

Error BOOL FALSE If Error = TRUE, at least one error message is pending in this cycle.
ErrorBits DWORD DW#16#0 The ErrorBits parameter (Page 347) shows which error messages are
pending. ErrorBits is retentive and is reset upon a rising edge at Reset or
ErrorAck.

See also
Parameters State and Mode V2 (Page 342)
Parameter ErrorBits V2 (Page 347)

8.2.4.6 In/out parameters of PID-3Step V2

Table 8- 9

Parameter Data type Default Description

Mode INT 4 At the Mode parameter, you specify the operating mode to
which PID_3Step is to switch. Options are:
Mode = 0: Inactive
Mode = 1: Pretuning
Mode = 2: Fine tuning
Mode = 3: Automatic mode
Mode = 4: Manual mode
Mode = 6: Transition time measurement
Mode = 10: Manual mode without endstop signals
The operating mode is activated by:
Rising edge at ModeActivate
Falling edge at Reset
Falling edge at ManualEnable
Cold restart of CPU if RunModeByStartup = TRUE
Mode is retentive.
A detailed description of the operating modes can be found in
Parameters State and Mode V2 (Page 342).

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8.2.4.7 Static tags of PID_3Step V2

You must not change tags that are not listed. These are used for internal purposes only.

Tag Data Default Description

type
ManualUpInternal BOOL FALSE In manual mode, each rising edge opens the
valve by 5% of the total control range or for the
duration of the minimum motor transition time.
ManualUpInternal is only evaluated if you are
not using Output_PER or a position feedback.
This tag is used in the commissioning dialog.
ManualDnInternal BOOL FALSE In manual mode, every rising edge closes the
valve by 5% of the total control range or for the
duration of the minimum motor transition time.
ManualDnInternal is only evaluated if you are
not using Output_PER or position feedback.
This tag is used in the commissioning dialog.
ActivateRecoverMode BOOL TRUE The ActivateRecoverMode V2 (Page 350) tag
determines the reaction to error.
RunModeByStartup BOOL TRUE Activate operating mode at Mode parameter
after CPU restart
If RunModeByStartup = TRUE, PID_3Step
starts in the operating mode saved in the Mode
parameter after CPU startup.
If RunModeByStartup = FALSE, PID_3Step
remains in "Inactive" mode after CPU startup.
LoadBackUp BOOL FALSE If LoadBackUp = TRUE, the last set of
PID parameters is reloaded. The set was saved
prior to the last tuning. LoadBackUp is automat-
ically set back to FALSE.
PhysicalUnit INT 0 Unit of measurement of the process value and
setpoint, e.g., C, or F.
PhysicalQuantity INT 0 Physical quantity of the process value and
setpoint, e.g., temperature

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Tag Data Default Description

type
ErrorBehaviour BOOL FALSE If ErrorBehaviour = FALSE and an error has
occurred, the valve stays at its current position
and the controller switches directly to "Inactive"
or "Error monitoring" mode.
If ErrorBehaviour = TRUE and an error occurs,
the actuator moves to the substitute output
value and only then switches to "Inactive" or
"Error monitoring" mode.
If the following errors occur, you can no longer
move the valve to a configured substitute output
value.
2000h: Invalid value at Feedback_PER
parameter.
4000h: Invalid value at Feedback parame-
ter.
8000h: Error during digital position feed-
back.
20000h: Invalid value at SavePosition tag.
Warning DWORD DW#16#0 The Warning tag (Page 342) shows the warn-
ings since Reset = TRUE or ErrorAck =TRUE.
Warning is retentive.
Cyclic warnings (for example, process value
warning) are shown until the cause of the warn-
ing is removed. They are automatically deleted
once their cause has gone. Non-cyclic warnings
(for example, point of inflection not found) re-
main and are deleted like errors.
SavePosition REAL 0.0 Substitute output value
If ErrorBehaviour = TRUE, the actuator is
moved to a position that is safe for the plant
when an error occurs. As soon as the substitute
output value has been reached, PID_3Step
switches the operating mode according to Acti-
vateRecoverMode.
CurrentSetpoint REAL 0.0 Currently active setpoint. This value is frozen at
the start of tuning.
CancelTuningLevel REAL 10.0 Permissible fluctuation of setpoint during tuning.
Tuning is not canceled until:
Setpoint > CurrentSetpoint + CancelTun-
ingLevel
or
Setpoint < CurrentSetpoint - CancelTun-
ingLevel
Progress REAL 0.0 Progress of tuning as a percentage (0.0 -
100.0)
Config.InputPerOn BOOL TRUE If InputPerOn = TRUE, the Input_PER parame-
ter is used. If InputPerOn = FALSE, the Input
parameter is used.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.OutputPerOn BOOL FALSE If OutputPerOn = TRUE, the Output_PER pa-
rameter is used. If OutputPerOn = FALSE, the
Ouput_UP and Output_DN parameters are
used.
Config.InvertControl BOOL FALSE Invert control logic
If InvertControl = TRUE, an increasing control
deviation causes a reduction in the output val-
ue.
Config.FeedbackOn BOOL FALSE If FeedbackOn = FALSE, a position feedback is
simulated.
Position feedback is generally activated when
FeedbackOn = TRUE.
Config.FeedbackPerOn BOOL FALSE FeedbackPerOn is only effective when Feed-
backOn = TRUE.
If FeedbackPerOn = TRUE, the analog input is
used for the position feedback (Feedback_PER
parameter).
If FeedbackPerOn = FALSE, the Feedback
parameter is used for the position feedback.
Config.ActuatorEndStopOn BOOL FALSE If ActuatorEndStopOn = TRUE, the digital posi-
tion feedback Actuator_L and Actuator_H are
taken into consideration.
Config.InputUpperLimit REAL 120.0 High limit of the process value
Input and Input_PER are monitored to ensure
adherence to this limit.
At the I/O input, the process value can be a
maximum of 18% higher than the standard
range (overrange). An error is no longer sig-
naled due to a violation of the "Process value
high limit". Only a wire-break and a short-circuit
are recognized and PID_3Step reacts according
to the configured reaction to error.
InputUpperLimit > InputLowerLimit
Config.InputLowerLimit REAL 0.0 Low limit of the process value
InputLowerLimit < InputUpperLimit
Config.InputUpperWarning REAL +3.402822e+38 Warning high limit of the process value
If you set InputUpperWarning outside the pro-
cess value limits, the configured absolute pro-
cess value high limit is used as the warning
high limit.
If you configure InputUpperWarning within the
process value limits, this value is used as the
warning high limit.
InputUpperWarning > InputLowerWarning
InputUpperWarning InputUpperLimit

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.InputLowerWarning REAL -3.402822e+38 Warning low limit of the process value
If you set InputLowerWarning outside the pro-
cess value limits, the configured absolute pro-
cess value low limit is used as the warning low
limit.
If you configure InputLowerWarning within the
process value limits, this value is used as the
warning low limit.
InputLowerWarning < InputUpperWarning
InputLowerWarning InputLowerLimit
Config.OutputUpperLimit REAL 100.0 High limit of output value
For details, see OutputLowerLimit
Config.OutputLowerLimit REAL 0.0 Low limit of output value
If OutputPerOn = TRUE or Feed-
backOn = TRUE, the range of values from -
100% to +100%, including zero, is valid. At -
100%, Output = -27648; at +100% Out-
put = 27648
If OutputPerOn = FALSE, the range of values
from 0% to 100% is valid. The valve is com-
pletely closed at 0% and completely opened at
100%.
Config.SetpointUpperLimit REAL +3.402822e+38 High limit of setpoint
If you set SetpointUpperLimit outside the pro-
cess value limits, the configured absolute pro-
cess value high limit is preassigned as the
setpoint high limit.
If you configure SetpointUpperLimit within the
process value limits, this value is used as the
setpoint high limit.
Config.SetpointLowerLimit REAL - 3.402822e+38 Low limit of the setpoint
If you set SetpointLowerLimit outside the pro-
cess value limits, the configured absolute pro-
cess value low limit is preassigned as the
setpoint low limit.
If you set SetpointLowerLimit within the process
value limits, this value is used as the setpoint
low limit.
Config.MinimumOnTime REAL 0.0 Minimum ON time
Minimum time in seconds for which the servo
drive must be switched on.
Config.MinimumOnTime is only effective if
Output_UP and Output_DN are used (Con-
fig.OutputPerOn = FALSE).

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.MinimumOffTime REAL 0.0 Minimum OFF time
Minimum time in seconds for which the servo
drive must be switched off.
Config.MinimumOffTime is only effective if
Output_UP and Output_DN are used (Con-
fig.OutputPerOn = FALSE).
Config.VirtualActuatorLimit REAL 150.0 If all the following conditions have been satis-
fied, the actuator is moved in one direction for
the maximum period of VirtualActuatorLimit
Retain.TransitTime/100 and the warning 2000h
is output:
Config.OutputPerOn = FALSE
Config.ActuatorEndStopOn = FALSE
Config.FeedbackOn = FALSE
If Config.OutputPerOn = FALSE and Con-
fig.ActuatorEndStopOn = TRUE or Con-
fig.FeedbackOn = TRUE, only the warning
2000h is output.
If Config.OutputPerOn = TRUE, VirtualActua-
torLimit is not taken into consideration.
As of PID_3Step Version 2.3 the monitoring and
limiting of the travel time can be deactivated
with Config.VirtualActuatorLimit = 0.0.
Config.InputScaling.UpperPointIn REAL 27648.0 Scaling Input_PER high
Input_PER is converted to a percentage based
on the two value pairs UpperPointOut, Upper-
PointIn and LowerPointOut, LowerPointIn of the
InputScaling structure.
Config.InputScaling.LowerPointIn REAL 0.0 Scaling Input_PER low
Input_PER is converted to a percentage based
on the two value pairs UpperPointOut, Upper-
PointIn and LowerPointOut, LowerPointIn of the
InputScaling structure.
Config.InputScaling.UpperPointOut REAL 100.0 Scaled high process value
Input_PER is converted to a percentage based
on the two value pairs UpperPointOut, Upper-
PointIn and LowerPointOut, LowerPointIn of the
InputScaling structure.
Config.InputScaling.LowerPointOut REAL 0.0 Scaled low process value
Input_PER is converted to a percentage based
on the two value pairs UpperPointOut, Upper-
PointIn and LowerPointOut, LowerPointIn of the
InputScaling structure.
Config.FeedbackScaling.UpperPointIn REAL 27648.0 Scaling Feedback_PER high
Feedback_PER is converted to a percentage
based on the two value pairs UpperPointOut,
UpperPointIn and LowerPointOut, LowerPointIn
of the FeedbackScaling structure.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.FeedbackScaling.LowerPointIn REAL 0.0 Scaling Feedback_PER low
Feedback_PER is converted to a percentage
based on the two value pairs UpperPointOut,
UpperPointIn and LowerPointOut, LowerPointIn
of the FeedbackScaling structure.
Config.FeedbackScaling.UpperPointOut REAL 100.0 High endstop
Feedback_PER is converted to a percentage
based on the two value pairs UpperPointOut,
UpperPointIn and LowerPointOut, LowerPointIn
of the FeedbackScaling structure.
Config.FeedbackScaling.LowerPointOut REAL 0.0 Low endstop
Feedback_PER is converted to a percentage
based on the two value pairs UpperPointOut,
UpperPointIn and LowerPointOut, LowerPointIn
of the FeedbackScaling structure.
GetTransitTime.InvertDirection BOOL FALSE If InvertDirection = FALSE, the valve is fully
opened, closed, and then reopened in order to
determine the valve transition time.
If InvertDirection = TRUE, the valve is fully
closed, opened, and then closed again.
GetTransitTime.SelectFeedback BOOL FALSE If SelectFeedback = TRUE, then Feed-
back_PER, or Feedback is taken into consider-
ation in the transition time measurement.
If SelectFeedback = FALSE, then Actuator_H
and Actuator_L are taken into consideration in
the transition time measurement.
GetTransitTime.State INT 0 Current phase of the transition time measure-
ment
State = 0: Inactive
State = 1: Open valve completely
State = 2: Close valve completely
State = 3: Move valve to target position
(NewOutput)
State = 4: Transition time measurement
successfully completed
State = 5: Transition time measurement
canceled
GetTransitTime.NewOutput REAL 0.0 Target position for transition time measurement
with position feedback
The target position must be between "High
endstop" and "Low endstop". The difference
between NewOutput and ScaledFeedback must
be at least 50% of the permissible control
range.
CycleTime.StartEstimation BOOL TRUE If StartEstimation = TRUE, the measurement of
the PID_3Step sampling time is started. Cy-
cleTime.StartEstimation = FALSE once meas-
urement is complete.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
CycleTime.EnEstimation BOOL TRUE If EnEstimation = TRUE, the PID_3Step sam-
pling time is calculated.
If CycleTime.EnEstimation = FALSE, the
PID_3Step sampling time is not calculated and
you need to correct the configuration of Cy-
cleTime.Value manually.
CycleTime.EnMonitoring BOOL TRUE If EnMonitoring = TRUE, the PID_3Step sam-
pling time is monitored. If it is not possible to
execute PID_3Step within the sampling time,
the error 0800h is output and the operating
mode is switched. ActivateRecoverMode and
ErrorBehaviour determine which operating
mode is switched to.
If EnMonitoring = FALSE, the PID_3Step sam-
pling time is not monitored, the error 0800h is
not output, and the operating mode is not
switched.
CycleTime.Value REAL 0.1 PID_3Step sampling time in seconds
CycleTime.Value is determined automatically
and is usually equivalent to the cycle time of the
calling OB.
CtrlParamsBackUp.SetByUser BOOL FALSE Saved value of Retain.CtrlParams.SetByUser
You can reload values from the CtrlParams-
BackUp structure with LoadBackUp = TRUE.
CtrlParamsBackUp.Gain REAL 1.0 Saved proportional gain
CtrlParamsBackUp.Ti REAL 20.0 Saved integration time in seconds
CtrlParamsBackUp.Td REAL 0.0 Saved derivative action time in seconds
CtrlParamsBackUp.TdFiltRatio REAL 0.2 Saved derivative delay coefficient
CtrlParamsBackUp.PWeighting REAL 1.0 Saved proportional action weighting
CtrlParamsBackUp.DWeighting REAL 1.0 Saved derivative action weighting
CtrlParamsBackUp.Cycle REAL 1.0 Saved sampling time of PID algorithm in sec-
onds
CtrlParamsBackUp.InputDeadBand REAL 0.0 Saved dead band width of the control deviation
PIDSelfTune.SUT.CalculateParams BOOL FALSE The properties of the controlled system are
saved during tuning. If CalculateParams =
TRUE, the PID parameters are recalculated on
the basis of these properties. The
PID parameters are calculated using the meth-
od set in TuneRule. CalculateParams is set to
FALSE following calculation.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
PIDSelfTune.SUT.TuneRule INT 1 Methods used to calculate parameters during
pretuning:
SUT.TuneRule = 0: PID fast I
SUT.TuneRule = 1: PID slow I
SUT.TuneRule = 2: Chien, Hrones and
Reswick PID
SUT.TuneRule = 3: Chien, Hrones, Reswick
PI
SUT.TuneRule = 4: PID fast II
SUT.TuneRule = 5: PID slow II
PIDSelfTune.SUT.State INT 0 The SUT.State tag indicates the current phase
of pretuning:
State = 0: Initialize pretuning
State = 50: Determine start position without
position feedback
State = 100: Calculate the standard devia-
tion
State = 200: Find the point of inflection
State = 300: Determine the rise time
State = 9900: Pretuning successful
State = 1: Pretuning not successful
PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn BOOL FALSE With the RunIn tag, you can specify that fine
tuning can also be performed without pretuning.
RunIn = FALSE

Pretuning is started when fine tuning is

started from inactive or manual mode.

If fine tuning is started from automatic

mode, the system uses the existing
PID parameters to control to the setpoint.

Only then will fine tuning start. If pretuning is

not possible, PID_3Step switches to the
mode from which tuning was started.
RunIn = TRUE

The pretuning is skipped. PID_3Step at-

tempts to reach the setpoint with the mini-
mum or maximum output value. This can
produce increased overshoot. Only then will
fine tuning start.

RunIn is set to FALSE after fine tuning.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
PIDSelfTune.TIR.CalculateParams BOOL FALSE The properties of the controlled system are
saved during tuning. If CalculateParams =
TRUE, the PID parameters are recalculated on
the basis of these properties. The
PID parameters are calculated using the meth-
od set in TuneRule. CalculateParams is set to
FALSE following calculation.
PIDSelfTune.TIR.TuneRule INT 0 Methods used to calculate parameters during
fine tuning:
TIR.TuneRule = 0: PID automatic
TIR.TuneRule = 1: PID fast
TIR.TuneRule = 2: PID slow
TIR.TuneRule = 3: Ziegler-Nichols PID
TIR.TuneRule = 4: Ziegler-Nichols PI
TIR.TuneRule = 5: Ziegler-Nichols P
PIDSelfTune.TIR.State INT 0 The TIR.State tag indicates the current phase
of fine tuning:
State = -100 Fine tuning is not possible.
Pretuning will be performed first.
State = 0: Initialize fine tuning
State = 200: Calculate the standard devia-
tion
State = 300: Attempt to reach the setpoint
with the maximum or minimum output value
State = 400: Attempt to reach the setpoint
with existing PID parameters (if pretuning
was successful)
State = 500: Determine oscillation and cal-
culate parameters
State = 9900: Fine tuning successful
State = 1: Fine tuning not successful
Retain.TransitTime REAL 30.0 Motor transition time in seconds
Time in seconds the actuating drive requires to
move the valve from the closed to the opened
state.
TransitTime is retentive.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Retain.CtrlParams.SetByUser BOOL FALSE If SetByUser = FALSE, the PID parameters are
determined automatically and PID_3Step oper-
ates with a dead zone at the output value. The
dead band width is calculated during tuning on
the basis of the standard deviation of the output
value and saved in Re-
tain.CtrlParams.OutputDeadBand.
If SetByUser = TRUE, the PID parameters are
entered manually and PID_3 Step operates
without a dead zone at the output value. Re-
tain.CtrlParams.OutputDeadBand = 0.0
SetByUser is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.Gain REAL 1.0 Active proportional gain
To invert the control logic, use the Con-
fig.InvertControl tag. Negative values at Gain
also invert the control logic. We recommend
you use only InvertControl to set the control
logic. The control logic is also inverted if In-
vertControl = TRUE and Gain < 0.0.
Gain is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.Ti REAL 20.0 Ti > 0.0: Active integration time in seconds
Ti = 0.0: Integral action is deactivated
Ti is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.Td REAL 0.0 Td > 0.0: Active derivative action time in
seconds
Td = 0.0: Derivative action is deactivated
Td is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.TdFiltRatio REAL 0.2 Active derivative delay coefficient
The derivative delay coefficient delays the ef-
fect of the derivative action.
Derivative delay = derivative action time de-
rivative delay coefficient
0.0: Derivative action is effective for one
cycle only and therefore almost not effec-
tive.
0.5: This value has proved useful in practice
for controlled systems with one dominant
time constant.
> 1.0: The greater the coefficient, the longer
the effect of the derivative action is delayed.
TdFiltRatio is retentive.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Retain.CtrlParams.PWeighting REAL 1.0 Active proportional action weighting
The proportional action may weaken with
changes to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Proportional action for setpoint change
is fully effective
0.0: Proportional action for setpoint change
is not effective
The proportional action is always fully effective
when the process value is changed.
PWeighting is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.DWeighting REAL 1.0 Active derivative action weighting
The derivative action may weaken with changes
to the setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Derivative action is fully effective upon
setpoint change
0.0: Derivative action is not effective upon
setpoint change
The derivative action is always fully effective
when the process value is changed.
DWeighting is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.Cycle REAL 1.0 Active sampling time of PID algorithm in sec-
onds, rounded to an integer multiple of the
cycle time of the calling OB.
Cycle is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.InputDeadBand REAL 0.0 Dead band width of the control deviation
InputDeadBand is retentive.

Note
Change the tags listed in this table in "Inactive" mode to prevent malfunction of the
PID controller.

See also
Parameters State and Mode V2 (Page 342)
Tag ActivateRecoverMode V2 (Page 350)
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

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8.2.4.8 Parameters State and Mode V2

Correlation of the parameters

The State parameter shows the current operating mode of the PID controller. You cannot
change the State parameter.
With a rising edge at ModeActivate, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode saved in the
Mode in-out parameter.
When the CPU is switched on or switches from Stop to RUN mode, PID_3Step starts in the
operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter. To leave PID_3Step in "Inactive"
mode, set RunModeByStartup = FALSE.

Meaning of values

State Description of operating mode

0 Inactive
The controller is switched off and no longer changes the valve position.
1 Pretuning
The pretuning determines the process response to a pulse of the output value and searches for the point of
inflection. The PID parameters are calculated from the maximum rate of rise and dead time of the controlled
system. You obtain the best PID parameters when you perform pretuning and fine tuning.
Pretuning requirements:
The motor transition time has been configured or measured.
Inactive (State = 0), manual mode (State = 4), or automatic mode (State = 3)
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits.
The more stable the process value is, the easier it is to calculate the PID parameters and the more precise
the result will be. Noise on the process value can be tolerated as long as the rate of rise of the process
value is significantly higher as compared to the noise. This is most likely the case in operating modes "Inac-
tive" and "manual mode".
The setpoint is frozen in the CurrentSetpoint tag. Tuning is canceled when:
Setpoint > CurrentSetpoint + CancelTuningLevel
or
Setpoint < CurrentSetpoint - CancelTuningLevel
Before the PID parameters are recalculated, they are backed up and can be reactivated with LoadBackUp.
The controller switches to automatic mode following successful pretuning. If pretuning is unsuccessful, the
switchover of operating mode is dependent on ActivateRecoverMode and ErrorBehaviour.
The pretuning phase is indicated with the SUT.State tag.

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State Description of operating mode

2 Fine tuning
Fine tuning generates a constant, limited oscillation of the process value. The PID parameters are recalcu-
lated based on the amplitude and frequency of this oscillation. PID parameters from fine tuning usually have
better master control and disturbance characteristics than PID parameters from pretuning. You obtain the
best PID parameters when you perform pretuning and fine tuning.
PID_3Step automatically attempts to generate an oscillation greater than the noise of the process value.
Fine tuning is only minimally influenced by the stability of the process value.
The setpoint is frozen in the CurrentSetpoint tag. Tuning is canceled when:
Setpoint > CurrentSetpoint + CancelTuningLevel
or
Setpoint < CurrentSetpoint - CancelTuningLevel
The PID parameters are backed up before fine tuning. They can be reactivated with LoadBackUp.
Requirements for fine tuning:
The motor transition time has been configured or measured.
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits.
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
Automatic (State = 3), inactive (State = 0) or manual (State = 4) mode
Fine tuning proceeds as follows when started from:
Automatic mode (State = 3)

Start fine tuning from automatic mode if you wish to improve the existing PID parameters through tuning.

PID_3Step controls the system using the existing PID parameters until the control loop has stabilized
and the requirements for fine tuning have been met. Only then will fine tuning start.
Inactive (State = 0) or manual mode (State = 4)

If the requirements for pretuning are met, pretuning is started. The determined PID parameters will be
used for control until the control loop has stabilized and the requirements for fine tuning have been met.

If PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn = TRUE, pretuning is skipped and an attempt is made to reach the setpoint
with the minimum or maximum output value. This can produce increased overshoot. Fine tuning then
starts automatically.
The controller switches to automatic mode following successful fine tuning. If fine tuning is unsuccessful,
the switchover of operating mode is dependent on ActivateRecoverMode and ErrorBehaviour.
The fine tuning phase is indicated with the TIR.State tag.
3 Automatic mode
In automatic mode, PID_3Step controls the controlled system in accordance with the parameters specified.
The controller switches to automatic mode if one the following requirements is fulfilled:
Pretuning successfully completed
Fine tuning successfully completed
Changing of the Mode in-out parameter to the value 3 and a rising edge at ModeActivate.
The switchover from automatic mode to manual mode is only bumpless if carried out in the commissioning
editor.
The ActivateRecoverMode tag is taken into consideration in automatic mode.

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State Description of operating mode

4 Manual mode
In manual mode, you specify manual output values in the Manual_UP and Manual_DN parameters or Man-
ualValue parameter. Whether or not the actuator can be moved to the output value in the event of an error
is described in the ErrorBits parameter.
You can also activate this operating mode using ManualEnable = TRUE. We recommend that you change
the operating mode using Mode and ModeActivate only.
The switchover from manual mode to automatic mode is bumpless. Manual mode is also possible when an
error is pending.
5 Approach substitute output value
This operating mode is activated in the event of an error, if Errorbehaviour = TRUE and ActivateRecover-
Mode = FALSE..
PID_3Step moves the actuator to the substitute output value and then switches to "Inactive" mode.
6 Transition time measurement
The time that the motor needs to completely open the valve from the closed condition is determined.
This operating mode is activated when Mode = 6 and ModeActivate = TRUE is set.
If endstop signals are used to measure the transition time, the valve will be opened completely from its
current position, closed completely, and opened completely again. If GetTransit-
Time.InvertDirection = TRUE, this behavior is inverted.
If position feedback is used to measure the transition time, the actuator will be moved from its current posi-
tion to a target position.
The output value limits are not taken into consideration during the transition time measurement. The actua-
tor can travel to the high or the low endstop.
7 Error monitoring
The control algorithm is switched off and no longer changes the valve position.
This operating mode is activated instead of "Inactive" mode in the event of an error.
All the following conditions must be met:
Automatic mode (Mode = 3)
Errorbehaviour = FALSE
ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE
One or more errors have occurred in which ActivateRecoverMode (Page 350) is effective.
As soon as the errors are no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
8 Approach substitute output value with error monitoring
This operating mode is activated instead of "approach substitute output value" mode when an error occurs.
PID_3Step moves the actuator to the substitute output value and then switches to "error monitoring" mode.
All the following conditions must be met:
Automatic mode (Mode = 3)
Errorbehaviour = TRUE
ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE
One or more errors have occurred in which ActivateRecoverMode (Page 350) is effective.
As soon as the errors are no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
10 Manual mode without endstop signals
The endstop signals are not taken into consideration, even though Config.ActuatorEndStopOn = TRUE.
The output value limits are not taken into consideration. Otherwise, PID_3Step behaves the same as in
manual mode.

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ENO characteristics
If State = 0, then ENO = FALSE.
If State 0, then ENO = TRUE.

Automatic switchover of operating mode during commissioning

Automatic mode is activated following successful pretuning or fine tuning. The following table
shows how Mode and State change during successful pretuning.

Cycle no. Mode State Action

0 4 4 Set Mode = 1
1 1 4 Set ModeActivate = TRUE
1 4 1 Value of State is saved in Mode parameter
Pretuning is started
n 4 1 Pretuning successfully completed
n 3 3 Automatic mode is started

PID_3Step automatically switches the operating mode in the event of an error. The following
table shows how Mode and State change during pretuning with errors.

Cycle no. Mode State Action

0 4 4 Set Mode = 1
1 1 4 Set ModeActivate = TRUE
1 4 1 Value of State is saved in Mode parameter
Pretuning is started
n 4 1 Pretuning canceled
n 4 4 Manual mode is started

If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter is
activated. At the start of transition time measurement, pretuning, or fine tuning, PID_3Step
saved the value of State in the Mode in/out parameter. PID_3Step therefore switches to the
operating mode from which transition time measurement or tuning was started.
If ActivateRecoverMode = FALSE, "Inactive" or "Approach substitute output value" mode is
activated.

Automatic switchover of operating mode after transition time measurement

If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter is
activated after successful transition time measurement.
If ActivateRecoverMode = FALSE, the system switches to "Inactive" operating mode after
successful transition time measurement.

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Automatic switchover of operating mode in automatic mode

PID_3Step automatically switches the operating mode in the event of an error. The following
diagram illustrates the influence of ErrorBehaviour and ActivateRecoverMode on this
switchover of operating mode.

Automatic switchover of operating mode in the event of an error

Automatic switchover of operating mode once the current operation has been completed.

Automatic switchover of operating mode when error is no longer pending.

See also
Tag ActivateRecoverMode V2 (Page 350)
Parameter ErrorBits V2 (Page 347)

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8.2.4.9 Parameter ErrorBits V2

If several errors are pending simultaneously, the values of the ErrorBits are displayed with
binary addition. The display of ErrorBits = 0003h, for example, indicates that the errors
0001h and 0002h are pending simultaneously.
If there is a position feedback, PID_3Step uses ManualValue as output value in manual
mode. The exception is Errorbits = 10000h.

ErrorBits Description
(DW#16#...)
0000 There is no error.
0001 The "Input" parameter is outside the process value limits.
Input > Config.InputUpperLimit or
Input < Config.InputLowerLimit
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_3Step
remains in automatic mode.
If pretuning, fine tuning, or transition time measurement mode and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE were
active before the error occurred, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode
parameter.
0002 Invalid value at "Input_PER" parameter. Check whether an error is pending at the analog input.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_3Step
switches to "Approach substitute output value with error monitoring" or "Error monitoring" mode. As
soon as the error is no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
If pretuning, fine tuning, or transition time measurement mode and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE were
active before the error occurred, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode
parameter.
0004 Error during fine tuning. Oscillation of the process value could not be maintained.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_3Step cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0010 The setpoint was changed during tuning.
You can set the permitted fluctuation of the setpoint at the CancelTuningLevel tag.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_3Step cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0020 Pretuning is not permitted during fine tuning.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_3Step remains in fine tuning mode.
0080 Error during pretuning. Incorrect configuration of output value limits.
Check whether the limits of the output value are configured correctly and match the control logic.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_3Step cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0100 Error during fine tuning resulted in invalid parameters.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_3Step cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.

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ErrorBits Description
(DW#16#...)
0200 Invalid value at "Input" parameter: Value has an invalid number format.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_3Step
switches to "Approach substitute output value with error monitoring" or "Error monitoring" mode. As
soon as the error is no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
If pretuning, fine tuning, or transition time measurement mode and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE were
active before the error occurred, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode
parameter.
0400 Calculation of output value failed. Check the PID parameters.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_3Step
switches to "Approach substitute output value with error monitoring" or "Error monitoring" mode. As
soon as the error is no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
If pretuning, fine tuning, or transition time measurement mode and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE were
active before the error occurred, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode
parameter.
0800 Sampling time error: PID_3Step is not called within the sampling time of the cyclic interrupt OB.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_3Step
remains in automatic mode.
If pretuning, fine tuning, or transition time measurement mode and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE were
active before the error occurred, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode
parameter.
If this error occurred during simulation with PLCSIM, see the notes under Simulating PID_3Step V2 with
PLCSIM (Page 143).
1000 Invalid value at "Setpoint" parameter: Value has an invalid number format.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_3Step
switches to "Approach substitute output value with error monitoring" or "Error monitoring" mode. As
soon as the error is no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
If pretuning, fine tuning, or transition time measurement mode and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE were
active before the error occurred, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode
parameter.
2000 Invalid value at Feedback_PER parameter.
Check whether an error is pending at the analog input.
The actuator cannot be moved to the substitute output value and remains in its current position. In man-
ual mode, you can change the position of the actuator only with Manual_UP and Manual_DN, and not
with ManualValue.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred, ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, and the error is
no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
If pretuning, fine tuning, or transition time measurement mode and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE were
active before the error occurred, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode
parameter.
4000 Invalid value at Feedback parameter. Value has an invalid number format.
The actuator cannot be moved to the substitute output value and remains in its current position. In man-
ual mode, you can change the position of the actuator only with Manual_UP and Manual_DN, and not
with ManualValue.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred, ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, and the error is
no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
If pretuning, fine tuning, or transition time measurement mode and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE were
active before the error occurred, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode
parameter.

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ErrorBits Description
(DW#16#...)
8000 Error during digital position feedback. Actuator_H = TRUE and Actuator_L = TRUE.
The actuator cannot be moved to the substitute output value and remains in its current position. Manual
mode is not possible in this state.
In order to move the actuator from this state, you must deactivate the "Actuator endstop" (Con-
fig.ActuatorEndStopOn = FALSE) or switch to manual mode without endstop signals (Mode = 10).
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred, ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, and the error is
no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
If pretuning, fine tuning, or transition time measurement mode and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE were
active before the error occurred, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode
parameter.
10000 Invalid value at ManualValue parameter. Value has an invalid number format.
The actuator cannot be moved to the manual value and remains in its current position.
Specify a valid value in ManualValue or move the actuator in manual mode with Manual_UP and Manu-
al_DN.
20000 Invalid value at SavePosition tag. Value has an invalid number format.
The actuator cannot be moved to the substitute output value and remains in its current position.
40000 Invalid value at Disturbance parameter. Value has an invalid number format.
If automatic mode was active and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, Disturbance
is set to zero. PID_3Step remains in automatic mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error oc-
curred, PID_3Step switches to the operating mode saved in the Mode parameter. If Disturbance in the
current phase has no effect on the output value, tuning is not be canceled.
The error has no effect during transition time measurement.

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8.2.4.10 Tag ActivateRecoverMode V2

The ActivateRecoverMode tag determines the reaction to error. The Error parameter
indicates if an error is pending. When the error is no longer pending, Error = FALSE. The
ErrorBits parameter shows which errors have occurred.

NOTICE
Your system may be damaged.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_3Step remains in automatic mode even if the
process limit values are exceeded. This may damage your system.
It is essential to configure how your controlled system reacts in the event of an error to
protect your system from damage.

