Process guideline

QUALITY ASSURANCE
CHECKLIST (2)
FOR HOUSE CONSTRUCTION IN DISASTER-PRONE AREAS FOR

BUILDING CONTRACTORS, SITE SUPERVISORS, BUILDING IMPLEMENTERS AND HOUSE OWNERS

CONTENTS
Page

A INTRODUCTION 2

B PRE-PLANNING 2

C HEALTH AND SAFETY AT THE WORK SITE 5

D SITE ORGANIZATION 9

E CONCRETE WORK & MASONRY 12

F CARPENTRY & TIMBER WORK 14

G PAINTING WORK 16

H PLUMBING & SEWERAGE WORK 20

I ELECTRICAL WORK 25

J PROVISIONS FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES 28

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Process guideline

A : INTRODUCTION THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND

SUPERVISION
WHY QUALITY ASSURANCE?
Reliable standards must be maintained throughout the
The need for a sustainable built structure calls for quality whole construction process in order to ensure that the
control throughout the entire process of its construction. This built work is durable, is functionally sound and aesthetically
document pays attention to the following aspects: satisfying. Simple time-tested methods that have proved
effective in ensuring quality can be employed to make sure
1. Quality control in pre-planning that problems do not develop later, which can be expensive
2. Quality control in site organization, construction and difficult to rectify. Close supervision of craftsmen and
process and supervision workers employed by the main contractor on the site is
essential to make certain that all the elements that make up
3. Quality control in health and safety of personnel the building conform to acceptable standards of quality. The
work of sub contractors too requires planning and
The following information provides general guidelines for
supervision to ensure quality is maintained in all aspects of
quality control when building one storey or two storey
construction, including services.
houses not multistoreyed buildings that are higher than
two storeys. HEALTH AND SAFETY

This document is intended mostly to help building Health and safety are factors that must be pursued with as
contractors and site supervisors to maintain reliable much vigour as other management objectives. Ensuring the
standards in order to ensure that the final product would be well-being and safety of all workers or visitors at
of durable quality. It is hoped that users of this information construction sites will improve performance; minimize
will contribute to the construction of houses that will accidents and illness which in turn will reduce disruption of
successfully withstand any adverse weather and even work as well as consequent expenses.
disasters such as cyclones, floods and earthquakes. By
carefully implementing the guidelines provided in this The following checklist is prepared so that building
document, users of this information who are engaged in the contractors and supervisors can make sure that essential
construction process will enhance their abilities and steps are taken to ensure maintenance of quality control
reputation in addition to ensuring that occupants of the throughout the building process.
buildings would be satisfied with the buildings performance
after occupation. This document has been prepared also to Note: In checking out the Yes/No response to each
serve the interests of persons who would occupy the question, it is important that if the answer is No, follow-up
houses constructed and those financing the construction corrective action is needed.
as stakeholders who must be concerned about achieving
quality in the final product. B: PRE-PLANNING
PLANNING AND SITE ORGANIZATION PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF PROJECT

Careful forethought and planning are required for sound Have you?
site organization. Consideration must be given to the
efficient use of available space at the site during building Carefully studied the architectural and structural
operations in order to ensure that all building activities move drawings
smoothly with minimal interference or delay. The proper Yes __ No __
choice of suppliers and subcontractors plays an
important part in achieving desired quality and efficiency.

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Carefully studied the terms of the contract, the To determine personnel requirements:
Specifications and Bill of Quantities BOQ* (* i.e. list of
materials with corresponding quantities required for Have you?
work items)
Drawn up a schedule of personnel required for carrying
Yes __ No __ out the project to completion (See specimen schedule of
Noted any discrepancies or items that are not clear to personnel annexed)
you in the architectural and structural drawings, Yes __ No __
Specifications and BOQ
Yes __ No __ DETERMINE TIME FRAME FOR COMPLETING
PROJECT
Requested clarification on items unclear to you in
drawings and other documentation from the architect Have you?
and engineer and client.
Checked the Bar Chart s time periods for completing
Yes __ No __
each activity in sequence, taking into account holidays,
Made sure that information provided in the drawings and inclement weather and other common factors that cause
other documentation is adequate, also that the terms of delays and determined the feasibility of completing work
the contract are acceptable for proceeding with on schedule
preparatory work for construction at the proposed site
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __
CHOOSING SUPPLIERS AND PURCHASING
Prepared a Bar Chart (See specimen bar chart
MATERIALS
annexed) that lists the sequence of building activities
with corresponding time periods for completing each
Quality and conformity to the specifications should be the
activity, taking into account holidays, inclement weather
primary consideration and not the cheapest price when
and other factors that are likely to cause delays.
choosing suppliers and materials.
Yes __ No __
Whenever and whatever the contractor aims to purchase, s/he
DETERMINE REQUIREMENTS should aim to buy:
PLANT/EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, AND PERSONNEL
the right quality
To determine plant/equipment and materials requirements:
at the right time
Have you? the right quantity
from the right source
Studied the plans and specifications in relation to the
phases of construction shown in the Bar Chart at the right price
Yes __ No __
Have you?
Double checked the accuracy of the Bill of Quantities
Made sure that an experienced and knowledgeable
Yes __ No __
purchasing officer has personally visited the premises of
Listed the materials required at each successive stage the suppliers and has established the reliability of each
of construction (See specimen materials schedule supplier and the quantity of the materials that are to be
annexed) purchased from them
Yes __ No __ Yes __ No __

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Made sure that the supplier has reliable means of Yes __ No __

transporting materials to the site at the required time/s
Established if the contractor is able to complete the work
Yes __ No __ assigned on time
Compared the rates given by at least two other reliable Yes __ No __
suppliers to determine whether the prices agreed upon
Established clearly the terms and conditions of
are compatible and not excessive
payment, including the contractors commitment to
correct substandard work (due to non conformity to
CHOOSING SUBCONTRACTORS
given specifications/ drawings and prevailing standards)
Look for real value and not the cheapest cost when at his own cost
choosing subcontractors, the same as is needed with Yes __ No __
choosing suppliers. Also, it is important that certain
installations, such as electrical and plumbing, require OVERSIGHT OF SUBCONTRACTORS
personnel who are qualified and experienced in their
respective fields of activity if quality in installation is to be In order to ensure that each subcontractor clearly
assured. In choosing suitable subcontractors understands his rights and responsibilities in carrying out
the work assigned
Have you?
Have you?
Investigated their financial standing and satisfied
yourself that their financial status is satisfactory Given a clear description of the work to be done,
including the work of making good the work of previous
Yes __ No __
trades* (*construction work items done by others earlier)
Checked on whether the subcontractors and their
Yes __ No __
staff of tradesmen are sufficiently experienced and
skilled to carry out their respective tasks Arranged for access to the site for supplies, materials
and equipment
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __
Checked on who they worked for before and whether
such persons can be approached for reference Provided the specifications for work to be done, and
clarified any queries for which the subcontractor may
Yes __ No __
require clarification
Found out who in their labour force are permanently
Yes __ No __
employed and who are casually recruited
Arranged for working area/s for subcontractor and
Yes __ No __
storage of his tools and equipment
Found out if the contractor or tradesmen have their own
Yes __ No __
tools and specialist equipment
Clearly established whether, and in what circumstances,
Yes __ No __
the subcontractor may use plant or equipment belonging
Found out if the contractor or tradesmen have their own to the main contractor
transport that is dependable
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __
Agreed on the attendances (services) to be provided by
Established whether the contractor is reasonably free the Main contractor to enable the subcontractor to carry
from other current commitments in order to give out his work and informed the subcontractor accordingly
adequate attention to the proposed work
Yes __ No __

