Mind map of analysis

NaOH NH4OH KCN KI K2CrO4 H2S/(NH4)2S

Ag2O(Brown ppt.) AgCN(white ppt.) AgI(yellow)

I Ag2CrO4
Ag+ Excess N.A. Excess Excess (Brick red ppt.)
Ag2S
(Black)
Insoluble [(Ag(CN)2] Insoluble
Pb(OH)2 (White) Pb(OH)2 (White) Pb(CN)2(white) PbI2(yellow)

Pb2+ Excess Excess Excess Excess PbCrO4(yellow)

PbS
(Black)
[Pb(OH)4]2 Insoluble Insoluble [PbI4]2

Hg (Black) Hg + HgS
Hg + HgO + Black Black
Hg22+ (Black) (yellow) HgO.Hg(NH2)NO3 Hg + Hg(CN)2 Hg2I2(green) Hg2CrO4(Red) HgS is
is2sol.
Sol.in
inA.R.
A.R. &
&
(white) (Black) (soluble) n
Ex.SS2 due
Ex. dueto formtn
toformt
Black of
of [HgS
2
[HgS22]]2
Black

Cu(OH)2(Pale blue) Cu(OH)2(Pale blue) CuCN + (CN)2 CuI2 (yellow)

II White
Excess Excess Cu2I2 + I3 N.A. CuS(Black)
Cu2+ Excess (white) (brown)
Insoluble [Cu(NH3)4]2+ [Cu(CN)4]3 Brown
HgO(yellow) HgO.Hg(NH2)Cl HgI2(Red) HgS(Black)
Hg 2+ No. ppt. N.A. HgS is sol. in A.R. &
Excess Excess Excess Ex. S2 due to formtn
Hg(CN)2 wtr. sol.
Insoluble Insoluble [HgI4] 2 of [HgS2]2

Cd(OH)2 (white) Cd(OH)2(White) Cd(CN)2(White) No. ppt.

Cd2+ Excess Excess CdI2 is water N.A. CdS(yellow)
Ex. soluble
2+
Insoluble [Cd(NH3)4] [Cd(CN)4]2

Bi(OH)3(White) Bi(OH)2NO3(White) BiI3 (Black)

Bo
Bi3+ No. ppt. Ex. il BiO+ I N.A. Bi2S3(Brown)
Excess Excess Orange
[BiI4] turbidity
Insoluble Insoluble (Orange complex)

Al(OH)3(White) Al(OH)3(White) +3 H2S

III Al No. ppt
Excess Excess No. ppt. No. ppt. N.A. +3 H2S
Al3+ Al OH
Al(OH)3
(white ppt.)
[Al(OH)4] Partially soluble

Cr(OH)3(Green) Cr(OH)3 (Green) +3 H2S

Excess Cr No. ppt
Cr 3+
Excess No. ppt. No. ppt. N.A. +3 (NH4)2S
[Cr(NH3)6]3+ Cr Cr(OH)3
(Green)
[Cr(OH)4] Pink soluble complex

Fe(OH)3(Brown) Fe(OH)3(Brown) Fe(CN)3(Brown) +3

Fe +S
H2S +2
FeI3 Fe2++I3 Fe
Fe3+ Excess Excess Excess unstable Brown N.A.
Fe
+3 (NH4 )2 S
FeS +S
(Black)
Insoluble Insoluble [Fe(CN)6] 3
(yellow sol.)
S white turbidity

Fe(OH)2(Dirty green) Fe(OH)2(Dirty green) Fe(CN)2(yellowish

brown) +2 H2 S
Fe2+ Excess Excess
Excess No. ppt. N.A.
Fe No. ppt.
+2 (NH4)2S
(not in III gp.) Fe FeS
Insoluble Insoluble [Fe(CN)6]4(Pale yellow (Black)
sol.)

