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Module 3

This document summarizes several major theories related to learner development: - Freud's psychosexual stages of development including oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. - Piaget's four stages of cognitive development including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. - Erikson's psychosocial stages of development. - Kohlberg's three stages and six substages of moral development. It concludes by noting the importance for educators to understand learning theories to inform teaching methods and create excellent learning experiences tailored to students' needs.

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Jefferson Mendez
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2K views

Module 3

This document summarizes several major theories related to learner development: - Freud's psychosexual stages of development including oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. - Piaget's four stages of cognitive development including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. - Erikson's psychosocial stages of development. - Kohlberg's three stages and six substages of moral development. It concludes by noting the importance for educators to understand learning theories to inform teaching methods and create excellent learning experiences tailored to students' needs.

Uploaded by

Jefferson Mendez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Jolina G.

Mendez Facilitating Learning

PE-23 Sir. Bugz

3rd Week- Module 3: Review of Theories Related to the Learners Development

- Explain the salient concepts and principles of the major development theories.
- Apply these theories to teaching-learning situations.

Theories Related to the Learners Development Erikson 8 Pscho-social Stages of Development


Piaget 4 stages of Cognitive Development Brofenbrener Bio-Ecological Systems Vgotsky -On
Language -Zone of Proximal Development Kohlberg 3 Stages and 6 Substages of Moral
Development Freud 3 Components of Personality 5 Phychosexual Stages of Development

-FREUDS COMPONENTS OF THE PERSONALITY

ID- pleasure-centered. is the unorganized part of the personality structure that contains a
human's basic, instinctual drives. Id is the only component of personality that is present from
birth.

EGO- relity-centered. acts according to the reality principle; i.e. it seeks to please the id's drive
in realistic ways that will benefit in the long term rather than bring grief.

SUPEREGO- ego ideal or conscience. reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly taught
by parents applying their guidance and influence.

-FREUDS PYCHO-SEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Oral (0-1 years of age): During this stage, the mouth is the pleasure center for development.
Freud believed this is why infants are born with a sucking reflex and desire their mother's
breast. If a child's oral needs are not met during infancy, he or she may develop negative habits
such as nail biting or thumb sucking to meet this basic need.

Anal (1-3 years of age): During this stage, toddlers and preschool-aged children begin to
experiment with urine and feces. The control they learn to exert over their bodily functions is
manifested in toilet-training. Improper resolution of this stage, such as parents toilet training
their children too early, can result in a child who is uptight and overly obsessed with order.

Phallic (3-6 years of age): During this stage, preschoolers take pleasure in their genitals and,
according to Freud, begin to struggle with sexual desires toward the opposite sex parent (boys
to mothers and girls to fathers). For boys, this is called the Oedipus complex, involving a boy's
desire for his mother and his urge to replace his father who is seen as a rival for the mothers
attention. At the same time, the boy is afraid his father will punish him for his feelings, so he
experiences castration anxiety. The Electra complex, later proposed by Freuds protg Carl
Jung, involves a girl's desire for her father's attention and wish to take her mothers place.

Latency (6-12 years of age): During this stage, sexual instincts subside, and children begin to
further develop the superego, or conscience. Children begin to behave in morally acceptable
ways and adopt the values of their parents and other important adults.
Genital (12+ years of age): During this stage, sexual impulses reemerge. If other stages have
been successfully met, adolescents engage in appropriate sexual behavior, which may lead to
marriage and childbirth.

-PIAGET 4 STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Sensorimotor stage (Infancy). In this period (which has 6 stages), intelligence is demonstrated
through motor activity without the use of symbols. Knowledge of the world is limited (but
developing) because its based on physical interactions / experiences. Children acquire object
permanence at about 7 months of age (memory). Physical development (mobility) allows the
child to begin developing new intellectual abilities. Some symbollic (language) abilities are
developed at the end of this stage.

Pre-operational stage (Toddler and Early Childhood). In this period (which has two
substages), intelligence is demonstrated through the use of symbols, language use matures,
and memory and imagination are developed, but thinking is done in a nonlogical, nonreversable
manner. Egocentric thinking predominates

Concrete operational stage (Elementary and early adolescence). In this stage


(characterized by 7 types of conservation: number, length, liquid, mass, weight, area, volume),
intelligence is demonstarted through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to
concrete objects. Operational thinking develops (mental actions that are reversible). Egocentric
thought diminishes.

Formal operational stage (Adolescence and adulthood). In this stage, intelligence is


demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts. Early in the
period there is a return to egocentric thought. Only 35% of high school graduates in
industrialized countries obtain formal operations; many people do not think formally during
adulthood.

-ERIKSONS PYCHO-SOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT


-KOHLBERGS STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

We need to study learning theory so we can be more effective as educators. The


theories differ significantly in the perspectives on learning, though each has influenced and
shaped instructional methods and practices to some degree. An example is assessment
practices using standardized tests. This method is based upon principles of the behaviorist
learning theory: instructor delivers content student studies to commit knowledge to memory
completes an assessment feedback is provided on his or her responses. This is one
example I use here to [try to] emphasize the point that educators are better equipped to handle
a variety of learning situations with an understanding of how these theories affect teaching
methods. How it applies to not only course design, but educators role in creating excellent
learning experiences for their students.

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