University of San Carlos

Department of Chemical Engineering

CHE 422L Chemical Engineering Laboratory 1

Data Processing & Analysis Report

(Form CHE422L-2)

Prepared and submitted by:

Chua, Mary Antoinette G. Malinao, Hugh Lambert L. Mercado, Armel Jay P.

Experiment : Heat Transfer in a Double-pipe Heat Exchanger

Objectives of the Experiment
1. Investigate the effects of varying the inlet temperature, the flowrates, and the flow
arrangement(countercurrent or co-current parallel flow) on the temperature profiles in a double-pipe
heat exchanger.
2. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficients and the effectiveness of the heat exchanger until at the
required operating conditions and compare them with theoretically calculated values.
Results & Discussion
Objective 1: Investigate the effects of varying the inlet temperature, the flowrates, and the flow
arrangement (countercurrent or co-current parallel flow) on the temperature profiles in a double-pipe heat
exchanger.
1.1. Effects of Varying the Inlet Temperature

1
 68
45
63
Hot
58 45 cold
53 Cold
48 55
Temperature (deg C)
43 Hot
55 cold
38
Polynomial (55 cold)
33 65
28 Polynomial (65)
0 33 66 65
Length (m) Polynomial (65)

Figure 1. Temperature profiles for different hot water and constant cold water inlet temperatures 45C, 55C,
65C for countercurrent flow

Figure 2. Differences in Temperature at the inlet 0 cm and outlet 66 cm and Heat Transfer Rate H, at different
hot water inlet temperatures in Countercurrent Operation

Figure 1 shows the temperature profile of hot and cold water along the heat exchanger in countercurrent
operation. From figure 1, it can be seen that as inlet hot water temperature increases, the differences in hot and cold
water temperatures at any location also increases. Same conclusion can be taken from figure 2. A higher difference
at the inlet temperature will produce a higher relatively constant driving force for heat to transfer from higher to lower
temperatures, causing a higher rate of heat transfer. From both figures, the temperature difference along the heat
exchanger is relatively constant

2
 68
45
63
Hot
58 45 cold
53 Cold
48 55
Temperature (deg C)
43 Polynomial (55)
55 cold
38
Polynomial (55 cold)
33
65
28 Polynomial (65)
0 33 66 65
Length (m) Polynomial (65)

Figure 3. Temperature profiles for different hot water and constant cold water inlet temperatures 45C, 55C,
65C for cocurrent flow

Figure 4. Differences in Temperature at the inlet 0 cm and outlet 66 cm and Heat Transfer Rate H at different
hot water inlet temperatures in Cocurrent Operation

Figure 3 shows that for a cocurrent operation, the differences in the temperature of the hot and
cold water decreases along the length of the heat exchanger. Theoretically, for an infinitely long heat
exchanger the difference at the outlet will approach to zero. Figure 3 and 4 both showed that an increase
in the inlet hot temperatures will also give an increase of the difference in the hot and cold temperatures at
the inlet and outlet, and an increase in the rate of heat transfer.

From these graphs, it can be observed that the temperature of the hot water decreases (cooled)
and the temperature of the cold water increases (heated), from the inlet to the outlet. The inlet temperature
for the hot water was varied (45C, 55C, 65C) for this part of the experiment with the flow rate ratio
constant for all temperatures. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, as the inlet temperature of hot water increases,
the temperature difference on either side of the double-pipe heat exchanger, for both countercurrent and
co-current flow, also increases. The temperature difference is the driving force for heat transfer, thus,
temperature difference is directly proportional to heat transfer. For higher hot water inlet temperatures
(55C and 65C), which correspond to higher temperature differences, the temperature of the cold water in
the outlet reached a higher temperature, compared to the outlet temperature for 45Cinlet temperature,
because of greater heat transfer for these temperatures.

