(MODEL TEST PAPER SERIES ‘TOWARDS Gate - 2009 ‘Use itipeniloal:| > ENROLMENT NUMBER GOSHGOHHTSG OO OHOHOODOA| >OOODDDDSOO} pesecesess OOOOOOHOOOOO| l>OODOHOSOSO| 2 OOOGOOOSS} marco: Do not write Ssthiag te DDODBOOSDOOG| hiss’ BO DHSS OoooSS| jodHoOOOoSaG| POD DOD NAME OP THE CANDIDATE (nl) IROLMENT NUMBER ink) (SE EBEeREeee) TEST DATE. Oooo wm (CENTRE (nk) ‘SIGNATURE OF THE ‘CANDIDATE (ink) SIGNATURE OF Si : ‘Bint Totals Pot oe 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000* 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" 9000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000+ 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" a 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000> 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000- 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e| — —— 5 GATE 2009 - SET 1 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (EC) 1 aubject matter proprictary to Briliant wnat lia, No part of tia book may be om, oe transmitted i any fF OF ral, photonpy, recording, oF ‘citen permission from Brant Title tobe legally prosocuted, | “This book contains copyright ‘Totoras Private Limited, Chen dina retrieval 57 clectsnie, mecha iy anyone, without prior W others = | Mons Private Late. Violators are q } . = |i 2. L | o i [Seen] BRILLIANT TUTORIALS PRIVATE LIMITED | [FBS noe toe smn enn | J BS |prcee: essznge, e3esa0e 00420, 2404t84s Fax: 26648829BRILLIANT TUTORIALS PRIVATE LIMITED care sett ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION i ENGINEERING (EC) There is no magic formula for success. ; a Just 3 essential ingredients which, when combined, can work wonders. S.No. ‘opie Page Nos. 1 Leto Sao i ‘The desire to succeed Gene tseson a 0 Smet of GATE 2006 Paacs er 2 Sis dow The willingness to work hard Topics proposed inte covered in each Set vi 0 4 Relene Bons es 5. Rawat ‘The right preparatory guidance 1. Network lemens a a 2, Network Graphs 18 3. KOLA KWL fois ' 4. Slain Mots Nodal nd Mesh Anais 2 5. Network Theres . ae 6, plc Tastes, Comvetason 2 1. Tine nd Feeney Donsin Analysis of LC Cais, Liner Const Coie: Dieta Eu ae 9 8, Sindy Sie Snail Anas sing Phos so- 55 9. Resonance - Feeney Donn Anlst RLC Css 56-66 ‘O Bilen Tara RL rer Cmate. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (EC) 1 a o> 12. Driving Point and Transfer Punctions of Two Ports DB 90 LETTER To THE STUDENT ies eee — 1-9 J weston jenwen poi pl cet pe OATH. Meme Ape fon Rt ereieinay stapes Difference Equations 96-105 ‘Our course material is based on the syllabus for GATE 2008. The syllabus and topics planned to i ee | Steerer preterm torres varie seference, The syllabus for GATE 2009 will be announced only by Mid-September 2008. If there is a Objective Questions with Key and Bxpanatoy Notes 31-206 ang in the syllabus, we shall provide supplements to cover the change, as far as posible. The sue of GATE 2008 question paper was ofthe “All Objective ype, with 20 one mark questions, 55 Assignment 206-214 ‘wo marks questions and Suwo post quesions, wth wo marks fr each part. There wl be epave mack of 25% for wrong answer. Adina Objective Questions with Key and Explanatey Noes ais-297 Worked Examples (Cont) aa -06 (Our Cours motel incloes Asignmens, GATE questions fora fs previous years and five “Model Test Papers on the patern of GATE. We stongly advise youtoatempt abd answer te qvesions 1 Files (Contd) 246-254 fon your own, before refering tothe answers provided by us Onl auch practice wi boost your anfience o face the examination Assignment (Objective Type) 255-267 18, GATE. Selected Questions and Answers 251-216 (ur Doubt Let Scheme i fality for you toca deubt nd to get your answers evaans, ‘You should make fll use of, sey fllowing the guidlines giver in General Insaco. ‘Note: Sine equations for networks is dat within S12 Cone Syston | GATE examinations ighly competitive. Take it at a challenge, plan nd sty a nd pace answering questions sting yourself ive int i ‘We wish you succes in GATE and in you ture carer, Asourag you of ou Best Services and with Best Wishes, Yours tay, For BRILLIANT TUTORIALS PVT. LTD. (&R. Vasudevan) Coordinator GxTEESEIGC ‘© Baan Taos GREECE Conon Willan Toonale RAT CEEGATE GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS, (nr Course Material ne coun mei fr he sj wil bin 8 ‘Se. ac Shas in gee ve sce vi aston on Theny as fe he sls, Werks .Erampes, Objtve Type Questions wit ky and clanoy mous wlaeer necrsay, ABip tment an Solitons ASignents ‘While he emphasis i on objtive ype gues tions, wie oor meal is ene, a6 that will be the rght approach Lo tackle the ptern of al.obective ype questions. (ir say mains te not subatiesfo txt ‘books, bu hy form an effective sppemest (0 the Standard Text Books, to widen an enhance your knowledge and preparation far GATE, (Contact Programmes and Mock Tests We do oot conduct contact programmes oF Mock Tet ar you are now appeating fora PG ‘entrance tet after completing your Graduate’s fourse, You areal) expoiee to cassoom lectures spd inar-acive seston fr many hous Our ain to build snd Wey 09 your soled theortal foundation, to relresh an) test the fundamen principles. This in fat is what the GATE des Alakjestve Pattern of Test ‘Tee pate of Quests for GATE 2007 and 2008 was ofthe abject type. GATE 2009 i