CE 408 Transportation Engineering

Section: CE42FA3

Group 2: EXEMPT CARRIER

are transport agencies that specialize
Pilaspilas, Kimberley in taxi services or transportation of
Buiza, Paul Alvin commodities that are exempt from
Labay, Clyde Joshua A. regulation by the Interstate Commerce
Suck, Lois Anne Cayle E. Act.
Juayong, Charlotte Kaye R.
TRAFFIC CONTROL
CARRIER OWNERSHIP Traffic control devices:
is a person or company that The various aids and devices
transports goods or people for any used to control, regulate and
person or company and that is guide traffic.
responsible for any possible loss of the
goods during transport. The general requirement of
traffic control devices are:
Types of Transportation system
Attention
COMMON CARRIER
Time for
Common carriers are often plain in
response
appearance because they transport
goods for multiple companies; think of Respect of road
a freight railcar or a plain white trailer users
on an 18-wheeler. Some common
carriers, such as airlines, advertise Types of traffic Control Devices
their brand on their exteriors, but may 1. Signs - used to regulate, warn
still be transporting goods from and guide traffic movements on
various companies public road ways.
CONTRACT CARRIER a. REGULATORY SIGNS
(also called a public carrier in UK - meant to inform the road
users of certain laws.
English), which is a carrier that
b. WARNING SIGNS
transports goods for only a certain
- are used to warn the
number of clients and that can refuse hazardous conditions that
to transport goods for anyone else, exist or adjacent to the
and from a private carrier. roadway.
c. INFORMATORY SIGNS
PRIVATE CARRIER
- Are used to guide the users
private carrier is a company that
along routes, inform them of
transports only its own goods. destination and distance.
The carrier's primary business is not
transportation. Private carriers may 2. Signals - are control devices
refuse to sell their services at their which could alternately direct
own discretion, whereas the traffic to stop and proceed at
common carriers must treat all intersections using red and
customers equally. green traffic light signals
automatically.
CE 408 Transportation Engineering
Section: CE42FA3

a. TRAFFIC CONTROL Impacts of facilities or

SIGNALS modes of travel
b. PEDESTRIAN SIGNAL Lines on existing roads
Roads
3. Markings - Are made of lines, Light rail
pattern, words, symbol or Bus service
reflection on the pavement, Geometric design
kerb, and sides of islands. Pavement design
a. PAVEMENT MARKING
-Communicate to drivers Traveler Decisions:
where to position their Types of decisions
vehicles, warn about Time (when do you go?)
upcoming conditions, and Destination (where do you go?)
indicate where passing is Mode (how do you get there?)
allowed Route choice (what route do you
b. KERB MARKING choose?)
- these may indicate Influences
certain regulation like parking Economic
regulations. Social
c. REFLECTOR UNIT
MARKING Transportation Forecasting
Are used as hazard markers is used to estimate the number
and guide markers for safe of travelers or vehicles that will
driving during the night. use a given transportation
facility in the future.
4. Islands - Are raised areas
constructed within the roadway The Four Step Model
to establish physical channels Trip Generation
through which the vehicular Estimates the number of trips
traffic may be guided. from given origins and destinations
a. DIVISIONAL ISLANDS Trip Distribution
- are intended to Determines the destination for
separate opposing flow of each trip from a given origin
traffic. Mode Choice
b. CHANNELIZING ISLANDS Determines the mode choice for
- are used to guide the each trip
traffic into proper channel Route Assignment
through the intersection Determines the specific
areas. route for each trip
c. ROTARY ISLANDS
- is the large central island TRAFFIC FLOW THEORY
of rotary or roundabout
intersection Traffic Flow Theory is a tool that
helps transportation engineers
understand and express the properties
FORECASTING TRAFFIC of traffic flow. Most transportation
engineering projects begin with an
Need for Traffic Forecasting: evaluation of the traffic flow.
Therefore, the transportation engineer
CE 408 Transportation Engineering
Section: CE42FA3

needs to have a firm understanding of flow expressed as an hourly flow (q15).

