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Planning issues in
energy infrastructure

Energy Concerns in Urban Development

Cities occupy 3% of the Earths land
surface, and house 75% of the
human population
Cities account for a considerable
portion of a countrys energy
consumption.
2/3 of worldwide energy usage and
GHG emissions
Most production, trade and
transportation activities usually are
located in these areas.
80% of Asias GDP is produced by
Asian cities Per capita carbon emission of selected cities ( World Bank, 2010)

The magnitude of energy

consumption in a city is an important
indicator of the way such city
develops physically, socially, and
economically.

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Energy Concerns in Urban Development

Growing built environment
Cities concentrate industrial development and its pollution.
Increasing volumes of waste generated
Motor vehicles dominate urban transportation systems - producing congestion,
local air pollution, and GHGs.
Massive and typically inefficient energy consuming urban systems waste
resources and generates pollution and GHGs
Uncertainty of energy supplies & other energy concerns
Social issues urbanization of poverty lack of basic services

Energy Concerns in Urban Development

Cities have drawn rural populations to them
In most developing countries, they live in sprawling
urban slums, shanty towns, favelas, or townships.
The economies of most cities reflect the growing
global inequality of wealth and income distribution.
Urban production and consumption extracts
resources from around the planet and deposits
massive volumes of waste, creating a bloated
"urban footprint
Economic globalization lacks an
effective model for sustainable
local development.
City infrastructures that make up the
energy consuming urban systems are
typically not built, operated and
maintained for energy efficiency

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Energy for Sustainable Development

Sustainable energy: Energy solutions that address development issues
related to economic growth, environment and social equity simultaneously

Economic
Key input for
economic growth

Impacts of energy Poverty alleviation

production and use and gender
Environmental
Social

Sustainable Cities

Integrated
Approach to Low
Carbon
Development Low Carbon Growth
Green Economy Safety &
Welfare
Housing Sustainable Energy Supply

Environmental governance Access to Nature

Economy &
Energy
Zero Waste Green Buildings Clean Water Quality Competitiveness
Supply
Health &
Education Clean Water Quantity Green Transport Clean Air

Low Carbon Footprint

Jobs
Transport &
Communications
Healthy
Zero Waste Low Carbon Ecosystems

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Sustainable Development
Energy and Urban Forms

Resources, Energy Spatial

technology, Socio-economic
Sources Structures and political
geography, Nature, location, availability, Location, shape, size, density,

politics price, distribution communications, mixed land factors

use

Feedback Alternative
Energy needs
Supply Systems
stimulate new Feasibility
developments

Energy
Demand Level of
Useful energy, delivered
energy, primary energy, development,
transport, heat, light, motive
power
socio-economic
factors

Sustainable Development
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities

Energy Technology GHG Emissions & Other Pollutants

Decomposition
Available Resource Waste and/or
Resources Utilization Generation Accumulation
of Waste

Waste Conversion/Recycling

Ecosystems approach The inter-relationship of natural and man-made

elements in the environment is the basis for planning aimed towards
improved quality of city life. Based on Bianpoen. The City as an Ecological Region (1990)

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Sustainable Development

Parks & Waterways

Transport Systems
Systems

Water Supply Systems Waste Water

Systems

Building Systems Energy Supply

Systems

Solid Waste
Management Communication
Urban Systems Systems Systems
require energy to function

Sustainable Development
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities

Urban Systems Infrastructures; resource intensive (energy, water, materials and

land); Difficult and costly to modify.
Traffic congestion - Inadequate road & transport infrastructures
- cost can be as high as 10% of the citys GDP.
Typical buildings non-energy efficient
- can account for 40% of a citys total energy consumption and 30% of GHG
emissions.
Expansion of infrastructures (rapid urbanization; fast economic growth; increased
competitiveness, etc.).
The way a city is planned, designed, operated and maintained will influence its future
energy usage and emissions (GHG & pollutants).

