EEM 306 Introduction to Communications

Lecture 1

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Anadolu University

March 4, 2014

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Frequency Domain Analysis

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Fourier Series
Fourier Series is applied to periodic signals.
Fourier Series Expansion
Let x(t) be a real periodic signal with period T0 . If the Dirichlet
conditions are satisfied,

j2 Tn t
X X
x(t) = xn e 0 = xn ejnw0 t
n= n=

xn : Fourier series coefficients

+T
Z 0 +T
Z 0
1 j2 Tn t 1
xn = x(t)e 0 dt = x(t)ejnw0 t dt
T0 T0

T0 : fundamental period
f0 = T10 fundamental frequency in Hz
w0 = 2f0 fundamental frequency in rad
Lecture 1 3/15
Fourier Series

Trigonometric Version
For a real, periodic x(t): xn = xn
    
a0 X n n
x(t) = + an cos 2 t + bn sin 2 t
2 T0 T0
n=1

+T
Z 0  
2 n
an = x(t) cos 2 t dt
T0 T0

+T
Z 0  
2 n
bn = x(t) sin 2 t dt
T0 T0

an jbn
xn = 2

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Fourier Series

A third way
Note that
 
j2 Tn t j2 Tn t n
xn e 0 + xn e 0 = 2|xn | cos 2 t + xn
T0

In summary, for a real periodic signal x(t)

n
P j2 t
x(t) = xn e T0
n=
h    i
= a20 + an cos 2 Tn0 t + bn sin 2 Tn0 t
P
n=1
 
|xn | cos 2 Tn0 t + xn
P
= x0 + 2
n=1

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Fourier Transforms

Here, as in Fourier Series, the signals are expressed in terms of

complex exponentials of various frequencies, but these frequencies
are not discrete.
Z
X(f ) = x(t)ej2f t dt

Z
x(t) = X(f )ej2f t df

Notation: X(f ) = F{x(t)}, x(t) = F 1 {X(f )}

x(t) X(f )
R j2f t R j2f (t )
Recall (t) = e df , (t ) = e df

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Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform
I Linearity: The Fourier Transform operation is linear
x1 (t) X1 (f ) and x2 (t) X2 (f )
x1 (t) + x2 (t) X1 (f ) + X2 (f )
where and are two arbitrary scalars
I Duality: If X(f ) = F[x(t)],
x(f ) = F[X(t)] and x(f ) = F[X(t)]
I Time shift:
F [x(t t0 )] = ej2f t0 F[x(t)]
I Scaling: For any real a 6= 0
 
1 f
F[x(at)] = X
|a| a
I Convolution: If x(t) X(f ) and y(t) Y (f )
F[x(t) y(t)] = F[x(t)] F[y(t)] = X(f )Y (f )
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Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform contd

I Modulation:
1
x(t) cos(2fc t) [X(f fc ) + X(f + fc )]
2
I Parsevals property:
Z Z

x(t)y (t)dt = X(f )Y (f )df

I Rayleighs property:
Z Z
2
|x(t)| dt = |X(f )|2 df

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Lecture 1 9/15
Example: Determine the Fourier transform of
 
t
g(t) = A cos(2fc t)
T

where
1 |t| < 1/2
(t) = 1/2 |t| = 1/2
0 otherwise

is a rectangular pulse.

Lecture 1 10/15
Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Let x(t) be a periodic signal with period T0

j2 Tn t
X
x(t) = xn e 0

n=

By taking the Fourier Transform of both sides

X n
X(f ) = xn (f )
n=
T0
Consist of impulses, impulse magnitudes are related to FS coeffs!

Let xT0 (t) be one period of x(t) and xT0 (t) XT0 (f )
 
1 1 n
xn = XT0 (f )|f = n = XT0
T0 T 0 T0 T0
A shortcut for computing FS coefficients!
Lecture 1 11/15
Power and Energy

The energy content of a signal x(t)

Z
Ex = |x(t)|2 dt

The power content of a signal x(t)

Z T /2
1
Px = lim |x(t)|2 dt
T T T /2

I A signal is energy-type if Ex <

I A signal is power-type if 0 < Px < (finite and nonzero)
I A signal cannot be both power-type and energy-type.
Why?
I A signal can be neither energy-type nor power-type

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Example: Find the energy of the signal g(t) = Asinc(2W t).

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Energy-Type Signals
For an energy-type signal x(t), the autocorrelation function

R ) x (
Rx ( ) = x(

)
= R x(t)x (t )dt

= x(t + )x (t)dt
: correlation distance
R
If = 0, Rx (0) = |x(t)|2 dt = Ex . Note Rx (0) |Rx ( )|
R R
Using Rayleighs theorem: Ex = |x(t)|2 dt = |X(f )|2 df

F {Rx ( )} = |X(f )|2 = energy spectral density = Gx (f )

Rx ( ) Gx (f )
Z
Ex = Gx (f )df

Note Gx (f ) 0
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Example: Can (t) be an autocorrelation function?

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