tno expec a fellow th snap All ques tions cary mars, Answer all the questions. Your sore entely depends. on fst and comect respons. SclstivePreparationOmision of Topics CCocrl'the paper covers the ee ylbus in blnced mane, Selective reading oF mise BA Years PAT {ng of topics based on predictions may be ricky ‘and put you ata deadvantage ‘Time Budgeting 180 minutes a avaible to. answer 90 questions, which incader reading he ext wth he ‘hoices, mentally woring ot, deciding he choice tnd mocking. The aeage ine avaabl 2 minutes per question. Some queions, which are nt so Feng, can bo read and understood in 30 to 40 seconds, thers which ae lengthy may take 40 to 60 seconds, 1 read sal reed, before deciding ‘You must keep an eon the watch daring the Spending mot tie on a question and atempr- ing it gsin and agin vl opt your dane budget Ship seemingly diet and camplex questions during the frst reading 1 the second round, attempt the unanswered ications, by linnalng te clearly wrong ‘ptons and spwing tbe cares answers fom the remaining options. Tough Paper If the pager srems toogh onthe fst reading, do not get nervous. Vou snd as god # chance as the otters. same Answer Key for Many Questions Do not get disturb if you get the same answer continuously for many questions. Iie = commen feature in allbjeive compete Qype Worked Examples and Asignments Objective quesions can te various pes a tied in stetury ef GATE Comoe daz questions and Tinke-aswer question are only Geren forms of worked examples. Our Se MEET, cate contain a large aunber of worked examples, A snody of and answering these in fc, will equip you" with sound. theorecalKoowledge and ‘repaeess for answering ll th pes of objec: Bre queso del Test Papers a st Previous Years Questions and Answers ‘ein wl ind five Mode Test Papers and Ques. this ad Ansier of lat i yes of GATE nit feet Sts. Anser the qusioes on your ov, 2 ng youl aime init nd without teeing tothe ‘sases given in Sets This wil iv you the best. rsh practice. Since 2004, fh en of Questions [5 of Allebecve ge. Queton Piper eer f, 2004, contained. Serpe qpesipna and ansier ‘Tess wil fse enecsndog te theory ant oma, Doubt Letter Scheme (ar Professors serves are eal avalble wo clear your doubts and ifiealie while etdying or course tril (ur Professors are hardpressed for tie, $0 ere mast be reasonable esicons on reference ‘S bran Tatas PAU ‘made by the students. Pease follow the guidelines | sven blow foe Doubt Letters 8 Do not send Doubt Letters on postear Refer only five problems at atime, provided these have ben st atempted by you. THe woke ing sheets giving your spposch aod the ily encoutere must be sent with the Doutt Let, Only then the Professor can guide you Pope ‘The suc of the prablens shoud vay’ be me tioned. Do not copy questions from a Book snd forward a ‘Write owa the problems, cea ly and accurately, In cae of dovbs pectin 10 ove oure materia, quote the Set Number, Prze amber, Assignment Number and’ Problems Nember. Avold ising diferent subjects vndes XEand Xl on the same sheet of Pape of Doub Lets. ‘You eam refer your doubts to wt wp t0 the second week of December 2008 ‘You are bound to gain a oti you viz the Doubt ‘Leter Scheme, sysematilly, silly folowing be sbove gues, Oo @ 6 OCs &v ate Sc eg reer GATE ‘STRUCTURE OF GATE 2008 -EXTRACTS puncseTimameyme SS, ‘Bon te scnd question ofeach and the he Two oF tre questions ‘The GATE 2008 examination consis of par (¢-Q7) wil te linked w de fin be formed fiom the piven ommes | (# Linked ancwer questions: The qutsons slagle piper of 3 hours doraton and of 150 fret aver 0 th fist one (eg. problem data. Each question is independent |S, 9F problem solving type. A problem — Q.76)inte pa fad ks solen cbtived fom the above | | Hee lowe yoo gusons bed ‘Ths chic of the appropriate paper the |) Bach quo wil tate four choles fr soto cami dct. Anver of |S. bln et To gens esponbity ofthe candidate However, some tho answer. Only one choices corect. the next queaon). ach question under this | 1° S80nd question depends upon the anor Cm (©) Weong ansnes cary 25% negative marks, | UP willexrywomarks. ‘to the frst ove. In ober wands, the fe Candidates are expected to appear in a InQ. {020,025 mark wil be deduced te voce mati pI erg et paper appropriate to the dicipline of for each wrong answer and in Q21 to | meet ane ek ein in ch ‘their qualifying degree, Q76, Q78, Q80 and Q82 and Q84, 05 | foe questions will cay two tuk wil be dedaed for each woo (6) Reser ee coer ee answer, However, there is a0. egaive choose any (paper 36 marking in Q77, Q79, Q81, Q.83 and ‘dision plan, Keeping in mind the pr ‘igbiity ceria of he sdmledng iota (Pages Being be cade AG, CB, CS. Cl : BC EEN TM, MN, MT, TF wi : ‘he queion paper of GATE 2008 wil be | Sovain’ gunn on Engneing fay objective pe Maen he exes of 2010 25 marks (@) Candidates have to mark the correct choice | (¢) The multiple choice objective test ‘by darkening the appropriate bubble questions can be of the following type: Nand each enon on at Objective Respone Sect (ORS) Bach chsce containing. singe ‘Stand-lone statementiphraceldat. ce wil be ‘negative marking for Ta we ike te (Gi) Bach choice containing a ‘rong answers, The deduction wil be 25% Toki aloast cambination of option codes. The : 3 question maybe accompanied by fut