CENG/BILM 362 COMPUTER NETWORKS LAB

MANUAL

LAB 3:
STATIC ROUTING

Contents
PART 1. CONFIGURING A LINUX PC AS AN IP ROUTER........................................................ 3
1.1 EXERCISE 1(A) Network Setup ............................................................................................ 3
1.2 EXERCISE 1(B) Configuring a Linux PC as an IP router ..................................................... 3
1.3 EXERCISE 1(C) Setting static routing table entries for a Linux PC ...................................... 4
PART 2. CONFIGURING A CISCO ROUTER ............................................................................... 6
2.1 EXERCISE 2(A) Accessing a Cisco router with Hyper Terminal......................................... 6
2.2 EXERCISE 2(B) Switching Cisco IOS command modes ..................................................... 6
2.3 EXERCISE 2(C) Configuring IP interfaces on a Cisco router .............................................. 7
2.4 EXERCISE 2(D) Setting static routing table entries on a Cisco router .................................. 8
PART 3. FINALIZING AND EXPLORING THE ROUTER CONFIGURATION ....................... 10
3.1 EXERCISE 3(A) Finalizing the network setup .................................................................... 11
3.2 EXERCISE 3(B) Testing routes with traceroute ................................................................... 11
3.3 EXERCISE 3(C) Observe MAC addresses at a router. ........................................................ 11
3.4 EXERCISE 3(D) Multiple matches in the routing table ....................................................... 12
3.5 EXERCISE 3(E) Default Routes............................................................................................ 13
PART 4. PROXY ARP .................................................................................................................... 13
4.1 EXERCISE 4 Observing Proxy ARP.................................................................................... 14
PART 5. ICMP ROUTE REDIRECT .............................................................................................. 15
5.1 EXERCISE 5 ........................................................................................................................ 16
PART 6. ROUTING LOOPS ........................................................................................................... 18
6.1 EXERCISE 6 ........................................................................................................................ 18
PART 7. NETMASKS AND ROUTING ........................................................................................ 19
7.1 EXERCISE 7. Exploring the role of netmasks at hosts. ....................................................... 20

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In this lab you work with four different network topologies. The topology for Parts 1-4 is shown in
Figure 3.1. These parts address router configuration on a Linux PC and a Cisco router. The topology
for Part 5 is shown in Figure 3.2. This topology is used to study the role of ICMP route redirect
message. For Part 6 we add one more router to the topology of Part 5 and examine the effect of
routing loops. The topology for Part 7 is shown in Figure 3.4. There, you explore the relationship
between network prefixes and IP forwarding.

RECALL:

Do not switch the KVM switch while a Linux PC is rebooting, otherwise the keyboard and mouse
will not work properly. Wait until the KDE desktop environment appears, otherwise Screen will be
mixed up.

During the lab, you need to save data to files. You may save all files in the directorty
/home/student/Desktop/labdata for convinience. So that your files will be available on Desktop.

Save your files to a flash disk before the end of the lab. You will need the files when you prepare
your lab report.

SETUP FOR LAB 3

All four Linux PCs will be connected to a single Ethernet segment via a single switch as shown in
Figure 1.

Figure 3.1 : Network Topology for Parts 1-4

TABLE 2.1 IP addresses for Lab 1

Linux PC Ethernet Interface eth0 Ethernet Interface eth1

PC1 10.0.1.11/24 Disabled
PC2 10.0.1.21/24 10.0.2.22/24
PC4 10.0.1.41/24 Disabled
Cisco Router Interface FastEthernet0/0 Interface FastEthernet0/1
Router1 10.0.2.1/24 10.0.3.1/24

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PART 1. CONFIGURING A LINUX PC AS AN IP ROUTER

Every Linux PC with at least two network interfaces can be set up as an IP router. Configuring a
Linux PC as an IP router involves two steps: (1) modifying the configuration of Linux, so that IP
forwarding is enabled, and (2) configuring the routing table. Figure 3.1 shows the network topology
used in Parts 1-4 of this lab. PC1 and PC4 are used as hosts, and PC2 and Router1 are set up as IP
routers. The PCs and the Cisco router are connected by three Ethernet switches. In Lab 3, all routing
table entries are manually configured, which is known as static routing.