Zn(OH)2(White) Zn(OH)2(White) +2
IV Excess Excess
Zn H2 S
No. ppt.
No. ppt. No. ppt. N.A.
Zn2+ Zn
+2(NH4)2S
ZnS
[Zn(OH)4]2 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ (white ppt.)

Mn(OH)2(pink) Mn(OH)2(pink) Mn(CN)2(Buff 2+ H2S

2+ coloured) Mn No. ppt.
Mn Excess Excess Excess No. ppt. N.A. 2+ (NH4)2S
Mn MnS
Insoluble Insoluble [Mn(CN)6]4 (Pink)

VIDHYARJAN EDUVENTURE
of cations (Salt Analysis)
Na2S2O3 Na2SO4 Na2SO3 Na2CO3 K4[Fe(CN)6] K3[Fe(CN)6] Other Reagents
Na3AsO3 Ag3AsO3
Ag2S2O3(White) Ag2SO3(White) Ag2CO3
No. ppt. (yellow)
Warm Boil (yellowish White) Na3AsO4 Ag3AsO4
Ex. Ag2S Ag2SO4 Sp. Ex. Ag N.A. N.A.
Boil (Reddish brown)
(Black)
3
soluble in water (Black)
Na3HPO4 Ag3PO4
[Ag(S2O3)2] [AgSO3] Ag2O (yellow)

PbS2O3(White) PbSO4(white)
Warm
PbS Hot & PbSO3 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2 N.A. N.A.
Ex. conc. H2SO4
(Black) (White) (white)
2
[Pb(S2O3)2] Pb(HSO4)2(soluble)

Hg2CO3 (Black)
N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Hg+HgO+CO2
KSCN Cu(SCN)2
Cu2S2O3(white)
No ppt. No ppt. CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 Cu2[Fe(CN)6] Cu [Fe(CN) ] (Black)

Excess CuSO4 is water CuSO3 is water (green) (Chocolate brown)

3 6 2 Excess
malachite (green ppt.)
[Cu6(S2O3)5]4 soluble soluble CuSCN + (SCN)2
(White)

HgS2O3 (white)
HgSO4.2HgO HgCO3.3HgO
Ex. N.A. N.A. N.A.
HgS (yellow) (Brown)
2
[Hg(S2O3)2]

No ppt. No ppt.
N.A. N.A. Cd2[Fe(CN)6]
CdSO4 is sp. CdCO3 is sp. (Bluish White)
N.A.
water soluble water soluble
Sn(OH)42Bi+(Sn(OH)6)2
Bi2(S2O3)3 (white) S.R.A (Black)
Bo Ex. water BiOCl ; BiONO3
Ex. il Bi S N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. (white turbidity)
2 3 White turbidity is soluble in
3
[Bi(S2O3)3] MA but insoluble in tartaric
acid. (distinction with Sb3+)

CH3COOAl(OH)2CH3COO
(White)

N.A. No. ppt. N.A. Al(OH)3 N.A. N.A. Na2HPO4 AlPO4

(White)
(White)

Cr+3 + H2O2/OH CrO42

Cr+3 + Br2/OH CrO42

N.A. No. ppt. N.A. Cr(OH)3 N.A.

CrO42+AgNO3Ag2CrO4
N.A. CrO42+Pb(OAc)2PbCrO4
(Green) CrO42 + BaCl2 BaCrO4
ether
CrO42 + H2O2/H+ CrO5
(Blue)
CH3COO[Fe3(OH)2(OAc)6]+
[Fe(S2O3)2] Boil
(purple) Fe(OH)3 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 Fe[Fe(CN)6]
Excess No. ppt. No. ppt. (Brown)
Fe(OH)2(CH3COO)
(Prussian blue) (Brown colouration) (Blood red ppt.)

Fe+2 + S4O62 SCN Fe(SCN)3

(Blood red soln.)