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Established the time limits for commencing and Have you briefed the chosen supervisor thoroughly on
completing the elements in the subcontract work, all aspects of his/her responsibilities
based on the general programme, and commitment to
Yes __ No __
complete work on schedule, as well as the penalty to
be imposed due to delay in completion Explained clearly the time frames set for each item and
phase of work
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __
Arranged for supervisors by the client or clients
representative Have you clearly explained the terms of engagement
and obtained the supervisors agreement to the stated
Yes __ No __
terms
Made sure that worker safety and welfare arrangements
Yes __ No __
are satisfactory
Yes __ No __ C : HEALTH AND SAFETY AT THE WORK
Obtained agreement on the subcontractors liability for SITE
damages to third parties and insurance cover
The physical well being and safety of workers on site as well
Yes __ No __ as safety of visitors to the site should be of primary concern to
the contractor and implementation of a project. An accident
OVERSIGHT OF DIRECT LABOUR* (*Labour prevention programme should be established to minimize the
employed directly by the main contractor or number of accidents that can happen on a building site. All
house owner) workers should be briefed on safety standards and
measures to be taken to handle accidents. Good
Have you?
housekeeping on a construction site is very important if
accidents are to be avoided. Good housekeeping on a
Given a clear description of the work to be done,
construction site includes the following:
including the work of making good the work of previous
trades*(*construction work items done by others earlier)
1. Keeping the site tidy
that have been affected by the work of the workmen
2. Quickly clearing away debris that can be hazardous to
Yes __ No __
persons moving around the site
Made clear the terms and conditions of engagement
3. Removing nails from used timbers
Yes __ No __
4. Making sure that nails, broken glass and other harmful
Established time/s to start work items and time limits for objects are not left lying around
completion of work
5. Making sure that each worker is personally responsible
Yes __ No __ to clean-up as well as make good whenever needed
after an item of work is completed.
SITE SUPERVISION
6. Making sure that live power lines with unprotected joints
Have you? and exposed wires are not allowed to be used or left
exposed in a way that may cause harm to persons
Chosen and appointed an experienced and 7. Making sure that materials are stacked in a manner that
competent supervisor to oversee the work done by would not cause harm to persons
personnel who are to carry out all types of building
activity on the site 8. Making sure that any live flames are not left untended if
they are used at all for a purpose
Yes __ No __

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9. Making sure that pits or excavations are clearly Make sure that protective gear and equipment are
identified and protected so as not to cause injury to used such as gloves, eye shields for welders, safety
people by using marking tape, danger signs or red flags helmets, safety belts, face masks etc.
as appropriate
Make certain that workers at site are given clear and
10. Making sure that plastic or polythene sheets are not specific instructions on proper posture when lifting
used as temporary floor covering in locations especially heavy items and methods of moving and handling
where ladders are used because such coverings are too materials (See Manual Handling of Materials and
slippery and dangerous Equipment 1 & 2).
11. Making sure edges of covering material on the floor are
well tucked in so as not to cause persons to trip Advanced foot &hand

12. Making sure that floor surfaces on which water has

spilled are quickly mopped and made sufficiently dry to
prevent injury due to persons slipping.
13. Making sure that animals and children are kept out of
working areas and all materials and tools and paint are
kept out of their reach Place feet apart- one foot advanced in direction of travel
advanced hand
14. Making sure that workers at the building site tie back
long hair or tuck their hair into a hat
Correct lifting posture
15. Making sure when painting to keep the room well
ventilated and not allow eating or smoking while painting
or using equipment
16. Making sure that the right tools and equipment are used
for the job at hand; never just improvising with whatever
is on hand that is not suited to the work
17. Making sure that all workers who may have paint
splashed on their skin, use only proprietary cleaners to
remove it, never solvents or other chemicals Back straight knees relaxed. Head
18. Making sure that rubbish is disposed of carefully, never up,chin in-Lifting done with leg
throwing chemicals down drains, but follow pack muscles
instructions
Position of feet for pushing
19. Making sure that flammable items gloss paint,
undercoat, primer and white spirit are stored well away
from any source of ignition
20. Making sure that suitable measures are taken to ensure
that the base of any ladder in use does not slip
21. Making sure that raised working platforms are stable
and of adequate size and can hold the weight of
persons and materials on them. Front foot provides balance while rear foot gives
thrust
Other protective and preventive measures are:

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Position of feet for pulling

The palm of hand the
Ball of thumb
ball of the thumb and
roots of the fingers to
obtain a broad, even
contact with the
object

Back foot safeguards balance, while front leg with knee

bent to allow body to move back , does the thrusting
Palm of hand Roots of fingers

Cause Strained back muscles

Slipped disc
Hold load close to
body
Body weight
+ Hernia
Poor balance
+ Arm well down
Object weight
=
Effect
Excessive
Muscular effort

Manual Handling of Material & Equipment -1 Position of Arms when carrying object

Position of hand for lifting

Maximum leg thrust Maximum leg thrust

greater than 90o less than 90o

Avoid use of finger grip

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inclusion of the name of the injured person, the nature

Head up of the injury, the cause of the injury/accident, and what
was done when the accident occurred.
Look ahead Straight spine 4. The contractor must take follow-up action on the
discs locked report, which includes arranging for the patient to be
Chin up in position visited and next of kin informed speedily, and
conducting an investigation into the accident that may
Vertebrae
warrant disciplinary action as well taking steps to
prevent recurrence of the accident on site. It is important
Cartilege disc
that the addresses of all workers on site are readily
available as well as the name/s of next of kin and their
Anterior ligment
addresses and telephone numbers.
Position of head for lifting
Have you?
Manual Handling of Material & Equipment -2
Taken all the protective/preventive measures outlined in
Make sure that a well equipped first aid kit is made the Good Housekeeping list above
available on site and readily accessible to all persons on
the site. Needed items for cuts, bruises, burns and other Yes __ No __
injuries that require first aid treatment should always be Made sure that workers on site have the necessary
stocked in the kit and quickly replenished when used. protective gear to ensure their health and safety
Ensure that a stretcher is always on hand at the site Yes __ No __
and properly used when it is not advisable to lift and
Arranged to brief all workers on the site regarding the
carry injured people without a stretcher. When the
importance of safety and the need for good
injured person is suspected to have severe fractures or
housekeeping on the site
broken bones stretchers have to be used.
Yes __ No __
Ensure that all workers and persons who visit the site
are not permitted to walk barefoot, because of the Clearly explained to all workers on the site the
danger of being injured and the wound caused by the procedures that must be followed when accidents do
injury being infected. happen
Yes __ No __
Accidents
MANUAL HANDLING AND LIFTING OF MATERIAL
Accidents can and do happen and on such occasions it is
AND EQUIPMENT
important that these be handled properly and promptly
because the first hour is critical. Special procedures should
Despite the availability of numerous mechanical aids for
be outlined and explained to all who work on site. When
handling and lifting materials and equipment at construction
accidents do happen, the following action should be taken:
sites, many operations call for manual handling and lifting.
Records indicate that at least one third of all industrial
1. Use items in the first aid kit that is on site as
accidents occur when workmen are lifting, lowering, pushing
appropriate to the injury
or pulling while handling material or equipment. A large
2. Arrange for immediate transport of the injured person/s number of these accidents are due to workmen using
for needed medical attention wrong methods or attempting to lift or carry weights
3. Site supervisor should fill out an accident report for beyond their physical capacity. They result in strained back
each injured person the form should provide for muscles, or slipped or ruptured spinal discs, hernia and other
painful injuries. Most of these injuries can be avoided by the

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application of a scientific method of handling and lifting collection of water within or very near the proposed
material known as human kinetics. Human kinetics makes building area during and after construction is completed
the most efficient use of the body and limbs as levers and a
Yes __ No __
source of power without the need for use of brute force.
Efficient use of the body requires taking care to adjust and LOCATING OF SERVICES ON SITE
position the body before manually handling or lifting objects
(See Manual Handling of Material & Equipment 1 & 2). Have you located on site the following?