Automatic mode

ActivateRecov- Description
erMode
FALSE In the event of an error, PID_3Step switches to "Inactive" or "Approach substitute output value" mode.
The controller is only activated by a falling edge at Reset or a rising edge at ModeActivate.
TRUE If errors occur frequently in automatic mode, this setting has a negative effect on the control response,
because PID_3Step switches between the calculated output value and the substitute output value at
each error. In this case, check the ErrorBits parameter and eliminate the cause of the error.
If one or more of the following errors occur, PID_3Step stays in automatic mode:
0001h: The "Input" parameter is outside the process value limits.
0800h: Sampling time error
40000h: Invalid value at Disturbance parameter.
If one or more of the following errors occur, PID_3Step switches to "Approach substitute output value
with error monitoring" or "Error monitoring" mode:
0002h: Invalid value at Input_PER parameter.
0200h: Invalid value at Input parameter.
0400h: Calculation of output value failed.
1000h: Invalid value at Setpoint parameter.
If one or more of the following errors occur, PID_3Step can no longer move the actuator:
2000h: Invalid value at Feedback_PER parameter.
4000h: Invalid value at Feedback parameter.
8000h: Error during digital position feedback.
20000h: Invalid value at SavePosition tag. Value has an invalid number format.
The characteristics are independent of ErrorBehaviour.
As soon as the errors are no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.

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Pretuning, fine tuning, and transition time measurement

ActivateRecov- Description
erMode
FALSE In the event of an error, PID_3Step switches to "Inactive" or "Approach substitute output value" mode.
The controller is only activated by a falling edge at Reset or a rising edge at ModeActivate.
The controller changes to "Inactive" mode after successful transition time measurement.
TRUE If the following error occurs, PID_3Step remains in the active mode:
0020h: Pretuning is not permitted during fine tuning.
The following errors are ignored:
10000h: Invalid value at ManualValue parameter.
20000h: Invalid value at SavePosition tag.
When any other error occurs, PID_3Step cancels the tuning and switches to the mode from which tun-
ing was started.

Manual mode
ActivateRecoverMode is not effective in manual mode.

See also
Static tags of PID_3Step V2 (Page 331)
Parameters State and Mode V2 (Page 342)

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8.2.4.11 Tag Warning V2

If several warnings are pending simultaneously, their values are displayed with binary
addition. The display of warning 0005h, for example, indicates that the warnings 0001h and
0004h are pending simultaneously.

Warning Description
(DW#16#...)
0000 No warning pending.
0001 The point of inflection was not found during pretuning.
0004 The setpoint was limited to the configured limits.
0008 Not all the necessary controlled system properties were defined for the selected method of calculation.
Instead, the PID parameters were calculated using the TIR.TuneRule = 3 method.
0010 The operating mode could not be changed because Reset = TRUE or ManualEnable = TRUE.
0020 The cycle time of the calling OB limits the sampling time of the PID algorithm.
Improve results by using shorter OB cycle times.
0040 The process value exceeded one of its warning limits.
0080 Invalid value at Mode. The operating mode is not switched.
0100 The manual value was limited to the limits of the controller output.
0200 The specified rule for tuning is not supported. No PID parameters are calculated.
0400 The transition time cannot be measured because the actuator settings do not match the selected meas-
uring method.
0800 The difference between the current position and the new output value is too small for transition time
measurement. This can produce incorrect results. The difference between the current output value and
new output value must be at least 50% of the entire control range.
1000 The substitute output value cannot be reached because it is outside the output value limits.
2000 The actuator was moved in one direction for longer than Config.VirtualActuatorLimit Re-
tain.TransitTime. Check whether the actuator has reached an endstop signal.

The following warnings are deleted as soon as the cause is eliminated:

0001h
0004h
0008h
0040h
0100h
2000h
All other warnings are cleared with a rising edge at Reset or ErrorAck.

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8.2.5 PID_3Step V1

8.2.5.1 Description PID_3Step V1

Description
You use the PID_3Step instruction to configure a PID controller with self tuning for valves or
actuators with integrating behavior.
The following operating modes are possible:
Inactive
Pretuning
Fine tuning
Automatic mode
Manual mode
Approach substitute output value
Transition time measurement
Approach substitute output value with error monitoring
Error monitoring
For a more detailed description of the operating modes, see the State parameter.

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PID algorithm
PID_3Step is a PIDT1 controller with anti-windup and weighting of the proportional and
derivative actions. The following equation is used to calculate the output value.

Symbol Description
y Output value
Kp Proportional gain
s Laplace operator
b Proportional action weighting
w Setpoint
x Process value
TI Integral action time
a Derivative delay coefficient (T1 = a TD)
TD Derivative action time
c Derivative action weighting

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Block diagram without position feedback

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Block diagram with position feedback

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Block diagram of PIDT1 with anti-windup

Call
PID_3Step is called in a constant time interval of the cycle time of the calling OB (preferably
in a cyclic interrupt OB).

Download to device
The actual values of retentive tags are only updated when you download PID_3Step
completely.
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

Startup
At the startup of the CPU, PID_3Step starts in the operating mode that was last active. To
leave PID_3Step in "Inactive" mode, set RunModeByStartup = FALSE.

Reaction to error
If errors occur, these are output in the Error parameter. You configure the reaction of
PID_3Step using the ErrorBehaviour and ActivateRecoverMode tags.

ErrorBe- Acti- Actuator setting configuration Reaction

haviour vateRecover- Set Output to
Mode
0 FALSE Current output value Switch to "Inactive" mode (Mode = 0)
0 TRUE Current output value while Switch to "Error monitoring" mode
error is pending (Mode = 7)

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ErrorBe- Acti- Actuator setting configuration Reaction

haviour vateRecover- Set Output to
Mode
1 FALSE Substitute output value Switch to "Approach substitute output
value" mode (Mode = 5)
Switch to "Inactive" mode (Mode = 0)
1 TRUE Substitute output value while Switch to "Approach substitute output
error is pending value with error monitoring" mode
(Mode = 8)
Switch to "Error monitoring" mode
(Mode = 7)

The ErrorBits parameter shows which errors have occurred.

See also
Parameter State and Retain.Mode V1 (Page 374)
Parameter ErrorBits V1 (Page 382)
Configuring PID_3Step V1 (Page 144)

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8.2.5.2 Operating principle PID_3Step V1

Monitoring process value limits

You specify the high limit and low limit of the process value in the Config.InputUpperLimit
and Config.InputLowerLimit tags. If the process value is outside these limits, an error occurs
(ErrorBits = 0001hex).
You specify a high and low warning limit of the process value in the
Config.InputUpperWarning and Config.InputLowerWarning tags. If the process value is
outside these warning limits, a warning occurs (Warnings = 0040hex), and the
InputWarning_H or InputWarning_L output parameter changes to TRUE.

Limiting the setpoint

You specify a high limit and low limit of the setpoint in the Config.SetpointUpperLimit and
Config.SetpointLowerLimit tags. PID_3Step automatically limits the setpoint to the process
value limits. You can limit the setpoint to a smaller range. PID_3Step checks whether this
range falls within the process value limits. If the setpoint is outside these limits, the high or
low limit is used as the setpoint, and output parameter SetpointLimit_H or SetpointLimit_L is
set to TRUE.
The setpoint is limited in all operating modes.

Limiting the output value

You specify a high limit and low limit of the output value in the Config.OutputUpperLimit and
Config.OutputLowerLimit tags. The output value limits must be within "Low endstop" and
"High endstop".
High endstop: Config.FeedbackScaling.UpperPointOut
Low endstop: Config.FeedbackScaling.LowerPointOut
Rule:
UpperPointOut OutputUpperLimit > OutputLowerLimit LowerPointOut
The valid values for "High endstop" and "Low endstop" depend upon:
FeedbackOn
FeedbackPerOn
OutputPerOn

OutputPerOn FeedbackOn FeedbackPerOn LowerPointOut UpperPointOut

FALSE FALSE FALSE Cannot be set (0.0%) Cannot be set (100.0%)
FALSE TRUE FALSE -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%
FALSE TRUE TRUE -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%
TRUE FALSE FALSE Cannot be set (100.0%) Cannot be set (100.0%)
TRUE TRUE FALSE -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%
TRUE TRUE TRUE -100.0% or 0.0% 0.0% or +100.0%

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If OutputPerOn = FALSE and FeedbackOn = FALSE, you cannot limit the output value. The
digital outputs are reset with Actuator_H = TRUE or Actuator_L = TRUE, or after a travel time
amounting to 110% of the motor transition time.
The output value is 27648 at 100% and -27648 at -100%. PID_3Step must be able to
completely close the valve. Therefore, zero must be included in the output value limits.

Note
Use with two or more actuators
PID_3 Step is not suitable for use with two or more actuators (for example, in heating/cooling
applications), because different actuators need different PID parameters to achieve a good
control response.

Substitute output value

If an error has occurred, PID_3Step can output a substitute output value and move the
actuator to a safe position that is specified in the SavePosition tag. The substitute output
value must be within the output value limits.

Monitoring signal validity

The values of the following parameters are monitored for validity:
Setpoint
Input
Input_PER
Feedback
Feedback_PER
Output

Monitoring the PID_3Step sampling time

Ideally, the sampling time is equivalent to the cycle time of the calling OB. The PID_3Step
instruction measures the time interval between two calls. This is the current sampling time.
On every switchover of operating mode and during the initial startup, the mean value is
formed from the first 10 sampling times. Too great a difference between the current sampling
time and this mean value triggers an error (ErrorBits = 0800 hex).
PID_3Step is set to "Inactive" mode during tuning under the following conditions:
New mean value >= 1.1 x old mean value
New mean value <= 0.9 x old mean value
In automatic mode, PID_3Step is set to "Inactive" mode under the following conditions:
New mean value >= 1.5 x old mean value
New mean value <= 0.5 x old mean value

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Sampling time of the PID algorithm

The controlled system needs a certain amount of time to respond to changes in the output
value. It is therefore not advisable to calculate the output value in every cycle. The sampling
time of the PID algorithm represents the time between two calculations of the output value. It
is calculated during tuning and rounded to a multiple of the cycle time. All other functions of
PID_3Step are executed at every call.

Measuring the motor transition time

The motor transition time is the time in seconds the motor requires to move the actuator from
the closed to the opened state. The maximum time that the actuator is moved in one
direction is 110% of the motor transition time. PID_3Step requires the motor transition time to
be as accurate as possible for good controller results. The data in the actuator
documentation contains average values for this type of actuator. The value for the specific
actuator used may differ. You can measure the motor transition time during commissioning.
The output value limits are not taken into consideration during the motor transition time
measurement. The actuator can travel to the high or the low endstop.
The motor transition time is taken into consideration in the calculation of the analog output
value as well as in the calculation of the digital output values. It is mainly required for correct
operation during auto-tuning and the anti-windup behavior. You should therefore configure
the motor transition time with the value that the motor requires to move the actuator from the
closed to the opened state.
If no relevant motor transition time is in effect in your process (e.g. with solenoid valves), so
that the output value has a direct and full effect on the process, use PID_Compact instead.

Control logic
An increase of the output value is generally intended to cause an increase in the process
value. This is referred to as a normal control logic. For cooling and discharge control
systems, it may be necessary to invert the control logic. PID_3Step does not work with
negative proportional gain. If InvertControl = TRUE, an increasing control deviation causes a
reduction in the output value. The control logic is also taken into account during pretuning
and fine tuning.

See also
Configuring PID_3Step V1 (Page 144)

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8.2.5.3 PID_3Step V1 input parameters

Table 8- 10

Parameters Data type Default Description

Setpoint REAL 0.0 Setpoint of the PID controller in automatic mode
Input REAL 0.0 A tag of the user program is used as source for the process
value.
If you are using parameter Input, then Con-
fig.InputPerOn = FALSE must be set.
Input_PER WORD W#16#0 An analog input is used as the source of the process value.
If you are using parameter Input_PER, then Con-
fig.InputPerOn = TRUE must be set.
Actuator_H BOOL FALSE Digital position feedback of the valve for the high endstop
If Actuator_H = TRUE, the valve is at the high endstop and is
no longer moved towards this direction.
Actuator_L BOOL FALSE Digital position feedback of the valve for the low endstop
If Actuator_L = TRUE, the valve is at the low endstop and is
no longer moved towards this direction.
Feedback REAL 0.0 Position feedback of the valve
If you are using parameter Feedback, then Con-
fig.FeedbackPerOn = FALSE must be set.
Feedback_PER WORD W#16#0 Analog position feedback of a valve
If you are using parameter Feedback_PER, then Con-
fig.FeedbackPerOn = TRUE must be set.
Feedback_PER is scaled based on the tags:
Config.FeedbackScaling.LowerPointIn
Config.FeedbackScaling.UpperPointIn
Config.FeedbackScaling.LowerPointOut
Config.FeedbackScaling.UpperPointOut
ManualEnable BOOL FALSE A FALSE -> TRUE edge selects "Manual mode", while
State = 4, Retain.Mode remains unchanged.
A TRUE -> FALSE edge selects the most recently active
operating mode
A change of Retain.Mode will not take effect during ManualE-
nable = TRUE. The change of Retain.Mode will only be con-
sidered upon a TRUE -> FALSE edge at ManualEnable .
PID_3Step V1.1If ManualEnable = TRUE when the CPU
starts, PID_3Step starts in manual mode. A rising edge
(FALSE > TRUE) at ManualEnable is not necessary.
PID_3Step V1.0
At the start of the CPU, PID_3Step only switches to manual
mode with a rising edge (FALSE->TRUE) at ManualEnable .
Without rising edge, PID_3Step starts in the last operating
mode in which ManualEnable was FALSE.
ManualValue REAL 0.0 In manual mode, you specify the absolute position of the
valve. ManualValue will only be evaluated if you are using
OutputPer, or if position feedback is available.

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Parameters Data type Default Description

Manual_UP BOOL FALSE In manual mode, every rising edge opens the valve by 5% of
the total control range, or for the duration of the minimum
motor transition time. Manual_UP is evaluated only if you are
not using Output_PER and there is no position feedback
available.
Manual_DN BOOL FALSE In manual mode, every rising edge closes the valve by 5% of
the total control range, or for the duration of the minimum
motor transition time. Manual_DN is evaluated only if you are
not using Output_PER and there is no position feedback
available.
Reset BOOL FALSE Restarts the controller.
FALSE -> TRUE edge
Switch to "Inactive" mode
ErrorBits and Warning are reset
Intermediate controller values are reset
(PID parameters are retained)
TRUE -> FALSE edge
Change in most recent active mode
If automatic mode was active before, switchover to au-
tomatic mode is bumpless.

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8.2.5.4 PID_3Step V1 output parameters

Table 8- 11

Parameter Data type Default Description

ScaledInput REAL 0.0 Scaled process value
ScaledFeedback REAL 0.0 Scaled position feedback
For an actuator without position feedback, the position of the
actuator indicated by ScaledFeedback is very imprecise.
ScaledFeedback may only be used for rough estimation of the
current position in this case.
Output_UP BOOL FALSE Digital output value for opening the valve
If Config.OutputPerOn = FALSE, the Output_UP parameter is
used.
Output_DN BOOL FALSE Digital output value for closing the valve
If Config.OutputPerOn = FALSE, the Output_DN parameter is
used.
Output_PER WORD W#16#0 Analog output value
If Config.OutputPerOn = TRUE, Output_PER is used.
Use Output_PER if you are using a valve as actuator which is
triggered via an analog output and controlled with a continu-
ous signal, e.g. 0...10 V or 4...20 mA.
The value at Output_PER corresponds to the target position of
the valve, e.g. Output_PER = 13824, when the valve is to be
opened by 50%.
SetpointLimit_H BOOL FALSE If SetpointLimit_H = TRUE, the absolute setpoint high limit is
reached. In the CPU, the setpoint is limited to the configured
absolute setpoint high limit. The configured absolute process
value high limit is the default for the setpoint high limit.
If you configure Config.SetpointUpperLimit to a value within
the process value limits, this value is used as the setpoint high
limit.
SetpointLimit_L BOOL FALSE If SetpointLimit_L = TRUE, the absolute setpoint low limit has
been reached. In the CPU, the setpoint is limited to the con-
figured absolute setpoint low limit. The configured absolute
process value low limit is the default setting for the setpoint
low limit.
If you configure Config.SetpointLowerLimit to a value within
the process value limits, this value is used as the setpoint low
limit.
InputWarning_H BOOL FALSE If InputWarning_H = TRUE, the process value has reached or
exceeded the warning high limit.
InputWarning_L BOOL FALSE If InputWarning_L = TRUE, the process value has reached or
fallen below the warning low limit.

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Parameter Data type Default Description

State INT 0 The State parameter (Page 374) shows the current operating
mode of the PID controller. You change the operating mode
with the Retain.Mode tag.
State = 0: Inactive
State = 1: Pretuning
State = 2: Fine tuning
State = 3: Automatic mode
State = 4: Manual mode
State = 5: Approach substitute output value
State = 6: Transition time measurement
State = 7: Error monitoring
State = 8: Approach substitute output value with error
monitoring
Error BOOL FALSE If Error = TRUE, at least one error message is pending.
ErrorBits DWORD DW#16#0 The ErrorBits parameter (Page 382) indicates the error mes-
sages.

See also
Parameter State and Retain.Mode V1 (Page 374)
Parameter ErrorBits V1 (Page 382)

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8.2.5.5 PID_3Step V1 static tags

You must not change tags that are not listed. These are used for internal purposes only.

Table 8- 12

Tag Data Default Description

type
ActivateRecoverMode BOOL TRUE The ActivateRecoverMode tag (Page 385) determines the
reaction to error.
RunModeByStartup BOOL TRUE Activate Mode after CPU restart
If RunModeByStartup = TRUE, the controller returns to the
last active operating mode after a CPU restart.
If RunModeByStartup = FALSE, the controller remains
inactive after a CPU restart.
PhysicalUnit INT 0 Unit of measurement of the process value and setpoint,
e.g., C, or F.
PhysicalQuantity INT 0 Physical quantity of the process value and setpoint, e.g.,
temperature.
ErrorBehaviour INT 0 If ErrorBehaviour = 0 and an error has occurred, the valve
stays at its current position and the controller switches
directly to "Inactive" or "Error monitoring" mode.
If ErrorBehaviour = 1 and an error occurs, the actuator
moves to the substitute output value and only then switch-
es to "Inactive" or "Error monitoring" mode.
If the following errors occur, you can no longer move the
valve to a configured substitute output value.
2000h: Invalid value at Feedback_PER parameter.
4000h: Invalid value at Feedback parameter.
8000h: Error during digital position feedback.
Warning DWO DW#16#0 The Warning tag (Page 374) displays the warnings gener-
RD ated since a Reset or since the last operating mode
switchover.
Cyclic warnings (for example, process value warning) are
shown until the cause of the warning is removed. They are
automatically deleted once their cause has gone. Non-
cyclic warnings (for example, point of inflection not found)
remain and are deleted like errors.
SavePosition REAL 0.0 Substitute output value
If ErrorBehaviour = 1 and an error occurs, the actuator
moves to a safe position for the plant and only then
switches to "Inactive" mode.
CurrentSetpoint REAL 0.0 Currently active setpoint. This value is frozen at the start
of tuning.
Progress REAL 0.0 Progress of tuning as a percentage (0.0 - 100.0)
Config.InputPerOn BOOL TRUE If InputPerOn = TRUE, the Input_PER parameter is used.
If InputPerOn = FALSE, the Input parameter is used.
Config.OutputPerOn BOOL FALSE If OutputPerOn = TRUE, the Output_PER parameter is
used. If OutputPerOn = FALSE, the Ouput_UP and Out-
put_DN parameters are used.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.LoadBackUp BOOL FALSE If LoadBackUp = TRUE, the last set of PID parameters is
reloaded. The set was saved prior to the last tuning.
LoadBackUp is automatically set back to FALSE.
Config.InvertControl BOOL FALSE Invert control logic
If InvertControl = TRUE, an increasing control deviation
causes a reduction in the output value.
Config.FeedbackOn BOOL FALSE If FeedbackOn = FALSE, a position feedback is simulated.
Position feedback is generally activated when Feed-
backOn = TRUE.
Config.FeedbackPerOn BOOL FALSE FeedbackPerOn is only effective when Feed-
backOn = TRUE.
If FeedbackPerOn = TRUE, the analog input is used for
the position feedback (Feedback_PER parameter).
If FeedbackPerOn = FALSE, the Feedback parameter is
used for the position feedback.
Config.ActuatorEndStopOn BOOL FALSE If ActuatorEndStopOn = TRUE, the digital position feed-
back Actuator_L and Actuator_H are taken into considera-
tion.
Config.InputUpperLimit REAL 120.0 High limit of the process value
At the I/O input, the process value can be a maximum of
18% higher than the standard range (overrange). An error
is no longer signaled due to a violation of the "Process
value high limit". Only a wire-break and a short-circuit are
recognized and PID_3Step reacts according to the config-
ured reaction to error.
InputUpperLimit > InputLowerLimit
Config.InputLowerLimit REAL 0.0 Low limit of the process value
InputLowerLimit < InputUpperLimit
Config.InputUpperWarning REAL +3.402822e+38 Warning high limit of the process value
If you set InputUpperWarning outside the process value
limits, the configured absolute process value high limit is
used as the warning high limit.
If you configure InputUpperWarning within the process
value limits, this value is used as the warning high limit.
InputUpperWarning > InputLowerWarning
InputUpperWarning InputUpperLimit
Config.InputLowerWarning REAL -3.402822e+38 Warning low limit of the process value
If you set InputLowerWarning outside the process value
limits, the configured absolute process value low limit is
used as the warning low limit.
If you configure InputLowerWarning within the process
value limits, this value is used as the warning low limit.
InputLowerWarning < InputUpperWarning
InputLowerWarning InputLowerLimit
Config.OutputUpperLimit REAL 100.0 High limit of output value
For details, see OutputLowerLimit

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.OutputLowerLimit REAL 0.0 Low limit of output value
If OutputPerOn = TRUE or FeedbackOn = TRUE, the
range of values from -100% to +100%, including zero, is
valid. At -100%, Output = -27648; at +100%, Out-
put = 27648
If OutputPerOn = FALSE, the range of values from 0% to
100% is valid. The valve is completely closed at 0% and
completely opened at 100%.
Config.SetpointUpperLimit REAL +3.402822e+38 High limit of setpoint
If you set SetpointUpperLimit outside the process value
limits, the configured absolute process value high limit is
preassigned as the setpoint high limit.
If you configure SetpointUpperLimit within the process
value limits, this value is used as the setpoint high limit.
Config.SetpointLowerLimit REAL - 3.402822e+38 Low limit of the setpoint
If you set SetpointLowerLimit outside the process value
limits, the configured absolute process value low limit is
preassigned as the setpoint low limit.
If you set SetpointLowerLimit within the process value
limits, this value is used as the setpoint low limit.
Config.MinimumOnTime REAL 0.0 Minimum ON time
Minimum time in seconds for which the servo drive must
be switched on.
Config.MinimumOnTime is only effective if Output_UP and
Output_DN are used (Config.OutputPerOn = FALSE).
Config.MinimumOffTime REAL 0.0 Minimum OFF time
Minimum time in seconds for which the servo drive must
be switched off.
Config.MinimumOffTime is only effective if Output_UP and
Output_DN are used (Config.OutputPerOn = FALSE).
Config.TransitTime REAL 30.0 Motor transition time
Time in seconds the actuating drive requires to move the
valve from the closed to the opened state.
Config.InputScaling.UpperPointIn REAL 27648.0 Scaling Input_PER high
Input_PER is converted to a percentage based on the two
value pairs UpperPointOut, UpperPointIn and Lower-
PointOut, LowerPointIn of the InputScaling structure.
Config.InputScaling.LowerPointIn REAL 0.0 Scaling Input_PER low
Input_PER is converted to a percentage based on the two
value pairs UpperPointOut, UpperPointIn and Lower-
PointOut, LowerPointIn of the InputScaling structure.
Con- REAL 100.0 Scaled high process value
fig.InputScaling.UpperPointOut Input_PER is converted to a percentage based on the two
value pairs UpperPointOut, UpperPointIn and Lower-
PointOut, LowerPointIn of the InputScaling structure.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Con- REAL 0.0 Scaled low process value
fig.InputScaling.LowerPointOut Input_PER is converted to a percentage based on the two
value pairs UpperPointOut, UpperPointIn and Lower-
PointOut, LowerPointIn of the InputScaling structure.
Con- REAL 27648.0 Scaling Feedback_PER high
fig.FeedbackScaling.UpperPointI Feedback_PER is converted to a percentage based on the
n two value pairs UpperPointOut, UpperPointIn and Lower-
PointOut, LowerPointIn of the FeedbackScaling structure.
Con- REAL 0.0 Scaling Feedback_PER low
fig.FeedbackScaling.LowerPointI Feedback_PER is converted to a percentage based on the
n two value pairs UpperPointOut, UpperPointIn and Lower-
PointOut, LowerPointIn of the FeedbackScaling structure.
Con- REAL 100.0 High endstop
fig.FeedbackScaling.UpperPoint Feedback_PER is converted to a percentage based on the
Out two value pairs UpperPointOut, UpperPointIn and Lower-
PointOut, LowerPointIn of the FeedbackScaling structure.
Con- REAL 0.0 Low endstop
fig.FeedbackScaling.LowerPoint Feedback_PER is converted to a percentage based on the
Out two value pairs UpperPointOut, UpperPointIn and Lower-
PointOut, LowerPointIn of the FeedbackScaling structure.
GetTransitTime.InvertDirection BOOL FALSE If InvertDirection = FALSE, the valve is fully opened,
closed, and then reopened in order to determine the valve
transition time.
If InvertDirection = TRUE, the valve is fully closed,
opened, and then closed again.
GetTransitTime.SelectFeedback BOOL FALSE If SelectFeedback = TRUE, then Feedback_PER, or
Feedback is taken into consideration in the transition time
measurement.
If SelectFeedback = FALSE, then Actuator_H and Actua-
tor_L are taken into consideration in the transition time
measurement.
GetTransitTime.Start BOOL FALSE If Start = TRUE, the transition time measurement is start-
ed.
GetTransitTime.State INT 0 Current phase of the transition time measurement
State = 0: Inactive
State = 1: Open valve completely
State = 2: Close valve completely
State = 3: Move valve to target position (NewOutput)
State = 4: Transition time measurement successfully
completed
State = 5: Transition time measurement canceled
GetTransitTime.NewOutput REAL 0.0 Target position for transition time measurement with posi-
tion feedback
The target position must be between "High endstop" and
"Low endstop". The difference between NewOutput and
ScaledFeedback must be at least 50% of the permissible
control range.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
CycleTime.StartEstimation BOOL TRUE If StartEstimation = TRUE, the measurement of the
PID_3Step sampling time is started. Cy-
cleTime.StartEstimation = FALSE once measurement is
complete.
CycleTime.EnEstimation BOOL TRUE If EnEstimation = TRUE, the PID_3Step sampling time is
calculated.
CycleTime.EnMonitoring BOOL TRUE If EnMonitoring = TRUE, the PID_3Step sampling time is
monitored. If it is not possible to execute PID_3Step within
the sampling time, the error 0800h is output and the oper-
ating mode is switched. ActivateRecoverMode and Er-
rorBehaviour determine which operating mode is switched
to.
If EnMonitoring = FALSE, the PID_3Step sampling time is
not monitored, the error 0800h is not output, and the oper-
ating mode is not switched.
CycleTime.Value REAL 0.1 PID_3Step sampling time in seconds
CycleTime.Value is determined automatically and is usual-
ly equivalent to the cycle time of the calling OB.
CtrlParamsBackUp.SetByUser BOOL FALSE Saved value of Retain.CtrlParams.SetByUser.
You can reload values from the CtrlParamsBackUp struc-
ture with Config.LoadBackUp = TRUE.
CtrlParamsBackUp.Gain REAL 1.0 Saved proportional gain
CtrlParamsBackUp.Ti REAL 20.0 Saved integral action time
CtrlParamsBackUp.Td REAL 0.0 Saved derivative action time
CtrlParamsBackUp.TdFiltRatio REAL 0.0 Saved derivative delay coefficient
CtrlParamsBackUp.PWeighting REAL 0.0 Saved proportional action weighting
CtrlParamsBackUp.DWeighting REAL 0.0 Saved derivative action weighting
CtrlParamsBackUp.Cycle REAL 1.0 Saved sampling time of PID algorithm
CtrlParamsBack- REAL 0.0 Saved dead zone width of the control deviation
Up.InputDeadBand
PIDSelf- BOOL FALSE The properties of the controlled system are saved during
Tune.SUT.CalculateSUTParams tuning. If CalculateSUTParams = TRUE, the
PID parameters are recalculated on the basis of these
properties. The PID parameters are calculated using the
method set in TuneRuleSUT. CalculateSUTParams is set
to FALSE following calculation.
PIDSelfTune.SUT.TuneRuleSUT INT 1 Methods used to calculate parameters during pretuning:
TuneRuleSUT = 0: PID fast I
TuneRuleSUT = 1: PID slow I
TuneRuleSUT = 2: Chien, Hrones and Reswick PID
TuneRuleSUT = 3: Chien, Hrones, Reswick PI
TuneRuleSUT = 4: PID fast II
TuneRuleSUT = 5: PID slow II
PIDSelfTune.SUT.State INT 0 The SUT.State tag indicates the current phase of pretun-
ing:

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Tag Data Default Description

type
PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn BOOL FALSE RunIn = FALSE

Pretuning is started when fine tuning is started from in-

active or manual mode.

If fine tuning is started from automatic mode, the sys-

tem uses the existing PID parameters to control to the
setpoint.

Only then will fine tuning start. If pretuning is not pos-

sible, PID_3Step switches to "Inactive" mode.
RunIn = TRUE

The pretuning is skipped. PID_3Step attempts to reach

the setpoint with the minimum or maximum output val-
ue. This can produce increased overshoot. Only then
will fine tuning start.

RunIn is set to FALSE after fine tuning.

PIDSelf- BOOL FALSE The properties of the controlled system are saved during
Tune.TIR.CalculateTIRParams tuning. If CalculateTIRParams = TRUE, the
PID parameters are recalculated on the basis of these
properties. The PID parameters are calculated using the
method set in TuneRuleTIR. CalculateTIRParams is set to
FALSE following calculation.
PIDSelfTune.TIR.TuneRuleTIR INT 0 Methods used to calculate parameters during fine tuning:
TuneRuleTIR = 0: PID automatic
TuneRuleTIR = 1: PID fast
TuneRuleTIR = 2: PID slow
TuneRuleTIR = 3: Ziegler-Nichols PID
TuneRuleTIR = 4: Ziegler-Nichols PI
TuneRuleTIR = 5: Ziegler-Nichols P
PIDSelfTune.TIR.State INT 0 The TIR.State tag indicates the current phase of "fine
tuning":

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Retain.Mode INT 0 A change to the value of Retain.Mode initiates a switch to
another operating mode.
The following operating mode is enabled upon a change of
Mode to:
Mode = 0: Inactive
Mode = 1: Pretuning
Mode = 2: Fine tuning
Mode = 3: Automatic mode
Mode = 4: Manual mode
Mode = 5: Approach substitute output value
Mode = 6: Transition time measurement
Mode = 7: Error monitoring
Mode = 8: Approach substitute output value with error
monitoring
Mode is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.SetByUser BOOL FALSE If SetByUser = FALSE, the PID parameters are deter-
mined automatically and PID_3Step operates with a dead
zone at the output value. The dead zone width is calculat-
ed during tuning on the basis of the standard deviation of
the output value and saved in Re-
tain.CtrlParams.OutputDeadBand.
If SetByUser = TRUE, the PID parameters are entered
manually and PID_3 Step operates without a dead zone at
the output value. Retain.CtrlParams.OutputDeadBand =
0.0
SetByUser is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.Gain REAL 1.0 Active proportional gain
Gain is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.Ti REAL 20.0 Ti > 0.0: Active integral action time
Ti = 0.0: Integral action is deactivated
Ti is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.Td REAL 0.0 Td > 0.0: Active derivative action time
Td = 0.0: Derivative action is deactivated
Td is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.TdFiltRatio REAL 0.0 Active derivative delay coefficient
TdFiltRatio is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.PWeighting REAL 0.0 Active proportional action weighting
PWeighting is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.DWeighting REAL 0.0 Active derivative action weighting
DWeighting is retentive.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Retain.CtrlParams.Cycle REAL 1.0 Active sampling time of PID algorithm in seconds, rounded
to an integer multiple of the cycle time of the calling OB.
Cycle is retentive.
Re- REAL 0.0 Dead zone width of the control deviation
tain.CtrlParams.InputDeadBand InputDeadBand is retentive.

Note
Change the tags listed in this table in "Inactive" mode to prevent malfunction of the
PID controller. "Inactive" mode is forced by setting the "Retain.Mode" tag to "0".

See also
Parameter State and Retain.Mode V1 (Page 374)
Tag ActivateRecoverMode V1 (Page 385)
Downloading technology objects to device (Page 72)

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8.2.5.6 Parameter State and Retain.Mode V1

Correlation of the parameters

The State parameter shows the current operating mode of the PID controller. You cannot
change the State parameter.
To switch from one operating mode to another, you must change the Retain.Mode tag. This
also applies when the value for the new operating mode is already in Retain.Mode. For
example, set Retain.Mode = 0 first and then Retain.Mode = 3. Provided the current operating
mode of the controller permits this switchover, State will be set to the value of Retain.Mode.
When PID_3Step automatically switches from one operating mode to another, the following
applies: State != Retain.Mode.
Examples:
After successful pretuning
State = 3 and Retain.Mode = 1
In the event of an error
State = 0 and Retain.Mode remain at the previous value, for example, Retain.Mode = 3
ManualEnalbe = TRUE
State = 4 and Retain.Mode remain at the previous value, e.g., Retain.Mode = 3

Note
You want, for example, to repeat successful fine tuning without exiting automatic mode
with Mode = 0.
Setting Retain.Mode to an invalid value such as 9999 for one cycle has no effect on
State. Set Mode = 2 in the next cycle. In this way, you can generate a change to
Retain.Mode without first switching to "Inactive" mode.