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Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities

Energy Consuming Urban Systems

Linkage between energy demand and the way the development and
arrangement of cities are planned.
Correlation between the urban systems and environmental health,
economic competitiveness and the quality of life in cities.
The patterns of consumption and production of infrastructures that are built
for urban systems can have positive or negative outcomes, depending on
how these are designed, operated and maintained.
Investments on urban system infrastructure development to achieve and
sustain socio-economic development goals.

Are these systems designed and operated for energy efficiency?

Urban systems (e.g., water supply, solid waste management,

water/sewerage systems, transport systems, buildings & industries,
energy supply, communication, parks and waterways ,etc..)
There is a clear link between energy demand and the way the
development and arrangement of cities are planned.
There is a strong correlation between the urban systems and
environmental health, economic competitiveness and the quality of life
in cities.
The patterns of consumption and production of infrastructures that are
built for urban systems can have positive or negative outcomes,
depending on how these are designed, operated and maintained.

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Climate Change and Energy Use in Cities

Human activities release GHG emissions that contribute to global warming

Climate change is directly linked to emissions of GHGs bulk of which are
from the utilization of energy (non-renewable forms)

Land Use Issues Mechanism Energy Impacts

Combination of land use factors Travel requirements (distance & Variation up to 150%
(shape, size) frequency)
Interspersion of activities Travel requirements (distance) Variation up to 130%
Urban area shape Travel requirements Variation of up to 20%
Density/clustering of trip ends Public transport use Energy savings up to 20%
Density/mix uses/built form CHP applications Energy savings of 15%
Layout/orientation/design Passive cooling/heating Energy savings up to 20%
Siting/layout/landscaping Microclimate optimization Energy savings of at least 5%

Climate Change Challenges in Cities

Increasing Carbon Footprint
Increasing urban sprawl increased use of private transport
Energy-consuming lifestyles and practices
Poor urban planning, management and governance
What is the challenge? Managing a citys development that:
Maximizes low-carbon energy sources
Enhances efficiency in delivering urban services
Moves to low-carbon intensity for a given unit of GDP

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Vulnerability to Climate Extremes

Cities situated in low lying coastal or river plains
Extreme weather events - increasing in intensity
and frequency
Sea level rise; Poor suffer more
New driver of urbanization
eco-refugees/eco-migrants

Cities differ in their initial carbon endowments due to:

Climate and environment
Population and urban form
Transport and built infrastructure
Economic structure and GDP
Main responsibility of cities is not simply focus on
carbon reductions, but provision of economic
opportunities and quality of life.

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Low Carbon Development of Urban

Communities
Challenges

Inadequate policy and regulatory frameworks that support

environmentally sustainable development in cities
Insufficient capacity of cities to plan, design and implement
integrated sustainable development actions
Lack of financing for initiatives on environmentally sustainable
urban development
Lack of available replicable successful examples of sustainable
development applications at the urban level
Lack of easily accessible information on feasible and applicable
technologies and practices on sustainable urban development

Sustainable Development
Energy Planning in Cities

City with internal energy production City with external energy supply
and supply system system

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Energy Form Production & Distribution Conversion Derived Energy Distribution Consuming End Uses
End Use
[ Importation ] Form Sectors

910
Agricultural Farming, Crop Production
[ 1234 ] 1038 11
WOOD Commercial Cooking
117
Residential Cooking
196 33 9
CHARCOAL Agricultural Cooking
(Pyrolysis) 14
34 Commercial Cooking
Outside Sales
10
Residential Cooking
2345 223 200
AGRI-WASTE BIOGAS Agricultural Drying, Livestock
(Biodegradation) 23
12 Residential Cooking
Own Use
[ 5857 ] 4567 1367

