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13a COMMA SPLICES AND RUN-ON SENTENCES

Being able to judge the difference between an acceptable and unaccept-

able sentence fragment comes from years of reading the work of skilled writ-
ers. For ACADEMIC WRITING, most instructors dont accept sentence frag-
ments in student writing until a student demonstrates a consistent ability to
write well-constructed, complete sentences. As a rule, avoid sentence
fragments in academic writing.

EXERCISE 12-4 Revise this paragraph to eliminate all sentence frag-

ments. In some cases, you can combine word groups to create complete
sentences; in other cases, you must supply missing elements to revise
word groups. Some sentences may not require revision. In your final ver-
sion, check not only the individual sentences but also the clarity of the
whole paragraph. Refer to sections 12a through 12e for help.
(1) Some teenagers and young adults. (2) Are continually on instant mes-
saging almost every moment that they are using their computers. (3) Which are
rarely turned off. (4) According to America Online (AOL), the most popular instant-
messaging service. (5) 195 million people use its instant-messaging service. (6)
Creating more than 1.6 billion messages per day. (7) Becoming an integral part
of the social fabric of our world. (8) Instant messaging has replaced the tele-
phone, and even some e-mail. (9) For millions of young adults. (10) As a result,
AOL and its main rivals, Microsoft and Yahoo. (11) Continue to add new features
to their instant-messaging services.

CHAPTER 13

Comma Splices and Run-on

Sentences
13a What are comma splices and run-on sentences?
Comma splices and run-on sentences are somewhat similar errors: One has
a comma by itself between two complete sentences, and one has no punctu-
ation at all between two complete sentences.
A comma splice, also called a comma fault, occurs when a comma, rather
than a period, is used incorrectly between complete sentences. The word
splice means to fasten ends together, which is a handy procedure, except
when splicing has anything to do with sentences.
A run-on sentence, also called a fused sentence and a run-together sen-
tence, occurs when two complete sentences run into each other without any
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How can I recognize comma splices and run-on sentences? 13b

punctuation. Comma splices and run-on sentences create confusion because

readers cant tell where one thought ends and another begins.
COMMA SPLICE The icebergs broke off from the glacier, they drifted
into the sea.
RUN-ON SENTENCE The icebergs broke off from the glacier they drifted
into the sea.
CORRECT The icebergs broke off from the glacier. They drifted
into the sea.
There is one exception. You can use a comma between two independent
clauses, but only if the comma is followed by one of the seven coordinating
conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, yet, so. A comma in such a construction
is correct; see Chapter 23.
CORRECT The icebergs broke off from the glacier, and they
drifted into the sea.

A L E R T: Occasionally, when your meaning allows it, you can use a colon
or a dash to join two independent clauses.

13b How can I recognize comma splices

and run-on sentences?
When you know how to recognize an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE, youll know how
to recognize COMMA SPLICES and RUN-ON SENTENCES. An independent clause
can stand alone as a complete sentence. An independent clause contains a
SUBJECT and a PREDICATE. Also, an independent clause doesnt begin with
a word that creates dependencethat is, it doesnt begin with a
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION or a RELATIVE PRONOUN.
Interestingly, almost all comma splices and run-on sentences are caused
by only four patterns. If you become familiar with these four patterns, listed
in Box 13-1 on the next page, youll more easily locate them in your writing.

A L E R T: To proofread for comma splices, cover all words on one side

of the comma and see if the words remaining form an independent clause. If
they do, next cover all words you left uncovered, on the other side of the
comma. If the second side of the comma is also an independent clause,
youre looking at a comma splice. (This technique doesnt work for run-on
sentences because a comma isnt present.)

