MATH1251 Calculus Test 3 2007 S2 v2a

Full Solutions
August 16, 2015

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1. (a) Consider 4a2n+1 8,

4a2n+1 8 = 4 (f (an ))2 8

1 2
 
1
=4 + 8
2 an
 
1 2 1
=4 a +1+ 2 8
4 n an
4
= a2n + 4 + 2 8
an
4
= a2n 4 + 2
an
2 2
 
= an > 0.
an

1
 Thus, 4a2n+1 8 > 0 = a2n+1 > 2 for n 1. When n = 0, a21 = 22 = 4 > 2.
Hence, a2n > 2 for n 1.

(b) Using the definition of an+1 ,

an+1 = f (an )
1 1
= an +
2 an
1 1
= + 2 an
2 an

1
Note that a2n > 2, so a2n
< 21 .
Thus, an+1 < 12 an + 1
2 an = an for all n 1.
That is,
an+1 < an for all n 1.

(c) We explain this using the Monotone Convergence Theorem.

Firstly, the sequence {an }

n=1 is monotonically decreasing.

Next, we show that an is bounded,

an+1 = f (an )
1 1
= an +
2 an
r
1
2 (AM-GM Inequality)
2

= 2.

Thus, an is bounded from below.

Hence, the sequence converges by the Monotone Convergence Theorem, and there
exists a number L such that an L as n .

(d) We know that an+1 = limn f (an ).

Then, taking the limit as n on both sides,

lim an+1 = lim f (an )

n n
 
lim an+1 = f lim an (by continuity of f )
n n

L = f (L) (since limn an = limn an+1 )

L 1
L= +
2 L

2
 L2
L2 = +1
2
L2
=1
2
L2 = 2

L = 2. (since an > 2 n 1)

2. True. If the limit doesnt tend to 0, then well always be adding numbers that are not
close to 0 in the sum and so itll diverge. Note that this explanation is not required.

3. False. We use a counterexample to show that its wrong.

You can choose any counterexample you like, this is just the one I chose.
1
Let an = n2
and bn = n1 .
Clearly, 0 an bn for n 1.
Also,
P P
n=1 an converges since it is a p-series with n = 2 and n=1 bn diverges since it is
a p-series with n = 1 (the harmonic series).

4. Let an = 1 .
n
We prove that this converges using Leibniz Test (the Alternating Signs Test).
Note that limn an = limn 1 = 0.
n

an+1 1/ n+1
Also, = = n < 1.
an 1/ n n+1
So an+1 < an for all n 1.
Thus, since:

the series is alternating, as an 0 for n 1,

an 0 as n ,

an+1 < an for n 1,

then by Leibniz Test (the Alternating Signs Test), the series converges.
(x1)n
5. Let an = .
2n (1+ n)
 
 an+1 
For the radius of convergence, we consider  an  and the limit as n since we wish
to have be less than 1 for it to converge.
So,
 


 an+1   (x 1)n+1 / 2n+1 1 + n + 1 

 an  = 
 
(x 1)n / (2n (1 + n))


 
 (x 1) 1 + n 
=  .
2 1 + n + 1
 
As n ,  (x1) 1+
n   x1
 
2 .
  
2 1+ n+1

3
  
We require limn  an+1
an  < 1 for convergence, thus
 

 
x 1
 2  < 1 = |x 1| < 2.