The Basic principles of manual handling Area for storage of cement, aggregate, sand, timber,
steel, bricks, stones
Obtain a proper hold of the item being handled
Yes __ No __
Maintain a straight back
Concrete mixer and concrete mixing platform
Position the feet correctly for balance
Yes __ No __
Make powerful use of leg muscles and body weight
Lock-up store for equipment and tools with necessary
Responsibility of supervisors and training racks, bins etc.
Yes __ No __
Supervisors must ensure that safe handling practices are
used by the staff at all times as well as making sure that the Steel bending bench
staff are coached or trained in adopting safe handling Yes __ No __
practices. When loads are too heavy for reasonable manual
handling mechanical devices must be used. Workers should Temporary toilet/s for workers (if no off site toilet is
not be asked to handle items that are too heavy or to carry available)
heavy loads over any distance. Yes __ No __

Proper training can only be given by practical demonstration A place where a First Aid kit can be accessible to all
and supervised practice using material encountered on the workers on site
job. All members of the staff must be given needed training. Yes __ No __
A site office with racks for documents and basic furniture
D : SITE ORGANIZATION
Yes __ No __
PREPARATION OF THE SITE

Have you?

Cleared the surface of grass and other vegetable matter

as well as roofs of all, felled and fallen trees, plants etc.
that come within the area of the proposed building/s.
Yes __ No __

Removed topsoil at the site and stockpiled (in a suitable

place) the removed topsoil for later reuse in the garden
surrounding the proposed building
Yes __ No __
Ensured that the area for the proposed building is
properly drained of surface water so as to prevent the

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SETTING OUT THE BUILDING

Note: In flood-prone areas the * Finished floor level to
The building is set out in relation to the building line (usually finished floor level must be safely be above level of crown
determined by the local authority). No part of the building above known maximum flood level of access road
should encroach upon this line (except overhead projections
such as roof eaves, hoods or cantilevered floors up to 3 0 Finished floor level
width). Initially, the setting out of any projections of the Line of crown of road 6min.
buildings plan form should be ignored, and only the main
rectangular, square or other basic form should be set out. The
projections can then be added (See Fig.1). Front boundary
Ground level Rear boundary

Road Front space House

Have You?
Rear space
Centre line of road
Distance to building
Fig 2- Section through Road ,Bldg. plot, &
Pavement line as per local
House
regulations
Checked squareness of square or rectangular buildings
Building line by using the 3, 4, 5 method.
Building plot Front boundary
Rear line of Establish centre line of one wall as primary axis
Bldg (axis 1)
Side boundary
Mark off 3 feet (or 3 equal units of measure) from
end of axis wall that meets adjacent side wall (axis
Rear space Rear boundary
2)
Fig 1- Plan of building plot From marked point on axis 1 measure 5 feet (or 5
equal units of measure) to coincide with the
Checked the site levels in relation to the access road
measurement of 4 feet (or 4 equal units of measure)
levels and fixed the finished ground level at an elevation
starting from the end of the axis 1 wall. The point of
above the crown of the access road and at a height that
coincidence indicates the line of the perpendicular
will prevent entry of surface water from the road into the
adjacent wall (axis 2).
site (See Fig. 2).
Repeat the above steps for the third wall (axis 3)
Yes __ No __
and fourth wall (axis 4)
Established the position of the building line from the
Double check accuracy by ensuing that the
local authority
diagonals between opposite corners of the square
Yes __ No __ or rectangle are of equal length (See fig. 3)
Pegged out the frontage of the building in relation to the Yes __ No __
building line
Yes __ No __
Made sure that rear walls of the building do not
encroach on the required rear space as per local
building regulations
Yes __ No __

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Fig 3

POSITIONING EXCAVATIONS FOR FOUNDATIONS

Have you? Used the centre lines to establish the side limits of
excavations for wall foundations as per
Established centre lines of principle walls and architectural/structural drawings (See fig. 4)
identified these with pegs and chords (See fig. 4)
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __

Fig 4 - Method of setting out foundations

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EXCAVATION FOR FOUNDATIONS E : CONCRETE WORK AND MASONRY

WORK
Have you?
CONCRETE & REINFORCED CONCRET WORK (Refer
Made sure that excavated soil is not stacked too close
also Quality Assurance Checklist 1)
to excavations, to prevent sides of trenches from
collapsing and excavated soil reentering the trench. Have you?
Yes __ No __
Made sure that the concreter has properly followed the
Used support work if necessary (in sandy or unstable guidelines listed in the above-named Quality Assurance
soil) where side walls of trenches show evidence of Checklist 1
collapsing readily (See Fig. 5)
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __
Made sure that the reinforcement steel bars are properly
hooked at the ends to facilitate anchoring (See fig. 6 )
Yes __ No __

Fig 5 -Foundation
Trenches

Fig 6 - Reinforcement Basics

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Made sure that reinforcements in intersecting columns Yes __ No __

and beams are carried straight through junctions (see fig
Other RCC work not listed above
6)
Yes __ No __
Made sure that when laying reinforcement steel in slabs
the main steel bars are laid under the distribution steel MASONRY WORK (Refer Also Quality Assurance
bars (See. Fig. 7) Checklist 1)

ade sure that the masons, working stone and brick work,
have followed the guidelines listed in the above-named
Quality Assurance Checklist 1)
Yes __ No __
Made sure that plasterers and tilers have properly
followed the guidelines listed in the above-named
Quality Assurance Checklist 1)
Yes __ No __

Made sure that intersecting masonry walls bond truly

Fig 7-Typical section of simply supported
with each other by proper placement of cross walls (See
rectangular RCC SLAB
fig. 8)
Yes __ No __ Yes __ No __
Made sure that sizes and spacing of all reinforcement Made sure that openings for doors and windows have
steel and stirrups are placed strictly in conformity with adequate allowance of masonry space on either side of
the structural drawings the door/window for its framing (especially the head
Yes __ No __ frame) to be securely fixed (See Fig. 9)

Made sure that the structural engineer has checked Yes __ No __

and approved the steel reinforcements laid for each of
the following stages before concrete is poured:

Column footings and columns

Yes __ No __
RCC foundations to walls
Yes __ No __
Plinth beams
Fig 8 -Placement of cross walls
Yes __ No __

Ring beams and other beams in superstructure Made sure that door and window or other openings on
Yes __ No __ external walls are positioned at least 2 0away from
corners of walls or other adjacent openings. This
Floor slabs
requirement applies in all buildings located in
Yes __ No __ disaster-prone areas (See Fig. 10)

Flat roof slabs Yes __ No __

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Checked that good quality timber is used for all timber

work as per the guidelines detailed in the above-named
checklist.
Yes __ No __
Made sure that timber that is stored at site has been
stacked correctly and protected as described in the
above-named checklist.
Yes __ No __
Made sure that all timber elements are first treated
before fixing at site.

Yes __ No __

GUIDELINES FOR PRESERVING AND FINISHING

TIMBER

Fig 9- Positioning door openings The reason for preserving and finishing timber

Timber is sensitive to changes in temperature and moisture,

therefore requiring special attention in tropical Sri Lanka with
its high humidity. Timber is also subject to deterioration by
wood-destroying fungi, insect attack, weathering, mechanical
wear as well as chemical action. It is therefore prudent to take
measures to retard the deterioration of timber as far as
possible. In view of the questionable quality of available
timber, it is vital that some form of preservative be used
prior to using the timber in a building.

Types of preservatives that are used

Fig 10- Positioning Door/Window opening
There are three basic types: Insecticide, fungicide, and a
F : CARPENTRY AND TIMBER WORK combination of the two.

