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Affinedeformation [ edit ]

Adeformationiscalledanaffinedeformationifitcanbedescribedbyanaffinetransformation.Sucha
transformationiscomposedofalineartransformation(suchasrotation,shear,extensionandcompression)anda
rigidbodytranslation.Affinedeformationsarealsocalledhomogeneousdeformations.[8]
Therefore,anaffinedeformationhastheform

wherexisthepositionofapointinthedeformedconfiguration,Xisthepositioninareferenceconfiguration,tisa
timelikeparameter,Fisthelineartransformerandcisthetranslation.Inmatrixform,wherethecomponentsare
withrespecttoanorthonormalbasis,

TheabovedeformationbecomesnonaffineorinhomogeneousifF=F(X,t)orc=c(X,t).

Rigidbodymotion [ edit ]

Arigidbodymotionisaspecialaffinedeformationthatdoesnotinvolveanyshear,extensionorcompression.The
transformationmatrixFisproperorthogonalinordertoallowrotationsbutnoreflections.
Arigidbodymotioncanbedescribedby

where

Inmatrixform,

Displacement [ edit ]

Achangeintheconfigurationofacontinuum
bodyresultsinadisplacement.The
displacementofabodyhastwocomponents:
arigidbodydisplacementandadeformation.
Arigidbodydisplacementconsistsofa
simultaneoustranslationandrotationofthe
bodywithoutchangingitsshapeorsize.
Deformationimpliesthechangeinshape
and/orsizeofthebodyfromaninitialor
undeformedconfiguration0(B)toacurrent
ordeformedconfigurationt(B)(Figure1).
Ifafteradisplacementofthecontinuumthere
isarelativedisplacementbetweenparticles,a
deformationhasoccurred.Ontheotherhand,
ifafterdisplacementofthecontinuumthe
relativedisplacementbetweenparticlesinthe
currentconfigurationiszero,thenthereisno

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deformationandarigidbodydisplacementis Figure1.Motionofacontinuumbody.
saidtohaveoccurred.
Thevectorjoiningthepositionsofa
particlePintheundeformedconfigurationanddeformedconfigurationiscalledthedisplacement
vectoru(X,t)=uieiintheLagrangiandescription,orU(x,t)=UJEJintheEuleriandescription.
Adisplacementfieldisavectorfieldofalldisplacementvectorsforallparticlesinthebody,whichrelatesthe
deformedconfigurationwiththeundeformedconfiguration.Itisconvenienttodotheanalysisofdeformationor
motionofacontinuumbodyintermsofthedisplacementfield.Ingeneral,thedisplacementfieldisexpressedin
termsofthematerialcoordinatesas

orintermsofthespatialcoordinatesas

whereJiarethedirectioncosinesbetweenthematerialandspatialcoordinatesystemswithunit
vectorsEJandei,respectively.Thus

andtherelationshipbetweenuiandUJisthengivenby

Knowingthat

then

Itiscommontosuperimposethecoordinatesystemsfortheundeformedanddeformedconfigurations,which
resultsinb=0,andthedirectioncosinesbecomeKroneckerdeltas:

Thus,wehave

orintermsofthespatialcoordinatesas

Displacementgradienttensor [ edit ]

Thepartialdifferentiationofthedisplacementvectorwithrespecttothematerialcoordinatesyieldsthematerial
displacementgradienttensorX U.Thuswehave:

or

whereFisthedeformationgradienttensor.
Similarly,thepartialdifferentiationofthedisplacementvectorwithrespecttothespatialcoordinatesyields
thespatialdisplacementgradienttensorxU.Thuswehave,

or

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Examplesofdeformations [ edit ]

Homogeneous(oraffine)deformationsareusefulinelucidatingthebehaviorofmaterials.Somehomogeneous
deformationsofinterestare
uniformextension
puredilation
simpleshear
pureshear
Planedeformationsarealsoofinterest,particularlyintheexperimentalcontext.