Experienced writers sometimes use a comma to join very short indepen-

dent clauses, especially if one independent clause is negative and the other
is positive: Mosquitoes dont bite, they stab. In ACADEMIC WRITING, howev-
er, many instructors consider this an error, so youll be safe if you use a
period. (Another option is a semicolon, if the two independent clauses are
closely related in meaning: Mosquitoes dont bite; they stab.)
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13c COMMA SPLICES AND RUN-ON SENTENCES

B OX 1 3 - 1 PAT T E R N

Detecting comma splices

and run-on sentences
Watch out for a PRONOUN starting the second independent clause.
NO The physicist Marie Curie discovered radium, she won two Nobel
Prizes.
YES The physicist Marie Curie discovered radium. She won two Nobel
Prizes.
Watch out for a CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB (such as furthermore, however,
similarly, therefore, and then; see, section 7h, for a complete list) starting
the second independent clause.
NO Marie Curie and her husband, Pierre, worked together at
first, however, he died tragically at age forty-seven.
YES Marie Curie and her husband, Pierre, worked together at
first. However, he died tragically at age forty-seven.
Watch out for a TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSION (such as in addition, for
example, in contrast, of course, and meanwhile; see Box 4-5, section 4g.1,
for a reference list) starting the second independent clause.
NO Marie Curie and her husband won a Nobel Prize for the discovery
of radium, in addition, Marie herself won another Nobel Prize
for her work on the atomic weight of radium.
YES Marie Curie and her husband won a Nobel Prize for the discovery
of radium; in addition, Marie herself won another Nobel Prize
for her work on the atomic weight of radium.
Watch out for a second independent clause that explains, says more about,
contrasts with, or gives an example of whats said in the first independent
clause.
NO Marie Curie died of leukemia in 1934, exposure to radioactivity
killed her.
YES Marie Curie died of leukemia in 1934. Exposure to radioactivity
killed her.

13c How can I correct comma splices

and run-on sentences?
Once you have identified a COMMA SPLICE or a RUN-ON SENTENCE, youre
ready to correct it. You can do this in one of four ways, as shown in Box 13-2
and discussed further in the sections given in parentheses.
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How can I correct comma splices and run-on sentences? 13c

B OX 1 3 - 2 S U M M A RY

Ways to correct comma splices

and run-on sentences
Use a period between the INDEPENDENT CLAUSES (13c.1).
Use a semicolon between the independent clauses (13c.2).
Use a comma together with a COORDINATING CONJUNCTION (13c.3).
Revise one independent clause into a DEPENDENT CLAUSE (13c.4).

13c.1 Using a period to correct comma splices

and run-on sentences
You can use a period to correct comma splices and run-on sentences by plac-
ing the period between the two sentences. For the sake of sentence variety
and emphasis (see Chapter 18), however, you want to choose other options
as well, such as those shown in 13c.3 and 13c.4. Strings of short sentences
rarely establish relationships and levels of importance among ideas.

COMMA SPLICE A shark is all cartilage, it doesnt have a bone in its

body.
RUN-ON SENTENCE A shark is all cartilage it doesnt have a bone in its
body.
CORRECT A shark is all cartilage. It doesnt have a bone in its
body. [A period separates the independent clauses.]

13c.2 Using a semicolon to correct comma splices

and run-on sentences
You can use a semicolon to correct comma splices and run-on sentences by
placing the semicolon between the two sentences. Use a semicolon only
when the separate sentences are closely related in meaning. For the sake of
sentence variety and emphasis, however, youll want to choose other options,
such as those shown in 13c.1, 13c.3, and 13c.4; for correct semicolon use, see
Chapter 24.
COMMA SPLICE The great white shark supposedly eats humans, re-
search shows that most white sharks spit them out
after the first bite.
RUN-ON SENTENCE The great white shark supposedly eats humans re-
search shows that most white sharks spit them out
after the first bite.
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13c COMMA SPLICES AND RUN-ON SENTENCES

CORRECT The great white shark supposedly eats humans; re-

search shows that most white sharks spit them out
after the first bite. [A semicolon separates two indepen-
dent clauses that are close in meaning.]

13c.3 Using a comma together with a coordinating

conjunction to correct comma splices and
run-on sentences
You can connect independent clauses with a comma together with a coordi-
nating conjunction (and, but, for, or, nor, yet, so) to correct a comma splice.
You can also correct a run-on sentence by inserting a comma followed by a
coordinating conjunction.

A L E R T: Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction that links

independent clauses (23b).

When you use a coordinating conjunction, be sure that your choice fits
the meaning of the material. And signals addition; but and yet signal con-
trast; for and so signal cause; and or and nor signal alternatives.
COMMA SPLICE Every living creature gives off a weak electrical
charge in the water, special pores on a sharks skin
can detect these signals.
RUN-ON SENTENCE Every living creature gives off a weak electrical
charge in the water special pores on a sharks skin
can detect these signals.
CORRECT Every living creature gives off a weak electrical
charge in the water, and special pores on a sharks
skin can detect these signals.

