tw018 “Transformer Testing [Type Tes and Raine Tet of Transformer | Elec €Qelectricaldu.com I Transformer Testing | Type Test and Routine Test of Transformer Next » For confirming the specifications and performances of an electrical power transformer it has to go through numbers of testing procedures. Some tests are done at manufacturer premises before delivering the transformer. Mainly two types of transformer testing are done at manufacturer premises- type test of transformer and routine test of transformer. In addition to that some transformer tests are also carried out at the consumer site before commissioning and also periodically in regular & emergency basis through out its service life. Type of Transformer Testing Tests done at factory 1. Type tests 2. Routine tests 3. Special tests Tests done at site 1. Pre-commissioning tests 2. Periodic/condition monitoring tests 3. Emergency tests Type Test of Transformer To prove that the transformer meets customer's specifications and design expectations, the transformer has to go through different testing procedures in manufacturer premises. oa FOOD so GooD, > IT REALLY DOESN'T MATTER WHO WINS. FreshMenu Some transformer tests are carried out for confirming the basic design expectation of that transformer, These tests are done mainly in a prototype unit not in all manufactured units in a lot, Type test of transformer confirms main and basic design criteria of a production lot. hitpuiwwulectrcaldu.comPranstormer-testng-ype-test-and-outne-testofrarsformer! one.svz018 “Transformer Testing | Type Test and Routine Test of Transformer | Electrical Routine Tests of Transformer Routine tests of transformer is mainly for confirming operational performance of individual unit in a production lot. Routine tests are carried out on every unit manufactured. oO CLT e ran toed Special Tests of Transformer Special tests of transformer is done as per customer requirement to obtain information useful to the user during operation or maintenance of the transformer. Pre Commissioning Test of Transformer In addition to these, the transformer also goes through some other tests, performed on it, before actual commissioning of the transformer at site, The transformer testing performed before commissioning the transformer at site is called pre-commissioning test of transformer. These tests are done to assess the condition of transformer after installation and compare the test results of all the low voltage tests with the factory test reports. Type tests of transformer includes 1. Transformer winding resistance measurement 2. Transformer ratio test. 3. Transformer vector group test. 4, Measurement of impedance voltage/short circuit impedance (principal tap) and load loss (Short circuit test). 5. Measurement of no load loss and current (Open circuit test). 6. Measurement of insulation resistance. lectric tests of transformer. 8. Temperature rise test of transformer. 9. Tests on on-load tap-changer. 10. Vacuum tests on tank and radiators. hiipilwwa.slectricaldu.comtranstormer-testing-ype-test-anroutne-testofrersformet! 218svz018 “Transformer Testing | Type Test and Routine Test of Transformer | Electicalu Routine tests of transformer include 1. Transformer winding resistance measurement. 2. Transformer ratio test, 3. Transformer vector group test. 4, Measurement of impedance voltage/short circuit impedance (principal tap) and load loss (Short circuit test). 5. Measurement of no load loss and current (Open circuit test) 6. Measurement of insulation resistance 7. Dielectric tests of transformer. 8. Tests on on-load tap-changer. 9. Oil pressure test on transformer to check against leakages past joints and gaskets. o FOOD so GooD, > IT REALLY DOESN'T MATTER WHO WINS. FreshMenu That means Routine tests of transformer include all the type tests except temperature rise and vacuum tests. The oil pressure test on transformer to check against leakages past joints and gaskets is included. Special Tests of transformer include 1. Dielectric tests 2. Measurement of zero-sequence impedance of three-phase transformers 3. Short-circuit test. 4. Measurement of acoustic noise level. 5. Measurement of the harmonics of the no-load current. 6. Measurement of the power taken by the fans and oil pumps. hiipilwwa.slectricaldu.comtranstormer-testing-ype-test-anroutne-testofrersformet! ane.svz018 “Transformer Testing | Type Test and Routine Test of Transformer | Electicalu 7. Tests on bought out components / accessories such as buchhloz relay, temperature indicators, pressure relief devices, oil preservation system etc. Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement ‘Transformer winding resistance measurement is carried out to calculate the I2R losses and to calculate winding temperature at the end of a temperature rise test. It is carried out as a type test as well as routine test. It is also done at site to ensure healthiness of a transformer that is to check loose connections, broken strands of conductor, high contact resistance in tap changers, high voltage leads and bushings etc. There are different methods for measuring of transformer winding, likewise Current voltage method of measurement of winding resistance. # Bridge method of measurement of winding resistance, * Kelvin bridge method of Measuring Winding Resistance. ‘¢ Measuring winding resistance by Automatic Winding Resistance Measurement Kit - Transformer winding resistance measurement shall be carried out at each tap. Transformer Ratio Test The performance of a transformer largely depends upon perfection of specific turns or voltage ratio of transformer. So transformer ratio test is an essential type test of transformer. This test also performed as routine test of transformer. So for ensuring proper performance of electrical power transformer, voltage and turn ratio test of transformer one of the vital tests. ‘The procedure of transformer ratio test is simple. We just apply three phase 415 V supply to HV winding, with keeping LV winding open. The we measure the induced voltages at HV and LV terminals of transformer to find out actual voltage ratio of transformer, We repeat the test for all tap position separately. Magnetic Balance Test of Transformer Magnetic balance test of transformer is conducted only on three phase transformers to check the imbalance in the magnetic circuit. Procedure of Magnetic Balance Test of Transformer 1. First keep the tap changer of transformer in normal position 2. Now disconnect the transformer neutral from ground, 3. Then apply single phase 230 V AC supply across one of the HV winding terminals and neutral terminal 4, Measure the voltage in two other HV terminals in respect of neutral terminal. 