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Meaning of values

State / Re- Description

tain.Mode
0 Inactive
The controller is switched off and no longer changes the valve position.
1 Pretuning
The pretuning determines the process response to a pulse of the output value and searches for the point of
inflection. The optimized PID parameters are calculated as a function of the maximum rate of rise and dead
time of the controlled system.
Pretuning requirements:
State = 0 or State = 4
ManualEnable = FALSE
The motor transition time has been configured or measured.
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits.
The more stable the process value is, the easier it is to calculate the PID parameters and the more precise
the result will be. Noise on the process value can be tolerated as long as the rate of rise of the process
value is significantly higher as compared to the noise.
Before the PID parameters are recalculated, they are backed up and can be reactivated with Con-
fig.LoadBackUp. The setpoint is frozen in the CurrentSetpoint tag.
The controller switches to automatic mode following successful pretuning and to "Inactive" mode following
unsuccessful pretuning.
The pretuning phase is indicated with the SUT.State tag.

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State / Re- Description

tain.Mode
2 Fine tuning
Fine tuning generates a constant, limited oscillation of the process value. The PID parameters are tuned
based on the amplitude and frequency of this oscillation. The differences between the process response
during pretuning and fine tuning are analyzed. All PID parameters are recalculated from the results.
PID parameters from fine tuning usually have better master control and disturbance characteristics than
PID parameters from pretuning.
PID_3Step automatically attempts to generate an oscillation greater than the noise of the process value.
Fine tuning is only minimally influenced by the stability of the process value.
The PID parameters are backed up before fine tuning. They can be reactivated with Config.LoadBackUp.
The setpoint is frozen in the CurrentSetpoint tag.
Requirements for fine tuning:
The motor transition time has been configured or measured.
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits.
ManualEnable = FALSE
Automatic (State = 3), inactive (State = 0) or manual (State = 4) mode
Fine tuning proceeds as follows when started from:
Automatic mode (State = 3)

Start fine tuning from automatic mode if you wish to improve the existing PID parameters through tuning.

PID_3Step controls the system using the existing PID parameters until the control loop has stabilized
and the requirements for fine tuning have been met. Only then will fine tuning start.
Inactive (State = 0) or manual mode (State = 4)

Pretuning is always started first. The determined PID parameters will be used for control until the control
loop has stabilized and the requirements for fine tuning have been met.

If PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn = TRUE, pretuning is skipped and an attempt is made to reach the setpoint
with the minimum or maximum output value. This can produce increased overshoot. Fine tuning then
starts automatically.
The controller switches to automatic mode following successful fine tuning. If fine tuning was not successful,
the controller switches to "Inactive" mode.
The fine tuning phase is indicated with the TIR.State tag.
3 Automatic mode
In automatic mode, PID_3Step controls the controlled system in accordance with the parameters specified.
The controller switches to automatic mode if one the following requirements is fulfilled:
Pretuning successfully completed
Fine tuning successfully completed
Changing the Retain.Mode tag to the value 3.
When the CPU is switched on or switches from Stop to RUN mode, PID_3Step starts in the most recently
active operating mode. To leave PID_3Step in "Inactive" mode, set RunModeByStartup = FALSE.
The ActivateRecoverMode tag is taken into consideration in automatic mode.

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State / Re- Description

tain.Mode
4 Manual mode
In manual mode, you specify manual output values in the Manual_UP and Manual_DN parameters or Man-
ualValue parameter. Whether or not the actuator can be moved to the output value in the event of an error
is described in the ErrorBits parameter.
This operating mode is enabled if Retain.Mode = 4, or on a rising edge at ManualEnable.
If ManualEnable changes to TRUE, only State changes. Retain.Mode retains its current value. On a falling
edge at ManualEnable, PID_3Step returns to the previous operating mode.
The switchover to automatic mode is bumpless.
PID_3Step V1.1
Manual mode is always possible in the event of an error.
PID_3Step V1.0
Manual mode is dependent on the ActivateRecoverMode tag in the event of an error.
5 Approach substitute output value
This operating mode is activated in the event of an error or when Reset = TRUE if Errorbehaviour = 1 and
ActivateRecoverMode = FALSE..
PID_3Step moves the actuator to the substitute output value and then switches to "Inactive" mode.
6 Transition time measurement
The time that the motor needs to completely open the valve from the closed condition is determined.
This operating mode is activated when GetTransitTime.Start = TRUE is set.
If endstop signals are used to measure the transition time, the valve will be opened completely from its
current position, closed completely, and opened completely again. If GetTransit-
Time.InvertDirection = TRUE, this behavior is inverted.
If position feedback is used to measure the transition time, the actuator will be moved from its current posi-
tion to a target position.
The output value limits are not taken into consideration during the transition time measurement. The actua-
tor can travel to the high or the low endstop.

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State / Re- Description

tain.Mode
7 Error monitoring
The control algorithm is switched off and no longer changes the valve position.
This operating mode is activated instead of "Inactive" mode in the event of an error.
All the following conditions must be met:
Mode = 3 (automatic mode)
Errorbehaviour = 0
ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE
One or more errors have occurred in which ActivateRecoverMode (Page 385) is effective.
As soon as the errors are no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
8 Approach substitute output value with error monitoring
This operating mode is activated instead of "Approach substitute output value" mode in the event of an
error. PID_3Step moves the actuator to the substitute output value and then switches to "Error monitoring"
mode.
All the following conditions must be met:
Mode = 3 (automatic mode)
Errorbehaviour = 1
ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE
One or more errors have occurred in which ActivateRecoverMode (Page 385) is effective.
As soon as the errors are no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.

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Automatic switchover of operating mode during commissioning

PID_3Step automatically switches the operating mode in the event of an error. The following
diagram illustrates the influence of ErrorBehaviour on the switchover of operating mode from
transition time measurement, pretuning, and fine tuning modes.

Automatic switchover of operating mode in the event of an error

Automatic switchover of operating mode once the current operation has been completed.

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Automatic switchover of operating mode in automatic mode (PID_3Step V1.1)

PID_3Step automatically switches the operating mode in the event of an error. The following
diagram illustrates the influence of ErrorBehaviour and ActivateRecoverMode on this
switchover of operating mode.

Automatic switchover of operating mode in the event of an error

Automatic switchover of operating mode once the current operation has been completed.

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Automatic switchover of operating mode in automatic and manual modes (PID_3Step V1.0)
PID_3Step automatically switches the operating mode in the event of an error. The following
diagram illustrates the influence of ErrorBehaviour and ActivateRecoverMode on this
switchover of operating mode.

Automatic switchover of operating mode in the event of an error

Automatic switchover of operating mode once the current operation has been completed.

Automatic switchover of operating mode when error is no longer pending.

See also
Tag ActivateRecoverMode V1 (Page 385)
Parameter ErrorBits V1 (Page 382)

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8.2.5.7 Parameter ErrorBits V1

If several errors are pending simultaneously, the values of the error codes are displayed with
binary addition. The display of error code 0003, for example, indicates that the errors 0001
and 0002 are pending simultaneously.

ErrorBits Description
(DW#16#...)
0000 There is no error.
0001 The "Input" parameter is outside the process value limits.
Input > Config.InputUpperLimit or
Input < Config.InputLowerLimit
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE and ErrorBehaviour = 1, the actuator moves to the substitute output
value. If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE and ErrorBehaviour = 0, the actuator stops in its current posi-
tion. If ActivateRecoverMode = FALSE, the actuator stops in its current position.
PID_3Step V1.1
You can move the actuator in manual mode.
PID_3Step V1.0
Manual mode is not possible in this state. You cannot move the actuator again until you eliminate the
error.
0002 Invalid value at "Input_PER" parameter. Check whether an error is pending at the analog input.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred, ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, and the error is
no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
0004 Error during fine tuning. Oscillation of the process value could not be maintained.
0020 Pretuning is not permitted in automatic mode or during fine tuning.
0080 Error during pretuning. Incorrect configuration of output value limits.
Check whether the limits of the output value are configured correctly and match the control logic.
0100 Error during fine tuning resulted in invalid parameters.
0200 Invalid value at "Input" parameter: Value has an invalid number format.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred, ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, and the error is
no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
0400 Calculation of output value failed. Check the PID parameters.
0800 Sampling time error: PID_3Step is not called within the sampling time of the cyclic interrupt OB.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred, ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, and the error is
no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
If this error occurred during simulation with PLCSIM, see the notes under Simulating PID_3Step V1 with
PLCSIM (Page 163).
1000 Invalid value at "Setpoint" parameter: Value has an invalid number format.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred, ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, and the error is
no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
2000 Invalid value at Feedback_PER parameter.
Check whether an error is pending at the analog input.
The actuator cannot be moved to the substitute output value and remains in its current position. Manual
mode is not possible in this state. You must deactivate position feedback (Config. FeedbackOn =
FALSE) to move the actuator from this state.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred, ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, and the error is
no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.

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ErrorBits Description
(DW#16#...)
4000 Invalid value at Feedback parameter. Value has an invalid number format.
The actuator cannot be moved to the substitute output value and remains in its current position. Manual
mode is not possible in this state. You must deactivate position feedback (Config. FeedbackOn =
FALSE) to move the actuator from this state.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred, ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, and the error is
no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
8000 Error during digital position feedback. Actuator_H = TRUE and Actuator_L = TRUE.
The actuator cannot be moved to the substitute output value and remains in its current position. Manual
mode is not possible in this state.
In order to move the actuator from this state, you must deactivate the "Actuator endstop" (Con-
fig.ActuatorEndStopOn = FALSE).
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred, ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, and the error is
no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.

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8.2.5.8 Parameter Reset V1

A rising edge at Reset triggers a change to "Inactive" mode, and errors and warnings are
reset. A falling edge at Reset triggers a change to the most recently active operating mode. If
automatic mode was active before, switchover to automatic mode is bumpless.

Activation
Error
Reset

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8.2.5.9 Tag ActivateRecoverMode V1

The effect of the ActivateRecoverMode variable depends on the version of the PID_3Step.

Behavior in version 1.1

The ActivateRecoverMode variable determines the behavior in the event of an error in
automatic mode. ActivateRecoverMode is not effective during pretuning, fine tuning and
transition time measurement.

ActivateRecov- Description
erMode
FALSE In the event of an error, PID_3Step switches to "Inactive" or "Approach substitute output value" operat-
ing mode. The controller is activated by a reset or a change in Retain.Mode.
TRUE If errors occur frequently in automatic mode, this setting has a negative effect on the control response.
In this case, check the ErrorBits parameter and eliminate the cause of the error.
If one or more errors occur, PID_3Step switches to "Approach substitute output value with error monitor-
ing" or "Error monitoring" mode:
0002h: Invalid value at parameter Input_PER.
0200h: Invalid value at parameter Input.
0800h: Sampling time error
1000h: Invalid value at parameter Setpoint.
2000h: Invalid value at parameter Feedback_PER.
4000h: Invalid value at parameter Feedback.
8000h: Error in digital position feedback.
With errors 2000h, 4000h and 8000h, PID_3Step cannot approach the configured substitute output
value.
As soon as the errors are no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.

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Behavior in version 1.0

The ActivateRecoverMode variable determines the behavior in the event of an error in
automatic and manual mode. ActivateRecoverMode is not effective during pretuning, fine
tuning and transition time measurement.

ActivateRecov- Description
erMode
FALSE In the event of an error, PID_3Step switches to "Inactive" or "Approach substitute output value" operat-
ing mode. The controller is activated by a reset or a change in Retain.Mode.
TRUE Errors in automatic mode
If errors occur frequently in automatic mode, this setting has a negative effect on the control response.
In this case, check the ErrorBits parameter and eliminate the cause of the error.
If one or more errors occur, PID_3Step switches to "Approach substitute output value with error monitor-
ing" or "Error monitoring" mode:
0002h: Invalid value at parameter Input_PER.
0200h: Invalid value at parameter Input.
0800h: Sampling time error
1000h: Invalid value at parameter Setpoint.
2000h: Invalid value at parameter Feedback_PER.
4000h: Invalid value at parameter Feedback.
8000h: Error in digital position feedback.
With errors 2000h, 4000h and 8000h, PID_3Step cannot approach the configured substitute output
value.
As soon as the errors are no longer pending, PID_3Step switches back to automatic mode.
Errors in manual mode
If one or more of the following errors occur, PID_3Step stays in manual mode:
0002h: Invalid value at parameter Input_PER.
0200h: Invalid value at parameter Input.
0800h: Sampling time error
1000h: Invalid value at parameter Setpoint.
2000h: Invalid value at parameter Feedback_PER.
4000h: Invalid value at parameter Feedback.
8000h: Error in digital position feedback.
With errors 2000h, 4000h and 8000h, you cannot move the valve to a suitable position.

See also
PID_3Step V1 static tags (Page 366)
Parameter State and Retain.Mode V1 (Page 374)

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8.2.5.10 Tag Warning V1

If several warnings are pending simultaneously, their values are displayed with binary
addition. The display of warning 0003, for example, indicates that the warnings 0001 and
0002 are pending simultaneously.

Warning Description
(DW#16#...)
0000 No warning pending.
0001 The point of inflection was not found during pretuning.
0002 Oscillation increased during fine tuning.
0004 The setpoint was limited to the configured limits.
0008 Not all the necessary controlled system properties were defined for the selected method of calculation.
The PID parameters were instead calculated using the TuneRuleTIR = 3 method.
0010 The operating mode could not be changed because ManualEnable = TRUE.
0020 The cycle time of the calling OB limits the sampling time of the PID algorithm.
Improve results by using shorter OB cycle times.
0040 The process value exceeded one of its warning limits.
0080 Invalid value at Retain.Mode. The operating mode is not switched.
0100 The manual value was limited to the limits of the controller output.
0200 The rule used for tuning produces an incorrect result, or is not supported.
0400 Method selected for transition time measurement not suitable for actuator.
The transition time cannot be measured because the actuator settings do not match the selected meas-
uring method.
0800 The difference between the current position and the new output value is too small for transition time
measurement. This can produce incorrect results. The difference between the current output value and
new output value must be at least 50% of the entire control range.
1000 The substitute output value cannot be reached because it is outside the output value limits.

The following warnings are deleted as soon as the cause is eliminated:

0004
0020
0040
0100
All other warnings are cleared with a rising edge at Reset.

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8.2.5.11 Tag SUT.State V1

SUT.State Name Description

0 SUT_INIT Initialize pretuning
50 SUT_TPDN Determine start position without position feedback
100 SUT_STDABW Calculate the standard deviation
200 SUT_GET_POI Find the point of inflection
300 SUT_GET_RISETM Determine the rise time
9900 SUT_IO Pretuning successful
1 SUT_NIO Pretuning not successful

8.2.5.12 Tag TIR.State V1

TIR.State Name Description

-100 TIR_FIRST_SUT Fine tuning is not possible. Pretuning will be executed first.
0 TIR_INIT Initialize fine tuning
200 TIR_STDABW Calculate the standard deviation
300 TIR_RUN_IN Attempt to reach the setpoint with the maximum or minimum output value
400 TIR_CTRLN Attempt to reach the setpoint with the existing PID parameters
(if pretuning has been successful)
500 TIR_OSZIL Determine oscillation and calculate parameters
9900 TIR_IO Fine tuning successful
1 TIR_NIO Fine tuning not successful

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8.3 PID_Temp

8.3.1 New features of PID_Temp

PID_Temp V1.1
Response of the output value on switchover from "Inactive" operating mode to "Automatic
mode"
The new option IntegralResetMode = 4 was added and defined as default. With
IntegralResetMode = 4, the integral action is automatically pre-assigned when switching
from "Inactive" operating mode to "Automatic mode" so that a control deviation results in
a jump of the PID output value with identical sign.
Initialization of the integral action in automatic mode
The integral action can be initialized in automatic mode with the tags
OverwriteInitialOutputValue and PIDCtrl.PIDInit. This simplifies the use of PID_Temp for
override controls.

8.3.2 Compatibility with CPU and FW

The following table shows which version of PID_Temp can be used on which CPU.

CPU FW PID_Temp
S7-1200 V4.2 or higher V1.1
V1.0
V4.1 V1.0
S7-1500 V2.0 or higher V1.1
V1.0
V1.7 to V1.8 V1.0

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8.3.3 PID_Temp

8.3.3.1 Description of PID_Temp

Description
The PID_Temp instruction provides a PID controller with integrated tuning for temperature
processes. PID_Temp can be used for pure heating or heating/cooling applications.
The following operating modes are possible:
Inactive
Pretuning
Fine tuning
Automatic mode
Manual mode
Substitute output value with error monitoring
For a more detailed description of the operating modes, see the State parameter.

PID algorithm
PID_Temp is a PIDT1 controller with anti-windup and weighting of the proportional and
derivative actions. The PID algorithm operates according to the following equation (control
zone and dead zone deactivated):

The table below shows the meaning of the icons used in the equation and in the subsequent
figures.

Icon Description Associated parameters of the

PID_Temp instruction
y Output value of the PID algorithm -
Kp Proportional gain Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Gain
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Gain
CoolFactor
s Laplace operator -
b Proportional action weighting Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.PWeighting
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.PWeighting
w Setpoint CurrentSetpoint
x Process value ScaledInput
TI Integral action time Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Ti
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Ti

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Icon Description Associated parameters of the

PID_Temp instruction
TD Derivative action time Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Td
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Td
a Derivative delay coefficient (derivative Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.TdFiltRatio
delay T1 = a TD) Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.TdFiltRatio
c Derivative action weighting Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.DWeighting
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.DWeighting
DeadZone Dead zone width Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.DeadZone
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.DeadZone
ControlZone Control zone width Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.ControlZone
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.ControlZone

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PID_Temp block diagram

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Block diagram of PIDT1 with anti-windup

Call
PID_Temp is called in the constant time scale of a cyclic interrupt OB.
If you call PID_Temp as a multi-instance DB, no technology object is created. No parameter
assignment interface or commissioning interface is available. You must assign parameters
for PID_Temp directly in the multi-instance DB and commission it via a watch table.

Download to device
The process values of retentive tags are only updated when you download PID_Temp
completely.
Download technology object to device (Page 72)

Startup
When the CPU starts up, PID_Temp starts in the operating mode that is saved in the Mode
in/out parameter. To switch to "Inactive" operating mode during startup, set
RunModeByStartup = FALSE.

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Reaction to error
The behavior in the case of an error is determined by the tags SetSubstituteOutput and
ActivateRecoverMode. If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, the behavior also depends on the
error that occurred.

SetSubstitute- Acti- Configuration editor Reaction

Output vateRecov- > Basic settings of output
erMode > Set PidOutputSum to
Not relevant FALSE Zero (inactive) Switch to "Inactive" (State = 0) mode
The output value of the PID algorithm and all
outputs for heating and cooling are set to 0. The
scaling of the outputs for heating and cooling is
not active.
FALSE TRUE Current value for error while error is Switch to "Substitute output value with error moni-
pending toring" mode (State = 5)
The current output value is transferred to the
actuator while the error is pending.
TRUE TRUE Substitute output value while error Switch to "Substitute output value with error moni-
is pending toring" mode (State = 5)
The value at SubstituteOutput is transferred to the
actuator while the error is pending.

In manual mode, PID_Temp uses ManualValue as output value, unless ManualValue is

invalid.
If ManualValue is invalid, SubstituteOutput is used.
If ManualValue and SubstituteOutput are invalid, Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit is
used.
The Error parameter indicates if an error is pending. When the error is no longer pending,
Error = FALSE. The ErrorBits parameter shows which errors have occurred. ErrorBits is
reset by a rising edge at Reset or ErrorAck.

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8.3.3.2 Mode of operation of PID_Temp

Monitoring process value limits

You specify the high limit and low limit of the process value in the Config.InputUpperLimit
and Config.InputLowerLimit tags. If the process value is outside these limits, an error occurs
(ErrorBits = 0000001h).
You specify a high and low warning limit of the process value in the
Config.InputUpperWarning and Config.InputLowerWarning tags. If the process value is
outside these warning limits, a warning occurs (Warning = 0000040h), and the
InputWarning_H or InputWarning_L output parameter changes to TRUE.

Limiting the setpoint

You specify a high limit and low limit of the setpoint in the Config.SetpointUpperLimit and
Config.SetpointLowerLimit tags. PID_Temp automatically limits the setpoint to the process
value limits. You can limit the setpoint to a smaller area. PID_Temp checks whether this area
is within the process value limits. If the setpoint is outside these limits, the high or low limit is
used as the setpoint, and output parameter SetpointLimit_H or SetpointLimit_L is set to
TRUE.
The setpoint is limited in all operating modes.

Substitute setpoint
You can specify a substitute setpoint at the SubstituteSetpoint tag and activate it with
SubstituteSetpointOn = TRUE. In this way, you can temporarily specify the setpoint directly,
for example for a slave controller in a cascade, without having to change the user program.
The limits set for the setpoint also apply to the substitute setpoint.

Heating and cooling

With the default setting, PID_Temp only uses the outputs for heating (OutputHeat,
OutputHeat_PWM, OutputHeat_PER). The output value of the PID algorithm
(PidOutputSum) is scaled and output at the outputs for heating. You specify with
Config.Output.Heat.Select if OutputHeat_PWM or OutputHeat_PER is calculated.
OutputHeat is always calculated.
With Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE, you can also activate the outputs for cooling
(OutputCool, OutputCool_PWM, OutputCool_PER). Positive output values of the
PID algorithm (PidOutputSum) are scaled and output at the outputs for heating. Negative
output values of the PID algorithm are scaled and output at the outputs for cooling. You
specify with Config.Output.Cool.Select if OutputCool_PWM or OutputCool_PER is
calculated. OutputCool is always calculated.

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Two methods are available to calculate the PID output value with activated cooling:
Cooling factor (Config.AdvancedCooling = FALSE):
The output value calculation for cooling takes place with the PID parameters for heating,
taking into consideration the configurable cooling factor Config.CoolFactor. This method
is suitable if the heating and cooling actuators have a similar time response but different
gains. If this method is selected, pretuning and fine tuning for cooling as well as the
PID parameter set for cooling are not available. You can only execute the tuning for
heating.
PID parameter switching (Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE):
The output value calculation for cooling takes place by means of a separate
PID parameter set. Based on the calculated output value and the control deviation, the
PID algorithm decides whether the PID parameter for heating or cooling is used. This
method is suitable if the heating and cooling actuator have different time responses and
different gains. Pretuning and fine tuning for cooling are only available if this method is
selected.

Output value limits and scaling

Depending on the operating mode, the PID output value (PidOutputSum) is calculated
automatically by the PID algorithm or defined by the manual value (ManualValue) or the
configured substitute output value (SubstituteOutput).
The PID output value is limited according to the configuration:
If cooling is deactivated (Config.ActivateCooling = FALSE),
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit is the high limit and Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit
the low limit.
If cooling is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE),
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit is the high limit and Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit
the low limit.
The PID output value is scaled and output at the outputs for heating and cooling. Scaling can
be defined separately for each output and is specified in the structures Config.Output.Heat or
Config.Output.Cool with 2 value pairs each:

Output Value pair Parameter

OutputHeat Value pair 1 PID output value high limit (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit,
Scaled high output value (heating) Con-
fig.Output.Heat.UpperScaling
Value pair 2 PID output value low limit (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit,
Scaled low output value (heating) Con-
fig.Output.Heat.LowerScaling
OutputHeat_PWM Value pair 1 PID output value high limit (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit,
Scaled high PWM output value (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PwmUpperScaling

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Output Value pair Parameter

Value pair 2 PID output value low limit (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit,
Scaled low PWM output value (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PwmLowerScaling
OutputHeat_PER Value pair 1 PID output value high limit (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit,
Scaled high analog output value (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PerUpperScaling
Value pair 2 PID output value low limit (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit,
Scaled low analog output value (heating)
Config.Output.Heat.PerLowerScaling
OutputCool Value pair 1 PID output value low limit (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit,
Scaled high output value (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.UpperScaling
Value pair 2 PID output value high limit (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit,
Scaled low output value (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.LowerScaling
OutputCool_PWM Value pair 1 PID output value low limit (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit,
Scaled high PWM output value (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PwmUpperScaling
Value pair 2 PID output value high limit (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit,
Scaled low PWM output value (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PwmLowerScaling
OutputCool_PER Value pair 1 PID output value low limit (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit,
Scaled high analog output value (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PerUpperScaling
Value pair 2 PID output value high limit (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit,
Scaled low analog output value (cooling)
Config.Output.Cool.PerLowerScaling

If cooling is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE), Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit must

have the value 0.0.
Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit must always have the value 0.0.

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Example:
Output scaling when using output OutputHeat (cooling deactivated;
Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit may be unequal to 0.0):

Example:
Output scaling when using output OutputHeat_PWM and OutputCool_PER (cooling
activated; Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit must be 0.0):

With the exception of the "Inactive" operating mode, the value at an output is always located
between its scaled high output value and scaled low output value, for example, for
OutputHeat always between Config.Output.Heat.UpperScaling and
Config.Output.Heat.LowerScaling.
If you want to limit the value at the associated output, you therefore have to adapt these
scaling values as well.

Cascading
PID_Temp supports you when you use cascade control (see: Program creation (Page 200)).

Substitute output value

In the event of an error, PID_Temp can output a substitute output value that you define at the
SubstituteOutput tag. The substitute output value must be within the limits for the PID output
value. The values at the outputs for heating and cooling resulting from the substitute output
value are the result of the configured output scaling.

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Monitoring signal validity

The values of the following parameters are monitored for validity when used:
Setpoint
SubstituteSetpoint
Input
Input_PER
Disturbance
ManualValue
SubstituteOutput
PID parameters in the structures Retain.CtrlParams.Heat and Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.

Monitoring the sampling time PID_Temp

Ideally, the sampling time is equivalent to the cycle time of the cyclic interrupt OB. The
PID_Temp instruction measures the time interval between two calls. This is the current
sampling time. On every switchover of operating mode and during the initial startup, the
mean value is formed from the first 10 sampling times. Too great a difference between the
current sampling time and this mean value triggers an error (Error = 0000800h).
The error occurs during tuning if:
New mean value >= 1.1 x old mean value
New mean value <= 0.9 x old mean value
The error occurs in automatic mode if:
New mean value >= 1.5 x old mean value
New mean value <= 0.5 x old mean value
If you deactivate the sampling time monitoring (CycleTime.EnMonitoring = FALSE), you can
also call PID_Temp in OB1. You must then accept a lower control quality due to the
deviating sampling time.

Sampling time of the PID algorithm

The controlled system needs a certain amount of time to respond to changes in the output
value. It is therefore not advisable to calculate the output value in every cycle. The sampling
time of the PID algorithm represents the time between two calculations of the output value. It
is calculated during tuning and rounded to a multiple of the cycle time of the cyclic interrupt
OB (sampling time PID_Temp). All other functions of the PID_Temp are executed at every
call.
If cooling and PID parameter switching are activated, PID_Temp uses a separate sampling
time of the PID algorithm for heating and cooling. In all other configurations, only the
sampling time of the PID algorithm for heating is used.

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If you use OutputHeat_PWM or OutputCool_PWM, the sampling time of the PID algorithm is
used as time period of the pulse width modulation. The accuracy of the output signal is
determined by the ratio of the PID algorithm sampling time to the cycle time of the OB. The
cycle time should be no more than a tenth of the PID algorithm sampling time.
If the PID algorithm sampling time and thus the time period of the pulse width modulation is
very high when you use OutputHeat_PWM or OutputCool_PWM, you can define a deviating
shorter period duration at the Config.Output.Heat.PwmPeriode or
Config.Output.Cool.PwmPeriode parameters to improve the smoothness of the process
value.

Control logic
PID_Temp can be used for heating or heating/cooling applications and always works with
normal control logic.
An increase of the PID output value (PidOutputSum) is intended to increase the process
value. The values at the outputs for heating and cooling resulting from the PID output value
are the result of the configured output scaling.
An inverted control logic or negative proportional gain are not supported.
If you only need an output value for your application in which an increase is to reduce the
process value (for example, discharge control), you can use PID_Compact with inverted
control logic.

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8.3.3.3 Input parameters of PID_Temp

Parameter Data type Default Description

Setpoint REAL 0.0 Setpoint of the PID controller in automatic mode
Valid range of values:
Config.SetpointUpperLimit Setpoint Config.SetpointLowerLimit
Config.InputUpperLimit Setpoint Config.InputLowerLimit
Input REAL 0.0 A tag of the user program is used as source for the process value.
If you are using the Input parameter, Config.InputPerOn = FALSE must be
set.
Input_PER INT 0 An analog input is used as the source of the process value.
If you are using the Input_PER parameter, Config.InputPerOn = TRUE must
be set.
Disturbance REAL 0.0 Disturbance variable or precontrol value
ManualEna- BOOL FALSE A FALSE -> TRUE edge activates "Manual mode", whileState = 4, Mode
ble remains unchanged.

As long as ManualEnable = TRUE, you cannot change the operating

mode via a rising edge at ModeActivate or use the commissioning dialog.
A TRUE -> FALSE edge activates the operating mode that is specified by
Mode.
We recommend that you change the operating mode using Mode and
ModeActivate only.
ManualValue REAL 0.0 Manual value
This value is used in manual mode as PID output value (PidOutputSum).
The values at the outputs for heating and cooling resulting from this manual
value are the result of the configured output scaling (structures Con-
fig.Output.Heat and Config.Output.Cool).
For controllers with activated cooling output (Config.ActivateCooling =
TRUE), define:
a positive manual value to output the value at the outputs for heating
a negative manual value to output the value at the outputs for cooling
The permitted value range is determined by the configuration.
Cooling output deactivated (Config.ActivateCooling = FALSE):

Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit ManualValue Con-

fig.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit
Cooling output activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE):

Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit ManualValue Con-

fig.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit
ErrorAck BOOL FALSE FALSE -> TRUE edge
ErrorBits and Warning are reset.

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Parameter Data type Default Description

Reset BOOL FALSE Restarts the controller.
FALSE -> TRUE edge
Switch to "Inactive" mode
ErrorBits and Warning are reset.
As long as Reset = TRUE,
PID_Temp remains in "Inactive" mode (State = 0).
you cannot change the operating mode with Mode and ModeActivate
or ManualEnable
You cannot use the commissioning dialog.
TRUE -> FALSE edge
If ManualEnable = FALSE, PID_Temp switches to the operating mode
that is saved in Mode.
If Mode = 3 (automatic mode), the integral action is treated as config-
ured with the tag IntegralResetMode.
ModeActi- BOOL FALSE FALSE -> TRUE edge
vate
PID_Temp switches to the operating mode that is saved at the Mode in-
put.

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8.3.3.4 Output parameters of PID_Temp

Parameter Data type Default Description

ScaledInput REAL 0.0 Scaled process value
OutputHeat REAL 0.0 Output value (heating) in REAL format
The PID output value (PidOutputSum) is scaled with the two value pairs
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit, Config.Output.Heat.UpperScaling and
Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit, Config.Output.Heat.LowerScaling and
output in REAL format at OutputHeat.
OutputHeat is always calculated.
OutputCool REAL 0.0 Output value (cooling) in REAL format
The PID output value (PidOutputSum) is scaled with the two value pairs
Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit, Config.Output.Cool.LowerScaling and
Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit, Config.Output.Cool.UpperScaling and
output in REAL format at OutputCool.
OutputCool is only calculated if the cooling output is activated (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
Out- INT 0 Analog output value (heating)
putHeat_PER The PID output value (PidOutputSum) is scaled with the two value pairs
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit, Config.Output.Heat.PerUpperScaling and
Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit, Config.Output.Heat.PerLowerScaling and
output as analog value at OutputHeat_PER.
OutputHeat_PER is only calculated if Config.Output.Heat.Select = 2.
Out- INT 0 Analog output value (cooling)
putCool_PER The PID output value (PidOutputSum) is scaled with the two value pairs
Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit, Config.Output.Cool.PerLowerScaling and
Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit, Config.Output.Cool.PerUpperScaling and
output as analog value at OutputCool_PER.
OutputCool_PER is only calculated if the cooling output is activated (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE) and Config.Output.Cool.Select = 2.
Out- BOOL FALSE Pulse-width modulated output value (heating)
putHeat_PWM The PID output value (PidOutputSum) is scaled with the two value pairs
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit, Config.Output.Heat.PwmUpperScaling
and Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit, Con-
fig.Output.Heat.PwmLowerScaling and output as pulse-width modulated
value (variable switch on and switch off times) at OutputHeat_PWM.
OutputHeat_PWM is only calculated if Config.Output.Heat.Select = 1.
Out- BOOL FALSE Pulse-width modulated output value (cooling)
putCool_PWM The PID output value (PidOutputSum) is scaled with the two value pairs
Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit, Config.Output.Cool.PwmLowerScaling
and Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit, Con-
fig.Output.Cool.PwmUpperScaling and output as pulse-width modulated
value (variable switch on and switch off times) at OutputCool_PWM.
OutputCool_PWM is only calculated if the cooling output is activated (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE) and Config.Output.Cool.Select = 1.
SetpointLim- BOOL FALSE If SetpointLimit_H = TRUE, the absolute setpoint high limit is reached (Set-
it_H point Config.SetpointUpperLimit) or Setpoint Config.InputUpperLimit.
The setpoint high limit is the minimum of Config.SetpointUpperLimit and
Config.InputUpperLimit.

