Scribd
Upload
350 views26 pages

Units and Standards of Measurements

The document discusses units and standards of measurement. It covers fundamental topics like the difference between fundamental and derived units, absolute and relative units, and various systems of units like CGS, MKS, and SI units. It also discusses measurement standards like international, primary, secondary, and working standards. Standards help ensure consistency and reliability across different measurement systems and applications. Maintaining traceability to fundamental standards is important for accuracy in industrial monitoring and process control.

Uploaded by

arsenic_94
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
350 views26 pages

Units and Standards of Measurements

The document discusses units and standards of measurement. It covers fundamental topics like the difference between fundamental and derived units, absolute and relative units, and various systems of units like CGS, MKS, and SI units. It also discusses measurement standards like international, primary, secondary, and working standards. Standards help ensure consistency and reliability across different measurement systems and applications. Maintaining traceability to fundamental standards is important for accuracy in industrial monitoring and process control.

Uploaded by

arsenic_94
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Units and Standards of

Measurements
Instrumentation & Control
Units and Standards of Measurements
are important factors for monitoring and control of
industrial parameters
the quality of an industrial product depends on an
accurate and reliable units of measurement
Units of Measurements
Units of Measurement

Where:
Numerical ratio the number of the measure and is
given as the number of times the unit occurs in any
given amount of the same quantity
Fundamental and Derived Units
Fundamental Unit
one of a set of unrelated units of measurement, which
are arbitrarily defined and from which other units are
derived
in the SI system the fundamental units are the meter,
kilogram, and second
Derived Units
a unit of measurement comprised of a combination of
two or more fundamental units
Absolute Units
unit of measurement defined in terms of the basic or
fundamental units of a particular measurement
system (length, time, mass, current) and not based
on arbitrary definitions
The committee of the British Association of Electrical
Units and Standards formulated the absolute system
of units in 1863 and decided on the centimeter and
gram as the fundamental units of length and mass
CGS System of Units
Centimeter Gram Second system of units
Formulated by the committee of the British
Association of Electrical Units and Standards
Disadvantages of CGS system of Units
two system of units, CGS electrostatic and CGS
electromagnetic for fundamental theoretical work and a
third (practical units) for practical engineering work
two sets of dimensional equations for the same
quantity
MKS System of Units
Meter Kilogram Second system of units was first
suggested by the Italian physicist Giorgi in 1901
The practical units of current, voltage, energy and
power, used in electrical engineering, were
compatible with the meter kilogram second
system
MKSA system of units: ampere as the fourth basic
units
Advantages of the MKS System of Units
Its units are identical with the practical units
Its units are the same, whether built up from the
electrostatic or electromagnetic theory
Conversions necessary to relate the units of the
electrostatic and electromagnetic CGS systems to
those of practical system are avoided
International System (SI) of Units
Fundamental (Basic) Units
Unit Symbol Quantity
Meter m Length
Kilogram kg Mass
Second S Time
Ampere A Electric Current
Kelvin K Thermodynamic Temperature
Mole mol Amount of Substance
Candela cd Luminous Intensity
International System (SI) of Units
Supplementary Units
Unit Symbol Quantity
Radian rad Plane Angle (2D angle)
Steradian sr Solid Angle (3D angle)
International System (SI) of Units
Derived Units (mechanics)
Unit symbol SI Unit Symbol Quantity
Pascal Pa kg m1 s 2 Pressure, Stress
2 2
Joule J kg m s Energy, Work, Heat
Watt W kg m2 s 3 Power
2
Newton N kg m s Force, Weight
International System (SI) of Units
Derived Units (electromagnetism)
Unit symbol SI Unit Symbol Quantity
Tesla T kg s 2 A1 Magnetic Field
Henry H kg m2 s 2 2 Inductance
Coulomb C As Electric Charge
Volt V kg m2 s 3 1 Voltage
Farad F kg 1 m2 s 4 2 Electric Capacitance
Siemens S kg 1 m2 s 3 2 Electrical Conductance
Weber Wb kg m2 s 2 1 Magnetic Flux
Ohm kg m2 s 3 3 Electric Resistance
International System (SI) of Units
Derived Units (optics)
Unit symbol SI Unit Symbol Quantity
Lux lx cd sr m2 Illuminance
Lumen lm cd sr Luminous Flux
Candela/m2 cd/m2 cd 2 Luminance, Brightness
International System (SI) of Units
Derived Units (radioactivity)
Unit symbol SI Unit Symbol Quantity
Becquerel Bq s 1 Radioactivity
Gray Gy m2 s 1 Absorbed Dose
Sievert Sv m2 s 1 Equivalent Dose
Derived Units (other)
Hertz Hz s 1 Frequency
Katal kat mol s 1 Catalytic Activity
International System (SI) of Units
Other Derived Units
Unit SI Unit Symbol Quantity
Square Meter m2 Area
Cubic Meter m3 Volume
Meter per Second m/s Velocity
Radian per Second rad/s Angular Velocity
Kilogram per cubic Density
kg/m3
meter
International System (SI) of Units
Other Derived Units
Unit SI Unit Symbol Quantity
Meter per second Acceleration
m/s 2
squared
Radian per second 2 Angular Acceleration
rad/s
squared
Volt per meter V/m Electric Field Strength
Ampere per meter A/m Magnetic Field Strength
Standards of Measurements
Standard of Measurements
In metrology (the science of measurement), a
standard is an object, system, or experiment that
bears a defined relationship to a unit of
measurement of a physical quantity
Standards are the fundamental reference for a
system of weights and measures, against which all
other measuring devices are compared
Hierarchy of Standards

International Primary Secondary Working


Standards Standards Standards Standards
Measurement Standards
International Standards
Defined by international agreement
Maintained at the International Bureau of Weight
and Measures in Paris
Examples: British Standard Institution (BSI),
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC),
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
Measurement Standards
Primary Standards
Maintained at national standards laboratories in
different countries
Not available for use outside the national
laboratories
Principal function is the calibration and
verification of secondary standards
Measurement Standards
Secondary Standards
The basic reference standards used by
measurements and calibration in the industry
Each industrial laboratory is responsible for its
own secondary standards, which are calibrated
and certified at national standards
Measurement Standards
Working Standards
The principal tools of a measurement laboratory
Used to check and calibrate general laboratory
instruments for accuracy and performance
Standard Prefixes (IEEE Standard No. 268 A)
Multiple SI Prefix Symbol Multiple SI Prefix Symbol
1012 tera T 102 centi c
109 giga G 103 milli m
106 mega M 106 micro
103 kilo K 109 nano n
102 hector H 1012 pico p
10 deka da 1015 femto f
101 deci d 1018 atto a
End

You might also like