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Tanya Touch Assignment #3

Metals form metallic bonds where the positively charged metal ions are embedded in a "sea" of delocalized electrons. This electron cloud shields the positive ions and allows for nondirectional bonding and malleability. Ceramics form ionic bonds between positively charged metal cations and negatively charged nonmetal anions. These directional, coulombic attractions result in brittle materials. Polymers are composed of long chains of covalently bonded atoms or molecules held together by weaker secondary bonds, allowing for malleability through breaking of secondary bonds under stress.

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19 views

Tanya Touch Assignment #3

Metals form metallic bonds where the positively charged metal ions are embedded in a "sea" of delocalized electrons. This electron cloud shields the positive ions and allows for nondirectional bonding and malleability. Ceramics form ionic bonds between positively charged metal cations and negatively charged nonmetal anions. These directional, coulombic attractions result in brittle materials. Polymers are composed of long chains of covalently bonded atoms or molecules held together by weaker secondary bonds, allowing for malleability through breaking of secondary bonds under stress.

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TanyaTouché
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Tanya Touch

Assignment #3

Na+ Ca2+

Cl- O2-

Energy (kJ/mole)))

Distance (nm)
Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table and can lose up to 3 valence electrons.
Metals are made up from metallic bonds. The atoms bonding is packed close together and
arranged in an orderly manner. Because of how close the atoms are packed, the valence electrons
on the atoms form an electron cloud that shield the positive ion cores from each other. The
valence electrons in the electron cloud do not belong to an individual atom, but to the metal as a
whole, which makes the bonding nondirectional. Metals are malleable because metallic bonds
are nondirectional and when deformed, the atoms within the material can freely move around
because of the shielding electron cloud from repulsive forces.

Ceramics are composed to ionic bonds between metals and nonmetals. The metal atom will give
up their valence electrons and nonmetals will accept electrons to form a more stable
configuration. When a metal gives up electrons it becomes positively charged (cation) and the
nonmetal becomes negatively charged (anion). The attractive forces are coulombic where the
cation and anion are attracted to one another because of the different charges. Ionic bonds are
nondirectional in that the magnitude of the bond is equivalent in all directions, because of this
the neighboring ions must have an opposite charge. Ceramics are generally brittle because the
ionic bond is relatively strong, but if the material is deformed, ions of the same charge come
together and cause the material to break.

Plastics are polymers that are held together by covalent and secondary bonds. The polymer
chains are made up of a backbone connected by covalent bonds that are strong. In each chain
atoms can develop dipoles which in turn can induce a dipole in neighboring atoms. Polymer
molecules are held together by covalent bonds, polymer molecules are attached to other
molecules by the secondary bonds. Plastics are malleable because the covalent bonds of the
backbone are strong, but can break under stress because of the secondary bonding between
chains.

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