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Parameter Data type Default Description

SetpointLimit_L BOOL FALSE If SetpointLimit_L = TRUE, the absolute setpoint low limit is reached (Set-
point Config.SetpointLowerLimit) or Setpoint Config.InputLowerLimit.
The setpoint low limit is the maximum of Config.SetpointLowerLimit and Con-
fig.InputLowerLimit.
InputWarn- BOOL FALSE If InputWarning_H = TRUE, the process value has reached or exceeded the
ing_H warning high limit (ScaledInput Config.InputUpperWarning).
InputWarn- BOOL FALSE If InputWarning_L = TRUE, the process value has reached or fallen below the
ing_L warning low limit (ScaledInput Config.InputLowerWarning).
State INT 0 The PID_Temp state and mode parameters (Page 440) shows the current
operating mode of the PID controller. You can change the operating mode
using the input parameter Mode and a rising edge at ModeActivate. For pre-
tuning and fine tuning, you specify with Heat.EnableTuning and
Cool.EnableTuning whether tuning takes place for heating or cooling.
State = 0: Inactive
State = 1: Pretuning
State = 2: Fine tuning
State = 3: Automatic mode
State = 4: Manual mode
State = 5: Substitute output value with error monitoring
Error BOOL FALSE If Error = TRUE, at least one error message is pending in this cycle.
ErrorBits DWORD DW#16#0 The PID_Temp ErrorBits parameter (Page 450) shows the pending error
messages.
ErrorBits is retentive and is reset with a rising edge at Reset or ErrorAck.

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8.3 PID_Temp

8.3.3.5 In/out parameters of PID_Temp V2

Parameter Data type Default Description

Mode INT 4 At Mode, specify the operating mode to which PID_Temp is to switch. Options
are:
Mode = 0: Inactive
Mode = 1: Pretuning
Mode = 2: Fine tuning
Mode = 3: Automatic mode
Mode = 4: Manual mode
The operating mode is activated by:
Rising edge at ModeActivate
Falling edge at Reset
Falling edge at ManualEnable
Cold restart of CPU if RunModeByStartup = TRUE
For pretuning and fine tuning, you specify with Heat.EnableTuning and
Cool.EnableTuning whether tuning takes place for heating or cooling.
Mode is retentive.
A detailed description of the operating modes can be found in State and Mode
parameters (Page 440).
Master DWORD DW#16#0 Interface for cascade control
If this PID_Temp instance is used as slave controller in a cascade (Con-
fig.Cascade.IsSlave = TRUE), assign the Master parameter at the instruction
call with the Slave parameter of the master controller.
Example:
Call of a slave controller "PID_Temp_2" with master controller "PID_Temp_1" in
SCL:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
"PID_Temp_2"(Master := "PID_Temp_1".Slave, Setpoint :=
"PID_Temp_1".OutputHeat);
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
You use this interface to exchange slave controller information about operating
mode, limit and substitute setpoint with your master controller. Keep in mind that
the call of the master controller has to take place before the call of the slave
controller in the same cyclic interrupt OB.
Assignment:
Bits 0 to 15: Unassigned
Bits 16 to 23 Limit counter:
A slave controller whose output value is limited increments this counter. De-
pending on the configured number of slaves (Config.Cascade.CountSlaves)
and of the anti-windup mode (Config.Cascade.AntiWindUpMode), the mas-
ter controller reacts accordingly.
Bit 24 Automatic mode of the slave controllers:
TRUE, if all slave controllers are in automatic mode
Bit 25 Substitute setpoint of the slave controllers:
TRUE, if a slave controller has activated the substitute setpoint (Substi-
tuteSetpointOn = TRUE)

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Parameter Data type Default Description

Slave DWORD DW#16#0 Interface for cascade control
You use this interface to exchange slave controller information about operating
mode, limit and substitute setpoint with your master controller.
See description of Master parameter

See also
PID_Temp state and mode parameters (Page 440)
Program creation (Page 200)
Cascade control with PID_Temp (Page 198)

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8.3.3.6 PID_Temp static tags

You must not change tags that are not listed. These are used for internal purposes only.

Tag Data Default Description

type
IntegralResetMode Int V1.0: 1, The IntegralResetMode tag (Page 458) determines how
V1.1 or higher: 4 the integral action PIDCtrl.IOutputOld is pre-assigned
when switching from "Inactive" operating mode to "Au-
tomatic mode".
This setting only works for one cycle.
IntegralResetMode = 0: Smooth
IntegralResetMode = 1: Delete
IntegralResetMode = 2: Hold
IntegralResetMode = 3: Pre-assign
IntegralResetMode = 4: Like setpoint change (only
for PID_Temp with version 1.1)
OverwriteInitialOutputValue REAL 0.0 If one of the following conditions is met, the integral
action PIDCtrl.IOutputOld is pre-assigned automatically
as if PIDOutputSum = OverwriteInitialOutputValue in the
previous cycle:
IntegralResetMode = 3 when switching from "Inac-
tive" operating mode to "Automatic mode"
TRUE -> FALSE edge at parameter Reset and pa-
rameter Mode = 3
PIDCtrl.PIDInit = TRUE in "Automatic mode" (availa-
ble as of PID_Temp version 1.1)
RunModeByStartup BOOL TRUE Activate operating mode at Mode parameter after CPU
restart
If RunModeByStartup = TRUE, PID_Temp starts in
the operating mode saved in the Mode parameter af-
ter CPU startup.
If RunModeByStartup = FALSE, PID_Temp remains
in "Inactive" mode after CPU startup.
LoadBackUp BOOL FALSE If LoadBackUp = TRUE, the last set of PID parameters is
reloaded from the CtrlParamsBackUp structure. The set
was saved prior to the last tuning. LoadBackUp is auto-
matically set back to FALSE. The acceptance is bump-
less.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
SetSubstituteOutput BOOL TRUE Selection of the output value while an error is pending
(State = 5):
If SetSubstituteOutput = TRUE and ActivateRecov-
erMode = TRUE, the configured substitute output
value SubstituteOutput is output as PID output value
as long as an error is pending.
If SetSubstituteOutput = FALSE and ActivateRecov-
erMode = TRUE, the actuator remains at the current
PID output value as long as an error is pending.
If ActivateRecoverMode = FALSE, SetSubstituteOut-
put is not effective.
If SubstituteOutput is invalid (ErrorBits = 0020000h),
the substitute output value cannot be output. In this
case, the low limit of the PID output value for heating
(Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit) is used as
PID output value.
PhysicalUnit INT 0 Unit of measurement of the process value and setpoint,
e.g., C, or F.
This parameter is used for display in the editors and
does not influence the control algorithm.
PhysicalQuantity INT 0 Physical quantity of the process value and setpoint, e.g.,
temperature.
This parameter is used for display in the editors and
does not influence the control algorithm.
ActivateRecoverMode BOOL TRUE The ActivateRecoverMode tag determines the reaction
to error.
Warning DWOR 0 The Warning tag shows the warnings since Reset =
D TRUE or ErrorAck =TRUE. Warning is retentive.
Progress REAL 0.0 Progress of current tuning phase as a percentage (0.0 -
100.0)
CurrentSetpoint REAL 0.0 CurrentSetpoint always displays the currently effective
setpoint. This value is frozen during tuning.
CancelTuningLevel REAL 10.0 Permissible fluctuation of setpoint during tuning. Tuning
is not canceled until:
Setpoint > CurrentSetpoint + CancelTuningLevel
or
Setpoint < CurrentSetpoint - CancelTuningLevel

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Tag Data Default Description

type
SubstituteOutput REAL 0.0 The substitute output value is used as PID output value
as long as the following conditions are met:
One or more errors are pending in automatic mode
for which ActivateRecoverMode is in effect
SetSubstituteOutput = TRUE
ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE
The values at the outputs for heating and cooling result-
ing from the substitute output value are the result of the
configured output scaling (structures Config.Output.Heat
and Config.Output.Cool).
For controllers with activated cooling output (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE), define:
a positive substitute output value to output the value
at the outputs for heating
a negative substitute output value to output the value
at the outputs for cooling
The permitted value range is determined by the configu-
ration.
Cooling output deactivated (Config.ActivateCooling =
FALSE):
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit SubstituteOut-
put Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit
Cooling output activated (Config.ActivateCooling =
TRUE):
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit SubstituteOut-
put Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit
PidOutputSum REAL 0.0 PID output value
PidOutputSum displays the output value of the
PID algorithm. Depending on the operating mode, it is
either calculated automatically or defined by the manual
value or the configured substitute output value.
The values at the outputs for heating and cooling result-
ing from the PID output value are the result of the con-
figured output scaling (structures Config.Output.Heat
and Config.Output.Cool).
The PidOutputSum is limited as defined in the configura-
tion.
Cooling output deactivated (Config.ActivateCooling =
FALSE):
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit PidOutputSum
Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit
Cooling output activated (ConfigActivateCooling =
TRUE):
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit PidOutputSum
Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit

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Tag Data Default Description

type
PidOutputOffsetHeat REAL 0.0 Offset of the PID output value heating
PidOutputOffsetHeat is added to the value that results
from PidOutputSum for the heating branch. Enter a posi-
tive value for PidOutputOffsetHeat to receive a positive
offset at the outputs for heating.
The resulting values at the outputs for heating are the
result of the configured output scaling (Con-
fig.Output.Heat structure).
This offset can be used for actuators which need a fixed
minimum value, for example, fans with minimum speed.
PidOutputOffsetCool REAL 0.0 Offset of the PID output value cooling
PidOutputOffsetCool is added to the value that results
from PidOutputSum for the cooling branch. Enter a neg-
ative value for PidOutputOffsetCool to receive a positive
offset at the outputs for cooling.
The resulting values at the outputs for cooling are the
result of the configured output scaling ( Con-
fig.Output.Cool structure).
This offset can be used for actuators which need a fixed
minimum value, for example, fans with minimum speed.
SubstituteSetpointOn BOOL FALSE Activates the substitute setpoint as controller setpoint.
FALSE = the Setpoint parameter is used.
TRUE = the SubstituteSetpoint parameter is used as
setpoint
SubstituteSetpointOn can be used to specify the setpoint
of a slave controller in a cascade directly without having
to change the user program.
SubstituteSetpoint REAL 0.0 Substitute setpoint
If SubstituteSetpointOn = TRUE, the SubstituteSetpoint
parameter is used as setpoint.
Valid range of values:
Config.SetpointUpperLimit SubstituteSet-
point Config.SetpointLowerLimit, Con-
fig.InputUpperLimit
SubstituteSetpoint Config.InputLowerLimit
DisableCooling BOOL FALSE DisableCooling = TRUE deactivates the cooling branch
for heating/cooling controllers (Config.ActivateCooling =
TRUE) in Automatic mode by setting PidOutputSum to
0.0 as low limit.
PidOutputOffsetCool and the output scaling for the cool-
ing outputs remain active.
DisableCooling can be used for tuning of multi-zone
applications to temporarily deactivate the cooling branch
as long as all controllers have not completed their tuning
yet.
This parameter is set/reset by the user manually and is
not automatically reset by the PID_Temp instruction.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
AllSlaveAutomaticState BOOL FALSE If this PID_Temp instance is used as master controller in
a cascade (Config.Cascade.IsMaster = TRUE), All-
SlaveAutomaticState = TRUE indicates that all slave
controllers are in automatic mode.
Tuning, manual mode or automatic mode of the master
controller can only be executed accurately if all slave
controllers are in automatic mode.
AllSlaveAutomaticState is only determined if you inter-
connect the master controller and slave controller with
the Master and Slave parameters.
For details, see the Master parameter.
NoSlaveSubstituteSetpoint BOOL FALSE If this PID_Temp instance is used as master controller in
a cascade (Config.Cascade.IsMaster = TRUE), No-
SlaveSubstituteSetpoint = TRUE indicates that no slave
controller has activated its substitute setpoint.
Tuning, manual mode or automatic mode of the master
controller can only be executed accurately if no slave
controller has activated its substitute setpoint.
NoSlaveSubstituteSetpoint is only determined if you
interconnect the master controller and slave controller
with the Master and Slave parameters.
For details, see the Master parameter.
Heat.EnableTuning BOOL TRUE Enabling of tuning for heating
Heat.EnableTuning must be set for the following tunings
(at the same time or prior to the start with Mode and
ModeActivate):
Pretuning heating
Pretuning heating and cooling
Fine tuning heating
This parameter is not automatically reset by the
PID_Temp instruction.
Cool.EnableTuning BOOL FALSE Enabling of tuning for cooling
Cool.EnableTuning must be set for the following tunings
(simultaneously with or prior to the start with Mode and
ModeActivate):
Pretuning cooling
Pretuning heating and cooling
Fine tuning cooling
Only effective if the cooling output and PID parameter
switching are activated ("Config.ActivateCooling" =
TRUE and "Config.AdvancedCooling" = TRUE).
This parameter is not automatically reset by the
PID_Temp instruction.
Config.InputPerOn BOOL TRUE If InputPerOn = TRUE, the Input_PER parameter is used
for detecting the process value. If InputPerOn = FALSE,
the Input parameter is used.

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.InputUpperLimit REAL 120.0 High limit of the process value
Input and Input_PER are monitored to ensure adherence
to this limit. If the limit is exceeded, an error is output
and the reaction is determined by ActivateRecoverMode.
At the I/O input, the process value can be a maximum of
18% higher than the nominal range (overrange). This
means the limit cannot be exceeded when you use an
I/O input with the pre-setting for high limit and process
value scaling.
When pretuning is started, the difference between high
and low limit of the process value is checked to deter-
mine whether the distance between setpoint and pro-
cess value meets the necessary requirements.
InputUpperLimit > InputLowerLimit
Config.InputLowerLimit REAL 0.0 Low limit of the process value
Input and Input_PER are monitored to ensure adherence
to this limit. If the limit is undershot, an error is output
and the reaction is determined by ActivateRecoverMode.
InputLowerLimit < InputUpperLimit
Config.InputUpperWarning REAL 3.402822e+38 Warning high limit of the process value
Input and Input_PER are monitored to ensure adherence
to this limit. If the limit is exceeded, a warning is output
at the Warning parameter.
If you set InputUpperWarning outside the process
value limits, the configured absolute process value
high limit is used as the warning high limit.
If you configure InputUpperWarning within the pro-
cess value limits, this value is used as the warning
high limit.
InputUpperWarning > InputLowerWarning
Config.InputLowerWarning REAL -3.402822e+38 Warning low limit of the process value
Input and Input_PER are monitored to ensure adherence
to this limit. If the limit is undershot, a warning is output
at the Warning parameter.
If you set InputLowerWarning outside the process
value limits, the configured absolute process value
low limit is used as the warning low limit.
If you configure InputLowerWarning within the pro-
cess value limits, this value is used as the warning
low limit.
InputLowerWarning < InputUpperWarning

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8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.SetpointUpperLimit REAL 3.402822e+38 High limit of setpoint
Setpoint and SubstituteSetpoint are monitored to ensure
adherence to this limit. If the limit is exceeded, a warning
is output at the Warning parameter.
If you configure SetpointUpperLimit outside the pro-
cess value limits, the configured absolute process
value high limit is used as the setpoint high limit.
If you configure SetpointUpperLimit within the pro-
cess value limits, this value is used as the setpoint
high limit.
SetpointUpperLimit > SetpointLowerLimit
Config.SetpointLowerLimit REAL -3.402822e+38 Low limit of the setpoint
Setpoint and SubstituteSetpoint are monitored to ensure
adherence to this limit. If the limit is undershot, a warning
is output at the Warning parameter.
If you set SetpointLowerLimit outside the process
value limits, the configured process value absolute
low limit is used as the setpoint low limit.
If you configure SetpointLowerLimit within the pro-
cess value limits, this value is used as the setpoint
low limit.
SetpointLowerLimit < SetpointUpperLimit
Config.ActivateCooling BOOL FALSE Activate cooling output
Config.ActivateCooling = FALSE
Only the outputs for heating are used.
Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE
The outputs for heating and cooling are used.
If you are using the cooling output, the controller must
not be configured as master controller (Con-
fig.Cascade.IsMaster must be FALSE) .

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.AdvancedCooling BOOL TRUE Method for heating/cooling
Cooling factor (Config.AdvancedCooling = FALSE)
The output value calculation for cooling takes place
with the PID parameters for heating (Re-
tain.CtrlParams.Heat structure) taking into considera-
tion the configurable cooling factor
Config.CoolFactor.
This method is suitable if the heating and cooling ac-
tuators have a similar time response but different
gains.
Pretuning and fine tuning for cooling are not available
when you select this method. You can only execute
the tuning for heating.
PID parameter switching (Config.AdvancedCooling =
TRUE)
The output value calculation for cooling takes place
by means of a separate PID parameter set (Re-
tain.CtrlParams.Cool structure).
This method is suitable if the heating and cooling ac-
tuator have different time responses and different
gains.
Pretuning and fine tuning for cooling are only availa-
ble when you select this method (Mode = 1 or 2,
Cool.EnableTuning = TRUE).
Config.AdvancedCooling is only calculated if the cooling
output is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
Config.CoolFactor REAL 1.0 Cooling factor
If Config.AdvancedCooling = FALSE, Config.CoolFactor
is considered as factor in the calculation of the output
value for cooling. This allows different gains of heating
and cooling actuators to be taken into account.
Config.CoolFactor is not set automatically or adjusted
during tuning. You must correctly configure Con-
fig.CoolFactor manually with the ratio "heating actuator
gain/cooling actuator gain".
Example: Config.CoolFactor = 2.0 means that the gain
of the heating actuator is twice as high as the gain of the
cooling actuator.
Config.CoolFactor is only effective if the cooling output is
activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE) and cooling
factor is selected as method for heating/cooling (Con-
fig.AdvancedCooling = FALSE).
Config.CoolFactor > 0.0

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 Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.InputScaling.UpperPointIn REAL 27648.0 Scaling Input_PER high
Input_PER is scaled based on the two value pairs Up-
perPointOut, UpperPointIn and LowerPointOut, Lower-
PointIn.
Only effective if Input_PER is used for process value
detection (Config.InputPerOn = TRUE).
UpperPointIn > LowerPointIn
Config.InputScaling.LowerPointIn REAL 0.0 Scaling Input_PER low
Input_PER is scaled based on the two value pairs Up-
perPointOut, UpperPointIn and LowerPointOut, Lower-
PointIn.
Only effective if Input_PER is used for process value
detection (Config.InputPerOn = TRUE).
LowerPointIn < UpperPointIn
Con- REAL 100.0 Scaled high process value
fig.InputScaling.UpperPointOut Input_PER is scaled based on the two value pairs Up-
perPointOut, UpperPointIn and LowerPointOut, Lower-
PointIn.
Only effective if Input_PER is used for process value
detection (Config.InputPerOn = TRUE).
UpperPointOut > LowerPointOut
Con- REAL 0.0 Scaled low process value
fig.InputScaling.LowerPointOut Input_PER is scaled based on the two value pairs Up-
perPointOut, UpperPointIn and LowerPointOut, Lower-
PointIn.
Only effective if Input_PER is used for process value
detection (Config.InputPerOn = TRUE).
LowerPointOut < UpperPointOut
Config.Output.Heat.Select INT 1 Selecting the output value for heating
Config.Output.Heat.Select specifies which outputs are
used for heating:
Heat.Select = 0 - OutputHeat is used
Heat.Select = 1 - OutputHeat and OutputHeat_PWM
are used
Heat.Select = 2 -OutputHeat and OutputHeat_PER
are used
Outputs that are not used are not calculated and remain
at their default value.

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.Output.Heat.PwmPeriode REAL 0.0 Period duration of the pulse width modulation (PWM) for
heating (OutputHeat_PWM output) in seconds:
Heat.PwmPeriode = 0.0
The sampling time of the PID algorithm for heating
(Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle) is used as period du-
ration of the PWM.
Heat.PwmPeriode > 0.0
The value is rounded off to an integer multiple of the
PID_Temp sampling time (CycleTime.Value) and
used as period duration of the PWM.
This setting can be used to improve the smoothing of
the process value with a long sampling time of the
PID algorithm.
The value must meet the following conditions:
Heat.PwmPeriode Re-
tain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle,
Heat.PwmPeriode > Con-
fig.Output.Heat.MinimumOnTime
Heat.PwmPeriode > Con-
fig.Output.Heat.MinimumOffTime
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit REAL 100.0 High limit of the PID output value for heating
The PID output value (PidOutputSum) is limited to the
high limit.
Heat.PidUpperLimit forms a value pair together with the
following parameters for scaling of the PID output value
(PidOutputSum) to the outputs for heating:
Heat.UpperScaling for OutputHeat
Heat.PwmUpperScaling for OutputHeat_PWM
Heat.PerUpperScaling for OutputHeat_PER
If you want to limit the value at the associated output,
you must also adjust these scaling values.
Heat.PidUpperLimit > Heat.PidLowerLimit

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Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit REAL 0.0 Low limit of the PID output value for heating
For controllers with deactivated cooling output (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = FALSE), the PID output value (Pi-
dOutputSum) is limited to this low limit.
For controllers with activated cooling output (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE), the value must be 0.0.
Heat.PidLowerLimit forms a value pair together with the
following parameters for scaling of the PID output value
(PidOutputSum) to the outputs for heating:
Heat.LowerScaling for OutputHeat
Heat.PwmLowerScaling for OutputHeat_PWM
Heat.PerLowerScaling for OutputHeat_PER
If you want to limit the value at the associated output,
you must also adjust these scaling values.
The permitted value range is determined by the configu-
ration.
Cooling output deactivated (Config.ActivateCooling =
FALSE):
Heat.PidLowerLimit < Heat.PidUpperLimit
Cooling output activated (Config.ActivateCooling =
TRUE):
Heat.PidLowerLimit = 0.0
Config.Output.Heat.UpperScaling REAL 100.0 Scaled high output value for heating
Heat.UpperScaling and Heat.PidUpperLimit form a value
pair for scaling of the PID output value (PidOutputSum)
to the output value for heating (OutputHeat).
The OutputHeat value is always located between
Heat.UpperScaling and Heat.LowerScaling.
Heat.UpperScaling Heat.LowerScaling
Config.Output.Heat.LowerScaling REAL 0.0 Scaled low output value for heating
Heat.LowerScaling and Heat.PidLowerLimit form a value
pair for scaling of the PID output value (PidOutputSum)
to the output value for heating (OutputHeat).
The OutputHeat value is always located between
Heat.UpperScaling and Heat.LowerScaling.
Heat.UpperScaling Heat.LowerScaling
Con- REAL 100.0 Scaled high PWM output value for heating
fig.Output.Heat.PwmUpperScaling Heat.PwmUpperScaling and Heat.PidUpperLimit form a
value pair for scaling of the PID output value (PidOut-
putSum) to the pulse-width modulated output value for
heating (OutputHeat_PWM).
The OutputHeat_PWM value is always located between
Heat.PwmUpperScaling and Heat.PWMLowerScaling.
Heat.PwmUpperScaling is only effective if Out-
putHeat_PWM is selected as output for heating
(Heat.Select = 1)
100.0 Heat.PwmUpperScaling 0.0
Heat.PwmUpperScaling Heat.PwmLowerScaling

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Con- REAL 0.0 Scaled low PWM output value for heating
fig.Output.Heat.PwmLowerScaling Heat.PwmLowerScaling and Heat.PidLowerLimit form a
value pair for scaling of the PID output value (PidOut-
putSum) to the pulse-width modulated output value for
heating (OutputHeat_PWM).
The OutputHeat_PWM value is always located between
Heat.PwmUpperScaling and Heat.PwmLowerScaling.
Heat.PwmLowerScaling is only effective if Out-
putHeat_PWM is selected as output for heating
(Heat.Select = 1)
100.0 Heat.PwmLowerScaling 0.0
Heat.PwmUpperScaling Heat.PwmLowerScaling
Con- REAL 27648.0 Scaled high analog output value for heating
fig.Output.Heat.PerUpperScaling Heat.PerUpperScaling and Heat.PidUpperLimit form a
value pair for scaling of the PID output value (PidOut-
putSum) to the analog output value for heating (Out-
putHeat_PER).
The OutputHeat_PER value is always located between
Heat.PerUpperScaling and Heat.PerLowerScaling.
Heat.PerUpperScaling is only effective if Out-
putHeat_PER is selected as output for heating
(Heat.Select = 2)
32511.0 Heat.PerUpperScaling -32512.0
Heat.PerUpperScaling Heat.PerLowerScaling
Con- REAL 0.0 Scaled low analog output value for heating
fig.Output.Heat.PerLowerScaling Heat.PerLowerScaling and Heat.PidLowerLimit form a
value pair for scaling of the PID output value (PidOut-
putSum) to the analog output value for heating (Out-
putHeat_PER).
The OutputHeat_PER value is always located between
Heat.PerUpperScaling and Heat.PerLowerScaling.
Heat.PerLowerScaling is only effective if Out-
putHeat_PER is selected as output for heating
(Heat.Select = 2)
32511.0 Heat.PerLowerScaling -32512.0
Heat.PerUpperScaling Heat.PerLowerScaling
Con- REAL 0.0 Minimum on time of the pulse width modulation for heat-
fig.Output.Heat.MinimumOnTime ing (OutputHeat_PWM output)
A PWM pulse is never shorter than this value.
The value is rounded off to:
Heat.MinimumOnTime = n CycleTime.Value
Heat.MinimumOnTime is only effective if the output for
heating OutputHeat_PWM is selected (Heat.Select = 1)".
100000.0 Heat.MinimumOnTime 0.0

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 Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Con- REAL 0.0 Minimum off time of the pulse width modulation for heat-
fig.Output.Heat.MinimumOffTime ing (OutputHeat_PWM output)
A PWM pause is never shorter than this value.
The value is rounded off to:
Heat.MinimumOffTime = n CycleTime.Value
Heat.MinimumOffTime is only effective if the output for
heating OutputHeat_PWM is selected (Heat.Select = 1)".
100000.0 Heat.MinimumOffTime 0.0
Config.Output.Cool.Select INT 1 Selecting the output value for cooling
Config.Output.Cool.Select specifies which outputs are
used for cooling:
Cool.Select = 0 - OutputCool is used
Cool.Select = 1 -OutputCool and OutputCool_PWM
are used
Cool.Select = 2 - OutputCool and OutputCool_PER
are used
Outputs that are not used are not calculated and remain
at their default value.
Only effective if the cooling output is activated (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE).

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.Output.Cool.PwmPeriode REAL 0.0 Period duration of the pulse width modulation for cooling
(OutputCool_PWM output) in seconds:
Cool.PwmPeriode = 0.0 and Con-
fig.AdvancedCooling = FALSE:
sampling time of the PID algorithm for heating
(Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle) is used as period du-
ration of the PWM.
Cool.PwmPeriode = 0.0 and Con-
fig.AdvancedCooling = TRUE:
The sampling time of the PID algorithm for cooling
(Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Cycle) is used as period du-
ration of the PWM.
Cool.PwmPeriode > 0.0:
The value is rounded off to an integer multiple of the
PID_Temp sampling time (CycleTime.Value) and
used as period duration of the PWM.
This setting can be used to improve the smoothing of
the process value with a long sampling time of the
PID algorithm.
The value must meet the following conditions:
Cool.PwmPeriode Re-
tain.CtrlParams.Cool.Cycle or Re-
tain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle
Cool.PwmPeriode > Con-
fig.Output.Cool.MinimumOnTime
Cool.PwmPeriode > Con-
fig.Output.Cool.MinimumOffTime
Only effective if the cooling output is activated (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit REAL 0.0 High limit of the PID output value for cooling
The value must be 0.0.
Cool.PidUpperLimit forms a value pair together with the
following parameters for scaling of the PID output value
(PidOutputSum) to the outputs for cooling:
Cool.LowerScaling for OutputCool
Cool.PwmLowerScaling for OutputCool_PWM
Cool.PerLowerScaling for OutputCool_PER
If you want to limit the value at the associated output,
you must also adjust these scaling values.
Only effective if the cooling output is activated (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
Cool.PidUpperLimit = 0.0

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 Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit REAL -100.0 Low limit of the PID output value for cooling
For controllers with activated cooling output (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE), the PID output value (Pi-
dOutputSum) is limited to this low limit.
Cool.PidLowerLimit forms a value pair together with the
following parameters for scaling of the PID output value
(PidOutputSum) to the outputs for cooling:
Cool.UpperScaling for OutputCool
Cool.PwmUpperScaling for OutputCool_PWM
Cool.PerUpperScaling for OutputCool_PER
If you want to limit the value at the associated output,
you must also adjust these scaling values.
Only effective if the cooling output is activated (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
Cool.PidLowerLimit < Cool.PidUpperLimit
Config.Output.Cool.UpperScaling REAL 100.0 Scaled high output value for cooling
Cool.UpperScaling and Cool.PidLowerLimit form a value
pair for scaling of the PID output value (PidOutputSum)
to the output value for cooling (OutputCool).
The OutputCool value is always located between
Cool.UpperScaling and Cool.LowerScaling.
Only effective if the cooling output is activated (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
Cool.UpperScaling Cool.LowerScaling
Config.Output.Cool.LowerScaling REAL 0.0 Scaled low output value for cooling
Cool.LowerScaling and Cool.PidUpperLimit form a value
pair for scaling of the PID output value (PidOutputSum)
to the output value for cooling (OutputCool).
The OutputCool value is always located between
Cool.UpperScaling and Cool.LowerScaling.
Only effective if the cooling output is activated (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
Cool.UpperScaling Cool.LowerScaling
Con- REAL 100.0 Scaled high PWM output value for cooling
fig.Output.Cool.PwmUpperScaling Cool.PwmUpperScaling and Cool.PidLowerLimit form a
value pair for scaling of the PID output value (PidOut-
putSum) to the pulse-width modulated output value for
cooling (OutputCool_PWM).
The OutputCool_PWM value is always located between
Cool.PwmUpperScaling and Cool.PwmLowerScaling.
Cool.PwmUpperScaling is only effective if the cooling
output is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE) and
OutputCool_PWM is selected as output for cooling
(Cool.Select = 1).
100.0 Cool.PwmUpperScaling 0.0
Cool.PwmUpperScaling Cool.PwmLowerScaling

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Con- REAL 0.0 Scaled low PWM output value for cooling
fig.Output.Cool.PwmLowerScaling Cool.PwmLowerScaling and Cool.PidUpperLimit form a
value pair for scaling of the PID output value (PidOut-
putSum) to the pulse-width modulated output value for
cooling (OutputCool_PWM).
The OutputCool_PWM value is always located between
Cool.PwmUpperScaling and CoolPwm.LowerScaling.
Cool.PwmLowerScaling is only effective if the cooling
output is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE) and
OutputCool_PWM is selected as output for cooling
(Cool.Select = 1).
100.0 Cool.PwmLowerScaling 0.0
Cool.PwmUpperScaling Cool.PwmLowerScaling
Con- REAL 27648.0 Scaled high analog output value for cooling
fig.Output.Cool.PerUpperScaling Cool.PerUpperScaling and Cool.PidLowerLimit form a
value pair for scaling of the PID output value (PidOut-
putSum) to the analog output value for cooling (Out-
putCool_PER).
The OutputCool_PER value is always located between
Cool.PerUpperScaling and Cool.PerLowerScaling.
Cool.PerUpperScaling is only effective if the cooling
output is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE) and
OutputCool_PER is selected as output for cooling
(Cool.Select = 2).
32511.0 Cool.PerUpperScaling -32512.0
Cool.PerUpperScaling Cool.PerLowerScaling
Con- REAL 0.0 Scaled low analog output value for cooling
fig.Output.Cool.PerLowerScaling Cool.PerLowerScaling and Cool.PidUpperLimit form a
value pair for scaling of the PID output value (PidOut-
putSum) to the analog output value for cooling (Out-
putCool_PER).
The OutputCool_PER value is always located between
Cool.PerUpperScaling and Cool.PerLowerScaling.
Cool.PerLowerScaling is only effective if the cooling
output is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE) and
OutputCool_PER is selected as output for cooling
(Cool.Select = 2).
32511.0 Cool.PerLowerScaling -32512.0
Cool.PerUpperScaling Cool.PerLowerScaling
Con- REAL 0.0 Minimum on time of the pulse width modulation for cool-
fig.Output.Cool.MinimumOnTime ing (OutputCool_PWM output)
A PWM pulse is never shorter than this value.
The value is rounded off to:
Cool.MinimumOnTime = n CycleTime.Value
Cool.MinimumOnTime is only effective if the output for
cooling OutputCool_PWM is selected (Cool.Select = 1).
Only effective if the cooling output is activated (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
100000.0 Cool.MinimumOnTime 0.0

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 Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Con- REAL 0.0 Minimum off time of the pulse width modulation for cool-
fig.Output.Cool.MinimumOffTime ing (OutputCool_PWM output)
A PWM pause is never shorter than this value.
The value is rounded off to:
Cool.MinimumOffTime = n CycleTime.Value
Cool.MinimumOffTime is only effective if the output for
cooling OutputCool_PWM is selected (Cool.Select = 1).
Only effective if the cooling output is activated (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
100000.0 Cool.MinimumOffTime 0.0
If you are using PID_Temp in a cascade, the master controller and slave controller exchange information via the Master
and Slave parameters.
You need to make the interconnection. For details, see the Master parameter.
Config.Cascade.IsMaster BOOL FALSE The controller is master in a cascade and provides the
slave setpoint.
Set IsMaster = TRUE if you are using this PID_Temp
instance as master controller in a cascade.
A master controller defines the setpoint of a slave con-
troller with its output. A PID_Temp instance can be mas-
ter controller and slave controller at the same time.
If the controller is used as master controller, the cooling
output must be deactivated (Config.ActivateCooling =
FALSE).
Config.Cascade.IsSlave BOOL FALSE The controller is slave in a cascade and receives its
setpoint from the master.
Set IsSlave = TRUE if you are using this PID_Temp
instance as slave controller in a cascade.
A slave controller receives its setpoint (Setpoint parame-
ter) from the output of its master controller (OutputHeat
parameter). A PID_Temp instance can be master con-
troller and slave controller at the same time.
Config.Cascade.AntiWindUpMode INT 1 Anti-windup behavior in the cascade
Options are:
Anti-windup = 0
The AntiWindUp functionality is deactivated. The
master controller does not respond to the limit of its
slave controllers.
Anti-windup = 1
The integral action of the master controller is reduced
in the ratio "Slaves in limit" to "Number of slaves"
("CountSlaves" parameter). This reduces the effects
of the limitation on the control behavior.
Anti-windup = 2
The integral action of the master controller is held as
soon as a slave controller is in the limit.
Only effective if the controller is configured as master
controller (Config.Cascade.IsMaster = TRUE).