E X E R C I S E 1 3 - 1 Revise the comma splices and run-on sentences by using

a period, a semicolon, or a comma and coordinating conjunction. For help,
consult 13c.1 through 13c.3.

EXAMPLE Artists in Santa Fe, New Mexico, are proudly reviving interest in an-
cient Hispanic crafts the artists display their handmade items during
the annual Traditional Spanish Market in July.
Artists in Santa Fe, New Mexico, are proudly reviving interest in
ancient Hispanic crafts. The artists display their handmade items
during the annual Traditional Spanish Market in July.

1. Every summer, Santa Fe holds the countrys oldest and largest open mar-
ket for traditional Hispanic work, however, few people know how respected
and valuable the artistry is.
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How can I correct comma splices and run-on sentences? 13c

2. Some artists sell small items such as silver jewelry and prayer books cov-
ered in buffalo hide other artists offer detailed altarpieces and Spanish
colonial furniture.
3. Members of the Lopez family never use commercial dyes they go to nearby
caves to gather plants for brewing into natural colors.
4. Teenagers of the Rodriguez family create straw appliqu crucifixes, they
take tiny pieces of flattened straw, rub them until shiny, and lay them deli-
cately into wood.
5. Market visitors admire the colorful blankets Mr. Irwin Trujillo weaves to his
own designs he rarely mentions that one of his blankets was purchased by
the famous Smithsonian Institution, a museum in Washington, DC.

13c.4 Revising one independent clause into a

dependent clause to correct comma splices
and run-on sentences
You can revise a comma splice or run-on sentence by revising one of the two
independent clauses into a dependent clause. This method is suitable only
when one idea can logically be subordinated (17e) to the other. Also, be care-
ful not to punctuate the dependent clause as a complete sentence. If you do,
youve created the error of a SENTENCE FRAGMENT.

Create dependent clauses with subordinating conjunctions

One way to create a dependent clause is to insert a SUBORDINATING CONJUNC-
TION (such as because, although, when, and ifsee section 7h for a complete
list). Always choose a subordinating conjunction that fits the meaning of each
particular sentence: because and since signal cause; although signals contrast;
when signals time; and if signals condition. Dependent clauses that begin with
a subordinating conjunction are called ADVERB CLAUSES.
COMMA SPLICE Homer and Langley Collyer had packed their house
from top to bottom with junk, police could not open
the front door to investigate a reported smell.
RUN-ON SENTENCE Homer and Langley Collyer had packed their house
from top to bottom with junk police could not open
the front door to investigate a reported smell.
CORRECT Because Homer and Langley Collyer had packed
their house from top to bottom with junk, police
could not open the front door to investigate a report-
ed smell. [Because starts a dependent clause that is
joined by a comma with the independent clause start-
ing with police.]

A L E R T: Place a comma between an introductory dependent clause and

the independent clause that follows (23c).
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13d COMMA SPLICES AND RUN-ON SENTENCES

Create dependent clauses with relative pronouns

You can create a dependent clause with a RELATIVE PRONOUN (who, whom,
whose, which, that). Dependent clauses with a relative pronoun are called
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.

COMMA SPLICE The Collyers had been crushed under a pile of

newspapers, the newspapers had toppled onto the
brothers.
RUN-ON SENTENCE The Collyers had been crushed under a pile of
newspapers the newspapers had toppled onto the
brothers.
CORRECT The Collyers had been crushed under a pile of
newspapers that had toppled onto the brothers.
[The relative pronoun that starts a dependent clause
and is joined with the independent clause starting with
The Collyers after deletion of the newspapers.]

A L E R T: Sometimes you need commas to set off an adjective clause

from the rest of the sentence. This happens only when the adjective is
NONRESTRICTIVE (nonessential), so check carefully (see 23f).