Planedeformation [ edit ]

Aplanedeformation,alsocalledplanestrain,isonewherethedeformationisrestrictedtooneoftheplanesinthe
referenceconfiguration.Ifthedeformationisrestrictedtotheplanedescribedbythebasisvectorse1,e2,
thedeformationgradienthastheform

Inmatrixform,

Fromthepolardecompositiontheorem,thedeformationgradient,uptoachangeofcoordinates,canbe
decomposedintoastretchandarotation.Sinceallthedeformationisinaplane,wecanwrite[8]

whereistheangleofrotationand1,2aretheprincipalstretches.

Isochoricplanedeformation [ edit ]
Ifthedeformationisisochoric(volumepreserving)thendet(F)=1andwehave

Alternatively,

Simpleshear [ edit ]
Asimplesheardeformationisdefinedasanisochoricplanedeformationinwhichthereisasetoflineelements
withagivenreferenceorientationthatdonotchangelengthandorientationduringthedeformation.[8]
Ife1isthefixedreferenceorientationinwhichlineelementsdonotdeformduringthedeformation
then1=1andFe1=e1.Therefore,

Sincethedeformationisisochoric,

Define

Then,thedeformationgradientinsimpleshearcanbeexpressedas

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Now,

Since

wecanalsowritethedeformationgradientas

Seealso [ edit ]

EulerBernoullibeamtheory
Deformation(engineering)
Finitestraintheory
Infinitesimalstraintheory
Moirpattern
Shearmodulus
Shearstress
Shearstrength
Stress(mechanics)
Stressmeasures

References [ edit ]
1.^Truesdell,C.Noll,W.(2004).Thenonlinearfieldtheoriesofmechanics(3rded.).Springer.p.48.
2.^Wu,H.C.(2005).ContinuumMechanicsandPlasticity.CRCPress.ISBN1584883634.
3.^Lubliner,Jacob(2008).PlasticityTheory (PDF) (Reviseded.).DoverPublications.ISBN0486462900.
4.^ a bRees,David(2006).BasicEngineeringPlasticity:AnIntroductionwithEngineeringandManufacturing
Applications .ButterworthHeinemann.ISBN0750680253.
5.^"Earth."EncyclopdiaBritannicafromEncyclopdiaBritannica2006UltimateReferenceSuiteDVD.[2009].
6.^Rees,David(2006).BasicEngineeringPlasticity:AnIntroductionwithEngineeringandManufacturingApplications .
ButterworthHeinemann.p.41.ISBN0750680253.
7.^Hencky,H.(1928)."berdieFormdesElastizittsgesetzesbeiidealelastischenStoffen".Zeitschriftfrtechnische
Physik.9:215220.
8.^ a b c Ogden,R.W.(1984).NonlinearElasticDeformations.Dover.

Furtherreading [ edit ]

Bazant,ZdenekP.Cedolin,Luigi(2010).ThreeDimensionalContinuumInstabilitiesandEffectsofFinite
StrainTensor,chapter11in"StabilityofStructures",3rded. Singapore,NewJersey,London:WorldScientific
Publishing.ISBN9814317039.
Dill,EllisHarold(2006).ContinuumMechanics:Elasticity,Plasticity,Viscoelasticity .Germany:CRC
Press.ISBN0849397790.
Hutter,KolumbanJhnk,Klaus(2004).ContinuumMethodsofPhysicalModeling .Germany:
Springer.ISBN3540206191.
Jirasek,MBazant,Z.P.(2002).InelasticAnalysisofStructures .LondonandNewYork:J.Wiley&
Sons.ISBN0471987166.
Lubarda,VladoA.(2001).ElastoplasticityTheory .CRCPress.ISBN0849311381.
Macosko,C.W.(1994).Rheology:principles,measurementandapplications.VCHPublishers.ISBN156081
5795.
Mase,GeorgeE.(1970).ContinuumMechanics .McGrawHillProfessional.ISBN0070406634.
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Mase,G.ThomasMase,GeorgeE.(1999).ContinuumMechanicsforEngineers (2nded.).CRC
Press.ISBN0849318556.
NematNasser,Sia(2006).Plasticity:ATreatiseonFiniteDeformationofHeterogeneousInelasticMaterials .
Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN0521839793.
Prager,William(1961).IntroductiontoMechanicsofContinua .Boston:GinnandCo.ISBN0486438090.

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