Main Papers (Except XE and XL) ‘pins , QR, Sand the choices may a bes combination of these options. The (@) The quosion paper wil be fro al of candid has 10 choose the right 150macks divided into tes sous conbleao asthe correct answer. (o Group I: Question Numbers {10 20 Gi) AsexntAYRessonR) type wit he {@0 questions). wil eary one mask ces suing iC CAVERD ae ‘eh bt 20 ms). ‘TruePale andl sting if (RD is (Group TE: Question Numbers 211075 ee (65 questions) will xy two marks (jv) Match tems: Match all tems in cach (vol 110 mars). Out ofthis, caluna 1 wid corect options fom QM t Q75 may be coomon dts those given in column 2 and choose sed questions, the conet set of combination fo (i) Group I: Question Nantes 76 10 85 Geckos A,B, Cand D. (2e gums) will ony to mat ach (9) Common data based questions: (bt 20a): Thse questions ae Grape tee ey tated (Sle lke newer quo Te 10 to common problem dua, psage wesions compte fe pis of ® pase eas rrr iat Tora Pa = otSYLLABUS ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Linear Algebra: Marx Alga, Systems of, Tipear equations, Hipevalus an eigenveros, CCaealas: Mean vale theorems. Theres of freee calcues, Evaluation of deft and im. proper integrals, Paral Deivaves; Masia ond fama, Molle integrals, Fours series, Vector denies, Dietional. derivatives, Line, Surface | land Vole infra, Stokes, Gaus and Gree’s | thee Ditereatisl equation: Fst one eqton (in far and online) Higher oder Hine illeenia ‘Guaions with constant coefficients, Method of | Savion of paremeters, Cauly’s tad Enler's uations Ia and boundary value problens Parl Diferentil Bqusons an varbl separa ble method Complex varias: Anltc fntion, Cauchy's ‘stp borer ad tga formals, Taylor’ and {Laren series, Reside hearer, solion neg Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, ‘Conttonal probability, Meas, ean mode and anded, deviation, Radom varables, Dirt | nf comtavus dination, Pozo, Nocmal 2nd Binomial dsribation, Conan and regression smal ‘Numerical Methods: Solatons of oonsinear a trae equation, single and muli-step mehods fordifeenil equations ‘Transform Theory: Fourier wansfom, Laplace taneoc, Z-ransfor, ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Networks: Newark graphs maces associated swith grphs; incidence, fundamental ev set and Fundamental cireuit matics. Solon met rod and mesh analysis. Network theorems i Perposton, Thevenin ané Noroo's maximum poe ante, Wye-Dela vansforation. Steady ne smsoidal analysis wing phasors. Liner constant coefficient iferntal equations tine hod | ate of network equations using. Laplace transforms frequency domain analysis of RC cies. 2p reqwork parameters: driving point and waster fancons, Sate equations fr networks letrnie Devices Energy basin sion, itn ficand existe silicon, Caer vans in seo fusion cute, dit corer, mobili and resis. ig. Generation and resmbinatin of amie. pt Jjmsion gioge. Zener diode, tunel diode, BIT. TFET, MOS espactr, MOSFET, LED. pon and valcke photo diode, Basis of LASERS, Deve technology iterated circuits fbiaion press. friaion dffesion, ion implantation, phtliho- pany. pub and tinted CMOS proces, Analog Circuits: Small Sipnl Buin cet tf diodes, BITS, MOSFETs and aralog CMOS. Simple de civuits, clipping, comping. rete fier Biasing aed bias, stably of wanssor and + FET amplifier, Ampiies: single and mut sage feel and operational fediac, andj powers Frequency response of amplifies. Simple panp civuis. Pies, Sinaia oseilators, ‘terion for osiltion;singlearasisor and op- fmp_ configurations, Function gerectors and | feaveshaping cites, $95 Tier Power sop ple. i | ' | Digital circults: Boolean algebra, siniizaton of Bonleas funtion logic gates: egal IC families (DML. TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatoral ‘cuts athmetic circuits, code convenes mls fpleres, decoders, PROMS anf PLAS. Suen ‘cus llces and Mip-lops, cour and shi egies, Sample and holders, ADCS, DACS, Semicondactor memories, Mlcsoprecssr (8085) ehiectars, programming, emery and LO ine feng. Signals and Systems Definitions and properties of Laplace tensor. continsowsime and dis- fjectime Fourier series, cominuussine and Gissresesime Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, Sranform. Sampling. theorem Linear Time- Invariant (LTD Systems defitons and groper tes causal, stability, impose response, convo fin, poles and aero, pasa exeadese- ture, equeneyseaponse, group delay phase de- {ay Signal tansmission dough LTL syste. hai analysis of simple RLC ccs, soston “Fart Tors PU ate Cont Sptens: Basie con sytem congo tent beck diagram descrpon, rcon Of Bock Sagat. Open loop td coed lp Cet) sean abit aa of ee Spock and tha ee ig tot es ot ey tet Tod aly ae unis of CTY coma pes 18 eguny repo, Tol nd ets Eh conto aay oot ak Rate Hurt eton Boe sd yt pl Con sn nis em of a Simperaon, ements of Proprio gat Deas (0) cn, Sa vale epee stint egn of ord Clemons: Randa sigs ant ate prot. anom vas. ony dey Econ cola. power apc dey ‘tly communion sac: cnpide aide non ard dendton sms > ints of es pene, soph ‘ee einen ava, tains of rt NR) elon or amptademakdton {AND ant tegeny moulaton (PA) rie TOPICS PROPOSED TO BE COVERED IN EACH SCT Set No, A 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 GREECE * Bian Teor i e ) “e ‘woise-conditions. Fundamentals of information the~ ‘=> sen ee po me FO, Sena pe ce mage OE. ed sein et ae fe Si uty oe Fa aes te eT te se ie a Sree rae eee se imple tee Se at Roeper me 8 cele ore sony it ci eee pe 8 ‘Tople Networks Enginerng Mathematics Control Systems leeuonie Deviee ‘Analog Circuits Digital Circus Cormenictons lecromagntis Signals and Systems Solotions o recent GATE Examination Paper and Supplements, if any. 2866 06 0 @ 0 8 0 6 60s (eco cece CATEEOEia 1. Van Votkeabug. MLE 2 Deer, CA, and KES. * 4. Nagrath 13 and Gopal M. 4. Kuo, BC. 5. Milan. 