3
1.2. Effects of Varying the Flow Rates

46
44
42
3,1 Hot 3,1 cold Cold
40
38
Temperature (deg C) 36
1,1 Polynomial
34 (1,1) 1,1 cold Polynomial (1,1 cold)
32
30

1,3 28
Polynomial (1,3) 1,3 Polynomial (1,3)
0 33 66

Length (m)

Figure 5. Temperature profiles for different hot water flow rate (solid line) to cold water flow rate (dashed line)
ratios (3:1 (circle), 1:1 (triangle), 1:3 (asterisk)) for countercurrent flow

Figure 5 shows that at increasing hot water to cold water ratio, difference of the temperature at the inlet (0
cm or the left most side) decreases and at the outlet (66 cm or the rightmost side) increases. This trend can be
explained by the nature of the countercurrent operation, the amount and rate of hot water used for heat transfer. For
a countercurrent operation, a relatively constant driving force is achieved at equilibrium. Since the ratios of the hot
and cold water are not the same, to achieve equilibrium, an increase of any of the flow rates will give an increase of
the heat transfer due to the increase of the amount fluid carrying their respective heat.

20 350

280

210
10
delta T H
140

70

0 0
1 2 3

Flowrates (Fhot:Fcold)

4
Figure 6. Differences in Temperature at the inlet and outlet and Heat Transfer Rate H at different flow rate
ratio (Fhot/Fcold) temperatures in Countercurrent Operation

In figure 6, at a constant hot water inlet temperature of 45C, hot water flow rate of 1 L/min, and cold water
inlet temperature at 30C, a decrease of the cold water flow rate by 2 L/min decreases the inlet temperature
difference by 1.9C, increases the out let temperature difference by 1.0C, and decreases the heat transfer rate by
4.3 W. By keeping the hot water inlet temperature and cold water flow rate the same, increasing the hot water flow
rate by 2 L/min, decreases the inlet temperature difference by 1.5C, increases the outlet temperature difference by
1.5C, and increases the heat transfer rate by 99.9 W.
By decreasing the cold water flow rate, minimal decrease and increase in the inlet and outlet temperature
differences, respectively, and a relatively small decrease of heat transfer rate would be observed. Then by increasing
the hot water flow rate, as observed in decreasing the cold water flow rate, the same trend with minimal changes can
be made, however the amount of changes were not the same with decreasing the cold water flow rate, thus couldnt
be considered linear, except for the increase of the heat transfer rate which was relatively high.
An increase in volumetric flow rate on either side would increase the velocity because of the constant
diameters thus producing turbulence. Turbulence cause mixing within the fluid as it flows through the pipe and
because of better mixing, better heat transfer is done. With turbulence, it would result to a higher Reynolds number
and Prandtls number increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient which means better heat transfer.
46
44
42
3,1 Hot 3,1 cold Cold
40
38
Temperature (deg C) 36
1,1 Polynomial
34 (1,1) 1,1 cold Polynomial (1,1 cold)
32
30

1,3 hot 28
Polynomial (1,3 hot) 1,3 Polynomial (1,3)
0 33 66

Length (m)

Figure 7. Temperature profiles for different hot water flow rate to cold water flow rate ratios, 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3,
for cocurrent flow

As observed in figure 8, with the inlet temperatures for the hot and cold water kept constant, only the outlet
temperatures were significantly affected, however, it is observed that the outlet temperature differences are constant
at different flow rate ratios but with a trend that as the hot water flow rate ratio increases, the outlet temperatures
increase and vice versa. It can be said that the overall outlet temperature range increases or decreases depending
on which has more flow rate at constant inlet temperature.

5
 20 350

280

210
10
delta T H
140

70

0 0
1 2 3

Flowrates (Fhot:Fcold)

Figure 8. Differences in Temperature (solid line) at the inlet 0 cm (hollow square) and outlet 0.66 cm (solid
square) and Heat Transfer Rate H (solid circle) at different flow rate ratio (Fhot/Fcold) temperatures in
Cocurrent Operation
From figure 8, at constant hot water and cold water inlet temperatures of 45 and 30C and
constant hot water flow rate of 1 L/min, decreasing the cold water flow rate by 2 L/min, a decrease of the
outlet temperature difference by 0.6C and a decrease of 103.1 W is observed. Keeping the same
conditions, increasing the hot water flow rate by 2 L/min would increase the outlet temperature difference
by 0.1C and increase the heat transfer rate by 125.5C.
The outlet temperature difference remains relatively constant with varying flow rates however the
same could not be said for the heat transfer rate. Decreasing the hot water flow rate to the same flow rate
as the cold water flow rate would decrease the heat transfer rate by relatively large amount and would
increase by almost the same amount after increasing the hot water flow rate by the same amount
decreased by the cold water flow rate.
This is due to the increased velocity with increasing flow rate as mentioned before.
For this part of the experiment, the ratio of hot water flow rate and cold water flow rate was varied
holding the inlet temperatures constant. It can be observed that varying flow rates would not vary the
temperature profiles greatly. The effect of varying the flow rates can be seen on the amount of heat
transferred rather on the temperature. On flow rates where one is greater than the other, the amount of
heat transferred increases significantly because of the greater amount of heat emitted or absorbed by the
fluid compared to when the flow rates are the same.