E X E R C I S E 1 3 - 2 Identify and then revise the comma splices and run-on

sentences. Circle the numbers of correct sentences. For help, consult 13b
through 13c.4.
(1) Drug dealers sentenced to Rikers Island Detention Center in
New York City listen carefully, they like the thought of making
$200,000 a year legally. (2) Speaking to them is a 33-year-old self-
made millionaire he knows firsthand about gangs and drugs. (3) Fer-
nando Mateo dropped out of school in the tenth grade, however, he
learned how to be a carpet layer. (4) Mateos bosses showed him no
respect therefore, he started his own business with a $2,000 loan
from his father. (5) Thirteen years later, he owns two big stores, his
business brings in $3 million per year.

13d How can I correctly use a conjunctive adverb or

other transitional expression between
independent clauses?
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS and other TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS link ideas
between sentences. When these words fall between sentences, a period or
semicolon must immediately precede themand a comma usually immedi-
ately follows them.
Conjunctive adverbs include such words as however, therefore, also,
next, then, thus, furthermore, and nevertheless (see section 7f for a complete
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How can I correctly use a conjunctive adverb? 13d

list). Be careful to remember that conjunctive adverbs are not

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (and, but, and so on; see 13c.3).

COMMA SPLICE Buying or leasing a car is a matter of individual pref-

erence, however, its wise to consider several points
before making a decision.
RUN-ON SENTENCE Buying or leasing a car is a matter of individual pref-
erence however its wise to consider several points
before making a decision.
CORRECT Buying or leasing a car is a matter of individual pref-
erence. However, its wise to consider several points
before making a decision.
CORRECT Buying or leasing a car is a matter of individual pref-
erence; however, its wise to consider several points
before making a decision.

Transitional expressions include for example, for instance, in addition, in

fact, of course, and on the one hand/on the other hand (see Box 4-5, section 4g.1,
for a complete list).

COMMA SPLICE Car leasing requires a smaller down payment, for

example, in many cases, you need only $1,000 or
$2,000 and the first monthly payment.
RUN-ON SENTENCE Car leasing requires a smaller down payment, for
example in many cases, you need only $1,000 or
$2,000 and the first monthly payment.
CORRECT Car leasing requires a smaller down payment. For
example, in many cases, you need only $1,000 or
$2,000 and the first monthly payment.
CORRECT Car leasing requires a smaller down payment; for
example, in many cases, you need only $1,000 or
$2,000 and the first monthly payment.

A L E R T: A conjunctive adverb or a transitional expression is usually fol-

lowed by a comma when it starts a sentence (23g).

E X E R C I S E 1 3 - 3 Revise comma splices or run-on sentences caused by in-

correctly punctuated conjunctive adverbs or other transitional expressions.
If a sentence is correct, circle its number. For help, consult 13d.
1. During the nineteenth century, over 2,500 black cowboys and cowgirls
herded cattle in the West however, few people are familiar with their
accomplishments.
2. Many former Texas slaves had become expert riders and cattle handlers,
therefore, ranchers hired them to round up five to six million loose cattle
after the Civil War.
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14a MISPLACED AND DANGLING MODIFIERS

3. Black cowboys often guarded the railroad boss and his cash payroll for
example, the black cowhand Bose Ikard often guarded up to $20,000 and
never lost a dime.
4. Stagecoach Mary battled blizzards, rain, and heat as she delivered the US
mail to isolated cabins in Montana, in addition, this elderly black woman
managed to fight off thieves and wolves along the way.
5. Paul W. Stewart spent eleven years collecting information and artifacts
about African Americans in the West as a result, everyone can see the dis-
plays at the Black American West Museum in Denver, Colorado.

CHAPTER 14

Misplaced and Dangling

Modifiers
MISPLACED MODIFIERS

14a What is a misplaced modifier?

A modifier is a word or group of words that describes or limits another word
or group of words. A misplaced modifier is positioned incorrectly in a sen-
tence, which means, therefore, that it describes the wrong word and changes
the writers meaning. Always place a modifier as close as possible to what it
describes.

Avoiding squinting modifiers

A squinting modifier is misplaced because it modifies both the word that
comes before it and the word that follows it. Check that your modifiers are
placed so that they communicate the meaning you intend.

NO The football player being recruited eagerly believed each suc-

cessive offer would be better. [What was eager? The recruitment
or the players belief?]
YES The football player being recruited believed eagerly that each
successive offer would be better.
YES The football player being eagerly recruited believed that each
successive offer would be better.
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