CARPENTRY WORK (Refer also Quality Assurance 1. T. O. (Tar oils) of which the best known is creosote
Checklist 1) 2. O. S. (Organic Solvent), with dissolved chemicals
3. W. B. (Water Borne), which consists of salts dissolved in
Have you?
water, giving it a toxic solution free of deposit.
Made sure that the carpenters, roofers, and joiners have
Organic solvent types are very effective for the treatment of
properly followed the guidelines for fabrication and fitting
decay and insect attack, having good penetrating properties.
doors and windows and timber framed roofs listed and
Water borne types are often used for pressure treatment of
illustrated in the above-mentioned Quality Assurance
timber and this type can be used internally and externally,
Checklist 1.
although some tend to leach away when soaked with water.
Yes __ No __

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The application of preservatives to timber in conditions 4. Paint on one or two layers of undercoat. Apply the
where highly complex pressure and vacuum treatments are undercoat evenly to the surfaces, brushing out the paint
not easily available, Steeping is the best practice for practical to avoid any runs.
purposes; this involves submerging the timber in cold
5. When the undercoat is dry, rub down the surface with
preservative for periods varying from a few days to a few
fine-grade sandpaper.
weeks. Small section timber will require only a few hours, but
the longer the treatment the greater the penetration. 6. Wipe clean the sanded surface and brush on the top
Dipping consists of submerging the timber in a bath of coat. Allow the paint to dry in as dust-free conditions as
preservative small items for a period of 10 seconds, to a possible.
minimum of 3 minutes for structural timber.
Varnishing and Staining wood
Brushing-on or using a coarse spray is the least effective
method. It is the only way of treating timber after it has been Varnishes give coatings as durable as oil-based paints, and
installed or fitted. Understandably not all surfaces of the are available in matt, satin, and gloss finishes. Pigmentation
timber would be exposed to receive the preservative. changes the colour of wood. Staining produces a more
However, a good measure of protection can be given to the effective tone than varnishing. The procedure for varnishing
timber if the application of preservative is carried out carefully and staining wood is as follows:
using plenty of preservative.
1. Prepare the wood for vanishing (See preparation of
Any timber that is cut after the preservative has been timber for finishing)
applied should have all the new exposed surfaces 2. Sand and fill to create a smooth surface.
liberally treated before the timber is covered or installed.
3. Brush away the dust and wipe the surface with a lint-
Even when timber is to be painted, it is important that the free cloth dampened with white spirit.
timber be treated prior to painting. 4. Rub in the varnish with a lint-free cloth by dabbing the
varnish into the surface of the wood, working in the
The preparation of timber for finishing direction of the grain.

Any sand papering should be done in the direction of the 5. Allow the first coat of varnish to dry for up to 12 hours,
grain. The grade of paper should be varied from medium to depending on the temperature and the type of coating.
fine as the surface is gradually cut down to become shiny and 6. Lightly rub the surface with sandpaper.
clean (totally clear of dust)
7. Remove the dust by cleaning the surface with a dusting
The normal method of painting timber brush and remove any remaining dust with a lint-free
cloth dampened in white spirit.
The painting process, whether it is to be a gloss or matt finish,
8. Follow the manufacturers instructions; apply each coat
can be divided into six stages:
with a clean brush. Rub the surface lightly after each
coat of varnish has dried.
1. Lightly sand any rough edges or surfaces on new wood.
Remove dust by wiping the sanded areas with a lint-free
Linseed oil finish
cloth dampened in white spirit. Knots in wood can be
sealed with shellac or knotting. 1. Lightly sand the surface of timber using No. 100 sand
2. When the knotting is completely dry, apply a wood paper, thereafter with 120 sand paper
primer. Brush the primer well into the wood and allow to 2. Dip a rag (folded into a small compact bundle) in linseed
dry. oil and apply evenly on the timber surface (a brush may
3. Smooth the surface by rubbing lightly with fine be used instead of a rag). A suitable stain can be mixed
sandpaper.

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Process guideline

in with the linseed oil to obtain the desired colour. This Qualities: Difficult to saw when fresh. Seasons well if
may be repeated to obtain the desired colour converted green. Logs tend to split at ends if left unconverted.
Very durable especially in contact with water.
3. Allow time for the linseed oil to dry in a dust-free
environment Hora

Weight: 50-55lb. per cubic ft.

Timber approved by the State Timber Corporation for
construction Qualities: Stronger and harder than Teak. Not durable in
exposed conditions, but durable under cover. Is easily treated
Timber that has the density of above 45 lb per cubic foot is with preservatives
most suitable for construction Timber presently (as of
Uses: Railway sleepers and transmission poles (treated),
2006) locally available for construction:
piles, building construction, underwater work.
Eucalyptus Microcorys The above list shows that the densities of all timbers named
Weight: 50-65 lb. per cubic ft. above are suited for construction. However it must be noted
that some timbers are not suited to exposed conditions, and
Qualities: Very durable even in contact with the ground some timbers are suited for use below ground and are durable
Uses: Construction work and buildings when in contact with water. Therefore the use of these
approved timbers must be used judiciously and in keeping
Kumbuk
with the qualities of each type.
Weight: 45-50 lb. per cubic ft.
There are many types of imported, treated timber that are
Qualities: Has a tendency to warp. Heartwood is durable in
available locally for use in construction. It is important to
exposed conditions, but sapwood is very perishable and
ensure that timbers specified and used have performed well
should not be used.
over the years before they are considered to be suited for
Palu local use.

Weight: 70 lb. per cubic ft.

Note that timbers approved for furniture work are not included
Qualities: Extremely hard, heavy and rough. Difficult to saw, in the above list which names only local timbers that are
especially if logs are not fresh. Very durable even in contact approved for construction work.
with the ground
Uses: Heavy construction, sleepers, and in any use in which
G : PAINTING WORK
hardness and roughness are important.
Have you made sure that the painter has?
Wewarana
Thoroughly cleaned the surface to be painted before
Weight: 50 lb. per cubic ft.
applying paint
Qualities: The converted timber is not attacked by borers and
Yes __ No __
is resistant to termite attack. Works to a smooth finish and
takes affine polish. Mixed the recommended proportions of paint and water
(As specified by the manufacturer) for water-based
Uses: All building purposes, sleepers, bridge work and
paints such as emulsion and cement paint
furniture.
Yes __ No __
Mee
Mixed the recommended proportions of paint for thinner
Weight: 60 lb. per cubic ft.
(As specified by the manufacturer) for oil-based Enamel
paints
Yes __ No __

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Process guideline

Ensured that manufacturers instructions are followed Preparation of surfaces to be painted

when applying overcoats on undercoats
Iron and steel surfaces: Remove all rust using emery cloth,
Yes __ No __
wire wool or wire brush according to the extent of rust that is
Ensured that good quality brushes have been used for observed. Fill any holes with suitable filler and apply primer
applying paint soon after.
Yes __ No __
Plastered wall surfaces: make sure that the wall surface is
Ensured the stability of working platform for painters quite dry before painting begins. If damp patches are
(See Fig. 11) observed establish the cause/s and rectify the problems first
before painting begins. Failure to do so will allow damp
Yes __ No __
patches to recur causing new paint to flake off. A possible
common cause is leaking water pipes embedded in walls.
When the causes of dampness are rectified and the wall
surface is well dried, prime it with a damp seal to prevent
watermarks from showing through.

When previously painted walls are to be repainted, the

surfaces have to be washed down with soapy water or mild
detergent using a large sponge or lint-free cloth. Rinse
thoroughly but do not soak the sponge/cloth. Ensure that
streaky stains are not permitted to remain on the surface. Be
Fig 11-Typical safe work platform careful to protect electrical fixtures from water. If a chalky
coating is seen to come of the wall surface when it is washed,
Ensured that all paint drippings are cleaned off while the stabilize the surface before painting is done otherwise the new
paint is fresh paint will not stick. To stabilize the surface, properly seal the
surface with two coats of a suitable stabilizing solution
Yes __ No __
recommended for porous surfaces.
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PAINTING
Surfaces for painting should be smooth for the paintwork to be
Preliminaries: Working environment, working gear and successful. If there are some small, superficial cracks on an
protection of surroundings Make sure there is plenty of air otherwise sound wall, use a fine surface preparatory filler.
circulation while painting good ventilation is important to Where there are small holes and cracks in the plaster, first
prevent respiratory problems. Make sure that the area rake out loose bits, to help the filler stick. Then fill with an
around the proposed work area for painting is clear of debris interior filler, pressing it in with a flexible filling knife. Leave the
or furniture. Depending on the job to be done, wear goggles, filling slightly above the wall surface. Let it dry and sand it with
face mask, old clothes or disposable overalls, a cap or hat for sandpaper wrapped around a wooden block.
ceiling work and suitable gloves.
For larger holes, use deep-repair filler, or plaster filler,
Use masking tape, polythene dustsheets or newspaper to knocking off loose plaster first. For larger cracks, work in
cover woodwork and window panes when painting walls. several layers, letting each dry before the next is laid.
Place cover sheets, which do not slip, over the floor areas that
Avoid painting on rainy days when there is high humidity.
are likely to be spotted by dripping paint. If paint inadvertently
The best is to paint on hot, dry days. Never paint over
falls on the floor, ensure that drippings are quickly cleaned off
damp or dirty surfaces.
while the paint is yet fresh.