3. Grab, . 6. Gaothar, RS: 1. Kus, 5D. Hy, Wa 9, Simon Haykin 10, Simon Haykio, Bay Vas Veen REFERENCE BOOKS Nemock Analysis ed iton Bui Circuit Theory Conta Systems Eaginering 2nd eition Avtomatie Coto Systems Sihettion Mieretesirnies Miropocessor Architect, Prorzmming and Applations ‘leomagnetics -Enginerng leewomapretcs Analog and Digs Comicon Signs & Systems Prete Hall of eda La, New Delhi, 1983| McGraw-Hill, 1968 Wiley Eastern Lid, 192 rene Hall of fea Ld Now Delhi, 1987| MGraw-Hhil, Singapore, 1987 Wiley Esser, 1987 ‘McCraw-H, 198 ‘Tata McGraw-Hil 1988 ‘ohn Wiley & Sons John Wiley & Sons John Wiley & Sons ‘Not: Students may also fer fo books prescribed by their College or Universi. i NETWORK: 1, NETWORK ELEMENTS, ‘The thee base lemeots of networks re ess tance, ndocunce ad espactnce Resistance: While thee i physical aod eld Jneepetaton of resisance in ntl, terse tance is dened as per Ohm's lave. Temperate remaining consaat ina uniform crosesectn of vty the poten ifrence ares ro pois it Proportional ocizrent the constant af proportion Sy beg termed a esisance 0 ‘The esitance in tum depends. onthe nate of. teil nds geometry a ls on temperate WAR, =Rg(l+a) 2 1 rom Obms lav, we have ated that ow of current across asin canes voltage diflernce, ‘lore the diction of current, there Je vliage ‘op, an agai its vtiage ri. So fora vohge rp current entering th isto ternal s ps and leaving is mins, vlage ies aginst the reson of curent Soin aresitance, + t0 is a. te op and to +s volage ise From 91a 1), we seth the relationship ‘ewer voliag and cumeatin a tesisor i nee nis th equation ofa sala line pasting tough ear The sop of te sight tne We Slope at aR In the ty offload fines indies and transis: tox, we come sros negate slope, cuentin cresig for caresingvaage, Inductance: A caret carrying conductor pro: lies a magnet hx inking ti 9) P= resist, comm ot em, Ry = reference teoperatur at OF or 20°C sod a ~ temperature client of resistance, ‘The inves of resistance is conductance G, St unit Siemea so ened a mo, As curest is ow of charge scott a cos: section of conductor ia unit time, Ohm's lav | terms of charge | vend a = Brat of flow of charge Resistance increasing With increse of temperate called postive temperature coefficem af te lance and decreasing resistance fs calle negro temperature enfin of resistance, In a ele teace, power i dsiared in the frm of hea. 6 FoN wns [NO=U of) where Lisle the indctance ‘As pr Farinys aw, x voltage i induce i csi thre staf ange of x. a oll second ampere Since ewer tere ein Lfeaw tl work fra Epa uo As te caret ia an inductor i an integral vollge over as interval of tine, it means tht thre must bea cuenta = 0 existing init over & priodof time upto the ime of intrest, That i ‘eres past story tan inductor “Bat Tale PU GATEEOE wi Bint Taras Pt Led GREECE“This shows that energy ie stored in an indetor sodisgivenbaek totes when cestode ‘The constant ropotonaityL whieh mecaled inductance depends o the square ofthe munber of turns N apd on te crse-sectonl area A nou Iwhich the Ne inks Ato it depends on he elie permed ofthe material and hence high orion ‘oved atria isinverely eopatona ont ofthe magnetic pah, ponNa [| Subatiuting equation (10) in equation (6) me get 00 By an Is the nagneto motive free en, calle a pe tue (AT). Tis force dives the Ms. [enan=(4)e ts defined asthe eluctance of he mag Sx oh iscetned a) rete fei simitar to resistance in an elec fit Inverse of rlutaee i perenne. 52S amprneter 0 From eqton (ht wags ins ars proporinal torte of kane ofeuient i: Sowhen the event eaches a teady tt, whatever be the tmagntde of exten, the voltage Is il So for inductor i hot. The votoge during th te of ‘hinges contant abe slope tsa constant. Foe 2 eg rate hangs the Yllge jomps tis peak nega ale and remains constant tee. one! oe ceemiaton ed aero Se ao Sere ne waite) sto hang fs eis resid na ee raatioee pened Soe ee nod eee caetae an ocean a sateen teatposat patie ors sopheeeie stgeres tr) eee mee) tna acon exer Ceeresrmen 2 fend tie : 1 feo ee Ceres ~ | oare ‘Wen we ormore inductor ar copnete in so | esr poral, the equivalatindvetne> is eae Inted silo resistances. Series: Lag La +12 aa ie tPeeLica Panel Las ht t= Ht, as) When two coils ate pce close fo each other oda tne varying cuenta to oe eal the hain ox pth ist ois the adjacent col “Ti linking changing Nox induces a voltage ia the 2nd coi sper Furaday'slaw. Such ceils re caled pled and the x inking both he ols gies se {othe mata indetance Natal he ux produced bythe changing curt in fir eo links the 2nd ei. Only a freton & Tinks. kis called the coefciew of ccupling. The rims vale of Ki oe. T rig ks near to ‘ones posible, magnetic core materials are used "he vologe induced in coi ( duet se inde turceLy is i en ‘The vole