1.3. Effects of Varying the Flow Arrangement

Two flow arrangements are investigated in this experiment, countercurrent flow and co-current
flow.For the countercurrent operation (Figures 1 and 3), the temperature difference throughout the length of
the exchanger is relatively constant. This is because the hot water in the inlet comes in contact with the

6
heated cold water in its outlet, while the cold water in its inlet is in contact with the cooled how water in the
outlet. Thus, the heat transfer rate across the exchanger is relatively the same at any point.

For the co-current operation, the hot water and cold water flow in the same direction and enter the
exchanger at the same end/side.From Figures 2 and 4, it can be seen that at the inlet of both fluids, a large
temperature difference is present and this difference decreases along the length of the heat exchanger.
This shows that the driving force, and consequentially, the heat transfer rate, decreases from the inlet of the
exchanger towards its outlet, suggesting that the heat transfer is more effective in the inlet than in the
outlet. Theoretically, for this kind of operation and for a very long heat exchanger, the temperature of both
the hot and cold fluid asymptotically approach a certain temperature, thus, the heat transfer also
approaches zero asymptotically.

Comparing countercurrent and co-current operations, from Figures 1 4, there is a greater

temperature difference between the hot water outletand hot water inlet temperatures, as well as for the cold
water outlet and inlet temperatures, for the countercurrent operation than the co-current operation.
Therefore, there is more heat transferred in the double-pipe heat exchanger when run in countercurrent
than in co-current.

Objective 2:Determine the overall heat transfer coefficients and the effectiveness of the heat exchanger
until at the required operating conditions and compare them with theoretically calculated values

Table 1. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients and Effectives of Heat Exchanger in Countercurrent
Configuration
Overall
Actual Theoretical
Heat
Inlet Actual Effectivene Overall Overall
Theoretical Transfer
Temperatu Flowrate Effectivene ss Percent Heat Heat
Ratio Effectivene Coefficient
re Of Hot ss, actual Difference Transfer Transfer
(FHOT:FCOLD) ss, theo(%) Percent
Water (C) (%) (%) Coefficient Coefficient
Difference
, Uact , Utheo
(%)
45 3 :1 0.33 0.42 20.3536 1428.68 2170.12 34.17
45 1:1 0.25 0.28 8.5245 946.33 1391.63 32.00
45 1: 3 0.29 0.37 22.3891 942.18 1788.45 47.32
55 1:1 0.29 0.31 6.9097 1069.90 1597.55 33.03
65 1: 1 0.28 0.30 7.5609 1086.07 1645.48 34.00

7
Table 2. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients and Effectives of Heat Exchanger in Cocurrent
Configuration 18.98536
Actual Theoretical Overall
Inlet Flowrate Effectiveness Overall Overall Heat
Actual Theoretical
Temperatu Ratio Percent Heat Heat Transfer
Effectiveness Effectiveness
re Of Hot (FHOT:FC Difference Transfer Transfer Coefficient
, actual (%) , theo(%)
Water (C) OLD) (%) Coefficient Coefficient PercentDiff
, Uact , Utheo erence (%)
1478.60 1407.89
45 3:1 0.2827 0.2435 16.1019 5.0219
15 89
904.468 1407.89
45 1:1 0.1746 0.2293 23.8316 35.7576
5 89
1334.97 1407.89
45 1:3 0.2509 0.2352 6.7040 5.1799
18 89
909.312 1407.89
55 1:1 0.1863 0.2449 23.9264 35.4135
9 89
905.156 1407.89
65 1:1 0.1773 0.2344 24.3585 35.7087
7 89

Table 1 and 2 summarizes the overall heat transfer coefficients and effectiveness of heat
exchanger in countercurrent and cocurrent configuration. The overall heat transfer coefficient represents
the total resistance experienced as heat is transferred between fluids or between a fluid and a solid.
Theoretical overall heat transfer coefficient is constant since U theo is based on empirical constants from
literature. In this experiment, theoretical values for the overall heat coefficient is greater compared to the
experimental values except at 3:1 ratio of hot water and cold water flowrate at 45C. The actual overall heat
transfer coefficients are lesser than the theoretical values due to heat losses along the walls of the pipe and
heat transfer outside the heat exchanger.

