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LAB SENSES Edited 5 PDF

The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the special senses, including vision, hearing, balance, smell, and taste. It describes the structures involved in each sense like the eye, ear, nose, tongue. It details the receptors, pathways and processing involved in each special sense.

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Paolo Naguit
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24 views

LAB SENSES Edited 5 PDF

The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the special senses, including vision, hearing, balance, smell, and taste. It describes the structures involved in each sense like the eye, ear, nose, tongue. It details the receptors, pathways and processing involved in each special sense.

Uploaded by

Paolo Naguit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANATOMY OF SPECIAL SENSES

A C N
S I N
E I N
S T O
L N E
Special Senses
Vision
Hearing
Balance
Smell (olfaction)
Taste (gustation)

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


VISION
Accessory structures
Eyebrows
Eyelashes
Eyelids
Extrinsic muscles
Lacrimal apparatus
Eyebrows, eyelashes: protection
Eyelids: protection and lubrication (blinking)

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Vision: Eyes
Accessory structures
Extrinsic muscles: move eyeball
Superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial
rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Lacrimal apparatus: produces tears
LAYERS OF EYEBALL
FIBROUS TUNIC
VASCULAR TUNIC
NERVOUS TUNIC
Fibrous Tunic
Outermost layer
Sclera:
- firm, white outer part
- helps maintain eye shape, provides attachment
sites, protects internal structures

Cornea:
- transparent structure that covers iris and pupil
- allows light to enter and focuses light
Vascular Tunic
Middle layer
Contains blood supply
Choroid:
- black part (melanin)
- delivers O2 and nutrients to retina
Ciliary body:
helps hold lens in place
Suspensory ligaments:
help hold lens in place
17
Lens:
- flexible disk
- focuses light onto retina
Iris:
- colored part
- surrounds and regulates pupil
Pupil:
- regulates amount of light entering
- lots of light = constricted
- little light = dilated
18
Nervous Tunic
Innermost tunic
Retina:
- covers posterior 5/6 of eye
- contains 2 layers
Pigmented retina:
- outer layer
- keeps light from reflecting back in eye
Sensory retina:
- contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)
- contains interneurons
Rods:
- photoreceptor sensitive to light
- 20 times more rods than cones
- can function in dim light
Cones:
- photoreceptor provide color vision
- 3 types blue, green, red
HEARING
23
Hearing
Outer ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Hearing
External (Outer) Ear
Extends from outside of head to eardrum
Auricle:
fleshy part on outside
External auditory meatus:
canal that leads to eardrum
Tympanic membrane:
- eardrum
- thin membrane that separates external and
middle ear 25
Middle Ear
Air filled chamber

Malleus (hammer):
bone attached to tympanic membrane
Incus (anvil):
bone that connects malleus to stapes
Stapes (stirrup):
bone located at base of oval window
26
Oval window:
separates middle and inner ear

Eustachian or auditory tube:


- opens into pharynx
- equalizes air pressure between outside air
and middle ear

27
Inner Ear
Set of fluid filled chambers

Bony labyrinth:
- tunnels filled with fluid
- 3 regions: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular
canals

29
Membranous labyrinth:
- inside bony labyrinth
- filled with endolymph
Endolymph:
clear fluid in membranous labyrinth

Perilymph:
fluid between membranous and bony labyrinth
Ear Structure

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Auditory Pathway
Cochlear neurons (in cranial nerve VIII) end in
medulla
On same side: R ear R side medulla
Midbrain thalamus
Auditory cortex in temporal lobe
Each side of brain receives input from both ears

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


OLFACTION(SMELL)
Olfaction
What is it?
- sense of smell
- occurs in response to
odorants
- receptors are located
in nasal cavity and
hard palate
- we can detect
10,000 different
smells 35
Three types of olfactory cells
Olfactory receptors
Consist of olfactory hairs with chemoreceptors
These are first order neurons of olfactory pathway
Supporting cells
Epithelial cells: support, protect
Basal cells:
Stem cells that produce new neurons (receptors)
throughout life.
Figure 9.3b
Olfactory
Receptors

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


GUSTATION(TASTE)
Taste: Gustation
Five primary tastes: salt, sweet, sour, bitter,
and umami
Perception of what is called taste
includes olfactory input
Receptors in 10,000 taste buds
Located on tongue, pharynx, epiglottis
In structures called papillae
Vallate (posterior)
Fungiform (all over)
Filiform: touch receptors only

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Taste:
Gustation

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Taste: Gustation

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Structure of Taste Bud
Contains 3 types of epithelial cells
Supporting cells that surround
Gustatory receptor cells
Basal cells

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Types of Tastes
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Umami

Certain taste buds are more sensitive to certain


tastes.
Taste is also linked to smell.

45
Gustatory Pathway
Cranial nerves transmit impulses
Facial (CN VII) from anterior of tongue
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) from posterior
Vagus (CN X) from pharynx, epiglottis
To medulla oblongata
Thalamus primary gustatory area of cerebral
cortex
Limbic system or hypothalamus

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


COVERAGE OF 2ND SHIFTING EXAM
EXERCISE 7-23
EXERCISE 35

MUSCULAR SYTEM
FROG EXPTS
BRAIN AND REFLEXES
SENSES

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