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Lesson 6

The document provides solutions to exact differential equations. It determines whether equations are exact and finds solutions using integrating factors and two methods: integrating directly and integrating on a curve. Several examples are worked through demonstrating these concepts and techniques.

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RonelAballaSauza
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42 views

Lesson 6

The document provides solutions to exact differential equations. It determines whether equations are exact and finds solutions using integrating factors and two methods: integrating directly and integrating on a curve. Several examples are worked through demonstrating these concepts and techniques.

Uploaded by

RonelAballaSauza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 6: Exact equations

Determine whether or not each of equations below are exact. If it is exact find
the solution by two methods.
1. (2x + 4y) + (2x 2y)y 0 = 0

Solution. The differential equation is not exact since


(2x + 4y)0y = 4,
while
(2x 2y)0x = 2.
2. (3x2 2xy + 2)dx + (6y 2 x2 + 3)dy = 0

Solution. The differential equation is exact since


(3x2 2xy + 2)0y = 2x,
(6y 2 x2 + 3)0x = 2x.
Let us find a solution.

Method 1. Integrating the first equation, we have


Z
(3x2 2xy + 2)dx = x3 x2 y + 2x + h(y).

To find h(y) we have


x2 + h0 (y) = 6y 2 x2 + 3.
Therefore
h0 (y) = 6y 2 + 3,
and Z
h(y) = (6y 2 + 3)dy = 2y 3 + 3y.
Therefore, the solution is
x3 x2 y + 2x + 2y 3 + 3y = c.
Method 2. By integrating on curve (0,0) (x, y) we have
Z x Z y
2
(3u 2u 0 + 2)du + (6v 2 x2 + 3)dv
0 0
3 3 2
= x + 2x + 2y x y + 3y = c.
3. (2xy 2 + 2y) + (2x2 y + 2x)y 0 = 0

Solution.
(2xy 2 + 2y)0y = 4xy + 2,
(2x2 y + 2x)0x = 4xy + 2.
That is the differential equation is exact. Find a solution by two methods.

Method 1. Integrating the first equation we have


Z
(2xy 2 + 2y)dx = x2 y 2 + 2xy + h(y).
1
2

Let us find h(y). We have:


2x2 y + 2x + h0 (y) = 2x2 y + 2x.
That is
h0 (y) = 0,
and the solution is
x2 y 2 + 2xy = c.
Method 2. By integrating on the curve we have
Z x Z y
(2u 02 + 2 0)du + (2x2 v + 2x)dv = x2 y 2 + 2xy = c.
0 0
4.
dy ax + by
= .
dx bx + cy
Solution. Rewrite
ax + by
+ y 0 = 0.
bx + cy
Then,
ax + by 0
6= 0
bx + cy x
in general, while
(1)0y = 0.
That is the differential equation is not exact. With what c it is exact?
5. (ex sin y 2y sin x)dx + (ex cos y + 2 cos x)dy = 0

Solution.
(ex sin y 2y sin x)0y = ex cos y 2 sin x,
(ex cos y + 2 cos x)0x = ex cos y 2 sin x.
Therefore, the differential equation is exact.

Method 1.
Z
(ex sin y 2y sin x)dx = ex sin y + 2y cos x + h(y).

Next,
ex cos y + 2 cos x + h0 (y) = ex cos y + 2 cos x.
Therefore,
h0 (y) = 0,
and
ex sin y + 2y cos x = c
is a solution.

Method 2.
Z x Z y
(eu sin 0 2 0 sin u)du + (ex cos v + 2 cos x)dv = ex sin y + 2y cos x = c.
0 0
6. (ex sin y + 3y)dx (3x ex sin y)dy = 0.
7. (yexy cos 2x 2exy sin 2x + 2x)dx + (xexy cos 2x 3)dy = 0.
8. (y/x + 6x)dx + (log x 2)dy = 0, x > 0.
3

9. (x log y + xy)dx + (y log x + xy)dy = 0, x > 0, y > 0.


10.
xdx ydy
2 2 3/2
+ 2 = 0.
(x + y ) (x + y 2 )3/2

Find an integrating factor and solve the following equations


11. (3x2 y + 2xy + y 3 )dx + (x2 + y 2 )dy = 0.

Solution. We have:
(3x2 y + 2xy + y 3 )0y = 3x2 + 2x + 3y 2 ,
(x2 + y 2 )0x = 2x.
Therefore,
My0 (x, y) Nx0 (x, y)
= 3.
N (x, y)
Thus, an integrating factor is
Z
I(x, y) = I(x) = exp 3dx = e3x .

Then, the differential equation


e3x (3x2 y + 2xy + y 3 )dx + e3x (x2 + y 2 )dy = 0
is exact.
The solution of the differential equation is
Z y y3
e3x (x2 + v 2 )dv = e3x x2 y + .
0 3
12.
y 0 = e2x + y 1.
Solution. Let us write the equation in the form
(e2x + y 1)dx dy = 0.
We have
(e2x + y 1)0y = 1
(1)0x = 0.
Therefore,
My0 (x, y) Nx0 (x, y)
= 1.
N (x, y)
Then, an integrating factor is
I(x, y) = I(x) = ex ,
and the differential equation
(ex + ex y ex )dx ex dy = 0.
is exact.

13. dx + (x/y sin y)dy = 0.


4

Solution. We have
(1)0y = 0,
1
(x/y sin y)0x = .
y
Therefore
Nx0 (x, y) My0 (x, y) 1
= .
M (x, y) y
Then, an integrating factor is
Z dy
I(x, y) = I(y) = exp = y,
y
and the differential equation
ydx + (x y sin y)dy = 0
is exact.

14. ydx + (2xy e2y )dy = 0.


15. ex dx + (ex cot y + 2y sec y)dy = 0.
16. [4(x3 /y 2 ) + (3/y)]dx + [3(x/y 2 ) + 4y]dy = 0.
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