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Process guideline

Do not use varnish on surfaces of woodwork that are The painting process
expose to the sun as varnish soon burns and fades in
sunlight. Paint one room at a time
Smooth and dry all surfaces to be painted and clean the
Always use good quality paints and brushes to obtain a
room of all debris and dust
quality finish.
Start first with the ceiling. Time it so one whole surface
Choosing a painting tool :The use of brush or roller for can be finished in one operation. Start from the light
painting is optional for water based paints. A good roller will source and work away from it in order to clearly see
usually cut the time it takes to paint a room, giving it a more what is and what is not painted.
finished result with less effort than a brush. The use of a roller
Next paint the walls.
to paint is a recommended alternative. A roller tray (metallic
preferred to plastic) is needed for use with a roller, also a Finally paint the woodwork.
roller pole that can be extended for painting ceilings. Brushes If painting over an existing dark coloured surface, two
of smaller sizes are needed for painting recessed surfaces undercoats may be needed before applying the top
and rebates that cannot be painted easily with a roller. Never coat.
use rollers for oil-based paints.
Painting walls
Care of tools
When painting walls with a roller or brush paint in
Rollers: Always thoroughly wash roller and roller trays after blocks. Work from right to left if you are right handed or
use with water based paints. Flick the roller sharply out-of- vice versa if left handed. When using a brush, work in
doors until no more water sprays from the surface. Then peg horizontal strips beginning parallel with the ceiling and
the roller on a line and leave to dry for a few hours. Keep the moving downwards.
roller in a bag that will prevent it from getting dusty.
Start the first bay (top corner) moving horizontally
Brushes: When using oil based paints, such as gloss or towards the opposite corner, applying paint as in the
undercoat, wash the brush in a suitable cleaning liquid previous bay.
(turpentine or thinner). Do not allow paint to dry on a brush Blend each new section with the previous one by lightly
after it is used. Clean it soon after it is used. This practice will working back towards it when laying-off. Always work
ensure longer use of the brush. Flick the brush sharply out-of- new into old to avoid marking the drying paint.
doors until no water sprays off the bristles. Dry the brush with
waste cloth or rag. Store brushes by hanging them upside Continue in this manner across the surface to the end,
down from a hook with the bristles effectively kept free from and then begin a new row of bays below the first.
dust. Continue this process for succeeding rows of bays.
Dont go back to areas that have been completed, as
Use of tools the drying paint will no longer be workable and will be
easily damaged.
Before using a new brush soak it thoroughly in cold water.
With the brush still wet take it to a dry, rough wall surface or Painting exterior surfaces
corner of a wall and flick the brush back and forth until the
brush is quite dry. Repeat this process of wetting and drying When painting exteriors, follow the sun. Allow it to dry
the brush to shed any loose bristles. and warm the surface and then proceed to paint in the
shade.
Load the brush by dipping the tips of the bristles into the paint.
Do not allow the paint to reach the upper part of the brush. Painting with a brush (See Painting Basics 1 & 2)
Dab off excess paint by pushing the bristles against the inside
of the paint container to prevent dripping when applying.

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Process guideline

Ensure that brushing of paint is always done in a

consistent direction, usually up and down on walls and
back and forth on ceilings. (see painting basics)
Work in bays of 1-6 x 1-6 at a time.
Spread the paint by brushing at right angles. This will
create an even film. Then lay off (finish with light
strokes) in the direction of the longest side you are
painting.

Painting with a roller (See Painting Basics 1 & 2)

Painting Basics 1
To load paint, soak the roller in paint then roll it out in
the ridged area of the roller tray to remove the excess
paint.
Work in bays of 3 x 3
Roll on the paint with a tight W motion, keeping the
roller fully in contact with the surface to avoid skipping or
skidding.

Without reloading, repeat the process in a diagonal

direction to spread the paint in an even film. Finally roll
out again with an almost straight back and forth motion
in the first direction. Keep the same final direction on the
whole surface walls vertically, ceiling parallel to the
window wall.
Reload and move to the next bay. As with all painting,
work with the paint onto unpainted areas. Always work
with new paint into old. Usually each full roller enables
the painting of about 8 square feet.
Start at the window edge and work away from it, as this
will make it possible to see painted and unpainted
surfaces by viewing them at an angle to the light.
Apply the paint on the roller to spread evenly and then
as a final measure with each swatch roll the dry roller
sleeve over the edge of the swatch to smooth out the
bead of paint that has built up there. Repeat the process
in the adjacent area.

For narrow and awkward areas, recesses and rebates

use a brush.

Painting basics 2

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Process guideline

H : PLUMBING AND SEWERAGE WORK Made sure that all pipe joints are fitted as per
manufacturers instructions so as to be leak-free
PLUMBING AND SEWERAGE (See Section
Yes __ No __
Standard Requirements for Plumbing and
Sewerage Works) Made that ends of PVC pipe surfaces for joining are free
from grease and dust before application of solvent prior
Have you? to joining pipes.
Yes __ No __
Chosen a qualified and experienced plumber to carry
out the plumbing work needed for the building Made sure that a period of two hours is allowed before
pressure testing is done on non-threaded PVC pipes
Yes __ No __
that have been joined by solvent
Issued the needed drawings and specifications to the
Yes __ No __
plumber and clearly explained what is required for
carrying out the plumbing work Made sure, when joining threaded PVC pipes that a thin
layer of thread-sealing tape is wrapped around the
Yes __ No __
external thread and screwed completely (not
Made sure that the PVC pipes used for plumbing and excessively) into the internally threaded pipe.
sewerage are new, of good quality, without defects or
Yes __ No __
deformities and manufactured by reputed
manufacturers. Made sure that rodding eyes have been provided at
bends and branches according to standard plumbing
Yes __ No __
requirements.
Made sure that PVC pipes are stored and stacked in a
Yes __ No __
manner that will protect them from damage and
exposure to sunlight. Made sure that standards for connecting waste lines to
stacks are followed (See Plumbing Basics 1 & 3)
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __
Made sure that toilet fixtures are positioned to allow
space for movement around and between them (See Made sure that wash basins, showers/baths and sinks
Plumbing Basics 1) or other fixtures are fitted with correctly sized waste
lines and depths of water seal traps (See Plumbing
Yes __ No __
basics 3)
Made sure toilet fixtures such as wash basins, showers,
Yes __ No __
sinks, taps, water closets etc. are fitted at the specified
heights (See Plumbing Basics 2). Where provision is Made sure that PVC pipes that penetrate masonry or
required for disabled users; have the positions and concrete external walls are placed within a steel pipe
heights for such items been adjusted accordingly with two rubber sealing rings to prevent entry of water
(See Basic Dimensional Information for Wheelchair into the building (See Plumbing Basics 2)
Users 2)
Yes __ No __
Made sure that the flushing systems in water closets
Made sure that joints for pipes (plumbing and
operate efficiently
sewerage) are not made within walls all joints are
Yes __ No __ fitted externally
Made sure that valves, meters and taps used are new Yes __ No __
and of good quality
Yes __ No __