5. Repeat the test for each of the three phases. In case of auto transformer, magnetic balance test of transformer should be repeated for LV winding also. There are three limbs side by side in a core of transformer. One phase winding is wound in one limb. The voltage induced in different phases depends upon the respective position of the limb in the core. The voltage induced in different phases of transformer in respect to neutral terminals given in the table below, hiipilwwa.slectricaldu.comtranstormer-testing-ype-test-anroutne-test-otrersformet! ane.svz018 “Transformer Testing | Type Test and Routine Test of Transformer | Electicaltu Left side phase | Central phase _| Right side phase aN BN cn Voltage applied at left side phase 230 180 50V Voltage eppied at central phase 115 230 115 Voltage applied at right side phase s0V 180 230 Magnetizing Current Test of Transformer Magnetizing current test of transformer is performed to locate defects in the magnetic core structure, shifting of windings, failure in turn to turn insulation or problem in tap changers. These conditions change the effective reluctance of the magnetic circuit, thus affecting the current required to establish flux in the core. 1. First of all keep the tap changer in the lowest position and open all IV & LV terminals. 2. Then apply three phase 415 V supply on the line terminals for three phase transformers and single phase 230 V supply on single phase transformers. 3. Measure the supply voltage and current in each phase. 4. Now repeat the magnetizing current test of transformertest with keeping tap changer in normal position. 5. And repeat the test with keeping the tap at highest position. Generally there are two similar higher readings on two outer limb phases on transformer core and one lower reading on the centre limb phase, in case of three phase transformers. An agreement to within 30% of the measured exciting current with the previous test is usually considered satisfactory. If the measured exciting current value is 50 times higher than the value measured during factory test, there is likelihood of a fault in the winding which needs further analysis. Caution: This magnetizing current test of transformer is to be carried out before DC resistance measurement. Vector Group Test of Transformer In three phase transformer, it is essential to carry out a vector group test of transformer. Proper vector grouping in a transformer is an essential criteria for parallel operation of transformers. There are several internal connection of three phase transformer are available in market. These several connections gives various magnitudes and phase of the secondary voltage; the magnitude can be adjusted for parallel operation by suitable choice of turn ratio, but the phase divergence can not be compensated. So we have to choose those transformer for parallel operation whose phase sequence and phase divergence are same. All the transformers with same vector ground have same phase sequence and phase divergence between primary and secondary. So before procuring one electrical power transformer, one should ensure the vector group of the transformer, whether it will be matched with his or her existing system or not, The vector group test of transformer confirms his or her requirements. Insulation Resistance Test or Megger Test of Transformer Insulation resistance test of transformer is essential type test. This test is carried out to ensure the healthiness of over all insulation system of an electrical power transformer. Procedure of Insulation Resistance Test of Transformer hiipilwwa.slectricaldu.comtranstormer-testing-ype-test-anroutne-testofrersformet! 5168svz018 “Transformer Testing | Type Test and Routine Test of Transformer | Electrical 1. First disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer, 2. Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to measure insulation resistance IR value in between the LV and HV windings. 3. Megger leads to be connected to HV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to measure insulation resistance IR value in between the HV windings and earth, 4,Megger leads to be connected to LV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to measure insulation resistance IR value in between the LV windings and earth. NB : It is unnecessary to perform insulation resistance test of transformer per phase wise in three phase transformer. IR values are taken between the windings collectively as because all the windings on HV side are internally connected together to form either star or delta and also all the windings on LV side are internally connected together to form either star or delta. Measurements are to be taken as follows: For auto transformer: HV-IV to LV, HV-IV to E, LV to E, For two winding transformer: HV to LV, HV to E, LV to E, Three winding transformer: HV to IV, HV to LV, IV to LV, HV to E, IV to E, LV to Oil temperature should be noted at the time of insulation resistance test of transformer. Since the IR value of transformer insulating oil may vary with temperature. IR values to be recorded at intervals of 15 seconds, 1 minute and 10 minutes. With the duration of application of voltage, IR value increases. The increase in IR is an indication of dryness of insulation. Absorption coefficient = 1 minute value/ 15 secs. value. Polarization index = 10 minutes value / 1 minute value. Dielectric Tests of Transformer Dielectric tests of transformer is one kind of insulation test. This test is performed to ensure the expected over all insulation strength of transformer. There are several test performed to ensure the required quality of transformer insulation, dielectric test is one of them. Dielectric tests of transformer is performed in two different steps, first one called Separate source voltage withstand test of transformer, where a single phase power frequency voltage of prescribed level, is applied on transformer winding under test for 60 seconds while the other windings and tank are connected to the earth and it is observed that whether any failure of insulation occurs or not during the test. Second one is induced voltage test of Transformer where, three phase voltage, twice of rated secondary voltage is applied to the secondary winding for 60 second by keeping the primary of the transformer open circuited, The frequency of the applied voltage should be double of power frequency too, Here also if no failure of insulation, the test is successful. In addition to dielectric tests of transformer there are other type test for checking insulation of transformer, such as lightning impulse test, switching impulse test and partial discharge test. Induced Voltage Test of Transformer The induced voltage test of transformer is intended to check the inter turn and line end insulation as well as main insulation to earth and between windings- 1. Keep the primary winding of transformer open circuited. 