the theories behind Traffic Flow PHF= q60/ q15
Analysis.
Density (k)
Types of flow Density refers to the number of
Traffic flow can be divided into vehicles present on a given length of
two primary types. roadway. High densities indicate that
individual vehicles are very close
The first type is called uninterrupted together, while low densities imply
flow, and is flow regulated by vehicle- greater distances between vehicles.
vehicle interactions and interactions
between vehicles and the roadway. For Headway (h)
example, vehicles traveling on an Headway is a measure of the temporal
interstate highway are participating in space between two vehicles.
uninterrupted flow. Specifically, the headway is the time
that elapses between the arrival of the
The second type of traffic flow is leading vehicle and the following
called interrupted flow. Interrupted vehicle at the designated test point.
flow is flow regulated by an external
means, such as a traffic signal. Under Spacing (s)
interrupted flow conditions, vehicle- Spacing is the physical distance,
vehicle interactions and vehicle- usually reported in feet or meters,
roadway interactions play a secondary between the front bumper of the
role in defining the traffic flow. leading vehicle and the front bumper
of the following vehicle.
Traffic Flow Parameters
The following paragraphs will Gap (g)
introduce most of the common terms Gap is very similar to headway, except
that are used in discussions about that it is a measure of the time that
traffic flow. elapses between the departure of the
first vehicle and the arrival of the
Speed (v) second at the designated test point.
The speed of a vehicle is defined as Gap is usually reported in units of
the distance it travels per unit of time. seconds.

Volume Clearance (c)

Volume is simply the number of Clearance is the distance between the
vehicles that pass a given point on the rear bumper of the leading vehicle and
roadway in a specified period of time. the front bumper of the following
vehicle.
Flow (q)
Flow is the rate at which vehicles pass Speed-Flow-Density Relationship
a given point on the roadway, and is Because flow is the product of
normally given in terms of vehicles per speed and density, the flow is equal to
hour. zero when one or both of these terms
is zero. It is also possible to deduce
Peak Hour Factor (PHF) that the flow is maximized at some
The ratio of the hourly flow rate ( q60) critical combination of speed and
divided by the peak 15 minute rate of density.
CE 408 Transportation Engineering
Section: CE42FA3

Two common traffic conditions - cycling infrastructure

illustrate these points. The first is the - traffic signs
modern traffic jam, where traffic - road surface markings
densities are very high and speeds are - traffic lights
very low. This combination produces a
very low flow. The second condition TRAFFIC ENGINEERING STUDIES
occurs when traffic densities are very - Provide insightful information
low and drivers can obtain free flow during planning and design phases of
speed without any undue stress projects
caused by other vehicles on the - Can help determine:
roadway. The extremely low density 1. The impact of phased
compensates for the high speeds, and developments
the resulting flow is very low. 2. If traffic signals are needed
3. If service and emergency
Special Speed & Density vehicles can properly access
Conditions the site.
Two of the speed-density - Engineers can estimate future
conditions are extremely significant traffic based on the proposed land use
and have been given special names.
Capabilities
Free Flow Speed
This is the mean speed that vehicles Traffic Impact Studies
will travel on a roadway when the - Also known as traffic impact
density of vehicles is low. Drivers analyses and traffic impact
subsequently proceed at speeds that assessments
are controlled by the performance of - Required for developments
their vehicles, the conditions of the that generate significant amounts of
roadway, and the posted speed limit. new traffic or change existing traffic
patterns.

Jam Density Corridor and Feasibility Studies

The density at which traffic stops is - Needed to analyze a more
called the jam density. global picture of traffic conditions in a
larger area than simply studying a
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING single intersection.
- Branch of civil - Involves intersections, parallel
engineering that routes, right-of-way conditions, traffic
uses engineering techniques to volumes, parking demand, median
achieve the safe and efficient spacing, and driveways.
movement of people and goods on
roadways Access Management
- Deals with the functional part - Effective access management
of transportation system, except the balances the need for access while
infrastructures provided also minimizing conflicting
- It focuses mainly on research movements.
for safe and efficient traffic flow:
- road geometry Safety
- sidewalks and - As engineers and planners, we
crosswalks are careful to understand safety
CE 408 Transportation Engineering
Section: CE42FA3

implications of design and keep

informed of the latest innovations for
all street users including bicycles.