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Process guideline

Made sure that all the above-ground pipes are secured Made sure that the standard gradients for below-ground
against axial thrust by using correctly sized fixing pipes are strictly followed when they are laid
clamps where pipes change direction
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __
Made sure that proper bedding method is used for
Made sure that pipe clamps are used as supports at a below-ground pipes especially in soft soils, and standard
distance of ten (10) times the pipe diameter. lean concrete bedding in stable soils as specified (See
Plumbing basics 4)
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __
Made sure that water seal traps are provided in
drainage systems and water seals retain a minimum Made sure that below ground pipes are well supported
seal under test and working conditions for each at joints, bends and junctions by providing suitable
appliance (See Plumbing Basics 3) supports and abutments (See Plumbing basics 4)
Yes __ No __ Yes __ No __
Made sure that ventilation is provided where needed to Made sure, when laying pipes in steep terrain, that
effectively maintain water seal of traps installed in the pipes be secured against sliding off by providing
building correctly positioned supports and that pipes are laid with
the sockets facing upwards (See Plumbing Basics 4)
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __
Made sure that branch pipes to the stack are positioned
to prevent backpressure and blocks from occurring (See Made sure that soil that surrounds buried pipes are free
Plumbing Basics 1 & 3) of stones or other material that may cause damage to
the pipes
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __
Made sure that branch discharge pipes are fully
accessible for clearing blockages Tested all sections of below-ground pipes for water
tightness by pressure testing before these are covered
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __
Made sure that below-ground plumbing and sewerage
pipes are laid at the required depth as per standard Made sure, before pressure testing of pipes, that buried
regulations. pipes are covered with backfill to approximately 2 9
leaving uncovered space of 6 around joints and
Yes __ No __
junctions in order to load the pipes sufficiently
Made sure that the drain invert depth and radius
Yes __ No __
conforms to plumbing standards (See Plumbing Basics
3) Made sure that invert levels of manholes are as
specified in order to make sure that the sewerage
Yes __ No __
disposal works efficiently
Made sure that below-ground soil and drainage pipes
Yes __ No __
are not positioned too close to water supply pipelines
Made sure that the spacing of manholes are according
Yes __ No __
to standard regulations and drawings and specifications
Made sure that water pipelines are laid as remote as
Yes __ No __
possible from electrical cables, gas, waste water and
sewerage lines in conformity with local regulations Made sure that the septic tank is constructed strictly in
accordance with the given drawings and specifications
Yes __ No __
(sizes and depths) of chambers

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Process guideline

Yes __ No __ Made sure that as-built drawings are prepared and a

copy of each handed to the house owner and
Made sure that the septic tank on the premises of the
architect/designer when work is completed
building is located not less than 50 feet away from the
nearest drinking water well or waterway with potable Yes __ No __
water
Yes __ No __
Made sure that the septic tank will not be inundated by
ground water during rainy seasons
Yes __ No __
Provided a suitably sized soakage pit independent from
the Septic tank soakage pit within the site to take waste
water form the kitchen, bath and laundry
Yes __ No __
Ensured that run off water from roofs are handled
properly by use of adequately sized gutters, down pipes,
down pipe spout heads and in single storey buildings
the use of a system of chains instead of down pipes as
an option if specified
Yes __ No __

Made sure that gutters and down pipes are adequately

secured by use of needed support brackets
Plumbing Basics 1
Yes __ No __
Made sure that rainwater from roofs and surface water
within the site are properly handled by the use of an
appropriate surface water drainage system
Yes __ No __
Made sure that approval has been obtained from the
local authority when work has been completed, before
handing over to the client/occupant
Yes __ No __
Made sure that all items listed in the document
Standard Requirements for Plumbing and Sewerage
Works included in this document have been
satisfactorily acted on
Yes __ No __
Made sure that plumbing and sanitation installation can
be maintained in a trouble-free manner when the
building is occupied
Yes __ No __

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Process guideline

Plumbing Basics 3

Plumbing Basics 2

STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR PLUMBING AND

Under no circumstances, unless clearance is officially
SEWERAGE WORKS
received from the local authority, shall soil and drainage
pipes be allowed to come too close to water supply
All pipes and sanitary fittings and accessories used for
pipelines.
the building shall be new, without defects and deformity
and of reputed make. For water pipelines, care should be taken to avoid
chances of airlock and water hammer. The layout and
All pipelines, fittings and fixtures shall be installed leak-
positioning of pipe work shall be such that there is no
proof and all connected works, when completed, should
possibility of back flow towards the source from any
not cause splashing, spilling or emission of foul odour
cistern appliances by any means. Clamps and fittings
and gases.
used shall be as per standard practice and approved by
Gradients for soil and drainage pipes shall be in the local authority.
accordance with established practice as per
requirements of the local authority.

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Process guideline

Plumbing Basics 4 (roof) of the rest of the building or as shown in the

drawings issued by the engineer. All vertical ventilating
and anti-siphonage and similar pipes shall be covered
on top with a cowl (protective weather cover)
All pipe work hall be fitted with cleaning eyes at required
locations to facilitate removal of blockages and
maintenance.
All joints between pipes, pipes and fittings and
manholes shall be gastight when above ground and
water tight when underground. Method of jointing shall
be as per manufacturers instructions and requirements
of the local authority.
Water supply connections to the mains supply shall be
in accordance with prevailing regulatory requirements.
The depth of a pipe trench (water or sewerage) shall not
be less than 3 0 measured from the top of the pipe to
the surface of the ground under carriageways (where
vehicles pass over) and not less than 2 3 elsewhere
to safeguard it from superimposed loads (See Plumbing
basics 4)
Water pipes shall be as remote as possible from
electrical cables, gas, and waste water and sewerage
lines and should be installed after receiving approval
from the relevant authorities.
The pipe work shall be subjected to a Water Test,
Smoke Test and Air Test and corrective steps shall be
taken prior to back filling or closing over the pipes.
For short branch drains, the following falls are usually
adhered to in practice:
110 mm pipes 1 in 40
160 mm pipes 1 in 60

Plumbing and sewerage pipelines shall be supported HELPFUL RULES OF THUMB IN PLUMBING DESIGN
and protected as per the manufacturers instructions as AND PLANNING
approved by the local authority.
At planning stage locate the appropriate manhole or
Pipes carrying off waste from water closets and waste
sewer outfall on the site plan in locations where there is
water from baths, wash basins and sinks to drains shall
a public sewerage system
be trapped immediately beneath such fixtures. Traps
shall have a minimum water seal of 2 (See Plumbing Where sewerage has to be handled within the site,
basics 3) and shall be ventilated wherever such determine invert levels of manholes and septic tanks.
ventilation is necessary to maintain water seal of the Septic tanks should be installed at depths that are
trap. Ventilating pipes shall be carried up vertically from clear of ground water table levels
the drain to a height of 2 0 above the outer covering

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Process guideline

Sewer lines between manholes are usually run with a 1 Yes __ No __

100 pitch
Made sure that all electrical fittings and accessories
Aim at grouping toilets and bathrooms as close to each have been installed in conformity with standard
other as possible to facilitate efficient operation of the regulations
plumbing/sewerage system and reduce investment cost
Yes __ No __
Drain, waste and vent pipes not less than 2 and water
Checked that no diagonal runs of conduits carrying
supply pipes not less than usually are safe sizes to
power are used when placing them within walls and floor
use
slabs (See Placement of Electrical Conduits
Provide several cut-off valves on water supply lines to illustrations)
sections of the building instead of using only a single
Yes __ No __
cut-off valve, in order to facilitate repair and
modifications without disrupting water supply in other Ensured that all below-ground power lines are installed
sections according to prevailing regulations and excavations
identified with buried marker tape laid at appropriate
I : ELECTRICAL WORK levels to prevent later damage to the underground lines
if and when subsequent excavations are done
ELECTRICAL (See list of Standard Requirements
Yes __ No __
for Electrical Works listed below)
Obtained from the electrical sub contractor all operating
Have you? manuals and warranties that are required under the
terms of the contract and given these documents to the
Made sure that all items used in the installation are new owner of the building.
and reliable and that no second hand material is used
Yes __ No __
Yes __ No __
Obtained from the electrical sub contractor all needed
Obtained architect or owner approval of all items maintenance instructions and given these to the owner
proposed to be used for the electrical work of the building
Yes __ No __ Yes __ No __
Made sure that the electricians make good the work of Arranged for the relevant authorities and a qualified
previous trades* (*construction work items done by electrical engineer to carry out needed inspections and
others earlier) after installation of any and all items of tests and obtained required certification of approval in
electrical work order to commission the installation
Yes __ No __ Yes __ No __
Made sure that all power cables installed are properly Checked if electrical fixtures have been clearly identified
protected and will not endanger the lives of persons so that occupants are aware of the functions of the
Yes __ No __ electrical items fitted in the building