induced in ol 2 de to mutual fox linkage is sis ante eed Now, if ei 2s else anda cent ows, his hanging current rete af which inks the firs. ‘Thi linking mot indactance Ms the same Inbotheares a Daetosefindetance Lng = LoS Dato mind nin O and retin fo the couse we sche of ‘The eng eustions forthe are LP and Cv", sothat fre or—carentorsoags nergy eda ‘Bilan Tors Pv Lid pose. Hence they ae passive hentsApart from he above thee elements, te other elerens ae independent sources and dependent sources. These are olge and caren independent (idea) and dependent sources. The symbol on po. Iniy markings ae follows: eeedd Independent ta Dependent Fis9 ‘An independent vole source means tat the voltage i terminal emsins consti respec tive ofthe caren drown Simi, pendent current source hs the cent da fom aconsam respective of he voltage erste ‘minals, An upward ow head on a event cuce jeomesponds toa volage rise of an ideal vlage ‘The symbol fr a dependent source is 2 die ‘mond or thombus Sources may be either volageor ‘umn dependent Acordingly there se fouriype, Voluage Conrled Volpe Source (VCVS) » On oe Conent Cond: Volage Source (CCVS) “Toe ‘Curent Cosi Cert Souse (CCS) caf se \olag Contd Caen Soate(VECS <5 hoot % Orv ‘ee Le o— i ae ane adhered a by each source, Be. ih Sete | me fesse eitecicitis yy ‘Solution || [ ‘Source A— Current enters at ve'and leaves $e e Ce ++ve, Delivers power and so negative, ray Ta / a ® ~ Caren ents a +e and Janes, ve absorbs power But voltage i V,Delieed powers ~ 16W. Seuree C= Absorbs per 24 W, Source D~ Absorbs power $6, Source B~ Delivers power 32 W. Tool power ofthe network T= 1-24 564200 In one fora volagé source to diver pe ‘ure must ow ot of ov ternal Fae fource to deliver yover, thee must be a te Peni tthe terminal where ue (anow bead fous ut, Example 2: In the cc shown in Figure, dts. ‘nin the potent diference between the poi A Biman Taome Pa a Bi the steady ste Coa: _Aeratvelys in case of eapaers ja series, he ‘olage V(=100 V). divide nvesty a8 sum of pacianes. Wedel oq G 6 a 00xSa750 MEG TG Example 3: The «elton of capaci vel49-q Find the amoust of energy required (ocharge this capacitor fom aly) =Ot0ql)=1C. Solution Brery Eitg)= } winienae But ig) at = aed w=) Biuta)= Peng oo Briar Tass Pa | 7 Msqeq?) dy sists tH 2°5 2. NETWORK GRAPHS ‘A combinalon of two oF tore elements is called network, 1 the network has atleast one closed ph tis circle. ‘Ths every circuit isa petwork but a hetwork it not cat, A point at which «wo of mare claments is {pied isa node or potato vertex. Wie hive seen that an elerent ao terial device. I has one node at each end. S08 simple clement which has node at boh it ends fe & branch or edge ‘loop is closed path formed by inerconnet ing «number of branches, with no, node ravered ‘oc than once. A graph famed by replacing an ele by in iting the to nodes Fi 19 ‘Te network tas five branches and 3 noes and ‘each branch has been replaced by ing. We ean ‘consret tes fom tringhes. “NZ Fg. When # te is forma the remaining bres forma Coctree oe chords or inks, ‘GATEECELT ES SS OSD GSO COD ww WW CO LO 10 COLE Cece jeLeD ‘Trees ar indicat by sli ines and costes by broken Tins dashes. ‘We sar with 2 nodes, but the addon of a ranch causes only one more node wo beaded. A tee does not have a closed path. Generally voltage fouroes, dependent and independent we placed in are and eumen soures in o-tes. numberof branches B in tee = Nomber of nodes N= [Number of chords =B=(N=1)=B-N4 ‘A culset of a comected graph is 2 tt of, sminimam aumber of ranches which hen de- leted divide the graph into two separ sbgrpt, ‘A fundamental cute of a raph G wih respect to Atte Tis catset made up of one tee branch nd a unigue set of chords. Chords are branche of cones, 3. KCL KVL Chun’ Law (Y= R) and Kiros Voge and Carat La ae the basi tool of ali Ket leavieg nde x Zi, =0 1 oll ana, we write KCL equtions by consfting he canent emanaing fom the noe through te brancbes to the dati nade applying hss, KVL: Th alga um ofthe vooge rind los phi. Voliage sours in series can be added alge- rsiealy 3 ng owes I vllage sures ae parallel the output vot geo the erin isthe same a any one source as ne source volisge are equal ‘Caen sores costed in parallel can be rd algebrsicaly while in serge th eutent is he same san one source However, independent nd dependent sources nould nt be combined “Algebriely adding means ola PP notier etnigu in sick analysis is source canafomatin by which a volagesouce with is cra sistance in series is converted oa uent ouree wil puralletresistance ef the sue vale pvalescedoes ot meanidentel Intell they re dire Source shin i sed If theres ue regard to Example: Find the tne ¢ at wich (16°29) asthe vue 100 vols ‘Soution: 100 = 300 (1 = e210 H2 x Whe tng = 04055 02055 PER = 2008 x 10 see 0.2028 mas Example 6 Find the input resistancé Re ofthe Inne section esse network town in Figoe ¥, al ‘The ota numberof wees T= NN >2) a fries opal esse, net fin a ie 2 example ethic show that snot cross eachother aid on « pin pape. If | Wegener vere loop in acacise dice. fcr anes ary catisteaa on, rm be saring poit which wil bearode of} ¥2= iy Sottion meamaadtrtagcccrinwacaers (eR 1a te Figure of te sap, ie diecin of | Seiwsgatyneeee tee es a Tea oe oe ee we Cena hate By am arom the ereph IS | for postive (ign, we wri th voige poate, erie. Fecmesh ais we we KVL, | 5 ia a ‘Tis sn example of onplna graph Some ch inn cit oni a i (@) When we place a short ee eos vo os (erin, caret e maximum od wan od alage (> fu Day Let he Ider be termined Beyond 1 (4B) by i i is equivalent resistance Roe x! (6) Whee we pen out wo eminals be otage | = bs ‘smaxinun and cureats0,R= =. i a (© Volage across a_ series combination of | sotaton : : ® 10 re weimmes eV Tie i wiih He . il Nonnbec of tances = 14 evita dvi rae iti c = Number of nodes (@) Curent ina parallel combination of ” Rew p+ Ba Number of loop equations L = B= N+ 1 ‘retistanoes is a lt ainiRe trae siietel=t iyet Blandi, ei BL w TR Grr | Rygr = Re (operas B = Nis called the augmented loop matic of RR Rak =— 1. 