2. Apply three phase voltage to the secondary winding. The applied voltage should be twice of rated voltage of secondary winding in magnitude and frequency. hiipilwwa.slectricaldu.comtranstormer-testing-ype-test-anroutne-testofrersformet! ars.svz018 “Transformer Testing | Type Test and Routine Test of Transformer | Electrical 3. The duration of the test shall be 60 second. 4. The test shall start with a voltage lower than 1/3 the full test voltage, and it shall be quickly increased up to desired value. The test is successful if no break down occurs at full test voltage during test. Temperature Rise Test of Transformer MENU this type test of transformer, we have to check oil temperature rise as well as winding temperature rise limits of an electrical transformer. Next » Closely Related Articles Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement Voltage and Turn Ratio Test of Transformer Vector Group Test of Power Transformer Open and Short Circuit Test on Transformer Insulation Dielectric Test of Transformer Transformer Oil and Winding Temperature Rise Test Impulse Test of Transformer Maintenance of Transformer ‘Sweep Frequency Response Analysis Test | SFRA Test hitpuiwwulecrcal4u.comPranstormer-testng-ype-test-and-outne-testofrarsformer mssvz018 ‘Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement | Electricalau €Qelectricaldu.com Transformer Win tance Measurement « Previous Next > Transformer winding resistance measurement is carried out as a type test, routine test and also as @ field test.In the factory, it helps in determining the following 1. Calculation of the I7R losses in transformer, 2. Calculation of winding temperature at the end of temperature rise test of transformer. 3. As a benchmark for assessing possible damages in the field. It is done at site in order to check for abnormalities due to loose connections, broken strands of conductor, high contact resistance in tap changers, high voltage leads and bushings o Sync sales assets easily Help your team stay informed & sell faster with G Suite. Start Free Trial Now. gaute google com Q) Procedure of Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement For star connected winding, the resistance shall be measured between the line and neutral terminal. For star connected auto-transformers the resistance of the HV side is measured between HV terminal and IV terminal, then between IV terminal and the neutral. For delta connected windings, measurement of winding resistance shall be done between pairs of line terminals. As in delta connection the resistance of individual winding can not be measured separately, the resistance per winding shall be calculated as per the following formula Resistance per winding = 1.5 x Measured value The resistance is measured at ambient temperature and then converted to resistance at 75°C for all practical purposes of comparison with specified design values, previous results and diagnostics. Winding Resistance at standard temperature of 75° C 23547 “O35 +t hiipulwwulecrical4u.comfranstormer-winding-rsistance- measurement anesvz018 ‘Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement | Electricalau Rt = Winding resistance at temperature t. t = Winding temperature. FOOD so GooD, > IT REALLY DOESN'T MATTER WHO WINS. FreshMenu Generally transformer windings are immersed in insulation liquid and covered with paper insulation, hence it is impossible to measure the actual winding temperature in a de-energizing transformer at time of transformer winding resistance measurement. An approximation is developed to calculate temperature of winding at that condition, as follows ‘Temperature of winding = Average temperature of insulating oil (Average temperature of insulating oil should be taken 3 to 8 hours after de-energizing transformer and when the difference between top & bottom oil temperatures becomes less than 5° C.) The resistance can be measured by simple voltmeter ammeter method, Kelvin Bridge meter or automatic winding resistance measurement kit. (ohm meter, preferably 25 Amps kit) o FOOD so GooD, > IT REALLY DOESN'T MATTER WHO WINS. FreshMenu Caution for voltmeter ammeter method: Current shall not exceed 15% of the rated current of the winding. Large values may cause inaccuracy by heating the winding and thereby changing its temperature and resistance. NB: - Measurement of winding resistance of transformer shall be carried out at each tap. Current Voltage Method of Measurement of Winding Resistance The transformer winding resistances can be measured by current voltage method. In this method of measurement of winding resistance, the test current is injected to the winding and corresponding voltage drop across the winding is measured. hiipulwwulecrical4u.comfranstormer-winding-rsistance- measurement mnsvz018 ‘Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement | Electricalau By applying simple Ohm's law i. . Ry, = V/I, one can easily determine the value of resistance. Procedure of Current Voltage Method of Measurement of Winding Resistance 1. Before measurement the transformer should be kept in OFF condition without excitation at least for 3 to 4 hours. During this time the winding temperature will become equal to its oil temperature. 2. Measurement is done with D.C. 3. To minimize observation errors, polarity of the core magnetization shall be kept constant during all resistance readings. 4. Voltmeter leads shall be independent of the current leads to protect it from high voltages which may occur during switching on and off the current circuit. 5. The readings shall be taken after the current and voltage have reached steady state values. In some cases this may take several minutes depending upon the winding impedance. 6. The test current shall not exceed 15% of the rated current of the winding. Large values may cause inaccuracy by heating the winding and thereby changing its resistance. 