The overall heat transfer coefficient, at equal flow rates between the hot water fluid and cold water
fluid is observed to be around the same value but significantly lower compared to the overall heat transfer
coefficients of those with different flow rate ratios. This is due to the experimental overall heat transfer
coefficient being a function of the amount of heat transferred. Since at equal liquid flow rates the amount of
heat transferred is lower, the experimental overall heat transfer coefficient would lower compared to the
experiment heat transfer coefficient at flow rate ratios not equal to 1.

The ratio of actual to maximum heat transferred is called the effectiveness. The effectiveness in
this experiment is low due to heat losses during the heat transfer outside of the heat exchanger and friction
losses in the pipes. It is also hard to achieve a large effectiveness value since a transfer process at
equilibrium is entropic, deviates from ideal situations, and reaching the maximum heat transfer is ideal.
During the heat transfer, the temperature of air outside the heat exchanger is lower than the temperature of

8
the cold water in the annular region, this difference in temperature creates a driving force. The driving force
will allow heat transfer to the outside of the heat exchanger and therefore may cause a low effectiveness.
The friction losses is due to the skin friction from roughness of the pipes.

Conclusions

The temperature profiles in a double-pipe heat exchanger are affected by the inlet hot water temperature,
flow rates of both hot and cold water, and flow arrangement (countercurrent and co-current). An increase in hot water
inlet temperature increases the temperature difference (driving force), thus, increases the heat transfer. The flow rate
of the fluid is directly proportional to the heat transferred. Higher flow rate for the cold water increases the amount of
heat absorbed by it, thus, shows a higher decrease in the temperature of the hot water along the exchanger. Higher
hot water flow rate increases the amount of heat emitted, thus, shows a higher increase in the temperature of the
cold water. Countercurrent operation transferred more heat than the co-current operation due to the relatively
constant driving force along the length of the heat exchanger.

The overall heat transfer coefficients and effectiveness for all operations were determined. Differences
between the actual and theoretical values are caused by friction losses along the pipe and heat loss from the cold
water to the surroundings.

ANNEX 2: Processing of Data

Table 3. Temperature Of Hot And Cold Water At Different Locations In The Heat Exchanger (Countercurrent
Operation)
Expected
Flowrate Ratio
Temperature (C) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
(FHOT:FCOLD
)
3 to 1 44.9000 43.4000 42.6000 29.5000 31.6333 33.8333
45.0000 1 to 1 45.0667 42.5667 41.1667 29.6000 30.8000 32.5000
1 to 3 45.1000 42.0000 40.1333 29.6333 30.1333 30.6333
55.0000 1 to 1 55.0000 51.3000 48.3333 29.8000 31.9333 34.5333
65.0000 1 to 1 65.0000 59.7000 55.2333 29.6333 32.9000 36.5667

9
 Expected Flowrate
Temperature (C) TLength=0 cm TLength=0.33 cm
Ratio (FHOT:FCOLD)
45.0000 3 to 1 11.0667 13.1000
1 to 1 12.5667 11.5667
1 to 3 14.4667 10.5000
Exp
ecte 55.0000 1 to 1 20.4667 18.5333