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Config.Cascade.CountSlaves INT 1 Number of subordinate slaves
Here you enter the number of directly subordinate slave
controllers which receive their setpoint from this master
controller.
Only effective if the controller is configured as master
controller (Config.Cascade.IsMaster = TRUE).
255 CountSlaves 1
CycleTime.StartEstimation BOOL TRUE If CycleTime.EnEstimation = TRUE, Cy-
cleTime.StartEstimation = TRUE starts automatic deter-
mination of the PID_Temp sampling time (cycle time of
the calling OB).
CycleTime.StartEstimation = FALSE is set once meas-
urement is complete.
CycleTime.EnEstimation BOOL TRUE If CycleTime.EnEstimation = TRUE, the PID_Temp
sampling time is determined automatically.
If CycleTime.EnEstimation = FALSE, the sampling time
PID_Temp is not determined automatically and must be
configured correctly manually with CycleTime.Value.
CycleTime.EnMonitoring BOOL TRUE If CycleTime.EnMonitoring = FALSE, the PID_Temp
sampling time is not monitored. If PID_Temp cannot be
executed within the sampling time, no error (Error-
Bits=0000800h) is output and PID_Temp does not re-
spond as configured with ActivateRecoverMode.
CycleTime.Value REAL 0.1 PID_Temp sampling time (cycle time of the calling OB)
in seconds
CycleTime.Value is determined automatically and is
usually equivalent to the cycle time of the calling OB.
You can reload values from the CtrlParamsBackUp structure with LoadBackUp = TRUE.
CtrlParamsBackUp.SetByUser BOOL FALSE Saved value of Retain.CtrlParams.SetByUser
CtrlParamsBackUp.Heat.Gain REAL 1.0 Saved proportional gain for heating
CtrlParamsBackUp.Heat.Ti REAL 20.0 Saved integral action time for heating in seconds
CtrlParamsBackUp.Heat.Td REAL 0.0 Saved derivative action time for heating in seconds
CtrlParamsBack- REAL 0.2 Saved derivative delay coefficient for heating
Up.Heat.TdFiltRatio
CtrlParamsBack- REAL 1.0 Saved weighting of the proportional action for heating
Up.Heat.PWeighting
CtrlParamsBack- REAL 1.0 Saved weighting of the derivative action for heating
Up.Heat.DWeighting
CtrlParamsBackUp.Heat.Cycle REAL 1.0 Saved sampling time of the PID algorithm for heating in
seconds
CtrlParamsBack- REAL 3.402822e+38 Saved control zone width for heating
Up.Heat.ControlZone
CtrlParamsBack- REAL 0.0 Saved dead zone width for heating
Up.Heat.DeadZone
CtrlParamsBackUp.Cool.Gain REAL 1.0 Saved proportional gain for cooling
CtrlParamsBackUp.Cool.Ti REAL 20.0 Saved integral action time for cooling in seconds
CtrlParamsBackUp.Cool.Td REAL 0.0 Saved derivative action time for cooling in seconds
CtrlParamsBack- REAL 0.2 Saved derivative delay coefficient for cooling
Up.Cool.TdFiltRatio

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 Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
CtrlParamsBack- REAL 1.0 Saved proportional action weighting factor for cooling
Up.Cool.PWeighting
CtrlParamsBack- REAL 1.0 Saved derivative action weighting factor for cooling
Up.Cool.DWeighting
CtrlParamsBackUp.Cool.Cycle REAL 1.0 Saved sampling time of the PID algorithm for cooling in
seconds
CtrlParamsBack- REAL 3.402822e+38 Saved control zone width for cooling
Up.Cool.ControlZone
CtrlParamsBack- REAL 0.0 Saved dead zone width for cooling
Up.Cool.DeadZone
PIDSelf- BOOL FALSE The properties of the heating branch of the controlled
Tune.SUT.CalculateParamsHeat system are saved during pretuning for heating. If
SUT.CalculateParamsHeat = TRUE, the PID parameters
for heating (Retain.CtrlParams.Heat structure) are recal-
culated on the basis of these properties. This enables
you to change the parameter calculation method (PID-
SelfTune.SUT.TuneRuleHeat parameter) without having
to repeat the tuning.
SUT.CalculateParamsHeat is set to FALSE after the
calculation.
Only possible if the pretuning was successful
(SUT.ProcParHeatOk = TRUE).
PIDSelf- BOOL FALSE The properties of the cooling branch of the controlled
Tune.SUT.CalculateParamsCool system are saved during tuning for cooling. If
SUT.CalculateParamsCool = TRUE, the PID parameters
for cooling (Retain.CtrlParams.Cool structure) are recal-
culated on the basis of these properties. This enables
you to change the parameter calculation method (PID-
SelfTune.SUT.TuneRuleCool parameter) without having
to repeat the tuning.
SUT.CalculateParamsCool is set to FALSE after the
calculation.
Only possible if the pretuning was successful
(SUT.ProcParCoolOk = TRUE).
Only effective if Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE and
Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE.
PIDSelfTune.SUT.TuneRuleHeat INT 2 Method for PID parameter calculation with pretuning for
heating
Options are:
SUT.TuneRuleHeat = 0: PID according to CHR
SUT.TuneRuleHeat = 1: PI according to CHR
SUT.TuneRuleHeat = 2: PID for temperature pro-
cesses according to CHR (results in a slower and ra-
ther asymptomatic control response with lower
overshoot than SUT.TuneRuleHeat = 0)
(CHR = Chien, Hrones and Reswick)
Only with SUT.TuneRuleHeat = 2 is the control zone
Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.ControlZone automatically set
during pretuning for heating.

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
PIDSelfTune.SUT.TuneRuleCool INT 2 Method for PID parameter calculation with pretuning for
cooling
Options are:
SUT.TuneRuleCool = 0: PID according to CHR
SUT.TuneRuleCool = 1: PI according to CHR
SUT.TuneRuleCool = 2: PID for temperature pro-
cesses according to CHR (results in a slower and ra-
ther asymptomatic control response with lower
overshoot than SUT.TuneRuleCool = 0)
(CHR = Chien, Hrones and Reswick)
Only with SUT.TuneRuleCool = 2 is the control zone
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.ControlZone automatically set
during pretuning for cooling.
SUT.TuneRuleCool is only effective if the cooling output
and PID parameter switching are activated (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE, Config.AdvancedCooling =
TRUE).
PIDSelfTune.SUT.State INT 0 The SUT.State tag indicates the current phase of pretun-
ing:
State = 0: Initialize pretuning
State = 100: Calculate standard deviation for heating
State = 200: Calculate standard deviation for cooling
State = 300: Determine point of inflection for heating
State = 400: Determine point of inflection for cooling
State = 500: Set heating to setpoint after reaching
point of inflection
State = 600: Set cooling to setpoint after reaching
point of inflection
State = 700: Compare efficiency of the heating ac-
tuator and cooling actuator
State = 800: Heating and cooling activated
State = 900: Cooling activated
State = 1000: Determine delay time after switching
off heating
State = 9900: Pretuning successful
State = 1: Pretuning not successful
PIDSelfTune.SUT.ProcParHeatOk BOOL FALSE TRUE: The calculation of the process parameters for
pretuning heating was successful.
This tag is set during tuning.
It must be TRUE for calculation of the PID parameters
for heating.

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8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
PIDSelfTune.SUT.ProcParCoolOk BOOL FALSE TRUE: The calculation of the process parameters for
pretuning cooling was successful.
This tag is set during tuning.
It must be TRUE for calculation of the PID parameters
for cooling.
PIDSelf- INT 0 The AdaptDelayTime tag determines the adaptation of
Tune.SUT.AdaptDelayTime the delay time for heating at the operating point (for
"Pretuning heating" and "Pretuning heating and cool-
ing").
Options are:
SUT.AdaptDelayTime = 0:
No adaptation of delay time. The SUT.State = 1000
phase is skipped. This option results in a shorter tun-
ing time than with SUT.AdaptDelayTime = 1.
SUT.AdaptDelayTime = 1:
Adaptation of the delay time to the setpoint in
SUT.State = 1000 phase by switching off heating
temporarily.
This option results in a longer tuning time than
withSUT.AdaptDelayTime = 0. It can improve the
control response if the process behavior depends
significantly on the operating point (non-linearity).
This option should not be used for multi-zone appli-
cations with strong thermal connections.

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8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
PIDSelfTune.SUT.CoolingMode INT 0 The CoolingMode tag determines the manipulated varia-
ble output to determine the cooling parameters (for pre-
tuning heating and cooling).
Options are:
SUT.CoolingMode = 0:
Switch off heating and switch on cooling after reach-
ing the setpoint.
The SUT.State = 700 phase is skipped.
Phase SUT.State = 500 is followed by phase
SUT.State = 900.
This option can improve the control response if the
gain of the cooling actuator is low compared to the
gain of the heating actuator. It results in a shorter
tuning time than with SUT.CoolingMode = 1 or 2.
SUT.CoolingMode = 1:
Switch on cooling in addition to heating after reach-
ing the setpoint.
The SUT.State = 700 phase is skipped.
Phase SUT.State = 500 is followed by phase
SUT.State = 800.
This option can improve the control response if the
gain of the cooling actuator is high compared to the
gain of the heating actuator.
SUT.CoolingMode = 2:
After heating up to the setpoint, a decision is auto-
matically made in phase SUT.State = 700 as to
whether heating is switched off. Phase SUT.State =
500 is followed by phase SUT.State = 700 and then
SUT.State = 800 or SUT.State = 900.
This option requires more time than options 0 and 1.
PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn BOOL FALSE Use the RunIn tag to specify the sequence of fine tuning
during start from automatic mode.
RunIn = FALSE
If fine tuning is started from automatic mode, the sys-
tem uses the existing PID parameters to control to
the setpoint (TIR.State = 500 or 600). Only then will
fine tuning start.
RunIn = TRUE
PID_Temp tries to reach the setpoint with minimum
or maximum output value (TIR.State = 300 or 400).
This can produce increased overshoot. Fine tuning
then starts automatically.
RunIn is set to FALSE after fine tuning.
During start of fine tuning from Inactive or Manual mode,
PID_Temp reacts as described under RunIn = TRUE.

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8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
PIDSelf- BOOL FALSE The properties of the heating branch of the controlled
Tune.TIR.CalculateParamsHeat system are saved during fine tuning for heating. If
TIR.CalculateParamsHeat= TRUE, the PID parameters
for heating (Retain.CtrlParams.Heat structure) are recal-
culated on the basis of these properties. This enables
you to change the parameter calculation method (PID-
SelfTune.TIR.TuneRuleHeat parameter) without having
to repeat the tuning.
TIR.CalculateParamsHeat is set to FALSE after the
calculation.
Only possible if fine tuning heating was successful be-
forehand (TIR.ProcParHeatOk = TRUE).
PIDSelf- BOOL FALSE The properties of the cooling branch of the controlled
Tune.TIR.CalculateParamsCool system are saved during fine tuning for cooling. If
TIR.CalculateParamsCool= TRUE, the PID parameters
for cooling (Retain.CtrlParams.Cool structure) are recal-
culated on the basis of these properties. This enables
you to change the parameter calculation method (PID-
SelfTune.TIR.TuneRuleCool parameter) without having
to repeat the tuning.
TIR.CalculateParamsCool is set to FALSE after the
calculation.
Only possible if fine tuning cooling was successful be-
forehand (TIR.ProcParCoolOk = TRUE).
Only effective if Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE and
Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE
PIDSelfTune.TIR.TuneRuleHeat INT 0 Method for parameter calculation during fine tuning for
heating
Options are:
TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 0: PID automatic
TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 1: PID fast (faster control re-
sponse with higher amplitudes of the output value
than with TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 2)
TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 2: PID slow (slower control
response with lower amplitudes of the output value
than with TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 1)
TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 3: ZN PID
TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 4: ZN PI
TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 5: ZN P
(ZN=Ziegler-Nichols)
To be able to repeat the calculation of the
PID parameters for heating with
TIR.CalculateParamsHeat and TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 0, 1
or 2, the previous fine tuning also has to have been
executed with TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 0, 1 or 2. If this is not
the case, TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 3 is used.
The recalculation of the PID parameters for heating with
TIR.CalculateParamsHeat and TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 3, 4
or 5 is always possible.

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
PIDSelfTune.TIR.TuneRuleCool INT 0 Method for parameter calculation during fine tuning for
cooling
Options are:
TIR.TuneRuleCool = 0: PID automatic
TIR.TuneRuleCool = 1: PID fast (faster control re-
sponse with higher amplitudes of the output value
than with TIR.TuneRuleCool = 2)
TIR.TuneRuleCool = 2: PID slow (slower control
response with lower amplitudes of the output value
than with TIR.TuneRuleCool = 1)
TIR.TuneRuleCool = 3: ZN PID
TIR.TuneRuleCool = 4: ZN PI
TIR.TuneRuleCool = 5: ZN P
(ZN=Ziegler-Nichols)
To be able to repeat the calculation of the
PID parameters for cooling with
TIR.CalculateParamsCool and TIR.TuneRuleCool = 0, 1
or 2, the previous fine tuning also has to have been
executed with TIR.TuneRuleCool = 0, 1 or 2. If this is not
the case, TIR.TuneRuleCool = 3 is used.
The recalculation of the PID parameters for cooling with
TIR.CalculateParamsCool and TIR.TuneRuleCool = 3, 4
or 5 is always possible.
Only effective if the cooling output and PID parameter
switching are activated (ConfigActivateCooling = TRUE
and Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).

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 Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
PIDSelfTune.TIR.State INT 0 The TIR.State tag indicates the current phase of "fine
tuning":
State = 0: Initialize fine tuning
State = 100: Calculate standard deviation for heating
State = 200: Calculate standard deviation for cooling
State = 300: Attempting to reach setpoint for heating
with two-step control using heating
State = 400: Attempting to reach setpoint for cooling
with two-step control using cooling
State = 500: Attempting to reach setpoint for heating
with PID control
State = 600: Attempting to reach setpoint for cooling
with PID control
State = 700: Calculate standard deviation for heating
State = 800: Calculate standard deviation for cooling
State = 900: Determine oscillation and calculate
parameters for heating
State = 1000: Determine oscillation and calculate
parameters for cooling
State = 9900: Fine tuning successful
State = 1: Fine tuning not successful
PIDSelfTune.TIR.ProcParHeatOk BOOL FALSE TRUE: The calculation of the process parameters for
fine tuning heating was successful.
This tag is set during tuning.
It must be met for calculation of the PID parameters for
heating.
PIDSelfTune.TIR.ProcParCoolOk BOOL FALSE TRUE: The calculation of the process parameters for
fine tuning cooling was successful.
This tag is set during tuning.
It must be met for calculation of the PID parameters for
cooling.

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
PIDSelf- REAL 0.0 Tuning offset heating of the PID output value
Tune.TIR.OutputOffsetHeat TIR.OutputOffsetHeat is added to the value that results
from PidOutputSum for the heating branch.
To receive a positive offset at the outputs for heating,
define a positive value for TIR.OutputOffsetHeat.
The resulting values at the outputs for heating are the
result of the configured output scaling (Struktur Con-
fig.Output.Heat).
This tuning offset can be used in controllers with activat-
ed cooling output and PID parameter switching (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = TRUE, Config.AdvancedCooling =
TRUE) for fine tuning cooling. If the outputs for cooling
are not active at the setpoint that is to be tuned (PidOut-
putSum > 0.0), fine tuning cooling is not possible. In this
case, define a positive tuning offset heating which is
greater than the PID output value (PidOutputSum) at the
setpoint in the steady state before you start tuning. This
step increases the values at the outputs for heating and
activates the outputs for cooling (PidOutputSum < 0.0).
Fine tuning cooling is now possible.
When fine tuning is complete, TIR.OutputOffsetHeat is
reset to 0.0.
Major changes at TIR.OutputOffsetHeat in one step can
result in temporary overshoots.
Config.Output.Heat.PidUpperLimit PIDSelf-
Tune.TIR.OutputOffsetHeat Con-
fig.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit

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 Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
PIDSelf- REAL 0.0 Tuning offset cooling of the PID output value
Tune.TIR.OutputOffsetCool TIR.OutputOffsetCool is added to the value that results
from PidOutputSum for the cooling branch.
To receive a positive offset at the outputs for cooling,
define a negative value for TIR.OutputOffsetCool.
The resulting values at the outputs for cooling are the
result of the configured output scaling (Struktur Con-
fig.Output.Coool).
This tuning offset can be used in controllers with activat-
ed cooling output (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE) for
fine tuning heating. If the outputs for heating are not
active at the setpoint that is to be tuned (PidOutputSum
< 0.0), fine tuning heating is not possible. In this case,
define a negative tuning offset cooling which is less than
the PID output value (PidOutputSum) at the setpoint in
the steady state before you start tuning. This step in-
creases the values at the outputs for cooling and acti-
vates the outputs for heating (PidOutputSum > 0.0). Fine
tuning heating is now possible.
When fine tuning is complete, TIR.OutputOffsetCool is
reset to 0.0.
Major changes at TIR.OutputOffsetCool in one step can
result in temporary overshoots.
Config.Output.Cool.PidUpperLimit PIDSelf-
Tune.TIR.OutputOffsetCool Con-
fig.Output.Cool.PidLowerLimit
PIDSelf- BOOL FALSE Waiting with fine tuning after reaching the setpoint
Tune.TIR.WaitForControlIn If TIR.WaitForControlIn = TRUE, fine tuning waits in
between reaching the setpoint (TIR.State = 500 or 600)
and calculation of the standard deviation (TIR.State =
700 or 800) until a FALSE -> TRUE edge is given at
TIR.FinishControlIn.
TIR.WaitForControlIn can be used for simultaneous fine
tuning of several controllers in multi-zone applications to
synchronize tuning of the individual zones. It ensures
that all zones have reached their setpoints before the
actual tuning starts. The influence of thermal connec-
tions between the zones on tuning can be reduced in
this way.
TIR.WaitForControlIn is only effective if fine tuning is
started from automatic mode with PIDSelf-
Tune.TIR.RunIn = FALSE.
PIDSelfTune.TIR.ControlInReady BOOL FALSE If TIR.WaitForControlIn = TRUE, PID_Temp sets
TIR.ControlInReady = TRUE as soon as the setpoint has
been reached and waits with additional tuning steps until
a FALSE -> TRUE edge is given at TIR.FinishControlIn.
PIDSelfTune.TIR.FinishControlIn BOOL FALSE If TIR.ControlInReady = TRUE, a FALSE -> TRUE edge
at TIR.FinishControlIn stops the wait and fine tuning
resumes.
PIDCtrl.IOutputOld REAL 0.0 Integral action in last cycle

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
PIDCtrl.PIDInit BOOL FALSE PIDCtrl.PIDInit is available as of PID_Temp version 1.1.
If PIDCtrl.PIDInit = TRUE in "Automatic mode", the inte-
gral action PIDCtrl.IOutputOld is pre-assigned automati-
cally as if PidOutputSum = OverwriteInitialOutputValue
in the previous cycle. This can be used for a Override
control with PID_Temp (Page 209).
Retain.CtrlParams.SetByUser BOOL FALSE If the PID parameters are entered manually in the con-
figuration editor, SetByUser = TRUE.
This parameter is used for display in the editors and
does not influence the control algorithm.
SetByUser is retentive.
Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Gain REAL 1.0 Active proportional gain for heating
Heat.Gain is retentive.
Heat.Gain 0.0
Retain..CtrlParams.Heat.Ti REAL 20.0 Active integral action time for heating in seconds
The integral action for heating is switched off with
Heat.CtrlParams.Ti = 0.0.
Heat.Ti is retentive.
100000.0 Heat.Ti 0.0
Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Td REAL 0.0 Active derivative action time for heating in seconds
The derivative action for heating is switched off with
Heat.CtrlParams.Td = 0.0.
Heat.Td is retentive.
100000.0 Heat.Td 0.0
Re- REAL 0.2 Active derivative delay coefficient for heating
tain.CtrlParams.Heat.TdFiltRatio The derivative delay coefficient delays the effect of the
derivative action.
Derivative delay = derivative action time derivative
delay coefficient
0.0: Derivative action is effective for one cycle only
and therefore almost not effective.
0.5: This value has proved useful in practice for con-
trolled systems with one dominant time constant.
> 1.0: The greater the coefficient, the longer the
effect of the derivative action is delayed.
Heat.TdFiltRatio is retentive.
Heat.TdFiltRatio 0.0

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8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Re- REAL 1.0 Active weighting of the proportional action for heating
tain.CtrlParams.Heat.PWeighting The proportional action may weaken with changes to the
setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is fully
effective
0.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is not
effective
The proportional action is always fully effective when the
process value is changed.
Heat.PWeighting is retentive.
1.0 Heat.PWeighting 0.0
Re- REAL 1.0 Active weighting of the derivative action for heating
tain.CtrlParams.Heat.DWeighting The derivative action may weaken with changes to the
setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Derivative action is fully effective upon setpoint
change
0.0: Derivative action is not effective upon setpoint
change
The derivative action is always fully effective when the
process value is changed.
Heat.DWeighting is retentive.
1.0 Heat.DWeighting 0.0
Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle REAL 1.0 Active sampling time of the PID algorithm for heating in
seconds
CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle is calculated during tuning and
rounded to an integer multiple of CycleTime.Value.
If Config.Output.Heat.PwmPeriode = 0.0, Heat.Cycle is
used as period duration of the pulse width modulation for
heating.
If Config.Output.Cool.PwmPeriode = 0.0 and Con-
fig.AdvancedCooling = FALSE, Heat.Cycle is used as
period duration of the pulse width modulation for cooling.
Heat.Cycle is retentive.
100000.0 Heat.Cycle > 0.0

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Re- REAL 3.402822e+38 Active control zone width for heating
tain.CtrlParams.Heat.ControlZone The control zone for heating is switched off with
Heat.ControlZone = 3.402822e+38.
Heat.ControlZone is only set automatically during pre-
tuning heating or pretuning heating and cooling if PID-
SelfTune.SUT.TuneRuleHeat = 2 is selected as method
of the parameter calculation.
For controllers with deactivated cooling output (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = FALSE) or controllers with activat-
ed cooling output and cooling factor
(Config.AdvancedCooling = FALSE), the control zone is
symmetrically located between Setpoint
Heat.ControlZone and Setpoint + Heat.ControlZone.
For controllers with activated cooling output and
PID parameter switching (Config.ActivateCooling =
TRUE, Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE), the control
zone is located between Setpoint Heat.ControlZone
and Setpoint + Cool.ControlZone.
Heat.ControlZone is retentive.
Heat.ControlZone > 0.0
Re- REAL 0.0 Active dead zone width for heating (see PID parameters
tain.CtrlParams.Heat.DeadZone (Page 181))
The dead zone for heating is switched off with
Heat.DeadZone = 0.0.
Heat.DeadZone is not set automatically or adjusted
during tuning. You must correctly configure
Heat.DeadZone manually.
When the dead zone is switched on, the result can be a
permanent control deviation (deviation between setpoint
and process value). This can have a negative effect on
fine tuning.
For controllers with deactivated cooling output (Con-
fig.ActivateCooling = FALSE) or controllers with activat-
ed cooling output and cooling factor
(Config.AdvancedCooling = FALSE), the dead zone is
symmetrically located between Setpoint
Heat.DeadZone and Setpoint + Heat.DeadZone.
For controllers with activated cooling output and
PID parameter switching (Config.ActivateCooling =
TRUE, Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE), the dead
zone is located between Setpoint Heat.DeadZone and
Setpoint + Cool.DeadZone.
Heat.DeadZone is retentive.
Heat.DeadZone 0.0
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Gain REAL 1.0 Active proportional gain for cooling
Cool.Gain is retentive.
Only effective if the cooling output and PID parameter
switching are activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE
and Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
Cool.Gain 0.0

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8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Ti REAL 20.0 Active integral action time for cooling in seconds
The integral action for cooling is switched off with
Cool.CtrlParams.Ti = 0.0.
Cool.Ti is retentive.
Only effective if the cooling output and PID parameter
switching are activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE
and Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
100000.0 Cool.Ti 0.0
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Td REAL 0.0 Active derivative action time for cooling in seconds
The derivative action for cooling is switched off with
Cool.CtrlParams.Td = 0.0.
Cool.Td is retentive.
Only effective if the cooling output and PID parameter
switching are activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE
and Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
100000.0 Cool.Td 0.0
Re- REAL 0.2 Active derivative delay coefficient for cooling
tain.CtrlParams.Cool.TdFiltRatio The derivative delay coefficient delays the effect of the
derivative action.
Derivative delay = derivative action time derivative
delay coefficient
0.0: Derivative action is effective for one cycle only
and therefore almost not effective.
0.5: This value has proved useful in practice for con-
trolled systems with one dominant time constant.
> 1.0: The greater the coefficient, the longer the
effect of the derivative action is delayed.
Cool.TdFiltRatio is retentive.
Only effective if the cooling output and PID parameter
switching are activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE
and Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
Cool.TdFiltRatio 0.0
Re- REAL 1.0 Active weighting of the proportional action for cooling
tain.CtrlParams.Cool.PWeighting The proportional action may weaken with changes to the
setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is fully
effective
0.0: Proportional action for setpoint change is not
effective
The proportional action is always fully effective when the
process value is changed.
Cool.PWeighting is retentive.
Only effective if the cooling output and PID parameter
switching are activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE
and Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
1.0 Cool.PWeighting 0.0

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Re- REAL 1.0 Active weighting of the derivative action for cooling
tain.CtrlParams.Cool.DWeighting The derivative action may weaken with changes to the
setpoint.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are applicable.
1.0: Derivative action is fully effective upon setpoint
change
0.0: Derivative action is not effective upon setpoint
change
The derivative action is always fully effective when the
process value is changed.
Cool.DWeighting is retentive.
Only effective if the cooling output and PID parameter
switching are activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE
and Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
1.0 Cool.DWeighting 0.0
Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Cycle REAL 1.0 Active sampling time of the PID algorithm for cooling in
seconds
CtrlParams.Cool.Cycle is calculated during tuning and
rounded off to an integer multiple of CycleTime..
If Config.Output.Cool.PwmPeriode = 0.0 and Con-
fig.AdvancedCooling = TRUE, Cool.Cycle is used as
period duration of the pulse width modulation for cooling.
If Config.Output.Cool.PwmPeriode = 0.0 and Con-
fig.AdvancedCooling = FALSE, Heat.Cycle is used as
period duration of the pulse width modulation for cooling.
Cool.Cycle is retentive.
Only effective if the cooling output and PID parameter
switching are activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE
and Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
100000.0 Cool.Cycle > 0.0

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8.3 PID_Temp

Tag Data Default Description

type
Re- REAL 3.402822e+38 Active control zone width for cooling
tain.CtrlParams.Cool.ControlZone The control zone for cooling is switched off with
Cool.ControlZone = 3.402822e+38.
Cool.ControlZone is only set automatically during pretun-
ing cooling or pretuning heating and cooling if PIDSelf-
Tune.SUT.TuneRuleCool = 2 is selected as method of
the parameter calculation.
Cool.ControlZone is retentive.
Only effective if the cooling output and PID parameter
switching are activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE
and Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
Cool.ControlZone > 0.0
Re- REAL 0.0 Active dead zone width for cooling (see PID parameters
tain.CtrlParams.Cool.DeadZone (Page 181))
The dead zone for cooling is switched off with
Cool.DeadZone = 0.0.
Cool.DeadZone is not set automatically or adjusted
during tuning. You must correctly configure
Cool.DeadZone manually.
When the dead zone is switched on, the result can be a
permanent control deviation (deviation between setpoint
and process value). This can have a negative effect on
fine tuning.
Cool.DeadZone is retentive.
Only effective if the cooling output and PID parameter
switching are activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE
and Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
Cool.DeadZone 0.0

Note
Change the tags listed in this table in "Inactive" mode to prevent malfunction of the
PID controller.

See also
PID_Temp ActivateRecoverMode tag (Page 453)
PID_Temp Warning tag (Page 455)
Multi-zone controlling with PID_Temp (Page 206)

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Instructions
8.3 PID_Temp

8.3.3.7 PID_Temp state and mode parameters

Correlation of the parameters

The State parameter shows the current operating mode of the PID controller. You cannot
change the State parameter.
With a rising edge at ModeActivate, PID_Temp switches to the operating mode saved in the
Mode in-out parameter.
Heat.EnableTuning and Cool.EnableTuning specify for pretuning and fine tuning, if tuning
takes place for heating or cooling.
If the CPU is switched on or switches from Stop to RUN mode, PID_Temp starts in the
operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter. To leave PID_Temp in "Inactive"
mode, set RunModeByStartup = FALSE.

Meaning of values

State / Mode Description of operating mode

0 Inactive
The following output values are output in "Inactive" mode:
0.0 as PID output value (PidOutputSum)
0.0 as output value for heating (OutputHeat) and output value for cooling (OutputCool)
0 as analog output value for heating (OutputHeat_PER) and analog output value for cooling (Out-
putCool_PER)
FALSE as PWM output value for heating (OutputHeat_PWM) and PWM output value for cooling (Out-
putCool_PWM)
This does not depend on the configured output value limits and scaling in the structures Config.Output.Heat
and Config.Output.Cool.

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8.3 PID_Temp

State / Mode Description of operating mode

1 Pretuning
The pretuning determines the process response to a jump change of the output value and searches for the
point of inflection. The PID parameters are calculated from the maximum rate of rise and dead time of the
controlled system. You obtain the best PID parameters when you perform pretuning and fine tuning.
PID_Temp offers different pretuning types depending on the configuration:
Pretuning heating:

A jump change is output at the output value heating, the PID parameters for heating are calculated (Re-
tain.CtrlParams.Heat structure), and control to the setpoint then takes place in automatic mode.

If the process behavior strongly depends on the operating point, an adaptation of the delay time can be
activated at the setpoint with PIDSelfTune.SUT.AdaptDelayTime.
Pretuning heating and cooling:

A jump is output at the output value heating. As soon as the process value is close to the setpoint, a
jump change is output at the output value cooling. The PID parameters for heating (Re-
tain.CtrlParams.Heat structure) and cooling (Retain.CtrlParams.Cool structure) are calculated. Then,
control to the setpoint takes place in automatic mode.

If the process behavior strongly depends on the operating point, an adaptation of the delay time can be
activated at the setpoint with PIDSelfTune.SUT.AdaptDelayTime.

Depending on the effect of the cooling actuator compared to the heating actuator, the quality of tuning
can be influenced by whether or not the heating and cooling outputs are operated simultaneously during
tuning. You can specify this with PIDSelfTune.SUT.CoolingMode.
Pretuning cooling:

A jump change is output at the output value cooling and the PID parameters for cooling are calculated
(Struktur Retain.CtrlParams.Cool). Then, control to the setpoint takes place in automatic mode.
If you want to tune the PID parameters for heating and cooling, you can expect a better control response
with "Pretuning heating" followed by "Pretuning cooling" rather than with "Pretuning heating and cooling".
However, carrying out pretuning in two steps takes more time.

General requirements for pretuning:

The PID_Temp instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
Inactive (State = 0), manual mode (State = 4), or automatic mode (State = 3)
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits.

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8.3 PID_Temp

State / Mode Description of operating mode

1 Pretuning
The pretuning determines the process response to a jump change of the output value and searches for the
point of inflection. The PID parameters are calculated from the maximum rate of rise and dead time of the
controlled system. You obtain the best PID parameters when you perform pretuning and fine tuning.
PID_Temp offers different pretuning types depending on the configuration:
Pretuning heating:

A jump change is output at the output value heating, the PID parameters for heating are calculated (Re-
tain.CtrlParams.Heat structure), and control to the setpoint then takes place in automatic mode.

If the process behavior strongly depends on the operating point, an adaptation of the delay time can be
activated at the setpoint with PIDSelfTune.SUT.AdaptDelayTime.
Pretuning heating and cooling:

A jump is output at the output value heating. As soon as the process value is close to the setpoint, a
jump change is output at the output value cooling. The PID parameters for heating (Re-
tain.CtrlParams.Heat structure) and cooling (Retain.CtrlParams.Cool structure) are calculated. Then,
control to the setpoint takes place in automatic mode.

If the process behavior strongly depends on the operating point, an adaptation of the delay time can be
activated at the setpoint with PIDSelfTune.SUT.AdaptDelayTime.

Depending on the effect of the cooling actuator compared to the heating actuator, the quality of tuning
can be influenced by whether or not the heating and cooling outputs are operated simultaneously during
tuning. You can specify this with PIDSelfTune.SUT.CoolingMode.
Pretuning cooling:

A jump change is output at the output value cooling and the PID parameters for cooling are calculated
(Struktur Retain.CtrlParams.Cool). Then, control to the setpoint takes place in automatic mode.
If you want to tune the PID parameters for heating and cooling, you can expect a better control response
with "Pretuning heating" followed by "Pretuning cooling" rather than with "Pretuning heating and cooling".
However, carrying out pretuning in two steps takes more time.

General requirements for pretuning:

The PID_Temp instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
Inactive (State = 0), manual mode (State = 4), or automatic mode (State = 3)
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits.

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8.3 PID_Temp

State / Mode Description of operating mode

1 Requirements for pretuning heating:
Heat.EnableTuning = TRUE
Cool.EnableTuning = FALSE
The process value must not be too close to the setpoint.

|Setpoint - Input| > 0.3 * |Config.InputUpperLimit - Config.InputLowerLimit| and

|Setpoint - Input| > 0.5 * |Setpoint|

The setpoint is greater than the process value.