7.For expressing resistance, the corresponding temperature of the winding at the time of Measurement must be mentioned along with resistance value, As we said earlier that after remaining in switch off condition for 3 to 4 hours, the winding temperature would become equal to oil temperature. The oil temperature at the time of testing is taken as the average of top oil and bottom oil temperatures of transformer A, Teanstormar Ny wiring Under tast gi L/ LY Variable DC Source Current Voltage Method of Star Winding Resistance Measurement hiipulwwulecrical4u.comfranstormer-winding-rsistance- measurement anasvz018 ‘Traneformer Winding Resistance Measurement | Electicalau 1. For star connected three phase winding, the resistance per phase would be half of measured resistance between two line terminals of the transformer. 2.For delta connected three phase winding, the resistance per phase would be 0.67 times of measured resistance between two line terminals of the transformer. 3. This current voltage method of measurement of winding resistance of transformer should be repeated for each pair of line terminals of winding at every tap po: MENU g)/~1L1LS Oo ry ~S Transformer a Mv. <> Winding 2 OS Under test 8 “ ‘Current Voltage Method of Delta Winding Resistance Measurement Bridge Method of Measurement of Winding Resistance Kelvin Bridge: The main principle of bridge method is based on comparing an unknown resistance with a known resistance. When currents flowing through the arms of bridge circuit become balanced, the reading of galvanometer shows zero deflection that means at balanced condition no current will flow through the galvanometer. Very small value of resistance ( in milliohms range) can be accurately measured by Kelvin bridge method whereas for higher value Wheatstone bridge method of resistance measurement is applied, In bridge method of measurement of winding resistance, the errors is minimized. hiipuiwwu.lecrical4u.comPranstormer-windng-rsistance- measurement anesvz018 ‘Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement | Electrical4u Rg MENU Kelvin Bridge to Measure low resistance The resistance measured by Kelvin bridge, Ry= (Ra = Ra ve Re = Rs) All other steps to be taken during transformer winding resistance measurement in these methods are similar to that of current voltage method of measurement of winding resistance of transformer, except the measuring technique of resistance. 1H H “R R, Whetstone Bridge Method of Resistance Measurement The resistance measured by Wheatstone bridge, Ry hiipulwwulecrical4u.comfranstormer-winding-rsistance- measurement snasvz018 Voltage and Turn Ratio Test of Transformer | Eecrical4u €Qelectricaldu.com Voltage and Turn Ratio Test of Transformer « Previous Next > Transformer Ratio Test The performance of a transformer largely depends upon perfection of specific turns or voltage ratio of transformer. So transformer ration test is an essential type test of transformer. The voltage should be applied only in the high voltage winding in order to avoid unsafe voltage. Ratio Test of Transformer and Check of Phase Displacement Actually the no load voltage ratio of transformer is equal to the turn ratio. So ratio test of transformer. IEC 61850 PDF Download your IEC 61850 e-Book for free now! copedata com Q) Procedure of Transformer Ratio Test 1. First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest position and LV terminals are kept open. 2. Then apply 3-phase 415 V supply on HV terminals. Measure the voltages applied on each phase (Phase-phase) on HV and induced voltages at LV terminals simultaneously. 3. After measuring the voltages at HV and LV terminals, the tap changer of transformer should be raised by one position and repeat test. 4. Repeat the same for each of the tap position separately. The above transformer ratio test can also be performed by portable transformer turns ratio (TTR) meter, They have an in built power supply, with the voltages commonly used being very low, such as 8 10 V and 50 Hz. The HV and LV windings of one phase of a transformer are connected to the instrument, and the internal bridge elements are varied to produce a null indication on the detector. hnipilwwn.lectrical4u.comWotge-and-urmrati-test-ofransformet! 18svz018 Voltage and Turn Ratio Test of Transformer | Eecrical4u o IEC 61850 PDF Download your IEC 61850 e-Book for free now! copa-datacom C) Let's have a discussion on transformer turns ratio (TTR) meter method of turn ratio test of transformer. ‘A phase voltage is applied to the one of the windings by means of a bridge circuit and the ratio of induced voltage is measured at the bridge. The accuracy of the measuring instrument is < 0.1 %. Stenderd Transformer with Adjustable Range a Ql ull || lu, Xt 8 Zero Postion nator s Transformer Under Test _U,~ Applied Voltage tothe bridge and HV winding Up Induced Voltage at the LV winding Bridge Connection for the Measuring Turn Ratio HV winding voltage Theoretical turn ratio LV Winding voltage oO Piezo Transformer Multi Layer and Singlet High Voltage, F This theoretical turn ratio is adjusted on the transformer tum ratio tested or TTR by the adjustable transformer as shown in the figure above and it should be changed until a balance occurs in MENU hnipilwwa.lectrical4u.comWoiage-and-urmratio-test-oransformet!svz018 Voltage and Turn Ratio Test of Transformer | Eecrical4u Mie PEILEMLaye CHU! NULAWUN HE Hau UHH Lie HULALUE HiNpHES LHe YEvIaLUH UF HieasureE quit rai from expected turn ratio in percentage. Deviation in percentage Measured turn in ratio — expected turn ratio _ Measured turn in ratio ~ expected turn ratio | 44 Expected turn ratio Out-of-tolerance, ratio test of transformer can be due to shorted turns, especially if there is an associated high excitation current. Open turns in HV winding will indicate very low exciting current and no output voltage since open turns in HV winding causes no excitation current in the winding means no flux hence no induced voltage. But open turn in LV winding causes, low fluctuating LV voltage but normal excitation current in HV winding. Hence open turns in LV winding will be indicated by normal levels of exciting current, but very low levels of unstable output voltage, The turn ratio test of transformer also detects high resistance connections in the lead circuitry or high contact resistance in tap changers by higher excitation current and a difficulty in balancing the bridge sn and Short Circuit Test on EMF Equation of Transformer Voltage Transformer or Vector Group Test 0 ‘Transformer Potential Transformer Th. Transformer Electrical Power Transformer | Current Transformer CT class Insulation Dielectric Test of Voltage Regulation « Definition and T. Ratio Error Phas Transformer Transformer « Previous Next > Closely Related Articles Transformer Testing | Type Test and Routine Test of Transformer ‘Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement Vector Group Test of Power Transformer Open and Short Circuit Test on Transformer Insulation lectric Test of Transformer ‘Transformer Oil and Winding Temperature Rise Test Impulse Test of Transformer MENU hnipilwwa.lectrical4u.comWoiage-and-urmratio-test-oransformet! 