d 65.0000 1 to 1 28.4333 25.6000
T
Flotemperature used is the average of the three readings for each sensor. The temperature was
The T Le
wrat the length
plotted against with T1, T2, T3, as the inlet temperature, midway temperature and the outlet
Le ng
Tempe e
temperature, respectively, for the how water flow rate and T4, T5, T6, as the inlet temperature, midway, and
rature Rati ng th
the outlet temperature,
th =0 respectively, for the cold water flow rate in this flow arrangement. Since this is a
(C) o
countercurrent
(FH operation,
=0 .3 the points are plotted left to right for the how water flow rate and right to left for
the cold water
OT: flowc rate.
3
m c
FC
m
OL
Table 4. Temperature Of Hot And Cold Water At Different Locations In The Heat Exchanger (Cocurrent
Operation)D)
Temperature (C)
1 Expected
9
6 Flowrate Ratio T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
.
. (FHOT:FCOLD)
3 to 7
45.0000 0 43.300 43.700 45.033 29.000 31.366 33.533
1 6 3 to 1
3 0 0 3 0 7 3
6
3 41.433 42.600 44.966 28.933 30.400 31.733
7 1 to 1
3 3 0 7 3 0 3
1 40.600 42.066 45.000 28.800 29.500 30.300
9 1 to 3
6 0 7 0 0 0 0
.
55.0000 . 48.833 51.133 55.000 28.700 29.500 33.600
45.000 1 to 7 1 to 1
0 3 3 0 0 0 0
0 1 0
65.0000 3 0 56.133 59.566 65.000 28.533 32.333 35.000
3 1 to 1
0 3 7 0 3 3 0
3
The same 1 was
1 done for the cocurrent operation but with T1, T2, T3, as the outlet temperature,
midway temperature,0 and inlet temperature, respectively, for the hot water flow rate and with the points of
6
. .
1 to flow rate plotted from left to right.
the cold water
2 3
For3 varying
0 0flow rates at constant temperature, plots of different flow rates were placed on the
same graph with0separate
0 graphs made for each flow arrangement. Also with varying inlet temperature at
constant flow rate,
0 separate
0 graphs were made for each flow arrangement and the plots for varying inlet
temperatures at 2constant
1 flow rates were plotted on the same graph as shown in Objective 1.
Table 5. Differences 5of Temperatures at Inlet and Outlet Locations At Different Temperatures And Flowrate
6
. . Operation)
Ratio (Countercurrent
55.000 1 to
3 2
0 1
0 3
Table 6. Differences
0 3 of Temperatures at Inlet and Outlet Locations At Different Temperatures And
Flowrate Ratio (Cocurrent
0 3 Operation)
3 2
4 1
. .
65.000 1 to 10
4 1
0 1
6 3
6 3
7 3
Table 5. Average Hot and Cold Temperature values for Countercurrent Operation
Expected
FHOT FCOLD THave TCave
Temperature (C) Flowrate Ratio
(L/min) (L/min) (C) (C)
(FHOT:FCOLD)
3 to 1 2.8000 0.9867 43.7500 31.6667
45.0000 1 to 1 0.9667 0.9767 43.1167 31.0500
1 to 3 0.9667 2.8933 42.6167 30.1333
55.0000 1 to 1 0.9667 1.0933 51.6667 32.1667
65.0000 1 to 1 1.0333 1.0500 60.1167 33.1000

Table 6. Average Hot and Cold Temperature values for Crosscurrent Operation
Expected Flowrate
FHOT FCOLD THave TCave
Temperature (C) Ratio (L/min) (L/min) (C) (C)
(FHOT:FCOLD)
44.166 31.266
3 to 1 3.1000 1.0233
7 7
43.200 30.333
45.0000 1 to 1 1.0667 1.0100
0 3
42.800 29.550
1 to 3 1.0667 2.8767
0 0
51.916 31.150
55.0000 1 to 1 1.0333 0.9333
7 0
60.566 31.766
65.0000 1 to 1 1.0000 0.9767
7 7

Inlet and outlet temperatures (respective sensors mentioned previously) was averaged to
determine the average temperature for each flow rate. The calculated average temperatures for each flow
rate was used to determine constants from literature data shown below. This was done for each
experimental run and for each flow arrangement.

11
Table 7. Hot and Cold Water Flowrates and Properties (Countercurrent Operation)
C
Temperatur Flowrate Ratio H(kg/ CpH CpC
QH(m3/s) QC(m3/s) (kg/m3
e (C) (FHOT:FCOLD) m3) (J/kg K) (J/kg K)
)
4.6667E 1.6444E 990.63 995.02 4179.00 4178.00
3 to 1 -05 -05 10 92 00 00
1.6111E 1.6278E 991.03 995.34 4179.00 4178.00
45.0000 1 to 1 -05 -05 88 40 00 00
1.6111E 4.8222E 990.63 995.65 4179.00 4178.00
1 to 3 -05 -05 10 02 00 00
1.6111E 1.8222E 987.12 995.02 4182.00 4178.00
55.0000 1 to 1 -05 -05 20 92 00 00
1.7222E 1.7500E 983.20 994.70 4185.00 4178.00
65.0000 1 to 1 -05 -05 18 60 00 00