0 rah ‘isscaren vison a, EGS) ‘The tal mmecof tse possible ‘Asaesitof KVL and KCL, mail voltage Vie aoe < | and cant sores can be ua foo single 7 Bes 138 ean, “elge nd tet sce. 4 Tra) e008 O Bilan Taoiae CUE SEE Britartaoims Pao CREEEIS10 As negative value it inadist Ray = LO Example 7: For th iit shown in the Figure below find the value oF Rh wil receive maxims power and determine the power Solution’ Redroving, carel SATE al Gey seed inthe nd Solution: Energy sored inthe eapacitor eC V2 Pan mw = Cf «SOx I Fare x lg = 20 sy G1 CH = 50x 8 y IO, = 250g xample 10 I each of the resistances in the fi 35105 ~ “sow in gre eR wate renee x10 6-254 Ika be sted tha na capacor drag as and desen of angular ave wolag, in care Tans ese pea oe, Deg ng 213m heslope rive, OR, otagd eecrsting withing Teint 2.54 isconstn fom 2104 me Example 9: Evaluate he tl power dissipated Petween ternal A and B? " Example 114 3 phase dition net stownin Figure Finite isnt coos ile RD, BY +2000) 2e2rsoame a2 80 vr =74 08 4 234 3000) Rv =34 20M 1 ‘Example 12: current with the pac wove form showa in Figure is injected ito a seiea the enerty sored in he nda andthe energy Slulion BL C cet with R= L ohm: L= 1 att od ant foedinthecapectorintecteatshovain gue C'=i004F. Sheed the waveform fotos nes TEA teiow undersea. onion. ' RiLand cdg theft vo milion nome oe 3 iS § = &% 3 Amp! 196x109 t 4 and 19.6105 BE% 108 2k nse ar {Cometh deta YXZ intr. Asal ams L a+78= 109 Solton: At stds te indvtor win P1204 ua he star ressince wbe 1 52 _ 4pm ‘short cireuited and capacitor open circuited. ne [ions 2a] | ne cams i Solon: Restor Vp R92 x 122 [100 x 208 = 35.76 12 Inductaice Vi = LE we 1 x 10-322 ; fooniBg eas] fy I ae, sv | From Isto? Vy = “Lt diov 10 im oiesay | y 4 Foc maximompowic y= R=10 8 — ] wer = Mis 2 6507. 1.069 W the eurent through the cuit is (HO over = Gp = 06 w _ ver"8) xyz (En) (Bea) a3e Example 8 Acapaiaae of 50 Phas atin- | The voltage arosthe banch BCS = 5} SO TUNG 58 | Soe : ular waveform sr Fin Poo and E whan Steere 4 ms. total power dissipated = PR = (5)? 2» $0 Saaeee ———jBitian Tatorials Pvt Lt + Brillant Tutorials Pvt Lid. GATE-ECEAL Li, GaEECENT 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 s 8 2 8 e e ® ® e e ® ©5 A “ ar [Neplesting the current source loops, we choose S voltage sure oops for KVL. They are ACEEA and yy bat ba oraV) 322-3 © ABDCEFA. 5 2 Wb-10-20=0 ...45) : 1244-03 =0%9 Vo=—09V 0h =30 5 h=3a 2.6 Example 17: Fiad the cores flowing in the i od SU+5h455~ 104-2080...) 5h + 101 ~ 101, = 20 Fromeyeion (2) 1, +104 = 0 4 Si 4205 = 90 e Bom eqation@) shh sh = 15 hans a Simialy for be otra, 7 4 hed fstuon: ets make creat ovina the a | is ne lw an re ~ 3 a Instead indore cabot isofesistnce : Ie Seadh en Raye A niet cere fl Peak thenGag = $F ‘Example 16: Figure shows the details of por 5 fe otunon meriove wont An tion of ad. network. Evaluate the voltage Vo we ‘MESH ANALYSIS. From qo (.4¥) = 3¥5 Kitts mt of ans of cat fod : ee curentisacumbersome method suitable mt or rn 4x, LEB = 10 Rees 1) | asingle lop. there are m branches oid eurtnts 2 ‘SV. =7 = ae a ‘in them we require a sct of equations in munknowns. 4 ; Foraue of mao an welts 5 fa = 1 Noe 43=0 | awe oa nope tt sca ® pines Vy neg Wo ami > Satin Vn euaton 2, dat Anat = NodeCha ele 3-41 © | tntismetod there ae N nies, te number o Cen ried oN" Tos hale - Abb, Gesaiind (ay | __ Shotnantetaces se i) 2. Atiingavolapeat ened 1 6, ‘shar ae esiknows e shoul tae at | ate eee en eee . sootsequane otras bmchs jones in Taian Taos BL REET Titian Tuas PLU GAreecEr yon 6 awe 7 3 is generat patie to assume curens ema | Silay, Vo and Vs by ping ts nO 3 VL ie applid to ach banc, As thee will | Between Nodal and Meth Apays! nodal ‘ating from (leaving) the nodes and the KCL | 2nd and 3rd columes. be elements common to two or moce meshes, | method requires one equation less then te mesh ‘equations forall the branches ae equated 00. | If there is a floating voltage source betwee KVLis applied tothealgebeaiesum of currents | metho, In fact it requires fewest equations of all 4. Mthereisavolugesours inationtoaree- | twonodes, we suum! iwi aclned suff in that beh rethods. However i es not mean onl heal tance in that ranch, ten the voltae across the | enclosing the source andthe two nodes. Suc] 4, (there isa cutrentsore inthe perimeter ofa | method should be used. Choice depends on the resistance the dilerece ofthe node voluge | & procedure Is ald forming 2 sipernade, A" yemh we oben a aig forse egeaionet | ceo fnsourcevaloge(Vi2Vs).thedicedonot | single