1.1 EXERCISE 1(A) Network Setup

1. Connect the Ethernet interfaces of the Linux PCs and the Cisco router as shown in Figure 3.1.
Configure the IP addresses of the interfaces as given in Table 3.1.
2. Start to capture traffic on PC1 with wireshark.
3. Issue a ping command from PC1 to PC2, Router1, and PC4. Save the output of each ping
command.
PC1% ping -c 5 10.0.1.21

PC1% ping -c 5 10.0.2.1

PC1% ping -c 5 10.0.3.41

4. Save the captured wireshark output.

Lab Report: Use the saved data to answer the following questions:

What is the output on PC1 when the ping commands are issued?
Which packets, if any, are captured by wireshark?
Do you observe any ARP or ICMP packets? If so, what do they indicate?
Which destinations are not reachable? Explain.

1.2 EXERCISE 1(B) Configuring a Linux PC as an IP router

On a Linux system, IP forwarding is enabled when the file lproc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_ forward contains a 1
and disabled when it contains a 0. You can enable IP forwarding by writing a 1 in the file, with the
command

PC1% echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

The command echo writes the given argument, here, the string "1", to the standard output. Using the
redirect operator (>) and a filename, the output of the command is written to a file. IP forwarding is
disabled with the command

PC1% echo "0" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

The command has an immediate effect; however, changes are not permanent and are lost when the
system is rebooted. Modifying the IP forwarding state permanently requires changes to the
configuration file /etc/sysctl.conf. IP forwarding is enabled if the file contains a line
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1, and IP forwarding is disabled when the line does not exist or the file contains

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the line net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0.Changes to the configuration file /etc/sysctl. conf take effect the next
time Linux is rebooted. Yet another method to configure a Linux as a router is to add a line
FORWARD_IPV4=true to the file /etc/sysconfig/network. IP forwarding is disabled by setting
FORWARD_IPV4=false.

1. Enable PC2 as an IP router using the command

PC2% echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

1.3 EXERCISE 1(C) Setting static routing table entries for a Linux PC
Next, you must set up the routing tables of the Linux PCs. PC1 and PC4 are hosts, and PC2 is an IP
router. The routing tables are configured so that they conform to the network topology shown in
Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1. The routes are configured manually, which is also referred to as static
routing.

Configuring static routes in Linux is done with the command route, which has numerous options for
viewing, adding, deleting or modifying routing entries. The various uses of the route command are
summarized in the list.

USES OF ROUTE COMMAND:

route add net netaddress netmask mask gw gw_address

route add net netaddress netmask mask dev iface
Adds a routing table entry for the network prefix identified by IP address netaddress and netmask
mask. The next-hop is identified by IP address gw_address or by interface iface.
route add host hostaddress gw gw_address
route add host hostaddress dev iface
Adds a host route entry for IP address hostaddress with the next-hop identified by IP address
gw_address or by interface iface.

route add default gw gw_address

Sets the default route to IP address gw_address.

route del net netaddress netmask mask gw gw_address

route del host hostaddress gw gw_address
route del default gw gw_address
Deletes an existing route from the routing table. It is not necessary to type all argu-ments. If
enough arguments are provided that it can be matched with an existing routing entry, the first
entry that matches the given arguments is deleted.

route e
Displays the current routing table with extended fields. The command is identical to the netstat
r command.

route C
Displays the routing table cache.

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The command for adding a route for the network prefix 10.21.0.0/16 with next-hop address 10.11.1.4
is

PC1%route add -net 10.21.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 10.11.1.4

The command to add a host route to IP address 10.0.2.31 with the next-hop set to 10.0.1.21 is

PC1%route add -host 10.0.2.31 gw 10.0.1.21

The command to add the IP address 10.0.4.4 as the default gateway is done with the command

PC1%route add default gw 10.0.4.4

The commands to delete the entries created with the previous commands are

PC1%route del -net 10.21.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0

PC1%route del -host 10.0.2.31

PC1%route del default

In Linux, there is no simple way to delete all entries in the routing table. When the commands are
issued interactively in a Linux shell, the added entries are valid until Linux is rebooted. To make static
routes permanent, the routes need to be entered in the configuration file /etc/sysconfig/static-routes,
which is read each time Linux is started.