Setpoint > Input

Requirements for pretuning heating and cooling:

Heat.EnableTuning = TRUE
Cool.EnableTuning = TRUE
The cooling output is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
The PID parameter switching is activated (Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
The process value must not be too close to the setpoint.

|Setpoint - Input| > 0.3 * |Config.InputUpperLimit - Config.InputLowerLimit| and

|Setpoint - Input| > 0.5 * |Setpoint|

The setpoint is greater than the process value.
Setpoint > Input

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8.3 PID_Temp

State / Mode Description of operating mode

1 Requirements for pretuning cooling:
Heat.EnableTuning = FALSE
Cool.EnableTuning = TRUE
The cooling output is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
The PID parameter switching is activated (Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE).
A "pretuning heating" or "pretuning heating and cooling" has been successful (PIDSelf-
Tune.SUT.ProcParHeatOk = TRUE), if possible at the same setpoint.
The process value must be close to the setpoint.

|Setpoint - Input| < 0.05 * |Config.InputUpperLimit - Config.InputLowerLimit|

The more stable the process value is, the easier it is to calculate the PID parameters and the more precise
the result will be. Noise on the process value can be tolerated as long as the rate of rise of the process
value is significantly higher compared to the noise. This is most likely the case in operating modes "Inac-
tive" or "Manual mode".
The setpoint is frozen in the CurrentSetpoint tag. Tuning is canceled when:
Setpoint > CurrentSetpoint + CancelTuningLevel

or
Setpoint < CurrentSetpoint - CancelTuningLevel

The method for calculation of the PID parameters can be specified separately for heating and cooling with
PIDSelfTune.SUT.TuneRuleHeat and PIDSelfTune.SUT.TuneRuleCool.
Before the PID parameters are recalculated, they are backed up in the CtrlParamsBackUp structure and
can be reactivated with LoadBackUp.
After successful pretuning, the switch is made to automatic mode.
After unsuccessful pretuning, the switch to the mode is determined by ActivateRecoverMode.
The phase of pretuning is indicated with PIDSelfTune.SUT.State.

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8.3 PID_Temp

State / Mode Description of operating mode

2 Fine tuning
Fine tuning generates a constant, limited oscillation of the process value. The PID parameters are tuned for
the operating point from the amplitude and frequency of this oscillation. PID parameters from fine tuning
usually have better master control and disturbance characteristics than PID parameters from pretuning. You
obtain the best PID parameters when you perform pretuning and fine tuning.
PID_Temp automatically attempts to generate an oscillation greater than the noise of the process value.
Fine tuning is only minimally influenced by the stability of the process value.
PID_Temp offers different fine tuning types depending on the configuration:
Fine tuning heating:

PID_Temp generates an oscillation of the process value with periodic changes at the output value heat-
ing and calculates the PID parameters for heating (Struktur Retain.CtrlParams.Heat).
Fine tuning cooling:

PID_Temp generates an oscillation of the process value with periodic changes at the output value cool-
ing and calculates the PID parameters for cooling (Struktur Retain.CtrlParams.Cool).

Temporary tuning offset for heating/cooling controllers

If PID_Temp is used as heating/cooling controller (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE), the PID output value
(PidOutputSum) at the setpoint must meet the following requirements for a process value oscillation to be
generated and fine tuning to be successful:
Positive PID output value for fine tuning heating
Negative PID output value for fine tuning cooling
If this requirement is not met, you can define a temporary offset for fine tuning which is output at the output
with the opposite effect:
Offset for cooling output (PIDSelfTune.TIR.OutputOffsetCool) with fine tuning heating.

Define a negative tuning offset cooling which is less than the PID output value (PidOutputSum) at the
setpoint in the steady state before you start tuning.
Offset for heating output (PIDSelfTune.TIR.OutputOffsetHeat) with fine tuning cooling.

Define a positive tuning offset heating which is greater than the PID output value (PidOutputSum) at the
setpoint in the steady state before you start tuning.
The defined offset is balanced by the PID algorithm so that the process value remains at the setpoint. The
height of the offset allows the PID output value to be adapted correspondingly so that it fulfills the require-
ment mentioned above.
To avoid larger overshoots of the process value when defining the offset, it can also be increased in several
steps.
If PID_Temp exits the fine tuning mode, the tuning offset is reset.

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8.3 PID_Temp

State / Mode Description of operating mode

2 Example for definition of an offset for fine tuning cooling:
Without offset:
Setpoint = Process value (ScaledInput) = 80C
PID output value (PidOutputSum) = 30.0
Output value heating (OutputHeat) = 30.0
Output value cooling (OutputCool) = 0.0
Oscillation of the process value around the setpoint cannot be generated with the cooling output
alone.

Fine tuning would fail here.

With definition of an offset for heating output (PIDSelfTune.TIR.OutputOffsetHeat) = 80.0
Setpoint = process value (ScaledInput) = 80C
PID output value (PidOutputSum) = -50.0
Output value heating (OutputHeat) = 80.0
Output value cooling (OutputCool) = -50.0
By defining an offset for the heating output, the cooling output can now create an oscillation of the
process value around the setpoint.

Fine tuning can now be carried out successfully.

General requirements for fine tuning:

The PID_Temp instruction is called in a cyclic interrupt OB.
No disturbances are expected.
The setpoint and the process value lie within the configured limits.
The control loop has stabilized at the operating point. The operating point is reached when the process
value corresponds to the setpoint.

When the dead zone is switched on, the result can be a permanent control deviation (deviation between
setpoint and actual value). This can have a negative effect on fine tuning.
ManualEnable = FALSE
Reset = FALSE
Automatic (State = 3), inactive (State = 0) or manual (State = 4) mode

Requirements for fine tuning heating:

Heat.EnableTuning = TRUE
Cool.EnableTuning = FALSE
If PID_Temp is configured as heating/cooling controller (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE), the heating
output must be active at the operating point at which tuning is to take place (PidOutputSum > 0.0 (see
tuning offset)).

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8.3 PID_Temp

State / Mode Description of operating mode

2 Requirements for fine tuning cooling:
Heat.EnableTuning = FALSE
Cool.EnableTuning = TRUE
The cooling output is activated (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE).
The PID parameter switching is activated (Config.AdvancedCooling = TRUE)
The cooling output must be active at the operating point at which tuning is to take place (PidOutputSum
< 0.0 (see tuning offset)).

The course of fine tuning is determined by the mode from which it is started:
Automatic mode (State = 3) with PIDSelfTune.TIR.RunIn = FALSE (default)

Start fine tuning from automatic mode if you wish to improve the existing PID parameters through tuning.

PID_Temp controls the system using the existing PID parameters until the control loop has stabilized
and the requirements for fine tuning have been met. Only then will fine tuning start.
Inactive (State = 0), manual mode (State = 4), or automatic mode (State = 3) with PIDSelf-
Tune.TIR.RunIn = TRUE

Attempts are made to reach the setpoint with the minimum or maximum output value:
with minimum or maximum output value heating for fine tuning heating
With minimum or maximum output value cooling for fine tuning cooling.
This can produce increased overshoot. Fine tuning starts when the setpoint is reached.

If the setpoint cannot be reached, PID_Temp does not automatically abort tuning.

The setpoint is frozen in the CurrentSetpoint tag. Tuning is canceled when:

Setpoint > CurrentSetpoint + CancelTuningLevel

or
Setpoint < CurrentSetpoint - CancelTuningLevel
The method for calculation of the PID parameters can be specified separately for heating and cooling with
PIDSelfTune.TIR.TuneRuleHeat and PIDSelfTune.TIR.TuneRuleCool.
Before the PID parameters are recalculated, they are backed up in the CtrlParamsBackUp structure and
can be reactivated with LoadBackUp.
The controller changes to automatic mode after successful fine tuning.
After unsuccessful fine tuning, the switch to the mode is determined by ActivateRecoverMode.
The "Fine tuning" phase is indicated with PIDSelfTune.TIR.State.
3 Automatic mode
In automatic mode, PID_Temp corrects the controlled system in accordance with the parameters specified.
The controller switches to automatic mode if one the following requirements is met:
Pretuning successfully completed
Fine tuning successfully completed
Changing of the Mode in-out parameter to the value 3 and a rising edge at ModeActivate.
The switchover from automatic mode to manual mode is only bumpless if carried out in the commissioning
editor.
The ActivateRecoverMode tag is taken into consideration in automatic mode.

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8.3 PID_Temp

State / Mode Description of operating mode

4 Manual mode
In manual mode, you specify a manual PID output value in the ManualValue parameter. The values at the
outputs for heating and cooling resulting from this manual value are the result of the configured output scal-
ing.
You can also activate this operating mode using ManualEnable = TRUE. We recommend that you change
the operating mode using Mode and ModeActivate only.
The switchover from manual mode to automatic mode is bumpless.
The ActivateRecoverMode tag is taken into consideration in manual mode.
5 Substitute output value with error monitoring
The control algorithm is deactivated. The SetSubstituteOutput tag determines which PID output value (Pi-
dOutputSum) is output in this operating mode.
SetSubstituteOutput = FALSE: Last valid PID output value
SetSubstituteOutput = TRUE: Substitute output value (SubstituteOutput)
You cannot activate this operating mode using Mode = 5.
In the event of an error, it is activated instead of "Inactive" operating mode if all the following conditions are
met:
Automatic mode (State = 3)
ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE
One or more errors have occurred in which ActivateRecoverMode is effective.
As soon as the errors are no longer pending, PID_Temp switches back to automatic mode.

ENO characteristics
If State = 0, then ENO = FALSE.
If State 0, then ENO = TRUE.

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8.3 PID_Temp

Automatic switchover of operating mode during commissioning

Automatic mode is activated following successful pretuning or fine tuning. The following table
shows how Mode and State change during successful pretuning.

Cycle no. Mode State Action

0 4 4 Set Mode = 1
1 1 4 Set ModeActivate = TRUE
1 4 1 Value of State is saved in Mode parameter
Pretuning is started
n 4 1 Pretuning successfully completed
n 3 3 Automatic mode is started

PID_Temp automatically switches the operating mode in the event of an error.

The following table shows how Mode and State change during pretuning with errors.

Cycle no. Mode State Action

0 4 4 Set Mode = 1
1 1 4 Set ModeActivate = TRUE
1 4 1 Value of State is saved in Mode parameter
Pretuning is started
n 4 1 Pretuning canceled
n 4 4 Manual mode is started

If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter is
activated. When you start pretuning or fine tuning, PID_Temp has saved the value of State in
the Mode in-out parameter. This means PID_Temp switches to the mode from which tuning
was started.
If ActivateRecoverMode = FALSE, the system switches to "Inactive" operating mode.

See also
Output parameters of PID_Temp (Page 403)
In/out parameters of PID_Temp V2 (Page 405)

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8.3 PID_Temp

8.3.3.8 PID_Temp ErrorBits parameter

If several errors are pending simultaneously, the values of the ErrorBits are displayed with
binary addition. The display of ErrorBits = 0000003h, for example, indicates that the errors
0000001h and 0000002h are pending simultaneously.

ErrorBits Description
(DW#16#...)
0000000 There is no error.
0000001 The "Input" parameter is outside the process value limits.
Input > Config.InputUpperLimit or
Input < Config.InputLowerLimit
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp
remains in automatic mode.
If manual mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp
remains in manual mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Temp switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0000002 Invalid value at "Input_PER" parameter. Check whether an error is pending at the analog input.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp
outputs the configured substitute output value. As soon as the error is no longer pending, PID_Temp
switches back to automatic mode.
If manual mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp
remains in manual mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Temp switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0000004 Error during fine tuning. Oscillation of the process value could not be maintained.
If PID_Temp is used as heating-cooling controller (Config.ActivateCooling = TRUE), to be able to gen-
erate actual value oscillation, the PID output value (PidOutputSum) at the setpoint must be
positive for fine tuning heating
negative for fine tuning cooling
If this requirement is not met, use the tuning offsets ( PIDSelfTune.TIR.OutputOffsetCool and PIDSelf-
Tune.TIR.OutputOffsetHeat tags), see Fine tuning (Page 192).
If ActivateRecoverMode was = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and
switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0000008 Error at start of pretuning. The process value is too close to the setpoint or greater than the setpoint.
Start fine tuning.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0000010 The setpoint was changed during tuning.
You can set the permitted fluctuation of the setpoint at the CancelTuningLevel tag.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0000020 Pretuning is not permitted during fine tuning.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp remains in fine tuning mode.
0000040 Error during pretuning. Cooling could not reduce the process value.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.

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8.3 PID_Temp

ErrorBits Description
(DW#16#...)
0000100 Error during fine tuning resulted in invalid parameters.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0000200 Invalid value at "Input" parameter: Value has an invalid number format.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp
outputs the configured substitute output value. As soon as the error is no longer pending, PID_Temp
switches back to automatic mode.
If manual mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp
remains in manual mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Temp switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0000400 Calculation of output value failed. Check the PID parameters.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp
outputs the configured substitute output value. As soon as the error is no longer pending, PID_Temp
switches back to automatic mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Temp switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0000800 Sampling time error: PID_Temp is not called within the sampling time of the cyclic interrupt OB.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp
remains in automatic mode.
If manual mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp
remains in manual mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Temp switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
If this error occurred during simulation with PLCSIM, see the notes under Simulating PID_Temp with
PLCSIM (Page 213).
0001000 Invalid value at "Setpoint" parameter or "SubstituteSetpoint": Value has an invalid number format.
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp
outputs the configured substitute output value. As soon as the error is no longer pending, PID_Temp
switches back to automatic mode.
If manual mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp
remains in manual mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Temp switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0010000 Invalid value at ManualValue parameter. Value has an invalid number format.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp remains in manual mode and
uses SubstituteOutput as PID output value. As soon as you specify a valid value in ManualValue,
PID_Temp uses it as the PID output value.
0020000 Invalid value at SubstituteOutput tag. Value has an invalid number format.
PID_Temp remains in the "Substitute output value with error monitoring" mode or manual mode and
uses the low limit of the PID output value for heating (Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit) as PID output
value.
As soon as you specify a valid value in SubstituteOutput, PID_Temp uses it as the PID output value.

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ErrorBits Description
(DW#16#...)
0040000 Invalid value at Disturbance parameter. Value has an invalid number format.
If automatic mode was active and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, Disturbance
is set to zero. PID_Temp remains in automatic mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Temp switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter. If Disturbance
in the current phase has no effect on the output value, tuning is not be canceled.
0200000 Error in master in the cascade: Slaves are not in automatic mode or have activated substitute setpoint
and prevent tuning of the master.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0400000 Pretuning heating is not permitted while cooling is active.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
0800000 The process value must be close to the setpoint to start pretuning cooling.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
1000000 Error at start of tuning: Heat.EnableTuning and Cool.EnableTuning are not set or do not match the con-
figuration.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
2000000 Pretuning cooling requires successful pretuning heating.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
4000000 Error at start of fine tuning: Heat.EnableTuning and Cool.EnableTuning must not be set simultaneously.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE before the error occurred, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and switches
to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.
8000000 Error during calculation of the PID parameters resulted in invalid parameters.
The invalid parameters are discarded and the original PID parameters are retained unchanged.
We can distinguish between the following cases:
If automatic mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE,
PID_Temp remains in automatic mode.
If manual mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp
remains in manual mode.
If pretuning or fine tuning mode was active before the error occurred and ActivateRecoverMode =
TRUE, PID_Temp switches to the operating mode that is saved in the Mode parameter.

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8.3 PID_Temp

8.3.3.9 PID_Temp ActivateRecoverMode tag

The ActivateRecoverMode tag determines the reaction to error. The Error parameter
indicates if an error is pending. When the error is no longer pending, Error = FALSE. The
ErrorBits parameter shows which errors have occurred.

Automatic mode and manual mode

NOTICE
Your system may be damaged.
If ActivateRecoverMode = TRUE, PID_Temp remains in automatic mode or in manual
mode even if there is an error and the process limit values are exceeded.
This may damage your system.
It is essential to configure how your controlled system reacts in the event of an error to
protect your system from damage.

ActivateRecov- Description
erMode
FALSE PID_Temp switches to "Inactive" mode in the event of an error. The controller is only activated by a
falling edge at Reset or a rising edge at ModeActivate.
TRUE Automatic mode
If errors occur frequently in automatic mode, this setting has a negative effect on the control response,
because PID_Temp switches between the calculated PID output value and the substitute output value
at each error. In this case, check the ErrorBits parameter and eliminate the cause of the error.
If one or several of the following errors occur and automatic mode was active before the error occurred,
PID_Temp remains in automatic mode:
0000001h: The "Input" parameter is outside the process value limits.
0000800h: Sampling time error
0040000h: Invalid value at Disturbance parameter.
8000000h: Error during calculation of the PID parameters

If one or several of the following errors occur and automatic mode was active before the error occurred,
PID_Temp switches to "Substitute output value with error monitoring" mode:
0000002h: Invalid value at Input_PER parameter.
0000200h: Invalid value at Input parameter.
0000400h: Calculation of output value failed.
0001000h: Invalid value at Setpoint parameter or SubstituteSetpoint.

As soon as the errors are no longer pending, PID_Temp switches back to automatic mode.
If the following error occurs in "Substitute output value with error monitoring" mode, PID_Temp sets the
PID output value to Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit as long as this error is pending:
0020000h: Invalid value at SubstituteOutput tag. Value has an invalid number format.

This behavior is independent of SetSubstituteOutput.

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8.3 PID_Temp

ActivateRecov- Description
erMode
TRUE Manual mode
If one or several errors occur and manual mode was active before the error occurred, PID_Temp re-
mains in manual mode.
If the following error occurs in manual mode, as long as this error is pending, PID_Temp sets the
PID output value to SubstituteOutput:
0010000h: Invalid value at ManualValue parameter. Value has an invalid number format.
If the error 0010000h is pending in manual mode and the following error occurs, PID_Temp sets the
PID output value to Config.Output.Heat.PidLowerLimit as long as this error is pending:
0020000h: Invalid value at SubstituteOutput tag. Value has an invalid number format.
This behavior is independent of SetSubstituteOutput.

Pretuning and fine tuning

ActivateRecov- Description
erMode
FALSE PID_Temp switches to "Inactive" mode in the event of an error. The controller is only activated by a
falling edge at Reset or a rising edge at ModeActivate.
TRUE If the following error occurs, PID_Temp remains in the active mode:
0000020h: Pretuning is not permitted during fine tuning.
The following errors are ignored:
0010000h: Invalid value at ManualValue parameter.
0020000h: Invalid value at SubstituteOutput tag.
When any other error occurs, PID_Temp cancels the tuning and switches to the mode from which tuning
was started.

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8.3 PID_Temp

8.3.3.10 PID_Temp Warning tag

If several warnings are pending simultaneously, the values of the Warning tag are displayed
with binary addition. If the warning 0000003h is displayed, for example, the warnings
0000001h and 0000002h are pending simultaneously.

Warning Description
(DW#16#....)
0000000 No warning pending.
0000001 The point of inflection was not found during pretuning.
0000004 The setpoint was limited to the configured limits.
0000008 Not all the necessary controlled system properties were defined for the selected method of calculation.
Instead, the PID parameters were calculated using the method TIR.TuneRuleHeat = 3 or
TIR.TuneRuleCool = 3.
0000010 The operating mode could not be changed because Reset = TRUE or ManualEnable = TRUE.
0000020 The cycle time of the calling OB limits the sampling time of the PID algorithm.
Improve results by using shorter OB cycle times.
0000040 The process value exceeded one of its warning limits.
0000080 Invalid value at Mode. The operating mode is not switched.
0000100 The manual value was limited to the limits of the PID output value.
0000200 The specified rule for tuning is not supported. No PID parameters are calculated.
0001000 The substitute output value cannot be reached because it is outside the output value limits.
0004000 The specified selection of the output value for heating and/or cooling is not supported.
Only the output OutputHeat or OutputCool is used.
0008000 Invalid value at PIDSelfTune.SUT.AdaptDelayTime. The default value 0 is used.
0010000 Invalid value at PIDSelfTune.SUT.CoolingMode. The default value 0 is used.
0020000 The activation of cooling (Config.ActivateCooling tag) is not supported by the controller that is used as
master (Config.Cascade.IsMaster tag). PID_Temp works as heating controller.
Set the Config.ActivateCooling tag to FALSE.
0040000 Invalid value at Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Gain, Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Gain oder Config.CoolFactor.
PID_Temp supports only positive values for proportional gain (heating and cooling) and cooling factor.
Automatic mode remains active with PID output value 0.0. The integral component is stopped.

The following warnings are deleted as soon as the cause has been remedied or you repeat
the action with valid parameters:
0000001h
0000004h
0000008h
0000040h
0000100h
All other warnings are cleared with a rising edge at Reset or ErrorAck.

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8.3.3.11 PwmPeriode tag

If the PID algorithm sampling time (Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle or
Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle) and thus the time period of the pulse width modulation is very
high when you use OutputHeat_PWM or OutputCool_PWM, you can define a deviating
shorter time period at the Config.Output.Heat.PwmPeriode or
Config.Output.Cool.PwmPeriode parameters to improve the smoothness of the process
value.

Time period of the pulse width modulation at OutputHeat_PWM

Time period of the PWM at output OutputHeat_PWM depending on
Config.Output.Heat.PwmPeriode:
Heat.PwmPeriode = 0.0 (default)
The sampling time of the PID algorithm for heating (Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle) is
used as time period of the PWM.
Heat.PwmPeriode > 0.0
The value is rounded off to an integer multiple of the PID_Temp sampling time
(CycleTime.Value) and used as time period of the PWM.
The value must meet the following conditions:
Heat.PwmPeriode Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle
Heat.PwmPeriode > Config.Output.Heat.MinimumOnTime
Heat.PwmPeriode > Config.Output.Heat.MinimumOffTime

Time period of the pulse width modulation at OutputCool_PWM

Time period of the PWM at output OutputCool_PWM depending on
Config.Output.Cool.PwmPeriode and the method for heating/cooling:
Cool.PwmPeriode = 0.0 and cooling factor (Config.AdvancedCooling = FALSE):
The sampling time of the PID algorithm for heating (Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle) is
used as time period of the PWM.
Cool.PwmPeriode = 0.0 and PID parameter switching (Config.AdvancedCooling =
TRUE):
The sampling time of the PID algorithm for cooling (Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Cycle) is
used as time period of the PWM.
Cool.PwmPeriode > 0.0:
The value is rounded off to an integer multiple of the PID_Temp sampling time
(CycleTime.Value) and used as time period of the PWM.
The value must meet the following conditions:
Cool.PwmPeriode Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Cycle or Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle
Cool.PwmPeriode > Config.Output.Cool.MinimumOnTime
Cool.PwmPeriode > Config.Output.Cool.MinimumOffTime

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Config.Output.Cool.PwmPeriode is only effective if the cooling output is activated

(Config.ActivateCooling =TRUE).
When you use PwmPeriode, the accuracy of the PWM output signal is determined by the
relationship of PwmPeriode to the PID_Temp sampling time (cycle time of the OB).
PwmPeriode should be at least 10 times the PID_Temp sampling time.
If the sampling time of the PID algorithm is not an integer multiple of PwmPeriode, each last
period of the PWM within the sampling time of the PID algorithm is extended accordingly.

Example for OutputHeat_PWM

PID_Temp sampling time = 100.0 ms (cycle time of the calling cyclic interrupt OB, CycleTime.Value tag)
PID algorithm sampling time = 2000.0 ms (Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Cycle tag)
Time period of the PWM for heating = 600.0 ms (Config.Output.Heat.PwmPeriode tag)

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8.3.3.12 IntegralResetMode tag

The IntegralResetMode tag determines how the integral action PIDCtrl.IOutputOld is pre-
assigned:
When switching from "Inactive" operating mode to "Automatic mode"
With edge TRUE -> FALSE at parameter Reset and parameter Mode = 3
This setting only works for one cycle and is only effective if the integral action is activated
(Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.Ti and Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.Ti > 0.0 tags).

IntegralReset- Description
Mode
0 Smooth
The value of PIDCtrl.IOutputOld is pre-assigned so that the switchover is bumpless, which means "Au-
tomatic mode" starts with the output value = 0.0 (parameter PidOutputSum) and there is no jump of the
output value regardless of the control deviation (setpoint process value).
1 Delete
We recommend setting the weighting of the proportional action (Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.PWeighting
and Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.PWeighting tags) to 1.0 if this option is used.
The value of PIDCtrl.IOutputOld is deleted. Any control deviation will cause a jump of the PID output
value. The direction of the output value jump depends on the active weighting of the proportional action
(Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.PWeighting and Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.PWeighting tags) and the control
deviation:
Active proportional action weighting = 1.0:

Output value jump and control deviation have identical signs.

Example: If the process value value is smaller than the setpoint (positive control deviation), the
PID output value jumps to a positive value.
Active proportional action weighting < 1.0:

For large control deviations, the PID output value jump and control deviation have identical signs.
Example: If the process value is much smaller than the setpoint (positive control deviation), the
PID output value jumps to a positive value.

For small control deviations, the PID output value jump and control deviation have different signs.
Example: If the process value is just below the setpoint (positive control deviation), the PID output
value jumps to a negative value. This is usually not desirable, because it results in a temporary in-
crease in the control deviation.

The smaller the configured weighting of the proportional action, the greater the control deviation
must be to receive a PID output value jump with identical sign.
We recommend setting the weighting of the proportional action (Retain.CtrlParams.Heat.PWeighting
and Retain.CtrlParams.Cool.PWeighting tags) to 1.0 when this option is used. Otherwise, you may
experience the undesirable behavior described for small control deviations. Alternatively, you can also
use IntegralResetMode = 4. This option guarantees identical signs of the PID output value jump and
control deviation independent of the configured weighting of the proportional action and the control
deviation.
2 Hold
The value of PIDCtrl.IOutputOld is not changed. You can define a new value using the user program.

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IntegralReset- Description
Mode
3 Pre-assign
The value of PIDCtrl.IOutputOld is automatically pre-assigned as if PidOutputSum = OverwriteI-
nitialOutputValue in the last cycle.
4 Like setpoint change (only for PID_Temp with version 1.1)
The value of PIDCtrl.IOutputOld is automatically pre-assigned so that a similar PID output value jump
results as for a PI controller in automatic mode in case of a setpoint change from the current process
value to the current setpoint.
Any control deviation will cause a jump of the PID output value. The PID output value jump and control
deviation have identical signs.
Example: If the process value value is smaller than the setpoint (positive control deviation), the
PID output value jumps to a positive value. This is independent of the configured weighting of the pro-
portional action and the control deviation.

If IntegralResetMode is assigned a value outside the valid value range, PID_Temp behaves
as with the pre-assignment of IntegralResetMode:
PID_Temp up to V1.0: IntegralResetMode = 1
PID_Temp as of V1.1: IntegralResetMode = 4

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8.3.4 CPU processing time and memory requirement PID_Temp V1

CPU processing time

Typical CPU processing times of the PID_Temp technology object as of Version 1.0,
depending on CPU type.

CPU Typ. CPU processing time PID_Temp V1

CPU 1211C V4.1 580 s
CPU 1215C V4.1 580 s
CPU 1217C V4.1 580 s
CPU 1505S V1.0 50 s
CPU 1510SP-1 PN V1.7 130 s
CPU 1511-1 PN V1.7 130 s
CPU 1512SP-1 PN V1.7 130 s
CPU 1516-3 PN/DP V1.7 75 s
CPU 1518-4 PN/DP V1.7 6 s

Memory requirement
Memory requirement of an instance DB of the PID_Temp technology object as of Version
V1.0.

Memory requirement of the instance DB

of PID_Temp V1
Load memory requirement Approx. 17000 bytes
Total work memory requirement 1280 bytes
Retentive work memory requirement 100 bytes

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8.4 PID basic functions

8.4.1 CONT_C

8.4.1.1 Description CONT_C

The CONT_C instruction is used on SIMATIC S7 automation systems to control technical
processes with continuous input and output variables. You can assign parameters to enable
or disable sub-functions of the PID controller and adapt it to the process. In addition to the
functions in the setpoint and process value branches, the instruction implements a complete
PID controller with continuous output value output and the option of manually influencing the
value of the output value.

Application
You can use the controller as a PID fixed setpoint controller, or in multi-loop control systems,
also as a cascade, blending or ratio controller. The functions of the controller are based on
the PID control algorithm of the sampling controller with an analog signal, if necessary
extended by including a pulse shaper stage to generate pulse-width modulated output
signals for two or three step controllers with proportional actuators.

Call
The CONT_C instruction has an initialization routine that is run through when input
parameter COM_RST = TRUE is set. During initialization, the integral action is set to the
initialization value I_ITVAL. All the signal outputs are set to zero. COM_RST = FALSE has to
be set after the initialization routine has been completed.
The calculation of the values in the control blocks is only correct if the block is called at
regular intervals. You should therefore call the control blocks in a cyclic interrupt OB (OB 30
to OB 38). Enter the sampling time in the CYCLE parameter.
If you call the instruction CONT_C as a multiple instance DB, no technology object is
created. No parameter assignment interface or commissioning interface is available. You
must assign parameters for CONT_C directly in the multiple instance DB and commission it
via a watch table.

Error information
The error message word RET_VAL is not evaluated by the block.

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8.4.1.2 How CONT_C works

Setpoint branch
The setpoint is entered in floating-point format at the SP_INT input.

Process value branch

The process value can be input in I/O or floating-point format. The function CRP_IN converts
the I/O value PV_PER to a floating-point format -100 to +100 % in accordance with the
following rule:
Output of CRP_IN = PV_PER * 100 / 27648
The PV_NORM function scales the output of CRP_IN according to the following rule:
Output of PV_NORM = (output of CRP_IN) *PV_FAC + PV_OFF
PV_FAC has a default of 1 and PV_OFF a default of 0.

Forming the error signal

The difference between the setpoint and process value is the error signal. To suppress a
minor sustained oscillation due to manipulated variable quantization (e.g. with a pulse width
modulation with PULSEGEN), the error signal is applied to a dead band (DEADBAND). With
DEADB_W = 0, the dead band is switched off.

PID Algorithm
The PID algorithm operates as a position algorithm. The proportional, integral (INT), and
differential (DIF) actions are connected in parallel and can be activated or deactivated
individually. This allows P, PI, PD, and PID controllers to be configured. Pure I controllers
are also possible.

Manual value processing

It is possible to switch over between manual and automatic mode. In manual mode, the
manipulated variable is corrected to a manually selected value.
The integral action (INT) is set internally to LMN - LMN_P - DISV and the derivative action
(DIF) is set to 0 and synchronized internally. Changeover to automatic mode is therefore
bumpless.

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Manipulated value processing

You can use the LMNLIMIT function to limit the manipulated value to selected values. Alarm
bits indicate when a limit is exceeded by the input variable.
The LMN_NORM function normalizes the output of LMNLIMIT according to the following
rule:
LMN = (output of LMNLIMIT) * LMN_FAC + LMN_OFF
LMN_FAC has a default of 1 and LMN_OFF a default of 0.
The manipulated value is also available in I/O format. The CRP_OUT function converts the
LMN floating-point value to a I/O value according to the following rule:
LMN_PER = LMN * 27648 / 100

Feedforward control
A disturbance variable can be added at the DISV input.

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8.4.1.3 CONT_C block diagram

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8.4.1.4 Input parameter CONT_C

Table 8- 13

Parameters Data Default Description

type
COM_RST BOOL FALSE The instruction has an initialization routine that is processed when the "Restart" input is
set.
MAN_ON BOOL TRUE If the input "Enable manual mode" is set then the control loop is interrupted. A manual
value is set as the manipulated value.
PVPER_ON BOOL FALSE If the process value is to be read in from the I/Os, the PV_PER input must be intercon-
nected with the I/Os and the "Enable process value I/Os" input must be set.
P_SEL BOOL TRUE The PID actions can be switched on and off individually in the PID algorithm. P-action is
on when the "Enable P-action" input is set.
I_SEL BOOL TRUE The PID actions can be switched on and off individually in the PID algorithm. I action is
on when the input "I-action on" is set.
INT_HOLD BOOL FALSE The output of the integral action can be frozen. For this the input "I-action hold" must be
set.
I_ITL_ON BOOL FALSE The output of the integral action can be set at the I_ITLVAL input. For this the input "Set
I-action" must be set.
D_SEL BOOL FALSE The PID actions can be switched on and off individually in the PID algorithm. D-action is
on when the input "Enable D-action" is set.
CYCLE TIME T#1s The time between block calls must be constant. The "Sampling time" input specifies the
time between block calls.
CYCLE >= 1ms
SP_INT REAL 0.0 The input "Internal setpoint" is used to specify a setpoint.
Permissible are values from -100 to 100 % or a physical variable 1).
PV_IN REAL 0.0 At the "Process value input" you can assign parameters to a commissioning value or
you can interconnect an external process value in floating-point format.
Permissible are values from -100 to 100 % or a physical variable 1).
PV_PER WORD W#16# The process value in I/O format is interconnected with the controller at the "Process
0000 value I/0" input.
MAN REAL 0.0 The "Manual value" input is used to set a manual value using the operator interface
functions.
Permissible are values from -100 to 100 % or a physical variable 2).
GAIN REAL 2.0 The "Proportional gain" input specifies controller amplification.
TI TIME T#20s The "Integration time" input determines the time response of the integral action.
TI >= CYCLE
TD TIME T#10s The "Derivative action time" input determines the time response of the derivative action.
TD >= CYCLE
TM_LAG TIME T#2s Time lag of the D-action
The algorithm of the D-action contains a delay for which parameters can be assigned at
the input "Time lag of the D-action".
TM_LAG >= CYCLE/2
DEADB_W REAL 0.0 A dead band is applied to the system deviation. The "Dead band width" input deter-
mines the size of the dead band.
DEADB_W >= 0.0 (%) or a physical variable 1)

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Parameters Data Default Description

type
LMN_HLM REAL 100.0 The manipulated value is always restricted to a high limit and low limit. The "High limit of
manipulated value" input specifies the high limit.
Permissible are real values starting at LMN_LLM or a physical variable 2).
LMN_LLM REAL 0.0 The manipulated value is always restricted to a high limit and low limit. The "Low limit of
manipulated value" input specifies the low limit.
Permissible are real values up to LMN_HLM or a physical variable 2).
PV_FAC REAL 1.0 The "Process value factor" input is multiplied by the process value. The input is used to
scale the process value range.
PV_OFF REAL 0.0 The input "Process value offset" is added to the process value. The input is used to
scale the process value range.
LMN_FAC REAL 1.0 The "Manipulated value factor" input is multiplied with the manipulated value. The input
is used to scale the manipulated value range.
LMN_OFF REAL 0.0 The input "Manipulated value offset" is added to the process value. The input is used to
scale the manipulated value range.
I_ITLVAL REAL 0.0 The output of the integral action can be set at the I_ITL_ON input. The initialization value
is applied to the input "Initialization value of the I-action."
Permissible are values of -100.0 to 100.0 (%) or a physical variable 2).
DISV REAL 0.0 For feedforward control, the disturbance variable is interconnected to the "Disturbance
variable" input.
Permissible are values of -100.0 to 100.0 (%) or a physical variable 2).