Sustainable Energy in Cities

COAL ELECTRICITY Industrial Electrical Equipment
(Direct combustion)
1234 154 Losses &
Outside Sales
56 Own Use
Stock
1234
Commercial Air Conditioning, Heating
[ 7890 ] 6533
NATURAL GAS Industrial Process Heating
123
Residential Cooking, Hot Water
3579 (Power Grid) 1122
HYDOENERGY ELECTRICITY Agricultural Miling, Livestock
(Hydroelectric turbines) 7788
154 Losses & Industrial Lighting, AC, Appliances / Equipment
Own Use 42756
[ 78910 ] 77910 78839 Residential Lighting, Refrigeration, Equipment, AC
ELECTRICITY (Power Grid)
1111
Institutional Lighting, AC, Equipment
1000 22334
T&D Losses Residential Lighting, AC, Cooking, Hot Water, Appliances
3728
Transport Light Rail Transit
[ 8905 ] 4589 89
GASOLINE Agricultural Irrigation
4321 4500
Outside Sales Transport Freight and Passenger Land Transport
5 23
Stock Agricultural Irrigation
123
[ 9096 ] 5521 4287 Commercial Steam Generation
DIESEL 685
Industrial Process Heating, Steam Generation
3579 1234 3456
Outside Sales Transport Freight and Passenger Land Transport
4
Stock 433
ELECTRICITY Industrial Electrical Equipment
(Direct Combustion) 167 Losses &
567 Own Use 2879
[ 4679 ] 4680 4113 Industrial Steam Generation, Process Heating
FUEL OIL 1234
1 Transport Water Transport
Stock
[ 365 ] 367 367
AVIATION FUEL Transport Air Transport
2
Stock 39
Commercial Steam Generation, Heating, Cooking
[ 865 ] 729 223
LPG Industrial Process Heating
135 467
Outside Sales Residential Cooking, Hot Water
1
Stock
19
[ 1007 ] 219 Agricultural Drying, Farming, Livestock
KEROSENE 200
791
Residential Cooking
Outside Sales
3
Stock

NOTE : Values are in TOE (Tons of Oil Equivalents)

Equivalents)
City Reference Energy System

City Energy Balance

Outside

Sustainable Energy in Cities

Industrial Residential
Sales Commercial Sector Use Sector Use
To stock Agriculture Sector Use Institutional
Sector Use
Sector Use
8.06 0.07
Biomass Energy 2.9 1.91 7.34
Hydro Energy 2.9 0.90 10.67
18.68
Coal 3.7
Natural Gas 6.4

Total Energy Total Energy

Petroleum 63.9 Supply Consumption
Products 100.00 83.47
43.97 Transport
Sector Use

Electricity 20.2

1.25
7.15
Own Use and
T&D Losses
Conversion
Losses

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Sustainable Development
City Energy System - Low Carbon Development

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Sustainable Development
Influence of Cities on Low Carbon Development
Support policies on the
application of energy efficiency
and renewable energy
Smart urban form and spatial
development
Energy efficient industries and
buildings
Low carbon vehicles and public
transport-oriented systems
Low carbon waste management
and urban services
Energy efficient appliances
Financial/fiscal incentives for EE
and RE applications
* PLAN for LOW CARBON
GROWTH *
Source: www.rainharvest.co.za

Sustainable Development

Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities

Integrating Energy & Environment in Urban Development Planning

Energy an essential consideration in achieving sustainable development
in urban communities
EIP is in line with an ecosystems approach.
Various urban concerns related to energy & environment Justification for
integrating energy considerations in the city development planning process.
Due consideration to energy implications of development policies and
energy flexibility in city development policies and objectives.
Key is MAINSTREAMING of ENERGY and CLIMATE CHANGE in the urban
development planning process.
Official legal authorization for energy-integrated development planning
POLITICAL Support success of an energy-integrated urban development
plan is ensured by this.

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Integrating Energy in Urban Development Planning

Urban

Considering Energy Aspects in Land Use Planning

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Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Integrating Energy & Environment Concerns & Impacts in:

1. Land Use and Transport Planning

Contiguous development patterns; parking plans and siting; street design and layout;
traffic rules; trip reduction measures; citizens participation, etc.

2. Site Planning and Building Design

Building efficiency; orientation; landscaping; building services design and operations;
pedestrian facilities; transit facilities, etc.

3. Infrastructure Efficiency
Water supply and use; wastewater collection and storm drainage; solid waste collection &
recycling facilities; heat & power recovery; joint infrastructure planning & delivery.