Made sure that installation of conduits and trunking for Yes __ No __

cables are in conformity with standard regulations Arranged for suitably qualified stand-by staff from all
Yes __ No __ trades to be on hand when the Electrical Engineer is
present for the final commissioning test demonstration
Made sure that all cables that connect the control switch
or main switch and any outlet point, light fixture, fan, Yes __ No __
etc. are unbroken

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Working Test Yes __ No __

Placement of Electrical Conduits

STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR

ELECTRICALWORKS

GENERAL

All electrical works shall be carried out by adequately

skilled and licensed supervisors and trained technicians

Primary attention shall be given to safety of the

installation and conformity to prevailing regulations
Particular attention shall be given to the neatness in the
appearance of the installation which is to be achieved
by judicious planning of runs and cables, the locations
of light fittings, fans, switches, socket outlets etc. and
Placement of Electrical conduits making good any surfaces, framework or other elements
in the building in the process of execution of electrical
installation

INSPECTIONS & TESTS

The contractor shall arrange with relevant statutory

authorities and a qualified Electrical Engineer to carry
out inspections and tests and obtain required
certification of approval for the electrical installation
The following tests shall be carried out: 1) Insulation
Resistance Test, 2) Earth Continuity test, 3) Earth
Resistance test, 4) Polarity Test 5) Working Test
During the final commissioning of the plant suitably
qualified stand-by staff shall be provided from all trades
so that all related services are available during
commissioning
Prepared as built drawings of the electrical installation in
the house and handed the drawings to the house owner. CIRCUIT PLAN

Yes __ No __
The circuit plan shall have branch circuits that serve
Checked if the following tests have been done easily defined areas or purposes. Each branch circuit
satisfactorily: should not be overloaded. Some heavy voltage
appliances may need dedicated circuits for themselves.
Insulation Resistance Test Yes __ No __
Earth Continuity Test Yes __ No __ PROTECTION OF CABLES

Earth Resistance Test Yes __ No __

Cables shall be encased in conduits (PVC or metal) and
Polarity Test Yes __ No __ shall be surface mounted or embedded in walls and

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floor slabs and shall be mechanically continuous and The fan shall be positioned at a height that is in
watertight so that cables are fully protected. No conduit accordance with local regulations
smaller than (19mm)shall be used.
The down rod shall be of adequate mechanical strength
Cables buried in concrete shall have at least 1 3/8 and the internal diameter shall not be less than 5/8 (16
(35mm) depth of cover over its entire length. mm).
Conduits buried in plaster shall have at least 3/16 (
INSTALLATION OF ACCESSORIES
5mm) depth of cover throughout its entire length.

Below ground cables have to be laid at depths All switches, bell pushes and fan regulators shall be
designated by the local authority and excavations for fitted at a minimum height of 4 0 (1200mm) above
buried cables should be identified with marker tapes at finished floor level, unless otherwise specified in the
require depths. design (Provision for disabled persons to access
switches etc. would require height adjustments)
INSTALLATION OF CONDUITS AND CABLES
Switches for toilets and bathrooms shall be installed
outside the room and immediately adjacent to the
The conduits shall be fitted and completed before any
normal access door of the room, or a switch can be of a
cables are drawn in. Surface mounted conduits shall be
type operated by an insulated chord.
securely fitted to wall and ceiling surfaces.
All socket outlets except in a toilet, or kitchen shall be
No conduit smaller than (20mm) in diameter shall be
mounted at a minimum height of 6 (150mm) above
used as per standard regulations
finished floor level. Socket outlets in kitchens shall be
Conduits in floor slabs or columns shall be inspected mounted at a minimum height of 6(150mm) above
and approved before pouring of concrete or otherwise kitchen counter level unless otherwise specified.
covering up.
All socket outlets shall be of the shuttered type.
All cables and conductors used as fixed wiring shall be
In a room where a shower or fixed bath is installed, only
supported so that they are not exposed to undue stress.
a shaver socket is permitted to be installed.
Unbroken runs of conductors shall be used. Joints
All ceiling fans shall be fitted at a height where an
shall not be permitted in wiring between power control
average person with raised hands will not be able to
sources (Control switch or main switch) and any outlet
touch the blades of the fan.
point, light fixture, fan, etc.
All lamps with metal parts shall be earthed.
Diagonal runs of power cables shall not be permitted.
All branches shall be taken at right angles. Cables All cables should be PVC/PVC/Cu except earth wire
shall be kept clear of hot water or steam pipes etc. which could be PVC/Cu
During construction, where conduit is buried in the Cable description:
carcass of a building or in the ground, all open ends
PVC/PVC = PVC sheathed cables with copper
shall be temporarily plugged to prevent ingress of
conductor
foreign matter, moisture or water
PVC/Cu = PVC insulated copper conductor. E.g.
INSTALLATION OF CEILING FANS Earth cables
Lamps with fan circuits and 5 Amp socket outlets shall
The terminal block on the fan as well as the capacities
be with 1/1.13 cables and 7/0 67
shall be provided with removable covers
The fan hook shall be of adequate mechanical strength SUB CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT
and the internal diameter shall not be less than 5/8
(16mm).

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Circuit Type Number of points per MCB Made sure that stairs and ramps have adequate lighting
circuit rating
Yes __ No __
Lamp, fan, bell/s 08 06 A Made sure that the treads of stairs are not less than 12
(300 mm) wide
5 Amp socket outlet 02 10 A
Yes __ No __
15 Amp socket outlet 01 16 A Made sure that floor finishes in toilets are slip resistant

Ring circuit (with 13 Any number 16/20 A Yes __ No __

Amp socket outlet) Made sure that handrails and grab bars are of adequate
strength for users
Yes __ No __
J : PROVISIONS FOR PERSONS WITH
DISABILITIES (See Dimensional information for Basic Dimensional information for Wheelchair
wheelchair user access 1 & 2) User Access 1

The expression persons with disabilities in this document

includes persons with impaired vision, or handicapped due to
non functioning or impaired function of limbs and persons who
use crutches or wheelchairs.

Have you?

Made sure that adequately sized access ramps have

been provided to enable disabled users to enter and
access all sections of the building

Yes __ No __
Made sure that sizes and slope of access ramps
conform to standard specifications
Yes __ No __
Made sure that handrails are provided on both sides of
stairs
Yes __ No __
Made sure that stairs do not have open risers
Yes __ No __
Made sure that handrails at stairs and ramps extend
beyond the top and bottom ends.
Yes __ No __
Made sure that risers and treads in stairs are
consistently sized
Yes __ No __

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Basic Dimensional Information For Wheelchair Made sure that heights of electrical switches and socket
User Access 2 outlets have been positioned for easy access by
wheelchair users
Yes __ No __
Made sure that grip bars have been provided in toilets
and bathrooms to enable disabled persons to use
facilities with ease
Yes __ No __
Provided handrails at the approved height along ramps
that are unprotected

Yes __ No __
Made sure that ramp and landing surfaces are slip-
resistant

Yes __ No __
Provided suitable barriers under stairways or other
protruding obstructions that persons with impaired vision
may not be aware of
Yes __ No __

This checklist must be referred to before and throughout the

building work. Some items related to preparatory action and
others relate to action that must be taken during construction
operations.

Please note that the above checklist provides only

general guidelines for users, and is not comprehensive. It
is important to be guided by the specifications and
drawings that are provided for the specific construction
work and the instructions given in commercial products
such as paints that are used in the construction.

Information sources:
Made sure that adequate clearance is allowed around
beds in bedrooms used by wheelchair users
Building and Social Housing Foundation (B+SHF) A
Yes __ No __ Practical Guide to the Construction of Low Cost Typhoon-
Resistant Housing. Building and Social Housing Foundation,
Made sure that adequate clearance is allowed around
UK, 1983
toilet fixtures for wheelchair users
Yes __ No __ Coburn A. Hughes R, Pomonis A, Spence R, - Technical
Principles of Building for Safety Intermediate technology
Made sure that all doorways and passageways are of
Publications, UK, 1995
adequate width to enable disabled persons using
wheelchairs to pass through comfortably
Yes __ No __

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Fullerton R. L. Building Construction in Warm Climates

Volume 1. Oxford Tropical Handbooks. Oxford University
Press, London. 1967

Institute for Construction Training and Development

Specifications for Electrical & Mechanical Works Associated
with Building & Civil Engineering Sri Lanka, Second Edition,
Published by Ministry of Local Government, Housing and
Construction (Sri Lanka). November 1987.