The listed commands are helpful to get information on routing and to find mistakes in the routing
setup.

ping IPaddress
Tests whether IPaddress can be reached

traceroute IPaddress
Displays the route to the interface IPaddress

1. Configure the routing table entries of PC1 and PC4. You can either specify a default route
or insert separate routing entries for each remote network. For this exercise, add a route for
each individual remote network. As a hint, here is the configuration information for PC4:

PC4%route add -net 10.0.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 10.0.3.1

2. Configure the routing table entries of the IP router PC2. (The correctness of the routing
entries will be tested after Router1 has been set up.)
3. Display the routing table of PC1, PC2, and PC4 with netstat -rn and save the
output.

Lab Report: Include the saved output of the routing table. Explain the entries in the routing table and
discuss the values of the fields for each entry.

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PART 2. CONFIGURING A CISCO ROUTER

The setup of a Cisco router is more involved. The first step is to establish a physical connection to the
router, so that configuration commands can be entered. There are different ways to connect to a Cisco
router. In the Internet Lab, you establish a serial connection to the router. This is done with a serial
cable that connects the serial port of a Windows PC to the console port of a Cisco router. The next
step is to run HyperTerminal on the Windows PC. Lastly, you have to type IOS commands to
configure the Cisco router. Refer to Introduction to Routers Manual for a detailed discussion on how
to navigate and work with the IOS.

The network setup for this part is as shown in Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1.

2.1 EXERCISE 2(A) Accessing a Cisco router with Hyper Terminal

To access a Cisco router from one of the Windows PCs, connect one of the serial ports of the PC to
the console port of the Cisco router via a serial cable. Then, you can use the HyperTerminal Program
to establish a remote terminal connection to the router. You will use Router 1 as the IP router and a
Windows PC as the console.

1. Start HyperTerminal from Start/Programs/Accessories/Communications/HyperTerminal

2. Enter any Connection Name
3. Select COM1 port on the next screen
4. Select 9600 bits per seconds on the next screen
5. Click Connect and press Enter several Times until you see Router Configuration Console.

2.2 EXERCISE 2(B) Switching Cisco IOS command modes

This exercise demonstrates how to log into a router and how to navigate the different Cisco IOS
command modes. It is important to understand the different modes so you know where you are and
what commands are accepted at any time.

1. Make sure that Windows PC is connected to Router 1 via a serial cable and that a HyperTerminal
is started.
2. When Windows PC is connected to the router, you see the prompt of the User EXEC mode
(Router>). To see which commands are available in this mode, type a question mark (?):

Router1> ?

3. To view and change system parameters of a Cisco router, you must enter the

Privileged EXEC mode, by typing

Routerl> enable

Router1#

4. To modify systemwide configuration parameters, you must enter the global configuration mode.
This mode is entered by typing

Router1# configure terminal

Router1(config)#

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5. To make changes to a network interface, enter the interface configuration mode, with the
command

Router1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0

Router1(config-if)#

The name of the interface is provided as an argument. Here, the network interface that is configured is
FastEthernet0/0.

6. To return from the interface configuration to the global configuration mode or from the global
configuration mode to the Privileged EXEC mode, use the exit command:

Router1(config-if)# exit

Router1(config)# exit

Router1#

The exit command takes you one step up in the command hierarchy. To directly return to the
Privileged EXEC mode from any configuration mode, use the end command:

Router1(config-if)# end

Router1#

7. To return from the Privileged EXEC mode to the User EXEC mode, type

Router1# disable Router1>

8. To terminate the console session from the User EXEC mode, type

Router1> logout

Router1 con0 is now available

Press RETURN to get started.

Or type logout or exit from the Privileged EXEC mode.

2.3 EXERCISE 2(C) Configuring IP interfaces on a Cisco router

The following exercises use basic commands from IOS that are needed to configure a Cisco router.
Refer to the Introduction to Routers Manual for detailed explanations.