Table 8. Hot and Cold Water Flowrates and Properties (Crosscurrent Operation)
C
Temperatur Flowrate Ratio H(kg/ CpH CpC
QH(m3/s) QC(m3/s) (kg/m3
e (C) (FHOT:FCOLD) m3) (J/kg K) (J/kg K)
)
5.1667E 1.7056E 990.63 995.34 4179.00 4178.00
3 to 1
-05 -05 10 40 00 00
1.7778E 1.6833E 991.03 995.65 4179.00 4178.00
45.0000 1 to 1
-05 -05 88 02 00 00
1.7778E 4.7944E 990.63 995.65 4179.00 4178.00
1 to 3
-05 -05 10 02 00 00
1.7222E 1.5556E 987.12 995.34 4182.00 4178.00
55.0000 1 to 1
-05 -05 20 40 00 00
1.6667E 1.6278E 983.20 995.02 4185.00 4178.00
65.0000 1 to 1
-05 -05 18 92 00 00

Table 9. Power Absorbed and Heat Transfer Rate in Countercurrent Operation

Temperatur Flowrate Ratio
Pemit(W) Pabs(W) Plost(W) CH(J/K) CC(J/K) Hmax
e (C) (FHOT:FCOLD)
444.343 296.241 148.10 193.19 895.560
3 to 1 68.3634
6 3 23 29 2
260.227 196.306 63.920 66.725 771.785
45.0000 1 to 1 67.6919
5 5 9 0 7
331.264 200.596 130.66 66.697 200.596 700.324
1 to 3
4 1 83 5 1 1
443.393 358.569 84.824 66.509 1232.63
55.0000 1 to 1 75.7540
3 0 3 0 33
65.0000 1 to 1 692.107 504.247 187.86 70.864 72.7279 1814.12

12
 7 0 07 3 53

Table 10. Power Absorbed and Heat Transfer Rate in Crossrcurrent Operation
Temperatur Flowrate Ratio
Pemit(W) Pabs(W) Plost(W) CH(J/K) CC(J/K) Hmax
e (C) (FHOT:FCOLD)
370.746 321.532 49.213 213.89 1137.18
3 to 1 70.9263
3 7 6 21 55
260.150 196.066 64.084 73.627 1122.71
45.0000 1 to 1 70.0237
8 5 3 6 41
323.828 299.160 24.667 73.597 199.440 1192.27
1 to 3
0 9 2 3 6 59
438.424 316.973 121.45 71.095 1701.30
55.0000 1 to 1 64.6885
2 7 05 8 79
608.061 437.602 170.45 68.578 2467.71
65.0000 1 to 1 67.6705
2 6 86 3 75

The power emittedPemit, absorbed Pabs, and lostPlost were calculated using the equation below. The
power absorbed was assumed to the heat transfer rate H, since some of the heat is lost during the
experiment and the power absorbed was the heat that was successfully transferred or exchanged between
the hot and cold fluids.
The maximum heat transfer rate Hmaxwas calculated using the equation below. The maximum
heat transfer rate is largest heat transfer rate possible and can be found in the temperature profile at the
highest temperature difference or the T max for each flow regime, the left side (hot inlet cold inlet
temperature) for the cocurrent and the right side (hot outlet and cold inlet) for the countercurrent.

Pemit=QH H CpH ( T hotinlet T hot outlet )=C H ( T hot inlet T hot outlet )

||=Q
C C Cp C (T cold inlet T cold outlet )=CC ( T cold inl et T cold outlet )
P
||
Plost =PemitP

The maximum heat transfer for cocurrent and countercurrent, respectively, where C min is the lesser
value between CH and CC.
H max =C min ( T hot inlet T cold inlet )

H max =C min ( T hot outlet T cold inlet )

Table 11. Temperature Differences in Countercurrent and Crosscurrent Operation

Temperatur Flowrate Ratio Countercurrent Operation Cocurrent Operation

13
 e (C) (FHOT:FCOLD) Tmax Tmin Tlm Tmax Tmin Tlm
12.054 16.033 12.642
45.0000 3 to 1
13.1000 11.0667 8 3 9.7667 2
12.059 16.033 12.602
45.0000 1 to 1
11.5667 12.5667 8 3 9.7000 5
12.377 16.200 13.028
45.0000 1 to 3
10.5000 14.4667 6 0 10.3000 1
19.484 26.300 20.265
55.0000 1 to 1
18.5333 20.4667 0 0 15.2333 5
26.991 36.466 28.106
65.0000 1 to 1
25.6000 28.4333 9 7 21.1333 3