Khanna P. N. Indian Practical Civil Engineers handbook

Eleventh Edition 1989. Published by P. N. Khanna for
Engineers Publishers, New Delhi. 1989

Ministry of Social Services (Sri Lanka) Steering committee.

Promotion of Accessibility to Built Environment For persons
With Disabilities Addendum to report Book Four Planning
and Design Guide. Ministry of Social Services. December
1998

National Housing Department Authority (Ministry of Housing

and Construction) Guidelines for Housing Development in
the Coastal Belt of Sri Lanka 2005. Colombo Sri Lanka.

Neufert Architects Data Second Edition 1960. Published

by Blackwell Science Ltd. 1960

Sri Lanka Urban Multi-Hazard Disaster Mitigation Project

(SLUMCP) Guidelines for Construction in Disaster Prone
Areas Ministry of Urban Development and Construction. Sri
Lanka. 1999.

St. Anthonys Industries Group (Pvt.) Ltd. Technical &

Instruction manual Revision 03. 2003. Sri Lanka. 2003

Vazirini V. N. & Chandola S. P. Civil Engineering & Costing.

Khanna Publishers, New Delhi 1988.

Urban Development Authority Ministry of Urban

Development & Construction City of Colombo Development
Plan 1999 Volume 2. SriLanka 1999.

Whiltide A. R. Carpentry and Joinery Questions and

Answers. Butterworth & C0., Ltd. UK.1982

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Annex 1
PROJECT REFERENCE

MATERIAL BREAKDOWN

Materials Nos. Bags Cubes Bars Kgs. L/ft Unit rate Total cost Due date
Rubble 8
Sand 3
Metal 3/4"
FOUNDATION

2
Cement 41
10mm bars 22
6mm bars 25
Bricks 400
Binding Wire 2
Bricks 1300
PLINTH - ROOF SOFFIT

Cement 35
Sand 3
Metal 3/4" 0
10mm bars 30
6mm bars 15
Binding Wire 1
1/2' Conduit pipes 15
Cement 50
Sand 2.5
FILLER SLAB ROOF

Metal 3/4" 3
12mm bars 2
10mm bars 65
8mm bars 40
6mm bars 5
Binding Wire 3
Rejcted calicut tiles 750
4"x 2" hard wood
2"x 1" hard wood
CALICUT TILE ROOF

2"x 5" hard wood

3"x 4" hard wood
8"x 1" hard wood
Roof tiles
Ridge tiles
Nails
Cement 30
Metal - 1 1/2"
FLOORING

1.5
Sand 2
Bricks 1000
Coloured cement 2

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Cement 20
Sand 1
White cement 5
FINISHES

Red cement 0.5

Yellow cement 1
Lime 10
2"x 2" weld mesh
* Emulsion paint/gloss paint/varnish quantities & sundry items are not shown in this schedule
The above materail breakdown is based on a 500 sq. ft. building using concrte filler slab roof.
The alternative tiled roof would require quantities (not shown) specific to the roof design

TYPICAL BAR CHART

WEEK NUMBER

ITEM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1. Clearing site
2. Excavate top soil
3. Exc. Foundation
4. Steel to fdns.
5. Formwork to fdns.
6. Concrete to fdns.
7. Steel to columns
8. Formwk. To columns
9. Conc. to columns
10. Masonry to g/floor
11.Formwk.- plinth beam
12. Steel to plinth beam
13. Conc. To plith beam
14. Return fill & Ram
15. Hardcore fill
16. DPC & DPM
17. Bk. Wk.to floor
18. Masonry above floor
19. Formwk. to ring beam
20. Steel to ring beam
21. Concrete to ring beam
22. Fabricate roof trusses
23. Fix roof truss
24. Fix roof timber frame
25. Place roof tiles/sheets
26. Timber to gable ends
27. Form eaves
28. Fix ceiling boards
29. Floor finish
30. Fix door frames *

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TYPICAL BAR CHART

WEEK NUMBER
ITEM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
31. Fix window frames *
32. Fix doors *
33. Fix window sashes *
34. Paint exterior walls
35. Paint interior walls
36. Paint ceiling
36. Spread top soil
37. Build fence/wall
* Note that fabrication of doors and windows can begin well ahead of fixing at site

MATERIAL BREAKDOWN
Description Materials Nos. Bags Cubes Bars Kgs. Meters. Unit Total Due
Rate Cost date
FOUNDATION rubble 0 0 0
TO PLINTH sand 0 0 0
metal - 3/4'' 0 0 0
cement 0 0 0
10mm 0 0 0
6mm 0 0 0
bricks 0 0 0
binding wire 0 0 0
FROM PLINTH bricks 0 0 0
TO ROOF cement 0 0 0
SOFFIT sand 0 0 0
metal - 3/4" 0 0 0
10mm steel 0 0 0
6mm steel 0 0 0
binding wire 0 0 0
conduit 0 0 0
FILLER SLAB cement 0 0 0
ROOF sand 0 0 0
metal- 3/4'' 0 0 0
12mm steel 0 0 0
10mm steel 0 0 0
8mm steel 0 0 0
6mm steel 0 0 0
binding wire 0 0 0
CALICUT TILE 4"x2" hard wood 0 0 0
ROOF 2"x1" hard wood 0 0 0
(alternative) 2"x5" hard wood 0 0 0

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MATERIAL BREAKDOWN
Description Materials Nos. Bags Cubes Bars Kgs. Meters. Unit Total Due
date
Rate Cost
3"x4" hard wood 0 0 0
8"x1" hard wood 0 0 0
roof tiles 0 0 0
ridge tiles 0 0 0
nails 0 0 0
FLOORING cement 0 0 0
metal - 1 1/2" 0 0 0
sand 0 0 0
bricks 0 0 0
black cement 0 0 0
FINISHING cement 0 0 0
sand 0 0 0
white cement 0 0 0
red cement 0 0 0
yellow cement 0 0 0
lime 0 0 0
2"x2"weld mesh 0 0 0

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Practical Action Quality Assurance Checklist (2) Process guidelines

WEEKLY SCHEDULE OF LABOUR

WORK ITEM Week number Workmen
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1. Clear site/remove topsoil 3 labourers
2. Excavate foundations 3 4 labourers
3. Steel to foundations 2 2 steel fixers
4. Formwork to foundations 2 2 carpenters
5. Concrete to foundations 3 3 mixer operator, labourers
6. Steel to columns 2 2 steel fixers
7. Formwork to columns 2 2 carpenters
8. Concrete to columns 2 2 mixer operator, labourers
9. masonry to DPC 3 3 masons
10. Return fill & ram 1 1 labourer
11. Hardcore fill 1 1 skilled labourer
12. Masonry above floor 2 2 masons
13. Formwork to ringbeam 2 2 carpenters
14. Steel to ringbeam 2 2 steel fixers
15. Concrete to ringbeam 3 3 mixer operator, labourers
16. Fabricate roof members 2 2 2 2 carpenters
17. Fix roof members 3 3 2 carpenters, 1 labourer
18. Place roofing tiles 2 2 skilled labourers
19. Fabricate doors/windows 2 2 2 2 2 carpenters
20. Fix door/window frames 2 2 carpenters
21. Fix doors & windows 2 2 carpenters
22. Plaster walls 2 2 plasterers
23. Paint external walls 2 2 Painters
24. Paint internal walls 2 2 Painters
25. External clearing 2 labourers
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 WEEKLY SCHEDULE OF LABOUR

Process guideline
Practical Action Quality Assurance Checklist (2) Process guidelines

WORKMEN
Steel fixers 2 2 2 2 2 2
Concrete gang 3 3 2 2 3 3
Carpenters 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2
Masons 3 3 2 2
Plasterer 2 2
Painters 4 4
Labourers 6 4 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 Supervsor - 20 weeks
Week Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
36