1. Connect Windows PC to Router1 via the serial cable and start HyperTerminal.
2. Configure Router1 with the IP addresses given in Table 3.1.
Router1> enable

Router1# configure terminal

Router1(config)# no ip routing

Router1(config)# ip routing

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Router1(config)# interface Ethernet0/0

Router1(config-if)# ip address 10.0.2.1 255.255.255.0

Router1(config-if)# no shutdown

Router1(config-if)# interface Ethernet0/1

Router1(config-if)# ip address 10.0.3.1 255.255.255.0

Router1(config-if)# no shutdown

Router1(config-if)# end

3. When you are done, use the following command to check the changes you made to the router
configuration and save the output:

Router1# show interfaces

Router1# show running-config

4. Analyze the output to ensure that you have configured the router correctly.

Lab Report: Include the output from Step 3 in your lab report.

2.4 EXERCISE 2(D) Setting static routing table entries on a Cisco router
Next you must add static routes to the routing table of Router 1. The routing table must be configured
so that it conforms to the network topology shown in Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1.

IOS MODE: GLOBAL CONFIGURATION

ip route-cache
Enables route caching. By default, route caching is enabled on a router.
no ip route-cache
Disables route caching.
ip route destination mask gw_address
Adds a static routing table entry to destination with netmask mask. The argument gw_address is the IP
address of the next-hop router.
ip route destination mask Iface
Adds a static routing table entry to destination with netmask mask. Here, the next-hop information is
the name of a network interface (e.g., FastEthernet0/0).
no ip route destination mask gw_address
no ip route destination mask Iface
Deletes the route table entry with destination, mask, and gw_address or Iface from the routing table.

The IOS command to configure static routing is ip route. The command can be used to show,

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IOS MODE: PRIVILEGED EXEC

show ip route
Displays the contents of the routing table
clear ip route *
Deletes all routing table entries
show ip cache
Displays the routing cache

We next show some examples for adding and deleting routing table entries in IOS. Compare these
commands to the corresponding Linux commands in Part 1, Exercise 1(C). As in Linux, whenever an
IP address is configured for a network interface, routing table entries for the directly connected
network are added automatically.

The command for adding a route for the network prefix 10.21.0.0/16 with 10.11.1.4 as the next-hop
address is

Router1(config)#ip route 10.21.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.11.1.4

The command to add a host route to IP address 10.0.2.31 with the next-hop set to 10.0.1.21 is

Router1(config)#ip route 10.0.2.31 255.255.255.255 10.0.1.21

In IOS, a host route is identified by a 32 bit prefix.

The command to add the IP address 10.0.4.4 as the default gateway is done with the command

Router1(config)#ip route 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 10.0.4.4

Finally, commands to delete the previous entries use the no ip route command.

Router1(config)#no ip route 10.21.0.0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 10.11.1.4

Router1(config)#no ip route 10.0.2.31 255.255.255.255 10.0.1.21

Router1(config)#no ip route 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 10.0.4.4

1. Display the content of the routing table with show ip route. Note the routing entries that are
already present. Save the output.
2. Add routing entries to Router 1 so that the router forwards datagrams for the configuration shown
in Figure 3.1. Routing entries should exist for the following networks:

10.0.1.0/24
10.0.3.0/24
3. Display the routing table again with show ip route and save the output.

Lab Report: Include the saved output of the routing table from Steps 1 and 2. Explain the fields of
the routing table entries of the Cisco router. Explain how the routing table has changed from Step 1
to Step 3.

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PART 3. FINALIZING AND EXPLORING THE ROUTER

CONFIGURATION
TABLE 3.2. Troubleshooting network configurations.

Problem Possible Causes Debugging

Traffic does not reach Network Interface not Verify the interface configuration
destinations on local Configured correctly with show protocols (in IOS)
network or ifconfig (in Linux)
Incorrectly connected, faulty or Most Interface cards and swithces
loose cables. have green LED status lights.
Check whether the status lights are
on
Verify the connection of the
cables.
Traffic reaches router but is IP forwarding is not enabled. Use show protocols (in IOS)
not forwarded to remote or look into
networks /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_f
orward (in Linux) to display the
forwarding status
Routing tables are not Display routing tables with show
configured correctly ip route (in IOS) or netstat
rn (in Linux)
Run traceroute between all
hosts and routers
ICMP Request message Routing tables are not correctly Display routing tables with show
reaches destination, but configured for the reverse path. ip route (in IOS) or netstat
ICMP Reply does not reach rn (in Linux). Run ping and
source. traceroute in both directions.
A change in the routing The ARP cache has old entries. Delete the ARP cahce with
table has no effect on the clear arp (in IOS) or delete
flow of traffic entries with arp d (in Linux).

