R&TPO-msr-RI-4.

Date: 09/02/2000 issue 3.

Radiographic Interpretation
Level 2 General and Specific Theory Paper RI-4
This column is for official use only
Name: . Results
Signed: . Marker 1:

Date: . Marker 2:

1. When attempting to radiograph a butt weld made on 4 mm carbon steel plate, which of
the following exposure conditions are most likely to be used?
a. 400 kV, 12 mAmins, salt screens, 900 ffd.
b. 120 kV, 6 mAmins, no screens, 900 ffd.
c. 160 kV, 6 mAmins, lead screens, 900 ffd.
d. 80 kV, 12 mAmins, no screens, 900 ffd.

2. Which of the following radiographic techniques would most likely be used when
carrying out radiography on a 300mm-diameter pipe to pipe weld (circumferential) no
internal access?
a. D.W.D.I.
b. S.W.S.I. (panoramic)
c. D.W.S.I.
d. D.W.D.I. (perpendicular)

3. In accordance with BS EN 1453 what is the minimum exposures required for a D.W.D.I.
perpendicular technique:
a. One.
b. Two.
c. Three.
d. As many shots as possible to give full coverage of the weld giving acceptable
radiographs.

4. In accordance with BS EN 1453 what is the thickness range for selenium 75?
a. Less than 15mm
b. The same as iridium 192.
c. 20 to 100mm.
d. 10 to 40mm.

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5. Under most circumstances, which of the following conditions would give a single wall
single image multiple exposures.
a. The radiographic examination of a plate weld over 40 metres in length.
b. The radiographic examination of a pipes girth weld, full circumference less than
90mm diameter, no internal access.
c. The radiographic examination of a pipes girth weld, full circumference over 500mm
diameter, both internal and external access.
d. The radiographic examination of the same conditions as for c but with no internal
access.

6. Which of the following materials may be used for the manufacture of the anode target
used in conventional x-ray tube heads?
a. Tungsten and copper.
b. Tungsten and aluminium.
c. Tungsten and platinum.
d. Tungsten is the only material that can be used for the anode targets.

7. Which of the following are reasons for setting the anode target at an angle?
a. To reduce the amount of heat produced in the anode.
b. To improve overall contrast.
c. To reduce the actual focal spot size.
d. To reduce the effective focal spot size.

8. Which of the following factors will give the best film image sharpness:
a. Small actual focal spot size, long o.f.d. and a long f.f.d.
b. Short o.f.d, short f.f.d. and a small effective focal spot size.
c. The use of shorter wavelength radiation, long f.f.d. and a small actual focal spot size.
d. Long f.f.d, short o.f.d, and the use of longer wavelength radiation.

9. Lead plates or sleeves used in x-ray tube-heads are for the purpose of:
a. Shielding to prevent unwanted radiation spread.
b. Directing x-rays towards the desired direction i.e. towards the window or tube port.
c. To dissipate heat which is created in the tube-head.
d. Both a and b.

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10. At approximately what percentage of a cobalt 60 isotope intensity will be lost after 2.5
years?
a. 50%.
b. 25%.
c. 100%.
d. 75%.
11. Ytterbium 169 is an ideal isotope for thin material:
a. Because it produces hard radiation.
b. Because it produces soft radiation.
c. Because of its high deterioration.
d. Both a and b.

12. Which of the following will give the highest subject contrast?
a. Ultra fine grain film, slow film speed.
b. Large grain film, fast film speed.
c. Medium grain film, medium film speed.
d. None of the above.

13. Which of the following defects (in most circumstances) will not be detected using x-
rays?
a. Centre line-cracking open to the surface.
b. Lack of side-wall fusion with associated slag.
c. Plate laminations (significant in area).
d. Cluster porosity.

14. Which of the following x-ray machines are most commonly used on site?
a. Constant potential.
b. Conventional.
c. Linear accelerators.
d. Betatron accelerators.

15. A positron is best described as:

a. A particle carrying a unit positive electrical charge, one atomic mass unit.
b. A positive charged particle, equal atomic mass unit to one neutron.
c. A particle carrying a unit negative electrical charge, one atomic mass unit.
d. A positive charged particle, equal atomic mass unit to one electron.

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16. Two isotopes sources of the same material with the same activity:
a. Generally the one with the largest specific activity will produce radiographs with
highest definition.
b. Generally the one with the smallest specific activity will produce radiographs with
highest definition.
c. Both isotopes regardless of specific activity if every thing else is the same will
produce radiographs of the same definition.
d. None of the above.

17. Which of the following applies to alpha particles:

a. Negatively charged having a mass equal in magnitude to that of an electron.
b. Positively charged consisting of two neutrons and two protons.
c. Positively charged having a mass equal in magnitude to that of a proton.
d. No overall charge having a mass equal in magnitude to that of a neutron.

18. The most common source of man made radioactive isotopes is?
a. From a nuclear reactor involving the fission of uranium 235.
b. By accelerating the disintegration of uranium 236 to produce other radioactive
elements such as iridium 192 and caesium 137.
c. By directing a stream of quickly charged particles (usually electrons) at certain
elements.
d. From neutron bombardment with an elements nuclei (neutron capture).