38svz018 Vector Group Test of Power Transformer | Electrcal4u electrical4u.com Vector Group Test of Power Transformer « Previous Next > Vector Group Test of Transformer The vector group of transformer is an essential property for successful parallel operation of transformers. Hence every electrical power transformer must undergo through vector group test of transformer at factory site for ensuring the customer specified vector group of transformer. The phase sequence or the order in which the phases reach their maximum positive voltages, must be identical for two paralleled transformers. Otherwise, during the cycle, each pair of phases will be short circuited. The several secondary connections are available in respect of various primary three phase connection in a the three phase transformer. So for same primary applied three phase voltage there may be different three phase secondary voltages with various magnitudes and phases for different internal connection of the transformer. Let's have a discussion in detail by example for better understanding Dynamic online schedulers Manage employees' tasks all in one place using G Suite gauite google com Q) We know that, the primary and secondary coils on any one limb have induced emfs that are in time- phase. Let's consider two transformers of same number primary turns and the primary windings are connected in star. The secondary number of turns per phase in both transformers are also same, But the first transformer has star connected secondary and other transformer has delta connected secondary. If same voltages are applied in primary of both transformers, the secondary induced emf in each phase will be in same time-phase with that of respective primary phase, as because the the primary and secondary coils of same phase are wound on the same limb in the core of transformer. In first transformer, as the secondary is star connected, the secondary line voltage is V3 times of induced voltage per secondary phase coil. But in case of second transformer, where secondary is delta connected, the line voltage is equal to induced voltage per secondary phase coil. If we go through the vector diagram of secondary line voltages of both transformer, we will easily find that there will be a clear 30° angular difference between the line voltages of these transformers. Now, if we try to run these transformers in parallel then there will be a circulating current flows between the transformers as because there is a phase angle difference between their secondary line voltages. This phase difference can not be compensated. Thus two sets of connections giving secondary voltages with a phase displacement can not be intended for parallel operation of transformers hiipulwwulectrcaldu.comWvector-g cup est of power-ransformer “10svz018 ‘Vector Group Test of Power Transformer | Electrica o AC Motor Test Customized Winding Analyzer Coil Winding and Surge Testing electrominst com Q) The following table gives the connections for which from the view point of phase sequence and angular divergences, transformer can be operated parallel. According to their vector relation, all three phase transformers are divided into different vector group of transformer. All electrical power transformers of a particular vector group can easily be operated in parallel if they fulfill other condition for parallel operation of transformers. GROUP Connection Connection Y¥o Day Lit tA, hiipulwwulectrcaldu.comWvector-g cup est of power-ransformer 20svz018 ‘Vector Group Test of Power Transformer | Electrica iii 2V-1N > 2W-1N 2V-1W > 2V-1V or 2W-1W The vector group test of transformer for other group can also be done in similar way. o Piezo Transformer Multi Layer and Singlelayer, PZT .High Voltage, High Step Up Ratio stemine.com Q) hiipilwwn.slecricaldu.comWvector-g oup est of power-ransforme! anosume an Dickie Tete Tonner |ackien SQetectricatau.com MENU Insulation Dielectric Test of Transformer « Previous Next » ‘The dielectric test of transformer is generally performed in two different steps, likewise, separate source voltage withstand test and Induced voltage withstanc test of transformer, which we have dlscussed one by one below. Separate Source Voltage Withstand Test of Transformer This dielectric testis Intended to chack the the abilty of main Insulation to earth and between winding Procedure 1 All three lie terminals of the winding to be tested are connected together 2, Other winding terminals which are not under test and also tank of the transformer should be connected to earth. 3. Then a single-phase power frequency voltage of shape approximately sinusoidal is applied for 60 seconds to the winding under test. minals of the 4. The test shall be performed on al the windings one by one. 5. The testis successful ifno break down inthe cielectric ofthe insulation occurs during test. o Bring products to life Real-time partner collaboration & feedback w/ G Suite gsuite google com Q) Separate soutce AC whtandvesigge es! cenneetionogtom oretorms urd tet e s eo qusaots nan Traore — ta oreo Fearon nett = In this transformer ts sting, the peak value of voltage is measured, that Is why the capacitor votage divider with digital peak voltmeter is ‘employed as shown in the ciagram abave. The peal value multiplied by 0.707 (1/12) isthe test voltage. DINE IN DIFFERENT: CONTINENT Eveny Tie roxnena “oxeenno + hiipiiwwu.lectrical4u.comfinsation-delecictest-ottranstormer! 6svz018 InsulaionDicectic Test of Transformer | Eletricalau ‘The values of test volage for different fully insulated winding are furnished balow inthe table. Nominal system Highest system Rated short duration voltage rating voltage rating power frequency withstand for equipment for equipment voltage ‘The induced voltage test of transformer is intended to check the inter turn and line end insulation as wall as main insulatio land between windings earth 1. Keep the primary winding of transformer open circuited 2. Apply three phase voltage to the secondary winding. The applied voltage shoulé be twice of rated voltage of secondary winding in magnitude and frequency. 