If the configuration of PC2 and Router 1 was done correctly, it is now possible to send IP datagrams
between any two machines in the network shown in Figure 3.1. However, if the network is not
configured properly, you need to debug and test your setup. Table 3.2 illustrates several common
problems that may arise. Since it is impossible to cover all scenarios, network debugging is a crucial
skill that you need to obtain for your lab experiments to work well.

The network setup for this part is as shown in Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1.

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3.1 EXERCISE 3(A) Finalizing the network setup
Continue with the network configuration from Part 2.

Test the network configuration by issuing ping commands from each host and router to every other
host and router. If some ping commands do not work, you need to modify the configuration of routers
and hosts. If all ping commands are successful, the network configuration is correct, and you can
proceed to the next step.

3.2 EXERCISE 3(B) Testing routes with traceroute

1. Start an wireshark session on PC1.

2. Execute a traceroute command from PC1 to PC4 and save the output.
PC1% traceroute 10.0.3.41

Observe how traceroute gathers information on the route.

3. Stop the traffic capture of wireshark and save the traffic generated by the traceroute
command.
4. Save the routing table of PC 1, PC4, PC2, and Router 1.

Lab Report Use the wireshark output and the previously saved routing table to explain the operation
of traceroute.

3.3 EXERCISE 3(C) Observe MAC addresses at a router.

When a router forwards an IP datagram from one Ethernet segment to another, it does not modify the
IP destination address. However, the destination Ethernet address in the Ethernet header is modified at
a router.

This exercise requires manipulations to the ARP cache. The arp command in Linux was covered in
Lab 2. The list shows corresponding IOS commands for Cisco routers.

IOS MODE: PRIVILEGED EXEC

show ip arp
Displays the contents of the routing table
clear arp
Deletes the entire ARP cache

IOS MODE: GLOBAL CONFIGURATION

arp IPaddress

Adds an entry for IPaddress to the ARP cache

no arp IPaddress

Deletes the ARP entry for IPaddress from the ARP cache

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1. Erase all ARP entries on PC 1, PC2, PC4, and Router1.

2. Run wireshark on both PC1 (interface eth0) and PC4 (interface eth0).
3. Issue a ping command on PC1 to PC4.
PC1% ping -c 5 10.0.3.41

4. Save the packet transmissions triggered by the ping command, including ARP
requests, ARP Reply, ICMP Echo Request, and ICMP Echo Reply on both PC1 and
PC4.

Lab Report

Determine the source and destination addresses in the Ethernet and IP headers for the ICMP Echo
Request messages that were captured at PC1.
Determine the source and destination addresses in the Ethernet and IP headers for the ICMP Echo
Request messages that were captured at PC4.
Use your previous answers to explain how the source and destination Ethernet and IP addresses
are changed when a datagram is forwarded by a router.

3.4 EXERCISE 3(D) Multiple matches in the routing table

A router or host uses a routing table to determine the next hop of the path of an IP datagram. In Linux,
routing table entries are sorted in the order of decreasing prefix length and are read from top to
bottom. In this exercise, you determine how an IP router or Linux PC resolves multiple matching
entries in a routing table.

1. Add the following routes to the routing table of PC1:

PC1% route add -net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 10.0.1.71

PC1% route add -host 10.0.3.9 gw 10.0.1.81

From Exercise 1(C) there should be a network route for the network prefix 10.0.3.0/24.
If there is no such route, then add the following entry:

PC1% route add -net 10.0.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw

10.0.1.61

2. Referring to the routing table, determine how many matches exist for the following
IP addresses:

10.0.3.9

10.0.3.14

10.0.4.1

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3. Start a wireshark session on PC1 and issue the following ping commands from PC1:

PC1% ping -c 1 10.0.3.9

PC1% ping -c 1 10.0.3.14

PC1% ping -c 1 10.0.4.1

Note that gateways with IP addresses 10.0.1.61, 10.0.1.71, and 10.0.1.81 do not exist.
However, PC1 still sends ARP Request packets for these IP addresses.