4. Energy Supply
Electricity supply & distribution; district heating & cooling; waste heat utilization;
cogeneration systems; waste-to-energy systems; renewable energy utilization, etc.

Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Low carbon development of
cities can be facilitated
Zero Waste
through the enforcement of
Clean Air
appropriate policies and
Green Economy
Green Buildings
regulatory frameworks
These support the planning
design and implementation
Green Transport
Sustainable City-led Programs,
Energy Supply Regulations &
Financial Capacity of interventions
Access to Nature The latter fully recognize
the importance of urban
Clean Water
(Quantity)

development planning that

Environmental
Clean
Water takes serious consideration
Governance
of the energy and
(Quality)
Low Carbon
Footprint
environment aspects of
sustainable development

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Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Challenges
Institutional Challenges
e.g., Divided responsibilities and split incentives of relevant stakeholders; energy and climate
change are not mainstreamed in urban development planning processes
Energy Use and Energy Policy Challenges
e.g., Energy planning not responsibility of cities; existing laws, regulations not supportive of EE
and RE initiatives; restrictive regulations and default controls
Political Challenges
e.g., Local authorities support missing; changes in administration often translate to change in
policies; lack of awareness & information about the economic, environmental (and also
political) benefits of low carbon development
Social/Community Challenges
e.g., Local communities not aware and resistant to proposed changes lifestyles and attitudes
Capacity & Financial Challenges
e.g., City planners & engineers not skilled/knowledgeable of EIP and low carbon development;
Lack of financing for low carbon development initiatives

Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Key Players
Local Government Authorities and Staff (city development planning,
public works and general services, city engineers office, etc..)
National and Regional Development Agencies
Utilities (Fuel, Electricity, Water & Sanitation, Telecommunications)
Real Estate Developers
Business Community (industry, trade and commerce, service)
Public Transport Operators
NGOs/CBOs and Citizens Groups
General Public

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Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Planned Development Areas

Preservation and Protection of Natural Features of the Land including
Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Access to Existing Infrastructure and Services
Access to Transport and Transit Systems
Community Design & Layout
Spatial Structures
Streets and Roads
Natural Features and Open Spaces
Buildings and Infrastructures
Energy Efficient Buildings & Building Materials
Utilization of the Natural Landscapes & Green Infrastructures
Energy Efficient Design, Operation and Maintenance of Urban Systems
Green Construction
Sustainable Energy Production and Supply

Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development

Strategies to Support Plan Implementation
Privatization and the Role of the Private Sector
Joint development (e.g., residential housing program; public facilities)
Privatization (Garbage collection; Sewerage system operation; selected user fee
collection; Road infrastructure construction; Leasing of government vehicles;
Tourism promotion; Historical and cultural preservation; Road and park
maintenance; Building inspection; and, Information dissemination campaigns)
Improvement of City's Public Image
Revenue Enhancement Interventions
Improve collection efficiency of locally levied taxes
Improve city government fee rates to better coincide with cost recovery of
development infrastructures/services and improve fee collection procedures.
Consider the potentials of grantsmanship.
Introduce fundamental reforms in local government revenue structure.

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Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development

Examples of Strategies to Support Plan Implementation

1. Energy-Environment Conservation Strategies

Implementation of a Public Utilities Surcharge?
Restructuring and Increasing Vehicle Tax?
Authorization of Cordon Pricing or Trip Tolls to Central Business District CBD?
Parking Fees?

2. City Development Strategies

User Fees, Surcharges?
Increase Share in Land Registration Tax Earnings?
Increase Development Fees for Building Permits?
Implementation of Betterment Charges?
Privatization of Selected Urban Infrastructure and Services?
Increase Public/Private Sector Joint Development?

Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development

Strategies to Support Low Carbon Initiatives
Investments
Investment for installation of new energy efficient urban systems, or
enhancement of the existing ones.
Investment in improving city energy supply and distribution systems.
Investment for research and development, information dissemination and
promotional programs on low carbon development.
Encourage sponsorship of urban energy projects by the energy industry
sector and other service companies.
Third Party Financing
Financial Institutions
Lease-Purchase Agreements; Build-Operate-Transfer Agreements

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Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities

Benefits from Sustainable Energy Projects in Cities

Reduction in the use of raw materials as resource inputs
Reduction in pollution
Increased energy efficiency leading to reduced energy use in the
city as a whole
Reduction in the volume of waste products requiring disposal (with
the added benefit of preventing disposal-related pollution)
Increase in the amount and types of process outputs that have
market value

Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities

Benefits of Low Carbon Development of Cities

GHG Emission Reduction (climate change mitigation)
Energy Use and Energy Cost Reduction
Preservation of Natural Environment
Pollution Reduction (air, land, water)
Improved Public Health
Empowered Communities
Enhanced Quality of Life in Cities (safety, welfare and well-being)
Improved Economy and Competitiveness

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Example of EE Urban Systems

Green Infrastructures a network of decentralized storm water management
practice that can capture rainwater, thus reducing storm water runoff and improving
the quality of city waterways.

Ref: CNT, The Value of Green Infrastructure:

A Guide to Recognizing Its Economic,
Environmental and Social Benefits (2010)

Example of EE Urban Systems

Benefits of
Green
Infrastructures

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Example of EE Urban Systems

City Electricity System
Difficulty to expand grid infrastructure
Increased energy demand during peak periods

Smart City Solutions (policy measures that promote, among others, a grid that
manages electricity demand in a sustainable, reliable and economic manner,
built on advanced infrastructure and tuned to facilitate the integration of all
involved). Source: ABB

Deregulation and real-time

pricing
Smart energy-positive
infrastructure
Integrated mobility service

EE Urban Systems: Smart City & Smart Buildings

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United Nations Development Programme

The UNs development agency

Bureau
Bureau Bureau
for
for Latin for Asia & Bureau
Europe & Bureau for Bureau for
America Pacific for Crisis
CIS Partnership Development
Preventio
Bureau s Policy
n
Bureau for the
for Africa Arab
States
Environment &
Energy Group

Water
Energy,
Ecosystems &
Country Infrastructure,
Biodiversity
Transport &
REDD & Land
Offices Technology (EITT)
Ozone &
Group
Chemicals

UNDP EITT Group Signature Programs

Access to clean Low emission urban Access to new
1 and affordable 2 systems and 3 financing
energy infrastructures mechanisms

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Examples of Recent UNDP Projects on EE Urban

Country Project Title
Systems
Ongoing Project Implementation
India Sustainable Urban Transport Program (Cleaner Mobility)
Kazakhstan Sustainable Transport In The City Of Almaty
South Africa Sustainable Public Transport
Project Design & Development
Philippines Promotion of Low Carbon Urban Transport Systems in the Philippines
Kazakhstan Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions for Low-carbon Urban Development
Turkey Catalyzing Low-Emission Urban Development
Bosnia &
Energy Efficiency in Urban Buildings
Herzegovina
Belarus Green Cities: Supporting Green Urban Development in Small and
Republic of Belarus
Medium Sized Cities in Belarus
Green Cities: Integrated Sustainable Transport in the City of Batumi and the
Georgia
Ajara Region
Armenia Green Urban Lighting
Achieving Low Carbon Growth in Cities through Sustainable Urban Systems
Thailand
Management in Thailand
Urban Energy Efficiency (Transforming the Market for Urban Energy Efficiency
Moldova
in Moldova by Introducing Energy Service Companies (ESCO) )

Conclusions
How urban areas expand in the future has big implications on the GHG
emissions that are generated in cities.
Urban development planning should consider energy as one important
component of sustainable development.
Energy and Climate Change should be mainstreamed into the urban
development planning processes
Policies formulated for various concerns in city development plans should be in
accord with the preservation of man's environment and the provision of energy
for sustaining growth and development.
The capacity of local governments should be improved to better identify the
optimum mix of regulatory and public financing instruments to attract catalytic
financial flows toward low-emissions climate-resilient development.
The success of an energy integrated city development plan can only be
ensured if there is political support. Without it, any planning approach will fail.

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