3. The duration of the test shall be 60 second, 4. The test shal start witha voltage lower than 1/3 the full test voltage, and it shall be quickly increased up to desired value ‘The testis successful if no break down occurs at ful test veltage during test. hiipiiwwu.lectrical4u.comfinsation-delecictest-ottranstormer! 26sro Terlomer Ol and Wind Teper Risa Tea Ecc SQetectricatau.com MENU Transformer Oil and Winding Temperature Rise Test « Previous Next » ‘Temperature rise test of Transformer is included in ‘of transformer winding and oll as per specification or not. ‘Temperature Rise Test for Top Oil of Transformer pe test of transformer In this test we check whether the temperature rising mit 1. Fist the LV winding of the transformer is short cirulted 2. Then one thermometer is placed in a pocket in transformer top cover. Other two thermometers are placed at the inlet and outlet of the cooler bank respectively. 3. The voltage of such value is applied to the HV winding # reference temperature of 75°C, iat power Input is equal to ne loa losses plus load losses corrected to @ 4, The total losses are measured by three watt-meters method. 5. During 1 test, hourly readings of top oll temperature are taken from the thermemeter already placed in the pocket of top cover: 6. Hourly readings of the thermometers placed at inlet an¢ outlet of the cooler bank are also noted to calculate the mean temperature ofthe ol DINE IN DIFFERENT. CONTINENT Eveny TiMe. a freshen “oxeenno ae 7. Ambient temperature Is measured by means of thermometer placed around the transformer at three or four points situated at @ distance of 1 to 2 meter from and half-way up the cooling surface of the transformer, 8, Temperature rise test for top oil of transformer should be continued until the top oll temperature has reached an approximate steady value that means testing would be continued until the temperature increment of the top oll becomes less than 3°C in one hour. This steady value of top ol is determined as final temperature rise of transformer insulating oil. o F000 $0 co90, ~ TP REALLY DOESN'T MATTER ‘Wito WINS. onoraxow hnipitwwa.lectrical4u.comfranstormer-ol-and-winding temperatirerise-test! wsni2016 “Transformer Oi and Wincing Temperature Rise Test | Eectricalu 9. There is another method of determination of oll temperature. Here the test in allowed to be continued until the top ell temperature rise does not vary more than 1°C per hour for four consecutive hours. The least reading is taken as final temperature rise ofthe el Final op olllemperatue ise ‘Temperature rise degree C Time In Hour Nethod for deterrining the final tepperctue se of ll During temperature rise test for top oll of transformer we make the LV winding short circuited and apply voltage to the HV winding, So for full loac rated current flows In the transformer, the supply voltage required will much less than rated transformer voltage, We know that core loss of @ transformer depends upon voltage, So there will nt be any considerable core loss accurs in the transformer during test, But for geting actual temperature rise of the olin a transformer, we have to compensate the lack of core losses by additional copper loss inthe transformer. For supplying this total losses, transformer craws current from the source much more than its rated value for transformer. Jrnj Cer ace Reece ks bah TAT LeveL uP ‘Temperature rise limits of transformer when It soll immersed, given inthe table below Temperature rise limit Temperature rise limit for alr as for water a8 condition cooling medium cooling medium we woe ‘When ol dradatin natural oot esc hen all raisin itera | owe ste ‘lp wth conservator tak feet ‘When tans ther seat oe sore not equipped wa conservator tank NB: These temperature rises limits mentioned in the above table are the temperature rise above the temperature of cooling medium. That means these are the difference between wincing or ol temperature and temperature of cooling air or water. hitpiiwwu.lecrical4u.comPranstormer-ol-and-windingtemperate-riso-test! onsvz018 “Transformer Oi and Wining Temperature Rise Test | Electricalu Winding Temperature Rise Test on Transformer 1, Aer completion of temperature rise test for top oll of transformer the curent is reduced to its rated value for transformer and Is ‘maintained for one hour. 2, After one hour the supply Is switch off and short circut and supply connection to the HY side and short circult connection to the LV side are opened, 3. But, the fans and pumps are kept running (if any). Hot resistance Time in Minute Method for deteining the the wing resstonce at ‘he instont of stching of he supply 4. Then resistance of the windings are measured quickly. 5, But there Is always a minimum 3 to 4 minutes time gap between frst measurement of resistance ani transformer, which can not be avoided, © instant of switching of the 6. Then the resistances are measured at the same 3 to 4 minutes time intervals over a period of 15 minutes. 7. Graph of hot resistance versus time is plotted, from which winding resistance (R,) at the instant of shut down can be extrapolated 8. From this value, 82, the winding temperature at the instant of shut down can be determined by the formula given below= Re ogs : oy = Bass +1) — 235 = F285 +t) —2 Where, Ry is the cod resistance of the winding at temperature ty, For determining winding temperature rise we have to apply the above discussed indirect method. That means hot winding resistance is measured and determined first and then from that value we have to calculate the winding temperature rise, by applying resistance ‘temperature relation formula, This is because unlike cll the winding of transformer is not accessible for external temperature measurement. o « Previous Next » hnipitwwa.slectrical4u.comfranstormer-ol-and-winding temperatirerise-test! arsvz018 Impulse Test of Transformer | Elecrcalaa SQetectricatau.com Impulse Test of Transformer « Previous Next » MENU Lighting is a common phenomenon in transmission lines because of their tall height. Ths lightning stroke on the line conductor causes Impulse voltage, The terminal equipment of transmission line such as power transformer then experiences ths lightning Impulse voltages. ‘Again during all kind of online switching operation in the system, there will be switching impulses occur in the network. The magnitude of the switching impulses may be about 3.5 times the system voltage, Insulation Is one of the most important constituents of a transformer. [Any