4. Save the output of wireshark and PC1's routing table.

Lab Report Use the saved output to indicate the number of matches for each of the preceding IP
addresses. Explain how PC1 resolves multiple matches in the routing table. Include only relevant
output data in your report to support your analysis of the data.

3.5 EXERCISE 3(E) Default Routes

1. Delete the routing table entries added in Step 1 of Exercise 3(D). (Otherwise, the entries interfere
with the remaining exercises in this lab.)
2. Add default routes on PC1 and PC2.
a. On PC1, add a default route with interface eth0 of PC2 as the default gateway.

b. On PC2, add a default route with interface Ethernet0/0 of Router1 as the default
gateway.

3. Start to capture traffic on PC1 (on eth0) and PC2 (on both eth0 and ethl) with wireshark.
4. Issue a ping command from PC1 to a host on a network that does not exist.
PC1% ping -c 5 10.0.10.110

5. Save the wireshark output.

Lab Report Use your saved data to answer the following questions:

What is the output on PC1 when the ping command is issued?

Determine how far the ICMP Echo Request message travels?
Which, if any, ICMP Echo Reply message returns to PC1?

PART 4. PROXY ARP

Proxy Address Resolution Protocol (Proxy ARP) is a method by which a router can forward traffic
without using its routing table. Proxy ARP is a configuration option when an IP router responds to
ARP Requests that arrive from one of its connected networks for a host that is on another of its
connected networks. Without Proxy ARP enabled, an ARP Request for a host on a different network
would be unsuccessful, since routers do not forward ARP packets to another network.

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In this part you explore how Proxy ARP enables routers to forward an IP datagram even though the
sender of the datagram is not aware that the IP datagram should be forwarded to a router. Continue
with the network configuration from Figure 3.1, and with IP addresses as shown in Table 3.1.

The commands to enable and disable Proxy ARP in IOS are listed.

IOS MODE: GLOBAL CONFIGURATION

ip proxy-arp

no ip proxy-arp

Proxy ARP is enabled and disabled separately on each interface. In IOS, Proxy ARP is enabled by
default.

4.1 EXERCISE 4 Observing Proxy ARP

1. Erase both the ARP table and the routing table of PC4.
2. Set the netmask of PC4 to 255.0.0.0, so that PC4 assumes it belongs to network 10.0.0.0/8,
instead of to network 10.0.3.0/24.
3. Run wireshark on PC4 (eth0), PC2 (ethl), and PC1 (eth0). Set a display or capture filter to display
only ICMP and ARP packets.
4. Issue aping from PC4 to PC1:
PC4% ping -c 2 10.0.1.11

Explore the captured data and interpret the outcome.

Even though PC4 had no default routing entry in its table for Router 1, it was still able to connect
to PC1 (i.e., you should not observe a "network unreachable" error message).

5. Save the ARP table of PC4 and the packets captured by wireshark on the hosts.
6. Explore the captured data and interpret the outcome.
7. Now disable Proxy ARP on both interfaces of Router 1. Is it still feasible to issue a ping from PC4
to PC1?
8. Reset the network mask of PC4 to its original value of 255.255.255.0. Then, reenable Proxy ARP
on Router1.
Lab Report Use the captured data to explain the outcome of the exercise. Use the data to explain how
Proxy ARP allowed PC4 to communicate with PC1. Include only relevant data from your saved
output.

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LAB 3: STATIC ROUTING

PART 5. ICMP ROUTE REDIRECT

ICMP Route Redirect messages are sent from a router to a host when a datagram should have been
forwarded to a different router or interface. In Linux, an ICMP route redirect message updates the
routing cache, but not the routing table.

