Data Analysis

ChE 201: Introduction to Chemical Engineering

Dr. YA Hussain
Sample Mean

Run X (%)
1 67.1 45oC
T
2 73.1
Coolant X (%conversion)
3 69.6 Sample
Analyzer
Reactor tab
4 67.4
5 71.0
6 68.2 A product
7 69.4 X how much of A has reacted
8 68.2 Repeat experiment and record X after 2
9 68.7 minutes
10 70.2

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Sample Mean
Whats the true value of X?
Run X (%)
1 67.1 45oC
T
2 73.1
Coolant X (%conversion)
3 69.6 Sample
Analyzer
Reactor tab
4 67.4
5 71.0
6 68.2 In theory, this can be found by
7 69.4 controlling all parameters exactly
8 68.2 (temperature = 45.000000oC, time =
9 68.7 2.000000. min)
10 70.2

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Sample Mean
How can we estimate the true value of X?
Run X (%)
1 67.1 45oC
T
2 73.1
Coolant X (%conversion)
3 69.6 Sample
Analyzer
Reactor tab
4 67.4 80
78
5 71.0 Using sample mean: 76
6 68.2 1 74
x ( x1 x 2 x N ) 72
7 69.4 N

X (%)
70
8 68.2 1 N
xi
68
66
9 68.7 N i 1
64
10 70.2 692.9 62
X 69.3% 60
692.9 10 0 5 10
Run
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Example

Sample Lab 1 Lab 2 Consider the following results for repeated samples
1 13.8 11.2 from two different labs:
2 9.7 11.0 1. What is the average for each lab?
3 14.5 10.9
119.9
4 10.0 10.8 X1 12.0
5 11.0 11.8 10
6 13.8 55.7
7 9.7 X2 11.1
8 9.6 5
9 14.0 2. If another 4 samples were analyzed in Lab 3 and
10 13.8 found to have an average of 11.8, what will be the
119.9
119.9 55.7
55.7 overall average for all labs?

11.99 55.7 11.8 4

X 11.7
10 5 4

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Accuracy & Precision

Precise Precise Not precise

Not accurate & accurate Not accurate

Precision: How well independent measurements agree with on another

Accuracy: How close the measurement is to the true value

Source: McMurry. Chemisty, 4th ed.

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Accuracy & Precision: Example

TM1 TM2 TM3

6.7 -0.5 16.0
5.8 0.4 19.4
6.8 0.4 15.0
6.6 -0.3 17.4
3.4 0.3 -8.6
4.0 0.2 -9.0
6.2 0.4 13.0
3.8 0.0 8.0
4.1 0.0 8.4
X 5.3 0.1 9.5
The temperature of an ice bath was
How do we define accuracy here?
measured using three different
Which thermometer you think is
thermometers. Nine readings were taken
most accurate, why?
for each thermometer as shown.

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Accuracy & Precision: Example
How would you classify the data now in terms of accuracy and precision?

X 6.6o C X 0.1o C X 9.5o C

Precise Precise Not Precise

Not accurate Accurate Not accurate

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Scatter: Range
Range = Xmax Xmin

100 Range = 70.8 68.9 = 0.2 100 Range = 95.0 52.0 = 43.0
95 95
90 90
85 Max 85 Max
80 70.8 80
95.0
75 75

X
X

70 70
65 65
Min 60 Min
60
55 68.9 55 52.0
50 50
0 5 10 0 5 10
Run Run

X 70 X 70

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Scatter: Variance
Variance(S X2 )
1
N 1

( X1 X )2 ( X1 X )2 ( X N X )2

100 100
95 S X2 0.28 95 S X2 166.5
90 90
85 85
80 80
75 75

X
X

70 70
65 65
60 60
55 55
50 50
0 5 10 0 5 10
Run Run

X 70 X 70

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Scatter: Standard Deviation
StandardDeviation(S X ) S X2

100 100
95 S X 0.53 95 S X 12.9
90 90
85 85
80 80
75 75

X
X

70 70
65 65
60 60
55 55
50 50
0 5 10 0 5 10
Run Run

X 70 X 70

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Scatter: Standard Deviation
We can write: X 70 12.9
120
110 +3SX
100
+2SX
90
80 +SX
70
X

60 -SX
50
-2SX
40
30 -3SX
20
0 2 4 6 8 10
Run

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Scatter Comparison

Range = 0.2 Range = 43.0

S X2 0.28 S X2 166.5
S X 0.53 S X 12.9

X 70 X 70

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Summary
The mean (or average) of data is a representation of the
true value.

Precision and accuracy reflects how close the data fit

with each other and with the true value.

Scatter (data spread around average) is represented by

the range, the variance, and the standard deviation.

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 Reading assignment:
Sections 2.5c-2.5d in textbook
Practice Problems:
18-20 in Chapter 2 of textbook

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