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06 Retaining Walls

Retaining walls are structures built to retain vertical or nearly vertical earth banks or other materials. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity walls, embedded walls, and reinforced and anchored earth walls. Gravity walls resist movement through their heavy sections and include masonry, gabion, crib, and counterfort walls. Embedded walls are driven or bored into the ground. Reinforced and anchored earth walls use reinforcement and ground anchors to resist lateral pressures. Proper design of retaining walls considers subsurface conditions, drainage, wall type and height.

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Garima Mehta
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223 views

06 Retaining Walls

Retaining walls are structures built to retain vertical or nearly vertical earth banks or other materials. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity walls, embedded walls, and reinforced and anchored earth walls. Gravity walls resist movement through their heavy sections and include masonry, gabion, crib, and counterfort walls. Embedded walls are driven or bored into the ground. Reinforced and anchored earth walls use reinforcement and ground anchors to resist lateral pressures. Proper design of retaining walls considers subsurface conditions, drainage, wall type and height.

Uploaded by

Garima Mehta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RETAINING WALLS

Retaining Walls
Structures that are built to retain
vertical or nearly vertical earth banks
or any other material are called
retaining walls. Retaining walls may be
constructed of masonry or sheet piles.
All the walls listed in Fig have to
withstand lateral pressures either from
earth or any other material on their
faces.
Gravity walls resist movement because
of their heavy sections. They are built
of mass concrete or stone or brick
masonry.
In all these cases, the backfill tries to
move the wall from its position. The
movement of the wall is partly resisted
by the wall itself and partly by soil2 in
front of the wall.
Overview

A retaining wall is generally defined as a vertical wall


that holds back earth. However a retaining wall has
many uses such as:

A retaining wall for roadside embankments


A retaining wall can separate older roads from
highways
A house retaining wall for the garage
A retaining wall helps keep river banks from
eroding
A retaining wall to keep earth from stairwells and
driveways
Various types of Retaining walls

Principal types of rigid retaining walls


4
Common materials used for
retaining walls
Wood sheets;
Steel and plastic interlocking sheets;
Reinforced concrete sheets;
Pre cast concrete elements (crib walls and
block walls);
Closely spaced in-situ soil-cement piles;
Wire-mesh boxes (gabions);
Anchors into the soil or rock mass (soil
nailing).
EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES
Types of Retaining Wall

Retaining Wall
The various types of earth-retaining structures fall
into three broad groups.

Gravity Walls

Embedded walls

Reinforced and anchored earth


EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES
Gravity Walls

Gravity Walls
Masonry walls
Gabion walls
Crib walls
RC walls
Counterfort walls
Buttressed walls
Gravity wall
Cantilever wall
Gabion wall
Crib wall
Common types of retaining wall
(sides of highway / expressway)

block retaining
wall

Vegetative
retaining wall
Common types of retaining wall
(hill side building development)

Segmental block
retaining wall
system

Concrete retaining
wall
Drainage system in retaining
walls
Section view- concrete retaining
wall

Temporary formwork is a MUST to concreting works and concrete


form the shape of retaining wall hardening to form the final product
before in-situ concreting works of retaining wall structure
coming in
Section view- Segmental blocks
retaining wall
EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES
Embedded Walls

Types of embedded walls


EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES
Gravity Walls

Unreinforced masonry wall


EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES
Gravity Walls

Gabion wall
EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES
Gravity Walls

Crib wall
EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES
Embedded Walls

Embedded walls

Driven sheet-pile walls


Braced or propped walls
Contiguous bored-pile walls
Secant bored-pile walls
Diaphram walls
EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES
Reinforced and Anchored Earth

Reinforced and anchored earth

Reinforced earth wall


Soil nailing
Ground anchors
Section view- Vegetative retaining wall
EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES
Reinforced and anchored earth

Reinforced earth and soil nailing


Section view- concrete retaining
wall

Retaining wall

Ground level

Depth of excavation

Concrete base footing


perspective view- concrete
retaining wall

length

Buttress /
piers

height

width
RETAINING WALL

Basic function to
retain soil at a slope
which is greater than
it would naturally
assume, usually at a
vertical or near
vertical position
Retaining wall failure at the Shin-Kang Dam
Design of retaining wall

retaining walls have primary function of


retaining soils at an angle in excess of the
soils nature angle of repose.
Walls within the design height range are
designed to provide the necessary resistance
by either their own mass or by the principles
of leverage.
Design consideration:
1. Overturning of the wall does not occur
2. Forward sliding does not occur
3. Materials used are suitable
4. The subsoil is not overloaded
Factors which designer need to take
account

Nature and characteristics of the subsoil's


Height of water table the presence of water
can create hydrostatic pressure, affect bearing
capacity of the subsoil together with its shear
strength, reduce the frictional resistance
between the underside of the foundation
Type of wall
Materials to be used in the construction
Failure of retaining wall (dam) due to water
pressure..
Types of walls

Mass retaining walls


Cantilever walls
Counterfort retaining
walls
Precast concrete
retaining walls
Precast concrete crib-
retaining walls
Mass retaining walls

Sometimes called gravity walls and rely upon


their own mass together with the friction on the
underside of the base to overcome the
tendency to slide or overturn
Generally only economic up to 1.8 m
Mass walls can be constructed of semi-
engineering quality bricks bedded in a 1:3
cement mortar or of mass concrete
Natural stone is suitable for small walls up to
1m high but generally it is used as a facing
material for walls over 1 m
Typical example of mass retaining
walls

BRICK MASS RETAINING WALL


Brick retaining
wall

Stone retaining wall


Typical example of mass retaining
walls

MASS CONCRETE RETAINING WALL


WITH STONE FACINGS
Cantilever walls

Usually of reinforced concrete and work on the


principle of leverage where the stem is
designed as a cantilever fixed at the base and
the base is designed as a cantilever fixed at the
stem
Economic height range of 1.2 m to 6 m using
pre-stressing techniques
Any durable facing material can be applied to
the surface to improve appearance of the wall
Cantilever wall
EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES
Gravity Walls

Types of RC
Gravity Walls
Two basic forms:-
A base with a large heel
A cantilever with a large toe

Cantilever T Cantilever L
Cantilever walls
Counterfort retaining walls

Can be constructed of reinforced or prestressed


concrete
Suitable for over 4.5 m
Triangular beams placed at suitable centres
behind the stem and above the base to enable
the stem and base to act as slab spanning
horizontally over or under the counterforts
Precast concrete retaining wall

Manufactured from high-grade pre cast concrete on the


cantilever principle.
Can be erected on a foundation as permanent retaining
wall or be free standing to act as dividing wall between
heaped materials which it can increase three times the
storage volume for any given area
Other advantages- reduction in time by eliminating
curing period, cost of formwork, time to erect and
dismantle the temporary forms
Lifting holes are provided which can be utilized for
fixing if required
application
Precast concrete retaining walls
Pre cast concrete crib-retaining walls

Designed on the principle of mass retaining


walls
A system of pre cast concrete or treated timber
components comprising headers and stretchers
which interlock to form a 3 dimensional
framework or crib of pre cast concrete timber
units within which soil is retained
Constructed with a face batter between 1:6 and
1:8
Subsoil drainage is not required since the open
face provides adequate drainage.

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