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CH 7 Ionic Bonds

This document provides an overview of ionic bonds and ionic compounds. It defines ionic bonds as the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal. Cations are positively charged ions formed when metals lose electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions formed when nonmetals gain electrons. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points due to the strong electrostatic forces between ions arranged in a crystalline lattice structure. When dissolved in water, ionic compounds form electrolyte solutions that can conduct electricity.

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350 views

CH 7 Ionic Bonds

This document provides an overview of ionic bonds and ionic compounds. It defines ionic bonds as the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal. Cations are positively charged ions formed when metals lose electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions formed when nonmetals gain electrons. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points due to the strong electrostatic forces between ions arranged in a crystalline lattice structure. When dissolved in water, ionic compounds form electrolyte solutions that can conduct electricity.

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Ch.

7 Ionic Bonds
Chemical Bonds
Chemical bonds form when atoms are strongly
attracted to one another

1) Ionic Bond
2) Covalent Bond
3) Metallic Bond
Compounds - Review
Compound: Substance that is composed of two or more
elements that are combined chemically
Properties of a compound are generally very different
from the elements that make it
Chemical Formulas:
Formulas show the symbols on the ration of the elements in the
compound
Subscripts: tell the number of each element in the
compound
Ex. C12H22O11
Review:
Valence Electrons: Electrons in the highest energy
level
The number of valence electrons largely determines the
chemical properties of an element.
To find the number of valence electrons, look at its group
number.

Electron Dot Notation: represents the number of


valence electrons
Ions - Review
Ion: an atom or bonded group of atoms that has a positive or
negative charge

When atoms lose electrons and become positive ions, they always
become smaller (compared to the neutral atom)
Loss of valence electron can leave an empty outer orbital resulting in a small
radius

When atoms gain electrons and become negative ions, they become
larger
Octet Rule
Atoms tend to gain, lose (ionic bond) or share
(covalent bond) electrons until they are
surrounded by eight valence electrons
An octet consists of 8 valence electrons
Since the noble gases have eight electrons, we
assume that an atom is stable when
surrounded by 8 valence electrons
A gain of one electron gives chlorine an octet and converts a
chlorine atom into a chloride ion. It has the same electron
configuration as the noble gas argon.
Ionic Bond
Type of chemical bond
Electron transfers lead to forces holding atoms together
Binds opposite charged ions together
Formed by a METAL and a NONMETAL (or a group)
Examples: NaCl (Sodium Chloride), Na2CO3 (Sodium Carbonate)

**To determine is an element is a metal, nonmetal or metalloid,


look at its placement on the periodic table.
Ionic Bonding
A bond forms when oppositely charged atoms are
electrostatically attracted to one another as a result of the
transfer of electrons
Classes of Ionic Bonds
1. Oxides
Compounds with ionic bonds between a metal and
oxygen
Example: MgO (Magnesium Oxide)

2. Salts
Generic name for most ionic compounds
Examples: NaCl (Sodium Chloride), ZnI2 (Zinc Iodide)
Intro to Ionic Names & Formulas
Monatomic Ions: one-atom ions
1) Cation
Positive ion formed by the loss of
valence electrons
Atom loses electrons to have an
octet like the previous noble gases
Naming: The cation name stays
the same as the atom name
Example: Li Lithium
Li+ Lithium Ion
Monatomic Ions
2) Anion
A Negative ion formed by the gain of electrons
Atoms gain electrons to achieve an octet
Naming: For the anion, add the suffix ide to the
root of the atom name
Example: Br bromine, Br - Bromide Ion
Oxidation Number (Oxidation State)
The charge of a monatomic ion
The number of electrons gained or
lost to make an ion

Monatomic Ion Trends:


Group 1: Plus 1 charge
Group 2: Plus 2 charge
Group 17: Negative 1 charge
Group 16: Negative 2 charge
Group 15: Negative 3 charge
Practice:
Write the symbol, name of the ion, and determine if its a
cation or anion.
1. An iodine atom gains one electron
2. A strontium atom loses two electrons
3. A sulfur atom gains two electrons
4. An aluminum atom loses three electrons
Practice:
Atoms that tend to gain a noble gas configuration by LOSING
valence electrons are
A. Metals
B. Nonmetals
C. Noble Gases
D. Representative Elements
Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic Ions:
Ions made up of more than one atom
Charge applies to the whole group
Never change the subscripts of atoms within the ion
Example: CO32- (Carbonate)

Oxyanion:
Ion with a nonmetal and one or more oxygen atoms
Polyatomic Ion Trends
Naming
Element: S Sulfur
Anion: S2- Sulfide

SO52- Persulfate (+1 oxygen)


SO42- Sulfate
SO32- Sulfite (-1 oxygen)
SO22- Hyposulfite (-2 oxygen)
Ionic Bonds
Ion Bond: Metal and Nonmetal
Or
Positive Ion and Negative Ion

When atoms transfer electrons, the atoms become bonded


and form ionic compounds
Although they are composed of charged ions, ionic
compounds are electrically neutral (positive charge =
negative charge).
Ionic Nomenclature
Writing Ionic Compound Formulas:
1. Write the cation and anion formulas with charges
2. Balance the charges with subscripts if necessary
3. Use parentheses around polyatomic ions that need a
subscript added
4. Write the final neutral formula without charges
Practice:
Potassium Permanganate:
K+ MnO4- KMnO4

Aluminum Oxide:
Al3+ O2- add Al3+ Al3+ O2- O2- O2- Al2O3

Copper (II) Hydroxide:


Cu2+ OH- add OH- Cu(OH)2
More Practice:
Sodium Phosphate: Na3PO4

Iron (III) Sulfate: Fe2(SO4)3

Calcium Manganate: CaMnO4


Naming Ionic Compounds

1. Cation name written first


2. Anion name written second

**Reminder: Use the roman numerals for


most cations
Practice:

Li3PO4 -- lithium phosphate

Fe(ClO4)2 -- iron (II) perchlorate

Na2SO4 sodium sulfate


More Practice:

(NH4)2S Ammonium Sulfide


AgC2H3O2 Silver Acetate
CuCl Copper (I) Chloride

LiHCO3 Lithium Bicarbonate


Properties of Ionic Compounds
Crystal Lattice:
Ions are arranged in a regular, repeating 3D pattern
Each +ion is surrounded by ions
Overall the shape of the crystal depends on the relative number of
+ ions and ions
Crystal Structure
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Physical Properties:
Particles are highly attracted to
one another
High melting & boiling points
Ionic crystals are hard, rigid, and
brittle
Can conduct electrical currents
Electrolyte: an ionic compound
whose aqueous solution conducts
electricity
Aqueous Solutions: A substance
dissolved into water

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