ndependentnodecqaionisormedtl_ pantalr mea cunentequl ncacnsnece camentcorespondstowltageriseinthesouce | wring a KCL summation of curents cco frnarin the perimeter, aspermesh fs eeated | _ Example 1: By making we of matic algebra, {hen Vs i postive (V+ V5) Ifplary on te | nt and out ofthe sue thaviscommentorworeshesby spying VL | clesote the voltages at nodes Nand Ny forte “source corresponds to voltage drop with respect | 9, If there is a controlled souice in a branch it ‘around the larger loap. network shown in Figure. to direction of creat Vs is negative. treated tke an independent source. As the 4 §, For dependent sources a constant equation is 5. there isacnet soon, he carat is added | pendent sour iseie ele or caren Gee eM 20 tonodal equation the rourepolany isin the | tolled conta equation writen. ee eee same dctionasnodecurentdiceion. fant, | fthere are inducrsandcapacitrsina rand! illateasymumeyn then which rads tao, ee staced KCLequton ager rears are writen ationby the mete een (Cramer Somstinestbevtagecourcemay becomered | the node with he mee age vied by tl Rue) Pore 3 meth cel he cquation wl be ioacrrent source But itisnt neces indsciworcapacivereatmnsorinegodil ofthe orm + 6 In)and (we reson one amin! othe | ferential equations 5 Muicuceemmentgead || Menken fy J sR] te IF we vote aio rth soe | ofmeses Asis ofmeeomeedmesestoo |] [Ro ia Ra |= [Vs sta Bsndiferene of vlagesat the two terminals. | ikea window pane | [Ri Ro Rs] Vs ee ey Lethe yohagos strode nN; be¥jand Vp i. ‘simultaneous equations thus obtained are Ht Vi.Va, Va — sum of all voltage rises in i respectively. Applying Kirchhoff's nodal analysis at raved by deci (Camers Rate). We | sfeompaemoce than ae-nesA mst eon Y Ba senor e will get an equation ofthis form for three un- | constitutes a closed pat. ee y knowns | Rizittherersnce conn o mest 1nd 2. My Minv 1g en Po | Ratileeee cnc asa | ¥4]] Gu eG) le [ | oposite creston _ ¥:| foe 2 -@2]- | w ) 4 Sitaty or the meshes, i ND Yano Gy the concer of i esieaes Ys Ri Ra Singing, we hve linked to noe. Fe Raa Ran ag | Minna a 3vee Giz is the conductance of resistance common , ou pee Input Resistance = 22, ASHE toodes 1 and isa nega vale. Sep ee v1 Ri Rl z= determinant vale Po intent seinen, | RN E Bed = Gx, GG, eee Ah, Ia, Is, stim of all currents entering nodes 1, To summarise: i Rs a locke ison fim be nicki, yf of Ry = | vi =St4 ony te; but once aden ehoen shoud aR Bay's i Gn ~Gis ‘stuck to nti the end of problem. Input resistance of rh mess A “13 bon -Ga 2. herein vole oe ins me nd (e yy =_th=6n Go Airection of meshcurentissames voltage rs TN impedance between th and sth mesh 7 = to the negative source wolage is added x Z-= AZ(— 1) 7 Gn “On —Oa the mesh voltage Fora alge drop +19 ~ - Example 19: Consider Figures. The cuenta -c-G Go ptive ours volage aed ‘hn = cofactor term thes ohm eto ia Tate Pa GATEECEN * Bin Romie Pa De ERENT G2 Us Om Ue Oa0e Le Ce Cevecelevevevevleve B of eee aceD. D o a u oO rn 6 conte: ; . 5 Example 20; In the neswork system shown in Figure, find the current trough Z using nodal a method. The values of voltages are given in volts wi a 2 1s. | andthe impedances are given a ahs. Zyx64)8 2, =6-I8 : @y, «100.20 ). y 2 2 ay . : Solution: Applying KirchhofPs nodal analysis Solution: If we ws Nodal analysis forthe fist, lect we wil be caught in a wel as there wil be 3 unknowns. We shold apply mesh analysis 642i, «10 (44RD ig ~2),-2i5=0 44-21, «0 But is =054, 2-21, =O5ip (4R)-4-1=0, ‘We can now use nda analysis fr the 2nd ult Va=20 Va Ya-Vp 7 aT Vy 204 Vy $2Vq-2¥p =0 Atnode A, o 4 -2¥y, 0 Me=Ya, Yo T 4Vg —4Vp 42¥9 +p 20 Atnode B Np 4¥y =0 Eliminating Vq by adding, 5 Vp =20, Vg = stoodeV, ovatus 8] 100” 100" 100 1006 = 8) , 100-60" 556 i AE) HOS 5319 i = V2 ~ 10} (6 -j8+9.99-j1.2)100 = 1000593- 9.2) = Head V>c15 6239.8" « 1840-30" or V=117.89.8° The curent throug 23 is = L17-9.82 190" 781-802" Example 21: Find the Gurent ig(Q) through Ge) AC current Ip = 3.2.05 (21— 279) ‘The taal curent through the 2 2 resistor = 543.2c082t= 277) Matrices associated with Graphs, Incidence, fundamental eutset and fundamental creult ma trices Node/Cutset: If circuit ha branches (6) and ‘nodes (n), KCL can be writen 5 Vay =O fork = 1,2,3,00N41 ‘hers the eurent in branch applying KCL at ode In matrix form it ean be Weten as 5.08 2 volts AC on om tot ait Bab The circuit at steady state will be ad og Jaane sen i Capacitor cuten tetera the resistor, when the network shown in Figure is 4 in steady-state condition, “+ Biiant Tworals Pv. Ls. GATE ECE-18 aie =0| @ ‘Ay = aj fy is a Ni column vector given by f= fityigg sin, the cues in respective ranches “Augmented Incidence Matrix: Ifa getwork i ‘edeced toa drectod graph G with N +1 nodes x B branchés thea (N41) x B matt Ay = a 1 said tobe the augmented inidence mates if ‘y= 1, When branch bys inident to modem, and is directed away fom it when branch by fs inident o node ands rected int it 0, when branch by snot incident tom Forexample, the augmented incidence matin of the graph given below is reer20 by bz by by bs by by by by 40-100 O41 00 “14,0 00 0 0-10 O-1+1-0 0.0 0 0-1 00:00 -~141 0 o4 00 0-141 0 O41 0 00 OF 0-1-1 0 0. @ apis +1 0-1 00 041 0 OV/ 2] por “ist 0000 0-1 of [2] fo o-141 0.0.0.0 0-1//*| Jo 00-0 0-141 0 ov || 8/10 0 0 0-11 0 o41 of! | Jo oo o4 