1) Parameters in the setpoint and process value branches with the same unit
2) Parameters in the manipulated value branch with the same unit

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8.4.1.5 Output parameters CONT_C

Table 8- 14

Parameter Data Default Description

type
LMN REAL 0.0 The effective "Manipulated value" is output in floating point format at the "Manipulated
value" output.
LMN_PER WORD W#16# The manipulated value in I/O format is interconnected on the input "Manipulated value
0000 I/O" with the controller.
QLMN_HLM BOOL FALSE The manipulated value is always restricted to a high limit and low limit. The output "High
limit of manipulated value reached" indicates that the high limit has been reached.
QLMN_LLM BOOL FALSE The manipulated value is always restricted to a high limit and low limit. The output "Low
limit of manipulated value reached" indicates that the low limit has been reached.
LMN_P REAL 0.0 The "P-action" output contains the proportional action of the manipulated variable.
LMN_I REAL 0.0 The "I-action" output contains the integral action of the manipulated variable.
LMN_D REAL 0.0 The "D-action" output contains the derivative action of the manipulated variable.
PV REAL 0.0 The effective process value is output at the "Process value" output.
ER REAL 0.0 The effective system deviation is output at the "Error signal" output.

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8.4.2 CONT_S

8.4.2.1 Description CONT_S

The CONT_S instruction is used on SIMATIC S7 automation systems to control technical
processes with binary output value output signals for actuators with integrating behavior.
During parameter assignment, you can activate or deactivate sub-functions of the PI step
controller to adapt the controller to the controlled system. In addition to the functions in the
process value branch, the instruction implements a complete proportional-plus-integral-
action controller with binary output value output and the option of manually influencing the
value of the output value. The step controller operates without a position feedback signal.

Application
You can use the controller as a PI fixed setpoint controller or in secondary control loops in
cascade, blending or ratio controllers, however you cannot use it as the primary controller.
The functions of the controller are based on the PI control algorithm of the sampling
controller supplemented by the functions for generating the binary output signal from the
analog actuating signal.

Call
The CONT_S instruction has an initialization routine that is run through when input
parameter COM_RST = TRUE is set. All the signal outputs are set to zero. COM_RST =
FALSE has to be set after the initialization routine has been completed.
The calculation of the values in the control blocks is only correct if the block is called at
regular intervals. You should therefore call the control blocks in a cyclic interrupt OB (OB 30
to OB 38). Enter the sampling time in the CYCLE parameter.
If you call the instruction CONT_S as a multiple instance DB, no technology object is
created. No parameter assignment interface or commissioning interface is available. You
must assign parameters for CONT_S directly in the multiple instance DB and commission it
via a watch table.

Error information
The error message word RET_VAL is not evaluated by the block.

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8.4.2.2 Mode of operation CONT_S

Setpoint branch
The setpoint is entered in floating-point format at the SP_INT input.

Process value branch

The process value can be input in I/O or floating-point format. The function CRP_IN converts
the I/O value PV_PER to a floating-point format -100 to +100 % in accordance with the
following rule:
Output of CRP_IN = PV_PER * 100 / 27648
The PV_NORM function normalizes the output of CRP_IN according to the following rule:
Output of PV_NORM = (output of CRP_IN) * PV_FAC + PV_OFF
PV_FAC has a default of 1 and PV_OFF a default of 0.

Forming the error signal

The difference between the setpoint and process value is the error signal. To suppress a
small constant oscillation due to the manipulated variable quantization (for example, due to a
limited resolution of the manipulated value by the control valve), a dead band is applied to
the error signal (DEADBAND). With DEADB_W = 0, the dead band is switched off.

PI step algorithm
The instruction operates without position feedback. The I-action of the PI algorithm and the
assumed position feedback signal are calculated in one integral action (INT) and compared
with the remaining P-action as a feedback value. The difference is applied to a three-step
element (THREE_ST) and a pulse shaper (PULSEOUT) that generates the pulses for the
control valve. The switching frequency of the controller can be reduced by adapting the
response threshold of the three-step element.

Feedforward control
A disturbance variable can be added at the DISV input.

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8.4.2.3 Block diagram CONT_S

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8.4.2.4 Input parameters CONT_S

Table 8- 15

Parameters Data Default Description

type
COM_RST BOOL FALSE The block has an initialization routine that is processed when the "Restart" input is set.
LMNR_HS BOOL FALSE The signal "Control valve at high endstop" is interconnected at the input "High endstop
signal of position feedback". LMNR_HS=TRUE means: The control valve is at high
endstop.
LMNR_LS BOOL FALSE The signal "Control valve at low endstop" is interconnected on the input "Low endstop
signal of position feedback". LMNR_LS=TRUE means The control valve is at low end-
stop.
LMNS_ON BOOL FALSE Manipulated value signal processing is switched to manual mode at the "Enable manual
mode of manipulated signal".
LMNUP BOOL FALSE The output signal QLMNUP is operated in manual mode of the manipulated value sig-
nals at the input "Manipulated value signal up".
LMNDN BOOL FALSE The output signal QLMNDN is operated in manual mode of the manipulated value sig-
nals at the input "Manipulated value signal down"
PVPER_ON BOOL FALSE If the process value is to be read from the I/O then the input PV_PER must be intercon-
nected with the I/O and the input "Enable process value I/O" must be set.
CYCLE TIME T#1s The time between block calls must be constant. The "Sampling time" input specifies the
time between block calls.
CYCLE >= 1ms
SP_INT REAL 0.0 The input "Internal setpoint" is used to specify a setpoint.
Permissible are values from -100 to 100 % or a physical variable 1).
PV_IN REAL 0.0 At the "Process value input" you can assign parameters to a commissioning value or
you can interconnect an external process value in floating-point format.
Permissible are values from -100 to 100 % or a physical variable 1).
PV_PER WORD W#16# The process value in I/O format is interconnected with the controller at the "Process
0000 value I/O" input.
GAIN REAL 2.0 The "Proportional gain" input specifies controller amplification.
TI TIME T#20s The "Integration time" input determines the time response of the integral action.
TI >= CYCLE
DEADB_W REAL 1.0 A dead band is applied to the system deviation. The "Dead band width" input deter-
mines the size of the dead band.
Permissible are values from 0 to 100 % or a physical variable 1).
PV_FAC REAL 1.0 The "Process value factor" input is multiplied by the process value. The input is used to
scale the process value range.
PV_OFF REAL 0.0 The input "Process value offset" is added to the process value. The input is used to
scale the process value range.
PULSE_TM TIME T#3s You can assign a minimum pulse time at the parameter "Minimum pulse time".
PULSE_TM >= CYCLE
BREAK_TM TIME T#3s You can assign a minimum break time at the parameter "Minimum break time".
BREAK_TM >= CYCLE

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Parameters Data Default Description

type
MTR_TM TIME T#30s The time required by the actuator to move from l imit stop to limit stop is entered at the
"Motor actuating time" parameter.
MTR_TM >= CYCLE
DISV REAL 0.0 For feedforward control, the disturbance variable is interconnected to the "Disturbance
variable" input.
Permissible are values from -100 to 100 % or a physical variable 2).
1) Parameters in setpoint and process value branches with identical unit
2) Parameters in the manipulated value branch with same unit

8.4.2.5 Output parameters CONT_S

Table 8- 16

Parameters Data Default Description

type
QLMNUP BOOL FALSE If the output "Manipulated value signal up" is set then the control valve should be
open.
QLMNDN BOOL FALSE If the output "Manipulated value signal down" is set then the control valve should
be closed.
PV REAL 0.0 The effective process value is output at the "Process value" output.
ER REAL 0.0 The effective system deviation is output at the "Error signal" output.

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8.4.3 PULSEGEN

8.4.3.1 Description PULSEGEN

The instruction PULSEGEN serves as the structure of a PID controller with impulse output
for proportional actuators. PULSEGEN transforms the input value INV (= LMN of the
PID controller) through modulation of the impulse width in an impulse sequence with a
constant period duration, which corresponds with the cycle time with which the input value is
updated.

Application
You can use the PULSEGEN instruction to configure two- or three-step PID controllers with
pulse width modulation. The function is normally used in conjunction with the continuous
controller CONT_C.

Call
The PULSEGEN instruction has an initialization routine that is run through when input
parameter COM_RST = TRUE is set. All the signal outputs are set to zero. COM_RST =
FALSE has to be set after the initialization routine has been completed.
The calculation of the values in the control blocks is only correct if the block is called at
regular intervals. You should therefore call the control blocks in a cyclic interrupt OB (OB 30
to OB 38). Enter the sampling time in the CYCLE parameter.

Responses in the event of an error

The error message word RET_VAL is not evaluated by the block.

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8.4.3.2 Mode of operation PULSEGEN

Impulse width modulation

The duration of a pulse per period duration is proportional to the input variable. The cycle
assigned via PER_TM is not identical to the processing cycle of the PULSEGEN instruction.
Rather, a PER_TM cycle is made up of several processing cycles of the PULSEGEN
instruction, whereby the number of PULSEGEN calls per PER_TM cycle determines the
accuracy of the pulse width.

An input variable of 30% and 10 PULSEGEN calls per PER_TM mean the following:
"One" at the QPOS_P output for the first three calls of PULSEGEN (30% of 10 calls)
"Zero" at the QPOS_P output for seven further calls of PULSEGEN (70% of 10 calls)

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Block diagram

Accuracy of the manipulated value

With a "Sampling ratio" of 1:10 (CONT_C calls to PULSEGEN calls) the accuracy of the
manipulated value in this example is restricted to 10%, in other words, set input values INV
can only be simulated by a pulse duration at the QPOS_P output in steps of 10 %.
The accuracy is increased as the number of PULSEGEN calls per CONT_C call is
increased.
If PULSEGEN is called, for example, 100 times more often than CONT_C, a resolution of 1
% of the manipulated value range is achieved.

Note
The reduction ratio of the call frequency must be programmed by the user.

Automatic synchronization
It is possible to automatically synchronize the pulse output with the instruction that updates
the input variable INV (e.g. CONT_C). This ensures that a change in the input variable is
output as quickly as possible as a pulse.
The pulse shaper evaluates the input value INV at intervals corresponding to the period
duration PER_TM and converts the value into a pulse signal of corresponding length.
Since, however, INV is usually calculated in a slower cyclic interrupt class, the pulse shaper
should start the conversion of the discrete value into a pulse signal as soon as possible after
the updating of INV.

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To allow this, the block can synchronize the start of the period using the following procedure:
If INV changes and if the block call is not in the first or last two call cycles of a period, a
synchronization is performed. The pulse duration is recalculated and in the next cycle is
output with a new period.

The automatic synchronization is switched off, if SYN_ON = FALSE.

Note
The start of a new period and subsequent synchronization usually leads to a certain
imprecision when the old value of INV (i.e. of LMN) is mapped to the pulse signal.

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8.4.3.3 Mode of operation PULSEGEN

Modes
Depending on the parameters assigned to the pulse shaper, PID controllers with a three-step
output or with a bipolar or unipolar two-step output can be configured. The following table
illustrates the setting of the switch combinations for the possible modes.

Mode MAN_ON STEP3_ON ST2BI_ON

Three-step control FALSE TRUE Any
Two-step control with bi-polar FALSE FALSE TRUE
Manipulating range (-100 % to 100 %)
Two-step control with unipolar FALSE FALSE FALSE
Manipulating range (0 % to 100 %)
Manual mode TRUE Any Any

Manual mode in two/three-step control

In the manual mode (MAN_ON = TRUE), the binary outputs of the three-step or two-step
controller can be set using the signals POS_P_ON and NEG_P_ON regardless of INV.

Control POS_P_ON NEG_P_ON QPOS_P QNEG_P

Three-step control FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE
TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE
Two-step control FALSE Any FALSE TRUE
TRUE Any TRUE FALSE

8.4.3.4 Three-step control

Three-step control
In "Three-step control" mode, it is possible to generate three statuses of the actuating signal.
For this, the status values of the binary output signals QPOS_P and QNEG_P are assigned
to the respective operating statuses of the actuator. The table shows the example of a
temperature control:

Output signals Heat Off Cool

QPOS_P TRUE FALSE FALSE
QNEG_P FALSE FALSE TRUE

The pulse duration is calculated from the input variable via a characteristic curve. The form
of the characteristic curve is defined by the minimum pulse duration or minimum interval and
the ratio factor. The normal value for the ratio factor is 1.
The "doglegs" in the curves are caused by the minimum pulse duration or minimum interval.

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Minimum pulse duration or minimum interval

A correctly assigned minimum pulse duration or minimum interval P_B_TM can prevent short
on/off times, which reduce the working life of switching elements and actuators. Small
absolute values of input variable LMN that would otherwise generate a pulse duration shorter
than P_B_TM are suppressed. Large input values that would generate a pulse duration
longer than PER_TM - P_B_TM are set to 100% or -100%.
The duration of positive or negative pulses is calculated by multiplying the input variable (in
%) by the period duration:
Pulse duration = INV / 100 * PER_TM
The following figure shows a symmetrical characteristic curve of the three-step controller
(ratio factor = 1).

Asymmetrical three-step control

Using the ratio factor RATIOFAC, the ratio of the duration of positive to negative pulses can
be changed. In a thermal process, for example, this would allow different system time
constants for heating and cooling.
Ratio factor < 1
The pulse duration at the negative pulse output, calculated by multiplying the input variable
by the period duration, is multiplied by the ratio factor.
Positive pulse duration = INV /100 * PER_TM
Negative pulse duration = INV / 100 * PER_TM * RATIOFAC

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The following figure shows the asymmetrical characteristic curve of the three-step controller
(ratio factor = 0.5):

Ratio factor > 1

The pulse duration at the positive pulse output, calculated by multiplying the input variable by
the period duration, is divided by the ratio factor.
Positive pulse duration = INV / 100 * PER_TM / RATIOFAC
Negative pulse duration = INV / 100 * PER_TM

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8.4.3.5 Two-step control

In two-step control, only the positive pulse output QPOS_P of PULSEGEN is connected to
the on/off actuator. Depending on the manipulated value range used, the two-step controller
has a bipolar or a unipolar manipulated value range.
Two-step control with bipolar manipulated variable range (-100% to 100%)

Two-step control with unipolar manipulated variable range (0% to 100%)

The negated output signal is available at QNEG_P if the connection of the two-step controller
in the control loop requires a logically inverted binary signal for the actuating pulses.

Pulse Actuator On Actuator Off

QPOS_P TRUE FALSE
QNEG_P FALSE TRUE

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8.4.3.6 Input parameters PULSEGEN

The values of the input parameters are not limited in the block. There is no parameter check.

Table 8- 17

Parameters Data Default Description

type
INV REAL 0.0 At the input parameter "Input variable" an analog manipulated variable is connected.
Values from -100 to 100 % are permitted.
PER_TM TIME T#1s At the parameter "Period duration" the constant period duration of the pulse width
modulation is entered. This corresponds to the sampling time of the controller. The
ratio between the sampling time of the pulse shaper and the sampling time of the
controller determines the accuracy of the pulse width modulation.
PER_TM >=20*CYCLE
P_B_TM TIME T#50 ms You can assign a minimum pulse/break time at the parameter "Minimum pulse/break
time".
P_B_TM >= CYCLE
RATIOFAC REAL 1.0 Using the "Ratio factor" input parameter the ratio of the duration of positive to nega-
tive pulses can be changed. In a thermal process, this would, for example, allow
different time constants for heating and cooling to be compensated (for example, in a
process with electrical heating and water cooling).
Values from 0.1 to 10.0 are permitted.
STEP3_ON BOOL TRUE At the input parameter "Enable three-step control" the appropriate mode is activated.
In three-step control both output signals are active.
ST2BI_ON BOOL FALSE At the input parameter "Enable two-step control for bipolar manipulated value range"
you can select from the modes "Two-step control for bipolar manipulated value
range" and "Two-step control for unipolar manipulated value range". STEP3_ON =
FALSE is required.
MAN_ON BOOL FALSE Setting the input parameter "Enable manual mode" allows the output signals to be set
manually.
POS_P_ON BOOL FALSE For manual mode three-step control, the output signal QPOS_P can be operated on
the input parameter "Positive pulse on". In manual mode with two-step control,
QNEG_P is always set inversely to QPOS_P.
NEG_P_ON BOOL FALSE For manual mode three-step control, the output signal QNEG_P can be operated on
the input parameter "Negative pulse on". In manual mode with two-step control,
QNEG_P is always set inversely to QPOS_P.
SYN_ON BOOL TRUE By setting the input parameter "Enable synchronization", it is possible to synchronize
the pulse output automatically with the block that updates the input variable INV. This
ensures that a change in the input variable is output as quickly as possible as a
pulse.
COM_RST BOOL FALSE The block has an initialization routine that is processed when the input "Restart" is
set.
CYCLE TIME T#10ms The time between block calls must be constant. The "Sampling time" input specifies
the time between block calls.
CYCLE >= 1ms

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8.4.3.7 Output parameter PULSEGEN

Table 8- 18

Parameters Data type Default Description

QPOS_P BOOL FALSE The output parameter "Output signal positive pulse" is set if a
pulse will be output. In three-step control, this is always the
positive pulse. In two-step control, the QNEG_P is always set
inversely to QPOS_P.
QNEG_P BOOL FALSE The output parameter "Output signal negative pulse" is set if a
pulse will be output. In three-step control, this is always the
negative pulse. In two-step control, QNEG_P is always set
inversely to QPOS_P.

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8.4.4 TCONT_CP

8.4.4.1 Description TCONT_CP

The instruction TCONT_CP is used to control temperature processes with continuous or
pulsed control signals. The controller functionality is based on the PID control algorithm with
additional functions for temperature processes. To improve the control response with
temperature processes, the block includes a control zone and reduction of the proportional
component if there is a setpoint step change.
The instruction can set the PI/PID parameters itself using the controller optimization function.

Application
The controller controls one actuator; in other words, with one controller you can either heat
or cool but not both. If you use the block for cooling, GAIN must be assigned a negative
value. This inversion of the controller means that if the temperature rises, for example, the
manipulated variable LMN and with it the cooling action is increased.

Call
The instruction TCONT_CP must be called equidistant. To achieve this, use a cyclic interrupt
priority class (for example, OB35 for an S7-300).
The TCONT_CP instruction has an initialization routine that is run through when input
parameter COM_RST = TRUE is set. During initialization, the integral action is set to the
initialization value I_ITVAL. All the signal outputs are set to zero. Following execution of the
initialization routine, the block sets COM_RST back to FALSE. If you require initialization
when the CPU restarts, call the block in OB100 with COM_RST = TRUE.
If you call the instruction TCONT_CP as a multiple instance DB, no technology object is
created. No parameter assignment interface or commissioning interface is available. You
must assign parameters for TCONT_CP directly in the multiple instance DB and commission
it via a watch table.

See also
Operating principle of the pulse generator (Page 493)
Block diagram TCONT_CP (Page 496)

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8.4.4.2 Mode of operation TCONT_CP

Setpoint branch
The setpoint is entered at input SP_INT in floating-point format as a physical value or
percentage. The setpoint and process value used to form the control deviation must have the
same unit.

Process value options (PVPER_ON)

Depending on PVPER_ON, the process value can be read in, in the I/O or floating-point
format.

PVPER_ON Process Value Input

TRUE The process value is read in via the analog I/Os
(PIW xxx) at input PV_PER.
FALSE The process value is acquired in floating-point
format at input PV_IN.

Process value format conversion CRP_IN (PER_MODE)

The CRP_IN function converts the I/O value PV_PER to floating-point format depending on
the PER_MODE switch according to the following rules:

PER_MODE Output of CRP_IN Analog Input Type Unit

0 PV_PER * 0.1 Thermoelements; C;F
PT100/NI100; standard
1 PV_PER * 0.01 PT100/NI100; climate; C;F
2 PV_PER * 100/27648 Voltage/current %

Process value scaling PV_NORM (PF_FAC, PV_OFFS)

The PV_NORM function calculates the output of CRP_IN according to the following rule:
"Output of PV_NORM" = "Output of CRP_IN)" * PV_FAC + PV_OFFS
It can be used for the following purposes:
Process value adjustment with PV_FAC as process value factor and PV_OFFS as
process value offset.
Scaling of temperature to percentage
You want to enter the setpoint as a percentage and must now convert the measured
temperature value to a percentage.
Scaling of percentage to temperature
You want to enter the setpoint in the physical temperature unit and must now convert the
measured voltage/current value to a temperature.

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Calculation of the parameters:

PV_FAC = range of PV_NORM/range of CRP_IN;
PV_OFFS = LL (PV_NORM) - PV_FAC * LL(CRP_IN);
where LL: Low limit
The scaling is switched off with the default values (PV_FAC = 1.0 and PV_OFFS = 0.0). The
effective process value is output at the PV output.

Note
With pulse control, the process value must be transferred to the block in the fast pulse call
(reason: mean value filtering). Otherwise, the control quality can deteriorate.

Example of Process Value Scaling

If you want to enter the setpoint as a percentage, and you have a temperature range of -20
to 85 C applied to , CRP_IN you must normalize the temperature range as a percentage.
The diagram below shows an example of adapting the temperature range -20 to 85 C to an
internal scale of 0 to 100 %:

Forming the control deviation

The difference between the setpoint and process value is the control deviation before the
dead band.
The setpoint and process value must exist in the same unit.

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Dead band (DEADB_W)

To suppress a minor sustained oscillation due to the manipulated variable quantization (for
example, in pulse width modulation with PULSEGEN) a dead band is applied to the
(DEADBAND) control deviation. With DEADB_W = 0.0, the dead band is disabled. The
effective control deviation is indicated by the ER parameter.

PID Algorithm
The following figure shows the block diagram of the PID algorithm.

Parameter configuration interface

Instruction call interface

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PID Algorithm (GAIN, TI, TD, D_F)

The PID algorithm operates as a position algorithm. The proportional, integral (INT), and
derivative (DIF) actions are connected in parallel and can be activated or deactivated
individually. This allows P, PI, PD, and PID controllers to be configured.
Controller tuning supports PI and PID controllers. Controller inversion is implemented using
a negative GAIN (cooling controller).
If you set TI and TD to 0.0, you obtain a pure P controller at the operating point.
The step response in the time range is:

Where:
LMN_Sum(t) the manipulated variable in the controller's automatic mode
ER (0) is the step height of the normalized control deviation
GAIN is the controller gain
TI is the integration time
TD is the derivative action time
D_F is the derivative factor

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Integral action (TI, I_ITL_ON, I_ITLVAL)

In manual mode, it is corrected as follows: LMN_I = LMN - LMN_P - DISV.
If the output value is limited, the integral action is halted. If the control deviation moves the
integral action back in the direction of the output range, the integral action is enabled again.
The integral action is also modified by the following measures:
The integral action of the controller is deactivated by TI = 0.0
Weakening of the proportional action when setpoint changes occur
Control zone
The output value limits can be modified online

Weakening of the proportional action when setpoint changes occur (PFAC_SP)

To prevent overshoot, you can weaken the proportional action using the parameter
"Proportional factor for setpoint changes" (PFAC_SP). Using PFAC_SP, you can select
continuously between 0.0 and 1.0 to decide the effect of the proportional action when the
setpoint changes:
PFAC_SP = 1.0: Proportional action has full effect if the setpoint changes
PFAC_SP = 0.0: Proportional action has no effect if the setpoint changes
The weakening of the proportional action is achieved by compensating the integral action.

Derivative action (TD, D_F)

The derivative action of the controller is deactivated by TD = 0.0
If the derivative action is active, the following relationship should apply:
TD = 0.5 * CYCLE * D_F

Parameter Settings of a P or PD Controller with Operating Point

In the user interface, deactivate the integral action (TI = 0.0) and possibly also the derivative
action (TD = 0.0). Then make the following parameter settings:
I_ITL_ON = TRUE
I_ITLVAL = operating point;

Feedforward control (DISV)

A disturbance variable can be added at the DISV input.

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Calculating the output value

The diagram below is the block diagram of the output value calculation:

Parameter configuration interface

Instruction call interface
Parameter configuration interface, call interface

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Control zone (CONZ_ON, CON_ZONE)

If CONZ_ON = TRUE, the controller operates with a control zone. This means that the
controller operates according to the following algorithm:
If process value PV exceeds the setpoint SP_INT by more than CON_ZONE, the value
LMN_LLM is output as the manipulated variable.
If the process value PV falls below setpoint SP_INT by more than CON_ZONE,
LMN_HLM is output.
If the process value PV is within the control zone (CON_ZONE), the output value takes its
value from the PID algorithm LMN_Sum.

Note
Changing the manipulated variable from LMN_LLM or LMN_HLM to LMN_Sum occurs
under compliance of a hysteresis of 20% of the control zone.

Note
Before enabling the control zone manually, make sure that the control zone band is not
too narrow. If the control zone band is too small, oscillations will occur in the manipulated
variable and process value.

Advantage of the Control Zone

When the process value enters the control zone, the D-action causes an extremely fast
reduction of the manipulated variable. This means that the control zone is only useful when
the D-action is activated. Without a control zone, only the reducing P-action would
essentially reduce the manipulated variable. The control zone leads to faster settling without
overshoot or undershoot if the output minimum or maximum manipulated variable is a long
way from the manipulated variable required for the new operating point.

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Manual value processing (MAN_ON, MAN)

You can change over between manual and automatic mode. In manual mode, the
manipulated variable is corrected to a manually selected value.
The integral action (INT) is set internally to LMN - LMN_P - DISV and the derivative action
(DIF) is set to 0 and synchronized internally. Changeover to automatic mode is therefore
bumpless.

Note
The MAN_ON parameter has no effect during tuning.

Output value limit LMNLIMIT (LMN_HLM, LMN_LLM)

The LMNLIMIT function is used to limit the output value to the limits LMN_HLM and
LMN_LLM. If these limits are reached, this is indicated by the message bits QLMN_HLM and
QLMN_LLM.
If the output value is limited, the integral action is halted. If the control deviation moves the
integral action back in the direction of the output range, the integral action is enabled again.

Changing the Manipulated Value Limits Online

If the range of the output value is reduced and the new unlimited value of the output value is
outside the limits, the integral action and therefore the output value shifts.
The output value is reduced by the same amount as the output value limit changed. If the
output value was unlimited prior to the change, it is set exactly to the new limit (described
here for the high output value limit).

Scaling of output value LMN_NORM (LMN_FAC, LMN_OFFS)

The LMN_NORM function normalizes the output value according to the following rule:
LMN = LmnN * LMN_FAC + LMN_OFFS
It can be used for the following purposes:
Output value scaling with LMN_FAC as output value factor and LMN_OFFS as output
value offset.
The output value is also available in I/O format. The CRP_OUT function converts the LMN
floating-point value to an I/O value according to the following rule:
LMN_PER = LMN * 27648/100
The scaling is switched off with the default values (LMN_FAC = 1.0 and LMN_OFFS = 0.0).
The effective output value is sent to output LMN.

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Save controller parameters SAVE_PAR

If you classify the current controller parameters as utilizable, you can save these before a
manual change in structure parameters provided specifically for this in the instance DB of the
instruction TCONT_CP. If you optimize the controller, the saved parameters are overwritten
by the values that were valid prior to tuning.
PFAC_SP, GAIN, TI, TD, D_F, CONZ_ON and CONZONE are written to the structure
PAR_SAVE.

Reloading Saved Controller Parameters UNDO_PAR

The last controller parameter settings you saved can be activated for the controller again
using this function (in manual mode only).

Change between PI and PID parameters LOAD_PID (PID_ON)

Following tuning, the PI and PID parameters are stored in the PI_CON and PID_CON
structures. Depending on PID_ON, you can use LOAD_PID in manual mode to write the PI
or PID parameters to the effective controller parameters.

PID parameters PID_ON = TRUE PI parameters PID_ON = FALSE

GAIN = PID_CON.GAIN GAIN = PI_CON.GAIN
TI = PID_CON.TI TI = PI_CON.TI
TD = PID_CON.TD

Note
The controller parameters are only written back to the controller with UNDO_PAR or
LOAD_PID, if the controller gain is not equal to 0:
With LOAD_PID, the parameters are only copied if the corresponding GAIN <> 0 is (either
the PI or PID parameters). This strategy takes into account the situation that no tuning has
yet been made or that PID parameters are missing. If PID_ON = TRUE and
PID.GAIN = FALSE, PID_ON is set to FALSE and the PI parameter is copied.
D_F, PFAC_SP are preset by the the tuning. These can then be modified by the user.
LOAD_PID does not change these parameters.
With LOAD_PID, the control zone is always recalculated
(CON_ZONE = 250/GAIN), even if CONZ_ON = FALSE.

See also
Operating principle of the pulse generator (Page 493)
Block diagram TCONT_CP (Page 496)

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8.4.4.3 Operating principle of the pulse generator

The function PULSEGEN transforms the analog manipulated value LmnN through pulse
width module into an impulse sequence with the period duration PER_TM. PULSEGEN is
switched on with PULSE_ON = TRUE and is processed in the cycle CYCLE_P.

A manipulated value of LmnN = 30% and 10 PULSEGEN calls per PER_TM therefore
means:
TRUE at output QPULSE for the first three PULSEGEN calls
(30% of 10 calls)
FALSE at output QPULSE for seven further PULSEGEN calls
(70% of 10 calls)
The duration of a pulse per pulse repetition period is proportional to the manipulated variable
and is calculated as follows:
Pulse duration = PER_TM * LmnN /100
By suppressing the minimum pulse or break time, the characteristic curve of the conversion
develops "knees" in the start and end regions.

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The following diagram illustrates two-step control with a unipolar manipulated variable range
(0% to 100%):

Minimum pulse or minimum break time (P_B_TM)

Short on or off times hinder the lifespan of actuators and fine controlling units. These can be
avoided by setting a minimum pulse duration or minimum break time P_B_TM.
Small absolute values at the input variable LmnN that could otherwise generate a pulse
duration shorter than P_B_TM are suppressed.
Large input values that would generate a pulse duration greater than
PER_TM - P_B_TM are set to 100%. This reduces the dynamics of pulse generation.
Set values of P_B_TM 0,1 * PER_TM are recommended for the minimum pulse duration
and the minimum break duration.
The "knees" in the curves in the diagram above are caused by the minimum pulse or
minimum break times.
The following schematic illustrates the switching response of the pulse output:

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Accuracy of pulse generation

The smaller the pulse generator CYCLE_P is compared to the period duration PER_TM, the
more precise the pulse width modulation is. To achieve sufficiently accurate control, the
following relationship should apply:
CYCLE_P PER_TM/50
The manipulated value is transformed with a resolution of 2 % into an impulse.

Note
When calling the controller in the pulse shaper cycle, you must note the following:
Calling the controller in the pulse shaper cycle will cause the process value to be averaged.
As a result, at output PV, different values may be at input PV_IN and PV_PER. If you want to
track the setpoint value, you must save the process value at input parameter PV_IN at the
call times for complete controller processing (QC_ACT = TRUE). For pulse shaper calls
occurring between these times, you must supply the input parameters PV_IN and SP_INT
with the saved process value.

See also
Description TCONT_CP (Page 483)
Mode of operation TCONT_CP (Page 484)
Block diagram TCONT_CP (Page 496)
Input parameters TCONT_CP (Page 498)
Output parameters TCONT_CP (Page 499)
In/out parameters TCONT_CP (Page 500)
Static variables TCONT_CP (Page 501)
Parameter STATUS_H (Page 506)
Parameters STATUS_D (Page 507)

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8.4.4.4 Block diagram TCONT_CP

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See also
Description TCONT_CP (Page 483)
Mode of operation TCONT_CP (Page 484)
Operating principle of the pulse generator (Page 493)
Input parameters TCONT_CP (Page 498)
Output parameters TCONT_CP (Page 499)
In/out parameters TCONT_CP (Page 500)
Static variables TCONT_CP (Page 501)
Parameter STATUS_H (Page 506)
Parameters STATUS_D (Page 507)

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8.4.4.5 Input parameters TCONT_CP

Table 8- 19

Parameters Ad- Data Default Description

dress type
PV_IN 0.0 REAL 0.0 At the "Process value input" you can assign parameters to a commissioning
value or you can interconnect an external process value in floating-point for-
mat. The valid values depend on the sensors used.
PV_PER 4.0 INT 0 The process value in I/O format is interconnected with the controller at the
"Process value I/O" input.
DISV 6.0 REAL 0.0 For feedforward control, the disturbance variable is interconnected to the
"Disturbance variable" input.
INT_HPOS 10.0 BOOL FALSE The output of the integral action can be held in the positive direction. For this,
the input INT_HPOS must be set to TRUE. In a cascade control, INT_HPOS
of the primary controller is connected to QLMN_HLM of the secondary control-
ler.
INT_HNEG 10.1 BOOL FALSE The output of the integral action can be held in the negative direction. For this,
the input INT_HNEG must be set to TRUE. In a cascade control, INT_HNEG
of the primary controller is connected to QLMN_LLM of the secondary control-
ler.
SELECT 12.0 INT 0 If the pulse shaper is on, there are several ways of calling the PID algorithm
and pulse shaper:
SELECT = 0: The controller is called in a fast cyclic interrupt priority class
and the PID algorithm and pulse shaper are processed.
SELECT = 1: The controller is called in OB1 and only the PID algorithm is
processed.
SELECT = 2: The controller is called in a fast cyclic interrupt priority class
and only the pulse shaper is processed.
SELECT = 3: The controller is called a slow cyclic interrupt priority class
and only the PID algorithm is processed.