Both the routing cache and the routing table contain information for forwarding traffic. Before a
Linux system performs a routing table lookup, it first inspects the routing cache. If no matching entry
is found in the cache, Linux performs a lookup in the routing table. After each routing table lookup, an
entry is added to the routing cache. The routing cache does not aggregate table entries, and there is a
separate entry for each destination IP address. As a consequence, a lookup in the routing cache does
not require a longest-prefix match. An entry in the routing cache is deleted if it has not been used for
some time, usually after 10 minutes. When an ICMP Redirect message arrives, an entry is added to the
routing cache, but no update is performed to the routing table.

In this part of the lab, you use three Cisco routers. Figure 3.2 and Table 3.3 describe the network
configuration for the later exercises.

NOTE

The following are the commands to display the contents of the routing cache:

In Linux, use the command route -C.

In IOS, use the command show ip cache.

TABLE 3.3. IP addresses for Part 5.

Cisco Router Interface FastEthernet0/0 Interface FastEthernet0/1

Router 1 10.0.1.1/24 10.0.2.1/24
Router2 10.0.3.2/24 10.0.2.2/24
Router3 10.0.3.3/24 10.0.4.3/24
Linux PC Interface eth0 Interface eth1
PC1 10.0.1.10/24 Disabled
PC2 10.0.2.10/24 Disabled
PC3 10.0.3.10/24 Disabled
PC4 10.0.4.10/24 Disabled

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LAB 3: STATIC ROUTING

Figure 3.2 Network Topology for Part 5

5.1 EXERCISE 5
In the network shown in Figure 3.2, when PC2 sends datagrams with destination 10.0.3.10 (PC3) to
10.0.2.1 (Router1), as opposed to 10.0.2.2 (Router2), then Router1 sends an ICMP route redirect
message to PC2. The ICMP route redirect informs PC2 that it should send datagrams with destination
10.0.3.10 to Router2 instead.

In this exercise you create the preceding scenario. First, you will trigger the transmission of an ICMP
route redirect message and subsequently observe a change to the routing cache.

1. Connect the Ethernet interfaces of the routers and the hosts to the hubs as shown in Figure 3.2.
2. Delete all routing table entries and all ARP cache entries on all PCs and on Router 1.
a. Delete the routing cache on PCI with the command

PC1% echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/flush

b. Delete all static routes on Router 1 with the following commands:

Router1(config)# no ip routing

Router1(config)# ip routing

c. Build a new static routing entry on Router1 for network prefix 10.0.3.0/24 as
follows:

Router1(config)# ip route 1 0 . 0. 3. 0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 10.0.2.2

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3. Set up the routing table of PC2 in such a way that it provokes the transmission of an ICMP route
redirect message as discussed earlier.
4. Save the contents of the routing table and the routing cache of Router1, Router2, and PC2.

5. Use wireshark to capture the ICMP messages being sent, and issue a ping from PC2
to PC3:

PC2% ping -c 5 10.0.3.10

6. Save the network traffic and the contents of the routing table and the routing cache after the ICMP
route redirect messages.
7. Wait a few minutes and check the contents of the routing cache again. Save the output.
Lab Report

Is there a difference between the contents of the routing table and the routing cache immediately
after the ICMP route redirect message?
When you viewed the cache a few minutes later, what did you observe?
Describe how the ICMP route redirect works using the output you saved. Include only relevant
data from your saved output to support your explanations.
Explain how Router1, in the previous example, knows that datagrams destined to network
10.0.3.10 should be forwarded to 10.0.2.2?

Figure 3.3 Network Topology for Part 6

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LAB 3: STATIC ROUTING

PART 6. ROUTING LOOPS

A potential problem when setting routing tables manually is that routing loops may occur. In this part
of the lab you intentionally configure a routing loop in the configuration of the routing table and
observe what happens to network traffic in such a situation.

6.1 EXERCISE 6
1. Add Router4 to the network topology of Part 5 and configure the interfaces as shown in
Figure 3.3 and Table 3.4.

TABLE 3.4. IP addresses for Part 6.

Cisco Router Interface FastEthernet0/0 Interface FastEthernet0/1

Router4 10.0.4.4/24 10.0.2.4/24

2. Configure the routing tables of Router2, Router3, and Router4 so that an ICMP Echo
Request message generated by a ping from PC4 to PC1 creates an infinite loop.
Issue a traceroute to verify that a loop exists:

PC4 % traceroute 10.0.1.10

You should observe that the traced path is a loop.