0-1-1 0 off 2] Lo. is © eps for node ns, ig bis + ig =O The rank ofthe incidence mavix isN Le, among N+ 1 equations only N equations are finexly i B matin tips said to be an augmeated loop matrix of an ‘oriented graph G with B benches and L loop if by = T when branch isin oop éy and has ame = 1 when branch by ein loop an has ‘opposite orientation, = O when branch bis not in top fe split 08 network with NV and B aches, B~ N linearly independent eqitions on be obtained ty KVL, Fondamenta loop matrix: A fondamenal loop ‘ofa prph G with respect toa ee Tis lop thats x hae fa ‘made up of one chord and a unique set of tranches of, A fondamental loop matix By of an oriented 27aph G with N'« 1 odes and B branches core= sponding toa ree Tis a (B —N) x B matrix Baby (19) by when any sn he onan lop ad be sae orton = "Patent ithe nme smote opt onan hen atin te onan iP Ter for devng PLM it (Drs epg of meter and Shoo x ee ‘rain eaon tal ache tepah (Doge te dant ops cone int andnige nen oder (© Ary KVL ox finde opal pa ering egnons nats ors Bro Ombre qe 10) ‘nite clam vecoe aval + Sriliant Tutorials Pv Ltd GREECE TDS, ** Briliant Tutorials Pvt, Ud, 3 3 3 Q e 3 8 3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 s 8 2 8 s ®Ww 2 UE eo 1, 0 a a Ea Dak ness tee branches and broken ines ae chords. In this graph N+ 1 = 6 and B = 9, Rank SB N29 ~ 524,804 independent linear ‘equations are required. ‘Augmented lop mats, by be bs bi bs by by ont a oo fiog 0 oo foethe ah 0. 110) oo 011 0-1 1-1 Voltages v1 09 correspond to branches B10 By Fundamental loop matixis Byvy= 0 Intersreationship of matrices eam also be shown at pT aoming =o where A is the incidence mati, By fundamental Joop max and Qf fondamentalcuset marx as derived inthe previous sections. “Te-set Matis: tic ie Formed by inirodicng 8 to clos the wee. A eset mattis M= Lx b where &— numberof inks and ‘b- total umber of branches. Iabere sony one link itis called a fundamental rar Tors Pv ore 5, NETWORK THEOREMS 1, Superposition: It oceuss when two oF more sources act simultaneously ia cuit. eis appli abl if eauce and effect bear a liver relationship. Bxpeessed mathematically, fy gives an outpt yy and xy gives an ouput, x2 individually and if Boh xj and yy ae simmlaneously, ita ayity ‘Another definition sy, = pxiand ya = x2 then yi y2 = 2x1 + gta = a+ 2) both responses are multiplied by the same scalar, then the toa espoase is also multiplied by {he same scalar quantity. Superposition is applicable to only linear ict. R, L and C are linear elements and hence obey superposition While solving problems on superposition, the fect of one sree ata lise is worked Out supe pressing the othe sources. That i, current sources ‘a opened out snd volage Sources shored leaving their intemal resistances in the circuit. Finally am algebraic sum i made ofthe individual response, Superposition cannot be applied recy to ‘computation of power as powers square of current orvotage. Dependent sources are not suppressed if they are 2. Thevenin’s Theorem: Is applied in fing the current, voliage and power ina particular ment of mulielement network with ative de- pendent and independent sources Fr this, weft ole the leet whic the cient ovale ‘age it tobe found. From the disconnected pair of | terminals we lok ito the eteit and reduce it single equivalent resistance Reg afer Kling the sources (shorting vltage source and opening cut ent source). IFthere isa dependent source, should ‘be within the ciceut we are reducing, When the ele ‘ments disconnected ad terminals open, te circuit Decomes inactive and a vllage is measured across f oere| OnE the terminals called open circuit voltage. This open Grout voltage is doluced as a result of sources ‘within the disconnected network by potential and (Mien division rules. This we arrive at an inde- Panlen vollage source of Voc volage and a series {pica resistance of Rey, This is known as tem tal equivalence The open cccit voliage is called ‘Theveni volage Vy and equivalent resistance Rey ts Thovenin resistance Ryy. After finding Vi-and Rrmuthe isolated elements connected back dcx rentand volagearefoundby KCL, KVL and Ohm’ Taw Is repeseted as a wa My a Fig 17 ‘.Norton’s Theorem: Inthiscase. after isolating the element, we short cre the twe ends and nd the coment Ie le is the curent of the independent ‘current soure wit the equivalent resistance in pr lel. The shor eiteuit current i ello the Norton cure I “ot Reg Fig. 18 a R= Fe Te 4, Maximum Power Transfer Theorem: Af deducing the Thvenin equivalent, maxiniam power is transferred toa resistive load Ry iF Ry. = Bry + Biltant Tutors Pa Li 2 However ifthe load and intl resistances ae complex, y= Re +iXe and ZR +X, ‘hen maximum power is tansfeted when RL=Rs XL=-Xs Zi = RLAIKL = Rs IX. 2 ~ Conjugate ofZ, ‘5. Reciprocity Theorem Z t we a Re o) Fig 9 V, ofa voltage source in one part of the nero diving acurent I, in another part remains the sme ifthe sources Vz ad hy a interchanged. Ina circuit obeying reciprocity the wansfr resis tance isthe same, YE ‘6. Compensation Theorem: It stats tht any re sistance ina network may be replaced by 2 volte source having zero internal vesitance and a gener ‘ated volage equal tthe poco difference across thereplaced resistance produced by the cunt lo ing trough it and polarities reversed