See also
Operating principle of the pulse generator (Page 493)
Block diagram TCONT_CP (Page 496)

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8.4.4.6 Output parameters TCONT_CP

Table 8- 20

Parameter Ad- Data Default Description

dress type
PV 14.0 REAL 0.0 The effective process value is output at the "Process value" output.
The valid values depend on the sensors used.
LMN 18.0 REAL 0.0 The effective "Manipulated value" is output in floating point format at the "Ma-
nipulated value" output.
LMN_PER 22.0 INT 0 The manipulated value in I/O format is interconnected with the controller on the
output "Manipulated value I/O".
QPULSE 24.0 BOOL FALSE The manipulated value is pulse-width-modulated at the QPULSE output.
QLMN_HLM 24.1 BOOL FALSE The manipulated value is always restricted to a high limit and low limit. The
output QLMN_HLM signals that the high limit has been reached.
QLMN_LLM 24.2 BOOL FALSE The manipulated value is always restricted to a high limit and low limit. The
output QLMN_LLM signals that the low limit has been reached.
QC_ACT 24.3 BOOL TRUE This parameter indicates whether continuous control component will be pro-
cessed the next time the block is called (relevant only when SELECT has the
value 0 or 1).

See also
Operating principle of the pulse generator (Page 493)
Block diagram TCONT_CP (Page 496)
Parameter STATUS_H (Page 506)
Parameters STATUS_D (Page 507)

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8.4.4.7 In/out parameters TCONT_CP

Table 8- 21

Parameters Ad- Data Default Description

dress type
CYCLE 26.0 REAL 0.1 s Sets the sampling time for the PID algorithm. In phase 1, the tuner calculates
the sampling time and enters it in CYCLE.
CYCLE > 0.001 s
CYCLE_P 30.0 REAL 0.02 s At this input, you set the sampling time for the pulse shaper action. In phase 1,
the TCONT_CP instruction calculates the sampling time and enters it in
CYCLE_P.
CYCLE_P > 0.001 s
SP_INT 34.0 REAL 0.0 The input "Internal setpoint" is used to specify a setpoint.
The valid values depend on the sensors used.
MAN 38.0 REAL 0.0 The "Manual value" input is used to set a manual value. In automatic mode, it
tracks the manipulated value.
COM_RST 42.0 BOOL FALSE The block has an initialization routine that is processed when the COM_RST
input is set.
MAN_ON 42.1 BOOL TRUE If the input "Enable manual mode" is set then the control loop is interrupted. The
manual value MAN is set as manipulated value.

See also
Operating principle of the pulse generator (Page 493)
Block diagram TCONT_CP (Page 496)

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8.4.4.8 Static variables TCONT_CP

Table 8- 22

Parameters Address Data type Default Description

DEADB_W 44.0 REAL 0.0 A deadband is applied to the control deviation. The "Deadband width"
input determines the size of the deadband.
The valid values depend on the sensors used.
I_ITLVAL 48.0 REAL 0.0 The output of the integrator can be set at the I_ITL_ON input. The initiali-
zation value is applied to the "Initialization value of the I-action" input.
During a restart COM_RST = TRUE, the I-action is set to the initialization
value.
Values from -100 to 100 % are permitted.
LMN_HLM 52.0 REAL 100.0 The output value is always restricted to a high limit and low limit. The
"Manipulated value high limit" input specifies the high limit.
LMN_HLM > LMN_LLM
LMN_LLM 56.0 REAL 0.0 The output value is always restricted to a high limit and low limit. The
"Manipulated value low limit" input specifies the low limit.
LMN_LLM < LMN_HLM
PV_FAC 60.0 REAL 1.0 The "Process value factor" input is multiplied by the "Process value I/O".
The input is used to scale the process value range.
PV_OFFS 64.0 REAL 0.0 The "Process value offset" input is added to the "Process value I/O". The
input is used to scale the process value range.
LMN_FAC 68.0 REAL 1.0 The "Output value factor" input is multiplied with the output value. The
input is used to scale the output value range.
LMN_OFFS 72.0 REAL 0.0 The "Output value offset" input is added to the output value. The input is
used to scale the output value range.
PER_TM 76.0 REAL 1.0 s The period duration of the pulse width modulation is entered at the
PER_TM parameter. The relationship of the period duration to the sam-
pling time of the pulse shaper determines the accuracy of the pulse
width modulation.
PER_TM CYCLE
P_B_TM 80.0 REAL 0.02 s You can assign a minimum pulse or break time at the parameter "Mini-
mum pulse/break time". P_B_TM is internally limited to > CYCLE_P.
TUN_DLMN 84.0 REAL 20.0 Process excitation for controller tuning results from a output value step
change at TUN_DLMN.
Values from -100 to 100 % are permitted.

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Parameters Address Data type Default Description

PER_MODE 88.0 INT 0 You can use this switch to enter the type of I/O module. The process
value at input PV_PER is then scaled as follows at the PV output.
PER_MODE = 0: Thermoelements; PT100/NI100; standard

PV_PER * 0.1

Unit: C, F
PER_MODE = 1: PT100/NI100; climate

PV_PER * 0.01

Unit: C, F
PER_MODE = 2: Current/voltage

PV_PER * 100/27648
Unit: %
PVPER_ON 90.0 BOOL FALSE If the process value is to be read in from the I/Os, the PV_PER input
must be interconnected with the I/Os and the "Enable process value
I/Os" input must be set.
I_ITL_ON 90.1 BOOL FALSE The output of the integrator can be set at the I_ITLVAL input. The "Set I-
action" input must be set for this.
PULSE_ON 90.2 BOOL FALSE If PULSE_ON = TRUE is set, the pulse shaper is activated.
TUN_KEEP 90.3 BOOL FALSE The mode changes to automatic only when TUN_KEEP changes to
FALSE.
ER 92.0 REAL 0.0 The effective control deviation is output at the "Control deviation" output.
The valid values depend on the sensors used.
LMN_P 96.0 REAL 0.0 The "P-action" output contains the proportional action of the manipulated
tag.
LMN_I 100.0 REAL 0.0 The "integral action" output contains the integral action of the manipulat-
ed tag.
LMN_D 104.0 REAL 0.0 The "D-action" output contains the derivative action of the manipulated
tag.
PHASE 108.0 INT 0 The current phase of controller tuning is indicated at the PHASE output.
PHASE = 0: No tuning mode; automatic or manual mode
PHASE = 1: Ready to start tuning; check parameters, wait for excita-
tion, measure the sampling times
PHASE = 2: Actual tuning: Searching for point of inflection with con-
stant output value. Entering the sampling time in instance DB.
PHASE = 3: Calculating process parameters. Saving valid controller
parameters prior to tuning.
PHASE = 4: Controller design
PHASE = 5: Following up the controller to the new manipulated tag
PHASE = 7: Validating the process type
STATUS_H 110.0 INT 0 STATUS_H indicates the diagnostic value via the search for the point of
inflection during the heating process.
STATUS_D 112.0 INT 0 STATUS_D indicates the diagnostic value via the controller design dur-
ing the heating process.

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Parameters Address Data type Default Description

QTUN_RUN 114.0 BOOL 0 The tuning manipulated tag has been applied, tuning has started and is
still in phase 2 (searching for point of inflection).
PI_CON 116.0 STRUCT PI controller parameters
GAIN +0.0 REAL 0.0 PI controller gain
%/phys. unit
TI +4.0 REAL 0.0 s PI integration time [s]
PID_CON 124.0 STRUCT PID controller parameters
GAIN +0.0 REAL 0.0 PID controller gain
TI +4.0 REAL 0.0s PID integration time [s]
TD +8.0 REAL 0.0s PID derivative action time [s]
PAR_SAVE 136.0 STRUCT The PID parameters are saved in this structure.
PFAC_SP +0.0 REAL 1.0 Proportional factor for setpoint changes
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are permitted.
GAIN +4.0 REAL 0.0 Controller gain
%/phys. unit
TI +8.0 REAL 40.0 s Integration time [s]
TD +12.0 REAL 10.0 s Derivative action time (s)
D_F +16.0 REAL 5.0 Derivative factor
Values from 5.0 to 10.0 are permitted.
CON_ZONE +20.0 REAL 100.0 Control zone band
If the control deviation is greater than the control zone band, the high
output value limit is output as output value. If the control deviation is less
than the negative control zone band, the low output value limit is output
as the output value.
CON_ZONE 0.0
CONZ_ON +24.0 BOOL FALSE Enable control zone
PFAC_SP 162.0 REAL 1.0 PFAC_SP specifies the effective P-action when there is a setpoint
change. This is set between 0 and 1.
1: P-action has full effect if the setpoint changes.
0: P-action has no effect if the setpoint changes.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are permitted.
GAIN 166.0 REAL 2.0 The "Proportional gain" input specifies controller amplification. The direc-
tion of control can be reversed by giving GAIN a negative sign.
%/phys. unit
TI 170.0 REAL 40.0 s The "Integration time" (integral-action time) input defines the integrator's
time response.
TD 174.0 REAL 10.0 s The "Derivative-action time" (rate time) input decides the time response
of the differentiator.
D_F 178.0 REAL 5.0 The derivative factor decides the lag of the D-action.
D_F = derivative-action time/"Lag of the D-action"
Values from 5.0 to 10.0 are permitted.

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Parameters Address Data type Default Description

CON_ZONE 182.0 REAL 100.0 If the control deviation is greater than the control zone band, the high
output value limit is output as output value.
If the control deviation is less than the negative control zone band, the
low output value limit is output as the output value.
The valid values depend on the sensors used.
CONZ_ON 186.0 BOOL FALSE You can use CONZ_ON =TRUE to enable the control zone.
TUN_ON 186.1 BOOL FALSE If TUN_ON=TRUE, the output value is averaged until the output value
excitation TUN_DLMN is enabled either by a setpoint step-change or by
TUN_ST=TRUE.
TUN_ST 186.2 BOOL FALSE If the setpoint is to remain constant during controller tuning at the operat-
ing point, a output value step-change by the amount of TUN_DLMN is
activated by TUN_ST=1.
UNDO_PAR 186.3 BOOL FALSE Loads the controller parametersPFAC_SP, GAIN, TI, TD, D_FCONZ_ON
and CON_ZONE from the data structure PAR_SAVE (only in manual
mode).
SAVE_PAR 186.4 BOOL FALSE Saves the controller parameters PFAC_SP, GAIN, TI, TD, D_F,
CONZ_ON and CON_ZONE in the data structure PAR_SAVE.
LOAD_PID 186.5 BOOL FALSE Loads the controller parametersGAIN, TI,TD depending on PID_ON from
the data structure PI_CON or PID_CON (only in manual mode)
PID_ON 186.6 BOOL TRUE At the PID_ON input, you can specify whether or not the tuned controller
will operate as a PI or PID controller.
PID controller: PID_ON = TRUE
PI controller: PID_ON = FALSE
With certain process types it is nevertheless possible that only a PI con-
troller will be designed despite PID_ON = TRUE.
GAIN_P 188.0 REAL 0.0 Identified process gain. In the case of process type I, GAIN_P tends to
be estimated too low.
TU 192.0 REAL 0.0 Identified time lag of the process.
TU 3*CYCLE
TA 196.0 REAL 0.0 Identified recovery time of the process. In the case of process type I, TA
tends to be estimated too low.
KIG 200.0 REAL 0.0 Maximum process value rise at manipulated tag excitation from 0 to 100
% [1/s]
GAIN_P = 0.01 * KIG * TA
N_PTN 204.0 REAL 0.0 The parameter specifies the order of the process. "Non-integer values"
are also possible.
Values from 1.01 to 10.0 are permitted.
TM_LAG_P 208.0 REAL 0.0 Time constants of a PTN model (practical values only for N_PTN >= 2).
T_P_INF 212.0 REAL 0.0 Time from process excitation until the point of inflection.
P_INF 216.0 REAL 0.0 Process value change from process excitation until the point of inflection.
The valid values depend on the sensors used.
LMN0 220.0 REAL 0.0 Output value at the start of tuning
Detected in phase 1 (mean value).
Values from 0 to 100 % are permitted.
PV0 224.0 REAL 0.0 Process value at the start of tuning

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Parameters Address Data type Default Description

PVDT0 228.0 REAL 0.0 Process value slew rate at start of tuning [1/s]
Sign adapted.
PVDT 232.0 REAL 0.0 Current process value slew rate [1/s]
Sign adapted.
PVDT_MAX 236.0 REAL 0.0 Max. change in the process value per second [1/s]
Maximum derivative of the process value at the point of inflection (sign
adapted, always > 0); is used to calculate TU and KIG.
NOI_PVDT 240.0 REAL 0.0 Noise action in PVDT_MAX in %
The higher the noise action, the less accurate (less aggressive) the
control parameters.
NOISE_PV 244.0 REAL 0.0 Absolute noise in process value
Difference between maximum and minimum process value in phase 1.
FIL_CYC 248.0 INT 1 Number of cycles of the mean value filter
The process value is determined through FIL_CYC cycles. FIL_CYC is
increased from 1 to a max. of 1024 if needed.
POI_CMAX 250.0 INT 2 Maximum number of cycles after point of inflection
This time is used to find another (i.e. better) inflection point for measur-
ing noise. The tuning is completed only after this time.
POI_CYCL 252.0 INT 0 Number of cycles after inflection point

See also
Operating principle of the pulse generator (Page 493)
Block diagram TCONT_CP (Page 496)

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8.4.4.9 Parameter STATUS_H

STATUS_H Description Remedy

0 Default, or no/no new controller
parameters
10000 Tuning completed + suitable control-
ler parameters found
2xxxx Tuning completed + controller pa-
rameters uncertain
2xx2x Point of inflection not reached (only If the controller oscillates, weaken the control-
if excited via setpoint step-change) ler parameters, or repeat the test with a smaller
manipulated value difference TUN_DLMN.
2x1xx Estimation error (TU < 3*CYCLE) Reduce CYCLE and repeat attempt.
Special case for PT1-only process: Do not
repeat test, if necessary reduce controller pa-
rameters.
2x3xx Estimation error TU too high Repeat test under better conditions.
21xxx Estimation error N_PTN < 1 Repeat test under better conditions.
22xxx Estimation error N_PTN > 10 Repeat test under better conditions.
3xxxx Tuning canceled in phase 1 owing to
faulty parameter assignment:
30002 Effective manipulated value differen- Correct manipulated value differential
tial < 5% TUN_DLMN.
30005 The sampling times CYCLE and Compare CYCLE and CYCLE_P with the cycle
CYCLE_P differ by more than 5% of time of the cyclic interrupt priority class and
the measured values. note any loop scheduler.
Check CPU load. An excessively loaded CPU
can result in prolonged sampling times that are
inconsistent with CYCLE or CYCLE_P.

Note
If you cancel tuning in phase 1 or 2, STATUS_H = 0 is set. However, STATUS_D still
displays the status of the last controller calculation.
The higher the value of STATUS_D, the higher the order of the control process, the greater
the TU/TA ratio and the gentler the controller parameters will be.

See also
Operating principle of the pulse generator (Page 493)
Block diagram TCONT_CP (Page 496)

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8.4.4.10 Parameters STATUS_D

STATUS_D Description
0 No controller parameters were calculated.
110 N_PTN <= 1.5 Process type I fast
121 N_PTN > 1.5 Process type I
200 N_PTN > 1.9 Process type II (transition range)
310 N_PTN >= 2.1 Process type III fast
320 N_PTN > 2.6 Process type III
111, 122, 201, 311, 321 Parameters have been corrected from phase 7.

Note
The higher the value of STATUS_D, the higher the order of the control process, the greater
the TU/TA ratio and the gentler the controller parameters will be.

See also
Operating principle of the pulse generator (Page 493)
Block diagram TCONT_CP (Page 496)

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8.4.5 TCONT_S

8.4.5.1 Description TCONT_S

The TCONT_S instruction is used on SIMATIC S7 automation systems to control technical
temperature processes with binary manipulated value output signals for actuators with
integrating behavior. The functionality is based on the PI control algorithm of the sampling
controller. The step controller operates without a position feedback signal.

Application
You can also use the controller in a cascade control as a secondary position controller. You
specify the actuator position via the setpoint input SP_INT. In this case, you must set the
process value input and the parameter TI (integration time) to zero. An application might be,
for example, temperature control with heating power control using pulse-break activation and
cooling control using a butterfly valve. To close the valve completely, the manipulated
variable (ER*GAIN) should be negative.

Call
The instruction TCONT_S must be called equidistant. To achieve this, use a cyclic interrupt
priority class (for example, OB35 for an S7-300). The sampling time is specified at the
CYCLE parameter.
If you call the instruction TCONT_S as a multiple instance DB, no technology object is
created. No parameter assignment interface or commissioning interface is available. You
must assign parameters for TCONT_S directly in the multiple instance DB and commission it
via a watch table.

CYCLE sampling time

The CYCLE sampling time match the time difference between two calls (cycle time of the
cyclic interrupt OB taking into account the reduction ratios).
The controller sampling time should not exceed 10% of the calculated integration time of the
controller (TI). Generally, you must set the sampling time to a much lower value to achieve
the required accuracy of the step controller.

Required accuracy G MTR_TM CYCLE = MTR_TM*G Comment

0.5 % 10 s 0.05 s The sampling time is determined by the
required accuracy of the step controller.

Start-up
The TCONT_S instruction has an initialization routine that is run through when input
parameter COM_RST = TRUE is set. Following execution of the initialization routine, the
block sets COM_RST back to FALSE. All outputs are set to their initial values. If you require
initialization when the CPU restarts, call the block in OB100 with COM_RST = TRUE.

See also
Block diagram TCONT_S (Page 513)

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8.4.5.2 Mode of operation TCONT_S

Setpoint branch
The setpoint is entered at input SP_INT in floating-point format as a physical value or
percentage. The setpoint and process value used to form the control deviation must have the
same unit.

Process value options (PVPER_ON)

Depending on PVPER_ON, the process value can be read in, in the I/O or floating-point
format.

PVPER_ON Process Value Input

TRUE The process value is read in via the analog I/Os
(PIW xxx) at input PV_PER.
FALSE The process value is acquired in floating-point
format at input PV_IN.

Process value format conversion CRP_IN (PER_MODE)

The CRP_IN function converts the I/O value PV_PER to floating-point format depending on
the PER_MODE switch according to the following rules:

PER_MODE Output of CRP_IN Analog Input Type Unit

0 PV_PER * 0.1 Thermoelements; C;F
PT100/NI100; standard
1 PV_PER * 0.01 PT100/NI100; climate; C;F
2 PV_PER * 100/27648 Voltage/current %

Process value scaling PV_NORM (PF_FAC, PV_OFFS)

The PV_NORM function calculates the output of CRP_IN according to the following rule:
"Output of PV_NORM" = "Output of CRP_IN)" * PV_FAC + PV_OFFS
It can be used for the following purposes:
Process value adjustment with PV_FAC as process value factor and PV_OFFS as
process value offset.
Normalization of temperature to percentage
You want to enter the setpoint as a percentage and must now convert the measured
temperature value to a percentage.
Normalization of percentage to temperature
You want to enter the setpoint in the physical temperature unit and must now convert the
measured voltage/current value to a temperature.

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Calculation of the parameters:

PV_FAC = range of PV_NORM/range of CRP_IN;
PV_OFFS = LL (PV_NORM) - PV_FAC * LL(CRP_IN);
where LL: low limit
The normalization is switched off with the default values (PV_FAC = 1.0 and
PV_OFFS = 0.0). The effective process value is output at the PV output.

Example of Process Value Normalization

If you want to enter the setpoint as a percentage, and you have a temperature range of -20
to 85 C applied to , CRP_IN you must normalize the temperature range as a percentage.
The following diagram shows an example of adapting the temperature range -20 to 85 C to
an internal scale of 0 to 100 %:

Forming the control deviation

The difference between the setpoint and process value is the control deviation before the
dead band.
The setpoint and process value must exist in the same unit.

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Dead band (DEADB_W)

To suppress a minor sustained oscillation due to the manipulated variable quantization (for
example, in pulse width modulation with PULSEGEN) a dead band is applied to the
(DEADBAND) control deviation. With DEADB_W = 0.0, the dead band is switched off.

PI step controller algorithm

The instruction TCONT_S operates without position feedback. The I-action of the PI
algorithm and the assumed position feedback signal are calculated in an integrator (INT) and
compared as a feedback value with the remaining P-action. The difference is applied to a
three-step element (THREE_ST) and a pulse shaper (PULSEOUT) that generates the pulses
for the control valve. Adapting the response threshold of the three-step element reduces the
switching frequency of the controller.

Weakening of the P-action when setpoint changes occur

To prevent overshoot, you can weaken the P-action using the "Proportional factor for
setpoint changes" parameter (PFAC_SP). Using PFAC_SP, you can now select continuously
between 0.0 and 1.0 to decide the effect of the P-action when the setpoint changes:
PFAC_SP = 1.0: P-action has full effect if the setpoint changes
PFAC_SP = 0.0: P-action has no effect if the setpoint changes
As in the case of the continuous controller, a value of PFAC_SP < 1.0 can reduce the
overshoot if the motor run time MTR_TM is small compared with the recovery time TA and
the ratio is TU/TA < 0.2. If MTR_TM reaches 20% of TA, only a slight improvement can still
be achieved.

Feedforward control
A disturbance variable can be added at the DISV input.

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Manual value processing (LMNS_ON, LMNUP, LMNDN)

With LMNS_ON, you can change between manual and automatic mode. In manual mode,
the actuator is halted and the integral action (INT) is set to 0 internally. Using LMNUP and
LMNDN, the actuator can be adjusted to OPEN and CLOSED. Switching over to automatic
mode therefore involves a bump. As a result of the GAIN, the existing control deviation leads
to a step change in the internal manipulated variable. The integral component of the
actuator, however, results in a ramp-shaped excitation of the process.

See also
Block diagram TCONT_S (Page 513)

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8.4.5.3 Block diagram TCONT_S

Parameter configuration interface

Instruction call interface
Parameter configuration interface, call interface

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See also
Description TCONT_S (Page 508)
Mode of operation TCONT_S (Page 509)
Input paramters TCONT_S (Page 515)
Output parameters TCONT_S (Page 516)
In/out parameters TCONT_S (Page 516)
Static variables TCONT_S (Page 517)

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8.4.5.4 Input paramters TCONT_S

Table 8- 23

Parameters Ad- Data Default Description

dress type
CYCLE 0.0 REAL 0.1 s At this input, you enter the sampling time for the controller.
CYCLE 0.001
SP_INT 4.0 REAL 0.0 The input "Internal setpoint" is used to specify a setpoint.
The valid values depend on the sensors used.
PV_IN 8.0 REAL 0.0 At the "Process variable input" you can assign parameters
to a commissioning value or you can interconnect an ex-
ternal process value in floating-point format.
The valid values depend on the sensors used.
PV_PER 12.0 INT 0 The process value in I/O format is interconnected with the
controller at the "Process value I/O" input.
DISV 14.0 REAL 0.0 For feedforward control, the disturbance variable is inter-
connected to the "Disturbance variable" input.
LMNR_HS 18.0 BOOL FALSE The signal "Control valve at high endstop" is interconnect-
ed on the input "High endstop signal of position feedback".
LMNR_HS=TRUE: The control valve is at high end-
stop.
LMNR_LS 18.1 BOOL FALSE The signal "Control valve at low endstop" is interconnect-
ed on the input "Low endstop signal of position feedback".
LMNR_LS=TRUE:
The control valve is at low endstop.
LMNS_ON 18.2 BOOL TRUE Manipulated value signal processing is switched to manual
mode at the "Enable manual mode of manipulated signal".
LMNUP 18.3 BOOL FALSE In manual mode of manipulated signals, the output pa-
rameter QLMNUP is operated at the input parameter "Ma-
nipulated signal up".
LMNDN 18.4 BOOL FALSE In manual mode of the manipulated signals, the output
parameter QLMNDN is operated at the input parameter
"Manipulated signal down".

See also
Block diagram TCONT_S (Page 513)

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8.4.5.5 Output parameters TCONT_S

Table 8- 24

Parameters Ad- Data Default Description

dress type
QLMNUP 20.0 BOOL FALSE If the output "Manipulated value signal up" is set then the
control valve should be open.
QLMNDN 20.1 BOOL FALSE If the output "Manipulated value signal down" is set then
the control valve should be closed.
PV 22.0 REAL 0.0 The effective process value is output at the "Process val-
ue" output.
ER 26.0 REAL 0.0 The effective system deviation is output at the "Error sig-
nal" output.

See also
Block diagram TCONT_S (Page 513)

8.4.5.6 In/out parameters TCONT_S

Table 8- 25

Parameters Ad- Data Default Description

dress type
COM_RST 30.0 BOOL FALSE The block has an initialization routine that is processed
when the COM_RST input is set.

See also
Block diagram TCONT_S (Page 513)

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8.4.5.7 Static variables TCONT_S

Table 8- 26

Parameters Ad- Data Default Description

dress type
PV_FAC 32.0 REAL 1.0 The "Process value factor" input is multiplied by the process value. The
input is used to scale the process value range.
PV_OFFS 36.0 REAL 0.0 The input "Process value offset" is added to the process value. The input is
used to scale the process value range.
The valid values depend on the sensors used.
DEADB_W 40.0 REAL 0.0 A deadband is applied to the control deviation. The "Deadband width" input
determines the size of the deadband.
DEADB_W 0.0
PFAC_SP 44.4 REAL 1.0 PFAC_SP specifies the effective P-action when there is a setpoint change.
1: P-action has full effect if the setpoint changes.
0: P-action has no effect if the setpoint changes.
Values from 0.0 to 1.0 are permitted.
GAIN 48.0 REAL 2.0 The "Proportional gain" input specifies controller amplification. The direction
of control can be reversed by giving GAIN a negative sign.
%/phys. unit
TI 52.0 REAL 40.0 s The "Integration time" (integral-action time) input defines the integrator's
time response.
MTR_TM 56.0 REAL 30 s The runtime from endstop to endstop of the control valve is entered at the
"Motor actuating time" parameter.
MTR_TM CYCLE
PULSE_TM 60.0 REAL 0.0 s A minimum pulse time can be configured at the "Minimum pulse time" pa-
rameter.
BREAK_TM 64.0 REAL 0.0 s You can assign a minimum break time at the parameter "Minimum break
time".
PER_MODE 68.0 INT 0 You can use this switch to enter the type of I/O module. The process value
at input PV_PER is then scaled as follows at the PV output.
PER_MODE = 0: Thermoelements; PT100/NI100; standard
PV_PER * 0.1
Unit: C, F
PER_MODE = 1: PT100/NI100; climate
PV_PER * 0.01
Unit: C, F
PER_MODE = 2: Current/voltage
PV_PER * 100/27648
Unit: %
PVPER_ON 70.0 BOOL FALSE If the process value is to be read in from the I/Os, the PV_PER input must
be interconnected with the I/Os and the "Enable process value I/Os" input
must be set.

See also
Block diagram TCONT_S (Page 513)

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Instructions
8.4 PID basic functions

8.4.6 Integrated system functions

8.4.6.1 CONT_C_SF

CONT_C_SF
The instruction CONT_C_SF is integrated in the S7-300 compact CPUs. The instruction
must not be transmitted to the S7-300 CPU during loading. The scope of function
corresponds with the instruction CONT_C.

See also
Description CONT_C (Page 461)
How CONT_C works (Page 462)
CONT_C block diagram (Page 464)
Input parameter CONT_C (Page 465)
Output parameters CONT_C (Page 467)

8.4.6.2 CONT_S_SF

CONT_S_SF
The instruction CONT_S_SF is integrated in the S7-300 compact CPUs. The instruction must
not be transmitted to the S7-300 CPU during loading. The scope of function corresponds
with the instruction CONT_S.

See also
Description CONT_S (Page 468)
Mode of operation CONT_S (Page 469)
Block diagram CONT_S (Page 470)
Input parameters CONT_S (Page 471)
Output parameters CONT_S (Page 472)

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 Instructions
8.4 PID basic functions

8.4.6.3 PULSEGEN_SF

PULSEGEN_SF
The instruction PULSEGEN_SF is integrated in the S7-300 compact CPUs. The instruction
must not be transmitted to the S7-300 CPU during loading. The scope of function
corresponds with the instruction PULSEGEN.

See also
Description PULSEGEN (Page 473)
Mode of operation PULSEGEN (Page 474)
Mode of operation PULSEGEN (Page 477)
Three-step control (Page 477)
Two-step control (Page 480)
Input parameters PULSEGEN (Page 481)
Output parameter PULSEGEN (Page 482)

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Service & Support A

Unmatched complete service for the entire life cycle

For machine manufacturers, solution providers and plant operators: The service offering
from Siemens Industry Automation and Drive Technologies includes comprehensive services
for a wide range of different users in all sectors of the manufacturing and process industry.
To accompany our products and systems, we offer integrated and structured services that
provide valuable support in every phase of the life cycle of your machine or plant from
planning and implementation through commissioning as far as maintenance and
modernization.
Our Service & Support accompanies you worldwide in all matters concerning automation and
drive technology from Siemens. We provide direct on-site support in more than 100 countries
through all phases of the life cycle of your machines and plants.
You have an experienced team of specialists at your side to provide active support and
bundled know-how. Regular training courses and intensive contact among our employees
even across continents ensure reliable service in the most diverse areas.

Online Support
The comprehensive online information platform supports you in all aspects of our Service &
Support at any time and from any location in the world.
You can find Online Support at the following address on the Internet.

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520 Function Manual, 09/2016, A5E35300227-AB
 Service & Support

Technical Consulting
Support in planning and designing your project: From detailed actual-state analysis,
definition of the goal and consultation on product and system questions right through to the
creation of the automation solution.

Technical Support
Expert advice on technical questions with a wide range of demand-optimized services for all
our products and systems.
You can find Technical Support at the following address on the Internet.

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Engineering Support
Support during project engineering and development with services fine-tuned to your
requirements, from configuration through to implementation of an automation project.

Field Service
Our Field Service offers you services for commissioning and maintenance to ensure that
your machines and plants are always available.

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In every sector worldwide, plants and systems are required to operate with constantly
increasing reliability. We will provide you with the support you need to prevent a standstill
from occurring in the first place: with a worldwide network and optimum logistics chains.

Repairs
Downtimes cause problems in the plant as well as unnecessary costs. We can help you to
reduce both to a minimum with our worldwide repair facilities.

Optimization
During the service life of machines and plants, there is often a great potential for increasing
productivity or reducing costs.
To help you achieve this potential, we are offering a complete range of optimization services.

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Service & Support

Modernization
You can also rely on our support when it comes to modernization with comprehensive
services from the planning phase all the way to commissioning.

Service programs
Our service programs are select service packages for an automation and drives system or
product group. The individual services are coordinated with each other to ensure smooth
coverage of the entire life cycle and support optimum use of your products and systems.
The services of a service program can be flexibly adapted at any time and used separately.
Examples of service programs:
Service contracts
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You can find your personal contact in our contacts database on the Internet.

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Index

PULSEGEN
Instruction, 473
C Mode of operation, 474
CONT_C
Block diagram, 464
S
Input parameters, 465
Mode of operation, 462 Software controller
Output parameters, 467 Configuring, 38
CONT_S Symbol
Block diagram, 470 For value comparison, 42
Input parameters, 471
Instruction, 468
Mode of operation, 469 T
Output parameters, 472
TCONT_CP
In/out parameters, 500
Input parameters, 498
P
Instruction, 483
PID_3Step Mode of operation, 484
In/out parameters, 330 Output parameters, 499
Input parameters, 327, 362 Static tags, 501
Instruction, 316, 353 TCONT_S
Output parameters, 329, 364 In/out parameters, 516
Static tags, 366 Input parameters, 515
PID_Compact Instruction, 508
In/out parameters, 263 Operating principle, 509
Input parameters, 260, 296 Output parameters, 516
Instruction, 292 Static tags, 517
Output parameters, 262, 297 Technology objects
Static tags, 264, 298 CONT_C, 214
PID_Temp CONT_S, 220
ActivateRecoverMode tag, 453 PID_3Step, 120
Cascade, 405 PID_Compact, 119
Cascading, 198 PID_Temp, 164
ErrorBits parameter, 450 TCONT_CP, 223
In/out parameters, 405 TCONT_S, 246
Input parameters, 401
Mode, 405
Multi-zone applications, 206 V
Operating principle, 395
Values
Output parameters, 403
Comparing, 42
PID_Temp state and mode parameters, 440
PwmPeriode, 456
Static tags, 407
Tag Warning, 455
PULSEGEN
Input parameters, 481
Output parameters, 482

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