K2Fe[Fe(CN)6] Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
N.A. No. ppt. No. ppt. No. ppt.
(White ppt.) (Turnbulls blue)

ZnCO3.3Zn(OH)2
(white) Zn2[Fe(CN)6]
N.A. No. ppt. No. ppt. N.A.
(White)
ZnO(White) Pure
Mn+2+PbO2/HNO3HMnO4
Mn+2+NaBiO3/H+ HMnO4
N.A. No. ppt. No. ppt. N.A. N.A. N.A. Mn+2 + Pb3O4/H+ HMnO4
Mn+2 + Pb2O3/H+ HMnO4

VIDHYARJAN EDUVENTURE
 NH4+
1. Test with alkali solution (NaOH, KOH)
NaOH + NH4+ NH3 + H2O + Na+
Turns red litmus blue
NH3 gas can be identified by following reagents

dil
NH Cl (white dense fumes)
HCl 4

CuSO
NH3
4
[Cu(NH3)4] SO4 (Deep blue)
so ln .

+
O
Nessler's
I(Brown ppt.)
reagent Hg Hg
NH2

iodide of millons base

OR
Oxy dimercury ammonium iodide
2. Test with other reagents.

Na3[Co(NO2)6]
(NH4)3[Co(NO2)6](yellow ppt.)
H2[PtCl6]
NH4+ (NH4)2[PtCl6](yellow ppt.)
NaH C4H4O6
(NH4)H C4H4O6(white crystalline)
(Sodium hydrogen tartarate)
Note: K+ ion also gives similar test with above reagents, hence K+ ion must be absent in testing solution.

K+
Na3[Co(NO2)6]
K3[Co(NO2)6](yellow)
H2[PtCl6]
K+ K2[PtCl6] (yellow)
NaH C4H4O6
KH C4H4O6 (white crystalline)

Distinction : K+ + HClO4 KClO4 white

NH4+ + HClO4 No ppt.

Na+
KH2SbO4
NaH2SbO4 (white)
+
Na Mg + 3UO2 + 9CH3OO
2+ 2+

NaMg(UO2)3(Ac)9 (yellow)
Magnesium uranyl acetate

Mg2+

NH OH
Mg2+ + Na2HPO4 + NH4+
4
MgNH4 PO4 + 2Na+ + H+
(white ppt.)

Mg2P2O7 + 2NH3 + H2O

(white)

VIDHYARJAN EDUVENTURE
 Ni2+

Me C = N OH NH 4OH
Ni+2 + | [Ni(DMG)2]
Me C = N OH
Rosy red ppt.
DMG = 0 BM (dsp2)
Co+2 / Fe+2 + DMG [Fe/Co(DMG)2] ( Red colouration)

Co2+
[Co(H2O)6]+2 + NO2 + H+ [Co(H2O)6]+3 + NO + H2O

[Co(H2O)6]+3 + 6KNO2 K3 [Co(NO2)6] + 3K+ + 6H2O

(yellow ppt.)
(fischers salt)
Hg(NO3)2 + Co(SCN)2 Co[Hg(SCN)4]
Deep blue ppt.

Group V
Reagent Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+
(NH4)2CrO4 BaCrO4
(yellow ppt.)

(NH4)2SO4 BaSO4 SrSO4

(white ppt.)

(NH4)2C2O4 BaC2O4 SrC2O4 CaC2O4

(white ppt.) (white ppt.) (white ppt.)

Solubility Trends
dil. HNO3 NH4OH CN soln Hypo soln
1. AgCl
AgBr
AgI
Ag2S

2. All water insoluble black metal sulphide are soluble in hot

and dil. HNO3 except HgS.
3. FeS is the only black metal sulphide soluble in non-oxidising
acid.
4. In gneral Pb salts are soluble in dil.HNO3 & Ex. NaOH soln.
5. All water insoluble CrO42 salts are insoluble in acetic acid
axcept SrCrO4 (yellow).
6. All water insoluble C2O42 salts are insoluble in acetic acid
except BaC2O4 (white).

VIDHYARJAN EDUVENTURE