weakness in the insulation may cause failure of transformer. To ensure the effectiveness of the insulation system of a transformer it ‘must confirms the dielectre test. But the power frequency withstand test alone can not be adequate to demonstrate the dielectric strength ‘of a transformer. That is why impulse test of transformer performed on it, oth lightning impulse test and switching impulse test ‘are included inthis category of testing Lightning Impulse ‘The lightning impulse is a pure natural phenomenon. So Its very dificult to predict the actual wave shape of an lightning cisturbance. From the data compiled about natural lightning, it may be concluded thal 1 system disturbance due to natural lightning stroke, can be represented by three basic wave shapes. + Full wave + Chopped wave and + Front of wave Although the actual lightning impulse disturbance may net have exactly these three shapes but by defining these waves one can establish a minimum impulse dielectric strength of a transformer flighting cisturbance travels some eistance along the transmission line before it reaches the transformer, its wave shape may approach to full wave, If during traveling, i flash-over occurs at any insulator ofthe transmission line, after the peak ofthe wave has been reached, the wave may become in form of chopned wave. If the lightning stroke directly hits the transformer terminals, the impulse voltage rises rapicly until itis relieved by a flash over. At the instant of flash - over the voltage suddenly collapses and may form the front of wave shape. The effect of these wave forms on the transformer insulation may be different from each other. We are not going here in detail discussion of what type of impulse voltage weve forms causes what type of failure in transformer But whatever may be the shape of ligntning disturbance voltage wave, all of them can cause insulation failure in transformer So lighting impulse test of transformer is one of the most important type test of transformer o FooD $0 coon, ~» TP REALLY DoEsNT MATTER ‘WHO WINS, freshienu Inipilwwa.slecrical4ucomfimpulse-testotrarsformer! wsvz018 Impulse Test of Transformer | Elecrcalay ‘Switching Impulse ‘Through studies and observations reveal that the switching over voltage or switching impulse may have front time of several hundred microseconds end this voltage may be periodically damped out, The JEC - 600060 has acopted for their switching impulse test, a long wave having front time 250 pis and time to half value 2500 1s with tolerances, The purpose of the Impulse voltage testis to secure that the transformer insulation withstand the lightning overvoltage which may occur in Geimpusecapactor Recharging resistor Re seres resis. Rilow-ohnc decharping resistor or Tigheweg pase Ronighonmicdiscrargng resistor tor ‘ulchng impulse Fy." Fama spark ans Fu FR ai spargaps ‘The impulse generator design Is based on the Marx circuit. The basic cicult clagram is shown on Figure above. The impulse capactors C, (12 capacitors of 750 n F) ate charged in parallel through the charging resistors R. (28 kA) (highest permissible charging voltage 200 kV). ‘When the charging voltage has reached the required value, breakdown of the sparkgap Fy Is initiated by an external triggering pulse. When Fy breaks down, the potential ofthe folowing stage (point B and C) rises. Because the series resistors Ris of low-ohmic value compared with the discharging resistors Ry (4,5 kA) and the charging resistor Re, and since the low-ohmic discharging resistor Ry is separated from the circuit by the auxiliary spark-gap Fa, the potential difference across the spark-gap F rises considerably and the breakdown of Fz Is initiate. o sav[JL}r0 BROKERAGE pay ony 1 O/-teane SIE ‘Thus the spark-gaps are caused to break down in sequence. Consequently the capacitors are discharged in series-connection. The high ‘ohmic discharge resistors Ry are éimensioned for switching impulses and the low-ohmic resistors Ry for lightning impulses. The resistors Ry {are connected in parallel withthe resistors Ry, when the auxiliary spark-gaps break down, with a time delay ofa few hundred nano-seconds. ‘The arrangement is necessary in order to secure the functioning of the generator The wave shape and the peak value of the impulse voltage are measures by means of an Impulse Analysing System (DIAS 733) which are connected to the voltage civider: The required voltage Is obtained by selecting 2 suitable number of series-connected stages and by ‘adjusted the charging voltage. In order to obtain the necessary discharge energy peralel or series-paraliel connections of the generator can be used. In these cases some of the capacitors are connected in parallel during the discharge. ‘The required impulse shape is obtained by suitable selection of the series and discharge resistors of the generator ‘The front time can be calculated approximately from the equation: For Ry >> Ry and Cy >> C (15.1) T= RC123 ‘and the halftime to half value from the equation TH0,7RC In practice the testing circuit is dimensioned according to experience. Performance of Impulse Test Inipilwwa.slecrical4ucomfimpulse-testotrarsformer! onsvz018 Impulse Test of Transformer | Elecrcalay The test Is performed with standard lightning impulses of negative polarity, The front time (T,) and the time to half-value (Ta) are defined in ‘accordance with the standard. ‘Standard ightring impulse Front time T; = 1,2 us * 30% Time to hal-value T, = 50 ys + 20% In practice the Impulse shape may deviate from the standard Impulse when testing low-voltage windings of high rated power and windings ‘of high input capacitance. The impulse testis performed with negative polarty voltages to avoid erratic flashovers inthe external insulation and test circuit. Waveform adjustments are necessary for most test objects. Experience gained from results of tests on similar units oF ‘eventual precalculation can give guidance for selecting components forthe wave shaping circu. ‘The test sequence consists of one reference impulse (Ry) at 75% of full amplitude followed by the specified number of voltage applications at full amplitude (Fy) (according to TEC 6076-3 three full impulses). The equipment for voltage and current signal recording consists of digital transient recorder, monitor, computer, plotter and printer. The recordings at the two levels can be compared directly for failure indication. For regulating transformers one phase is tested with the on-load tap changer set for the rated voltage and the two other phases {are tested