3. Start wireshark sessions on PC2, PC3, and PC4.

4. Issue a ping from PC4 to PC1 by typing
PC4% ping -c 1 10.0.1.10

Observe in wireshark that the same ICMP Echo Request message is looping.

5. Save the routing tables of Router2, Router3, and Router4. Count the number of times
you see the ICMP Echo Request message, as captured by wireshark on PC4. Save at
least two of these ICMP Echo Request messages for the lab report.

Lab Report

Are the two ICMP packets that you saved identical? If not, what is different? Include the packet
data in your lab report to substantiate your claims.
Why does the ICMP Echo Request packet not loop forever in the network?

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LAB 3: STATIC ROUTING

PART 7. NETMASKS AND ROUTING

In this exercise you study the role of netmasks when hosts determine whether a datagram can be
directly delivered or if it must be sent to a router.

This part uses the network setup shown in Figure 3.4. The network includes one router, four hosts, and
two hubs. The IP addresses of all devices are given in Table 3.5. Here, each host has only a default
route. In other words, the routing table at a host knows about only the directly connected networks
and the default gateway.

Figure 3.4 Network Topology for Part 7

TABLE 3.5. IP addresses for Part 7.

Linux PC Interface eth0 Interface eth1
PC1 10.0.1.10/24 Disabled
PC2 10.0.2.10/24 Disabled
PC3 10.0.2.137/29 Disabled
PC4 10.0.2.139/24 Disabled
Cisco Router Interface FastEthernetO/0 Interface FastEthernet0/1
Router 1 10.0.1.1/24 10.0.2.138/24

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7.1 EXERCISE 7. Exploring the role of netmasks at hosts.
In this exercise, you explore how hosts that are connected to the same local area network, but that
have different netmasks, communicate or fail to communicate.

1. Configure the hosts and the router to conform to the topology shown in Figure 3.4
using the IP addresses as given in Table 3.5.

Note that PC2, PC3, and PC4 have different netmasks.

2. Add Router 1 as the default gateway on all hosts. For example, for PC1, the command is

PC1% route add default gw 10.0.1.1

3. Issue ping commands from PC1:

a. Clear the ARP table on all hosts.

b. Start wireshark on PC1 and on PC4, and set the capture filter to capture ICMP and
ARP packets only.

c. Check the ARP table, routing table, and routing cache of each host. Save the out
put. (Make a note that these are the table entries from Step 2 before the ping is
issued.)

d. Issue a ping command from PC1 to PC2 and PC3:

PC1% ping -c 2 10.0.2.10

PC1% ping -c 2 10.0.2.137

Save the ARP tables, routing tables, and routing caches of each host. (Make a note that
these are the table entries from Step 2 after the ping commands are issued.)

e. Save the output of the ping command at PC1 and the output of wireshark on PC1
and PC4.

4. Issue a ping command from PC3 to PC4:

a. Clear the ARP table on all hosts.

b. Start wireshark on PC3 and set the capture filter to capture ICMP and ARP packets
only.

c. Check the ARP table, routing table, and routing cache of each host. Save the
output. (Make a note that these are the table entries from Step 3 before the ping
is issued.)

d. Issue a ping from PC3 to PC4:

PC3% ping -c 3 10.0.2.139

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e. Save the ARP table, routing table, and routing cache of PC3. (Make a note that
these are the table entries from Step 3 after the ping is issued.)

f. Save the output of the ping command and the output of wireshark on PC3.

5. Repeat Step 4, but this time issue a ping from PC3 to PC2. Note that once an entry
is made in the routing cache, you cannot repeat the previous experiment to obtain the
same results; you have to wait until the routing cache is reset (which takes some
time).

Lab Report

Explain what you observed in Steps 3, 4, and 5. Use the saved data to support your answers.
Provide explanations of the observations. Try to explain each observed phenomenon (e.g., if you
observe more ICMP Echo Requests than ICMP Echo Replies, try to explain the reason).
If PC3 had no default entry in its table, would you have seen the same results? Explain for
each of the pings what would have been different.

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