19. Which of the following are most likely to produce yellow stains on radiographs?
a. Touching undeveloped film with chemical contamination.
b. Non-uniform development and depleted developer solution.
c. Failure to use stop bath or insufficient final wash.
d. Over development and developer solution too strong.

20. Which of the following are probable causes for frilling?

a. Out of date film.
b. Overly warm or depleted fixer solution.
c. Insufficient final wash.
d. Incorrect drying conditions.

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21. In accordance with BS EN 1453 which IQI wire must be visible on a radiograph taken of
a weld, total weld thickness 40mm, single wall technique test class A:
a. W8.
b. W9.
c. W10.
d. W11.

22. The IQI system of BS EN 462 is based on a series of how many wires?
a. 7.
b. 21.
c. 19.
d. 14.

23. The purpose of agitating radiographic films during development is to:

a. Reduce exposure times
b. Renew the developer at the surface of the film
c. Disperse unexposed silver grains on the films surface
d. All of the above.

24. Which of the following applies to fluoroscopy?

a. Its a radiographic technique used to determine depths of defects already detected.
b. Its a process where x-rays are produced by neutron bombardment for use on thick
specimens.
c. Its a technique used to some extent to save time when carrying out radiography on
complex shaped specimens with various thickness.
d. Its a process in which x-rays produce images that are observed visually on
fluorescent screens.

25. Which of the following are reasons for using a high-vacuum environment for the tube
envelope in x-ray tube-heads?
a. To permit ready passage of the electron beam without ionisation of the tube gas.
b. To provide electrical insulation between the electrodes.
c. To prevent oxidation of the electrode materials.
d. Both a and b.
e. All of the above.

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26. Which of the following standards is entitled Image quality of radiographs image quality
indicators-duplex wire type?
a. BS EN 462-1.
b. BS EN 462-5.
c. BS EN 462-4.
d. BS EN 462-3.

27. In x-ray tube-heads the filament in the cathode is usually made from:
a. Copper.
b. Tungsten.
c. Titanium.
d. Glass (Pyrex).

28. The focusing cup functions as an electrostatic lens whose purpose:

a. Direct x-rays towards the anode.
b. Direct a stream of electrically charged particles towards the anode.
c. To shorten the radiations wavelength.
d. Both a and b.

29. When manually developing radiographic film:

a. Developer temperature 20 oC for 4 to 5 minutes.
b. Developer temperature 28 oC for 4 to 5 minutes.
c. Developer temperature 20 oC for 4 to 5 seconds.
d. Any of the above could be used developer temperature and development time is not so
critical.

30. Which of the following standard(s) has BS EN1435 superseded?

a. BS 2600.
b. BS 2910.
c. BS 3971.
d. Both a and b.
e. All of the above.

31. The constant potential circuit of an x-ray generator is also known as:
a. An unrectified circuit.
b. The villard type circuit.
c. A half wave rectified circuit.
d. The greinacher circuit.

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32. What does the developer supply to the film emulsion to initiate the chemical change that
makes the latent image visible?
a. Neutrons.
b. Bromide.
c. Electrons.
d. Positive ions.

33. Pair production, compton effect, photoelectric effect are three examples of:
a. Chemical reactions which play a major role in developing a film.
b. Methods used to make a radiograph.
c. Interactions which attenuate x-rays or gamma rays.
d. Chemical reactions which create a latent image,

34. Developer preferentially reduces:

a. Unexposed silver ions over exposed silver ions.
b. Bromide ions over silver ions.
c. Exposed silver ions over bromide ions.
d. Silver ions over bromide ions.

35. When the minute silver grains on which the x-ray film is formed group together in
relatively large masses, they produce a visual impression called:
a. Frilling.
b. Fogging.
c. Graininess.
d. Reticulation.

36. If a satisfactory radiograph has been achieved using the following exposure details,
exposure time = 2 min 45 seconds, mA = 3, f.f.d. = 10 inch, calculate a new exposure
time for the following changes, mA = 4.5, f.f.d. = 12 inch
a. 1.27 minutes.
b. 2 minutes 38 seconds.
c. 2.35 minutes
d. 1 minute 27 seconds.

37. The purpose of fixation is to:

a. To remove all the undeveloped silver salts of the emulsion.
b. To leave the developed silver as a permanent image.
c. To harden the gelatine.
d. All of the above.

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38. Water spots can be minimised by:

a. Rapid drying of the wet film.
b. Immersing the wet film for one or two seconds in a wetting agent.
c. By using a fresh fixer.
d. By cascading water during the rinse cycle.

39. A graph showing the relationship between material thickness, kilovoltage and exposure is
called a:
a. Bar chart.
b. Exposure chart.
c. Characteristic curve.
d. H and D curve.

40. Excessive exposure of a film to light prior to development of the film will most likely
result in:
a. A fogged film.
b. Poor definition.
c. Yellow streaks.
d. Yellow stains.

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