in each of the extreme positions. Connection of Impulse Test Impulse" For 11 KV» 75 For 22 KV + 125 KV. For 33 KV» 170 KV HV Bi To current Oscillogran v All the dielectric tests check the Insulation level of the job. Impulse generator is used to produce the specified voltage Impulse wave of 1.2/50 micro seconds wave. One impulse of a reduced voltage between 50 to 75% of the full test voltage and subsequent three impulses at full voltage. For a three phase transformer, impulse is carried out on all three phases in succession. ‘The voltage is applied on each of the line terminal in succession, keeping the other terminals earthed. The current and voltage wave shapes are recorded on the oscilloscope an¢ any distortion in the wave shape isthe criteria fr failure Inipilwwa.slecrical4ucomfimpulse-testotrarsformer! a7sro ‘Sep Freuncy Resp Ay Tet |SFRA Tos eta SQetectricatau.com MENU Sweep Frequency Response Analysis Test | SFRA Test « Previous Next » ‘Tis 's very reliable and sensitive method or tool for condition monitoring ofthe physical condition of transformer windings. The winding of transformer may be subjected to mechanical stresses during transportation, heavy short circuit faults, transient switching Impulses and ligntening impulses etc. These mechanical stresses may cause displacement of transformer windings from their position and may also ‘ause deformation of these windings. Windings collapse in extreme cases, such physical defects eventually lead to insulation fallure or dielectric faults in the windings. Sweep Frequency Response Analysis Test or in short SFRA Test can detect efficiently, displacement of transformer core, deformation and displacement of winding, fauy core grounds, collapse of partial winding, broken or loosen clamp connections, short circuited turns, open winding coneltions etc Principle of SFRA Test The principle of SFRA is quite simple. As al the electrical equipments theoretically have some resistance, inductance and some capacitance values hence each of them can be considered as a complex RLC circu DINEIN A DIFFERENT CONTINENT Eveny TiMe. ‘The term ‘theoretically! means some equipment may have very low or zero resistance compared to their inductance and capacitance values again, some equipments may have very low of zero inductance compared to their resistance and capacitance and again some equipments may have very low or zero capacitance compared to their resistance and inductance but theoretically all of them can be considered as RLC Cireultalthougn may De R = 0, or L = 0 or C = 0, But in most cases the resistance, inductance and capactance of an equipment have non zero values. Hence most of the electrical equipments can be considered as RLC circuit hence they response to the sweep frequencies and produce an unique signature. As In a transformer each winding tum Is separated from other by paper insulation which acts as dielectric and windings themselves have inéuctance and resistance, a transformer can be considered as @ complicates distributed network of resistance, Inductance, and capacitance or in other words @ transformer is a complicated RLC circu Distributed Capacitance rt aa [ee | | SaaS | | | ‘Shunt Capacitance Distributed RLC network ta transformer Because of that each winding ofa transformer exhibits a particular frequency response. In Sweep Frequency Response Analysis a sinusoidal voltage Vi Is applied to one end of a winding and output voltage Vis measured at the other end of the winding. Other windings are kept ‘open. As the winding is itself an distributed RLC circuit it will behave Tke RLC fiter and gives different output voltages at different ‘frequencies. That means if we go on increasing the frequency of the Input signal without changing its voltage level we will get different ‘output voltages at different frequencies deperding upon the RLC nature of the winding. If we plot these output voltages against the corresponding frequencies we will get 2 particular patter for a particular winding. But after trensportation, heavy short circut faults, transient switching impulses and lightening impulses etc, if we do same Sweep Frequency Response Analysis test and superimpose the resent signature with the earlier pattems and observe some deviation between these tow graphs, we can asses that there is mechanical displacement and deformation accurred in the winding hhipilwwulectrical4u.com/sweep-fequency-response-araysis-estsfa-est wsvz018 Sweep Frequency Response Analysis Test| SFRA Tes | Electrical4u In addition to that, SFRA test also helps us to compare between physical condition of the same winding of diferent phases at the same tap position, It also compares diferent transformers of the same design. Analysis Low frequency response 1) Winding behaves as a simple RL Circuit formed by series inductance and resistance of the winding (At low frequencies capacitance acts as almost open circuit) 2) at low frequencies winding inductance is determined by the magnatic circuit of the transformer core. High frequency response 3) At high frequencies winding behaves as RLC circuits 4) Winding exhibits many resonant points 5) Frequency response is more sensitive to winding Different Connection During SFRA Test Signal applied across transformer terminals Cea) TRENDING NOW! [{condtons Thi Rea pareve Nesta oy Rea phase Nesta Example Data Sheet for SFRA Test Result low ae phases ae open LY Re Yew Ste phases are shorted LY Ree Yow Be phases are shores o FooD $0 coon, TP REALLY DOESN'T MATTER ‘Wito WINS. fresnienu hhipilwwulectrical4u.com/sweep-frequeney-response-araysis-est-sa-estsvz018 Sweep Frequency Response Analysis Test | SFRA Tes | Electrcal4u SFRA Test Result Report card Date of Tost Company Name “est Object Seri No Phase Design Ky Rating NLTC Position Temperature Tested By Notes Closely Relates Articles Time of Location Manufacturer Bult Year winging Configuration KVARating LTC Position Reason for Test Next » Transformer Testing | Type Test and Routine Test of Transformer Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement Voltage and Turn Ratio Test of Transformer Vector Group Test of Power Transformer Open and Short Circuit Test on Transformer Insulation Dielectric Test of Transformer TTansformer Ol and Winding Temperature Rise Test Impulse Test of Transformer Maintenance of Transformer Installation of Power Transformer Commissioning of Power Transformer More Related Articles ‘What is transformer? Definition and Working Principle of Transformer hitpiiwwlectrcaldu.comIsweep-fraquency-response-araysis-est- atest