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Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of key concepts in aircraft stability and control, including: 1) Equations for steady horizontal flight, stall speed, steady gliding flight, steady climb, and steady turn. 2) Key parameters that influence aircraft performance like lift, drag, weight, thrust, velocity, altitude, and turn radius. 3) Relationships between lift, drag, velocity, angle of attack, wing design parameters, and load factors in different flight configurations. 4) How aircraft must increase speed and thrust in turns to maintain altitude and balance forces.

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Khang Dang
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
67 views

Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of key concepts in aircraft stability and control, including: 1) Equations for steady horizontal flight, stall speed, steady gliding flight, steady climb, and steady turn. 2) Key parameters that influence aircraft performance like lift, drag, weight, thrust, velocity, altitude, and turn radius. 3) Relationships between lift, drag, velocity, angle of attack, wing design parameters, and load factors in different flight configurations. 4) How aircraft must increase speed and thrust in turns to maintain altitude and balance forces.

Uploaded by

Khang Dang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Source: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-333-aircraft-stability-and-control-fall-2004/index.

htm

16.333: Lecture #1

Equilibrium States

Aircraft performance

Introduction to basic terms


Fall 2004 16.333 11
Aircraft Performance
Accelerated horizontal ight balance of forces
Engine thrust T L

Lift L ( to V )
Drag D ( to V ) D T

Weight W mg

dV
T D =m = 0 for steady ight
dt
and
LW =0

Dene L = 21 V 2SCL where


ct

air density (standard tables)


Trailing
S gross wing area = c b, c edge

c = mean chord
c0
b = wing span b = 2.s

AR wing aspect ratio = b/c

Sweepback angle k

kc

Q = 12 V 2 dynamic pressure
V = speed relative to the air

Fall 2004 16.333 12

CL lift coecient for low Mach number, CL = CL ( 0)


3 angle of incidence of wind to the wing

3 0 is the angle associated with zero lift

Back to the performance:


1
L = V 2SCL and L = mg
2

2mg
which implies that V = SC so that
L

1/2
V CL
and we can relate the eect of speed to wing lift

A key number is stall speed, which is the lowest speed that an aircraft
can y steadily
2mg
Vs =
SCLmax

where typically get CLmax at max = 10

Fall 2004 16.333 13

Steady Gliding Flight


Aircraft at a steady glide angle of

Assume forces are in equilibrium


L mg cos = 0 (1)
D + mg sin = 0 (2)
Gives that
D CD
tan =
L CL
Minimum gliding angle obtained when CD /CL is a minimum
High L/D gives a low gliding angle

Note: typically
CL2
CD = CDmin +
ARe
where
CDmin is the zero lift (friction/parasitic) drag
2
CL
gives the lift induced drag
e is Oswalds eciency factor 0.7 0.85

Fall 2004 16.333 14

Total drag then given by


1 2 1 2 2

D = V SCD = V S CDmin + kCL (3)
2 2
1 2 (mg)2
= V SCDmin + k 1 2 (4)
2 2 V S

Total
drag

No-lift drag

Lift-dependent
drag

VE
VS VEmd
1

So that the speed for minimum drag is


1/4
2mg k
Vmin drag =
S CDmin
Fall 2004 16.333 15

Steady Climb

T-D
L
V

T R/C

D

Equations:
T D W sin = 0 (5)
L W cos = 0 (6)
which gives
L
T D cos = 0
sin
so that
T D
tan =
L

Consistent with 13 if T = 0 since then as dened above is negative

Note that for small , tan sin


(T D)V
R/C = V sin V
L
so that the rate of climb is approximately equal to the excess power
available (above that needed to maintain level ight)
Fall 2004 16.333 16

Steady Turn

L sin

L cos
L


Centrifugal
force R
Radius of turn

Equations:
L sin = centrifugal force (7)
mV 2
= (8)
R
L cos = W = mg (9)

V2 V =R V
tan = = (10)
Rg g

Note: obtain Rmin at CLmax


1 2 WV 2
Rmin( V SCLmax ) sin =
2 g

W/S
Rmin =
1/2gCLmax sin max
where W/S is the wing loading and max < 30
Fall 2004 16.333 17

Dene load factor N = L/mg. i.e. ratio of lift in turn to weight


N = sec = (1 + tan2 )1/2 (11)

tan = N2 1 (12)
so that
V2 V2
R= =
g tan g N 2 1

For a given load factor (wing strength)


R V2

Compare straight level with turning ight


If same light coecient
L mg 1
CL = 1 2 = 1 2 N mg Vt2S
2 V S 2 V S
2

so that Vt = N V gives the speed increase (more lift)

Note that CL constant CD constant D V 2CD


Tt Dt Vt2CD N D
so that must increase throttle or will descend in the turn

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