The expected highest temperature difference Tmax(which is the difference between the hot water
outlet and cold water intlet and the difference between hot water inlet and cold water intlet temperatures for
the countercurrent and concurrent flow operations, respectively)and the expected lowest temperature
differenceTmin(which is the difference between the hot water inlet and cold water outlet and the difference
between hot water outlet and cold water outlet temperatures for the countercurrent and concurrent flow
operations, respectively)was used to calculate the log mean temperature Tlmto be used for calculating the
experimental overall heat transfer coefficient.
T lm=( T max T min ) /ln ( T max / T min )

The percent actual efficiency equation is shown below. It is the ratio between the actual heat
transfer rate and the maximum heat transfer rate allowable.
P
( / H max )100
| |

act =

From the power absorbed, also known as the actual heat transfer rate, we can calculate the actual overall
heat transfer rate as shown below.
P||/ Ai T lm
U act =

In determining the theoretical overall heat transfer rate, the equation below is used, where it takes
into account the convectivity of the water in the inner tube and the annulus and the conductivity of the steel
pipe.
1
U theo=
1 ( r o r i ) A i A
+ + i
hi A lm ho A o

where hi and ho is determined using this set dimensionless numbers

14
 Dv
N =

Cp
Pr=
k

hD
Nu=
k
0.14

Nu=0.027 N 0.8 0.3
N Pr
( )
bulk

0.14
k
h=0.027 N 0.8 0.3
N Pr ( )( )
D bulk

The theoretical number-transfer-units can then be calculated.

NTU =U theo A lm /C min where A lm=(A o A 1)/( ln ( A o / A i ))

The theoretical efficiencies for the countercurrent operation and concurrent operation, respectively,
are then calculated where Cmax is the greater value between CH and Cc.

theo =
[ ( )]
1exp NTU 1
Cmin
Cmax
100

( ) [ ( )]
C C
1 min exp NTU 1 min
Cmax Cmax

theo=
[ ( )]
1exp NTU 1
C min
C max
100
C min
1+
( )
C max

Table 12. Calculation of Theoretical Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Countercurrent Operation
H K
Temperature Flowrate Ratio Velocit H CpH
(kg/m NReH (W/m NPr hi
(C) (FHOT:FCOLD) y (m/s) 3 (kg/m2s) (J/kgK)
) K)
45 13253. 4.0 6127.
0.86 991 6.13E-04 4179 0.64
3 to 1 11 5 04

1 to 1 0.30 991 6.20E-04 4523.8 4179 0.63 4.1 2564.

15
 2 0 06

4485.9 4.1 2553.

0.30 991 6.25E-04 4179 0.63
1 to 3 3 4 96

5820.8 3.4 2934.

0.30 987 4.80E-04 4182 0.65
55 1 to 1 6 7 95

6465.8 3.0 3088.

0.32 983 4.60E-04 4185 0.65
65 1 to 1 7 0 88

C CpC K
Temperature Flowrate Ratio Velocit C NReC (W/m
(kg/m (J/kg NPr ho
(C) (FHOT:FCOLD) y (m/s) 3 (kg/m2s) K)
) K)
1389.3 5.1 3641.
0.39 995 7.01E-04 4178 0.62
3 to 1 6 9 78

1231.2 5.2 3362.

0.39 995 7.83E-04 4178 0.62
45 1 to 1 5 7 90

3647.5 5.3 8044.

1.15 995 7.83E-04 4178 0.62
1 to 3 3 9 01

1407.0 5.1 3844.

0.43 995 7.67E-04 4178 0.62
55 1 to 1 8 2 30

1376.4 5.0 3777.

0.42 995 7.53E-04 4178 0.62
65 1 to 1 4 3 31

Table 13. Calculation of Theoretical Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Cocurrent Operation
Flowrate Veloc H H CpH K
Temperatu Ratio
ity (kg/ (kg/m2s NReH (J/kg (W/ NPr hi
re (C) (FHOT:FCOL
D) (m/s) m3) ) K) mK)
6.09E- 1289 6162
0.95 991 4179 0.64 4.00
3 to 1 04 6.00 .24

6.19E- 4365. 2601

0.33 991 4179 0.63 4.08
45 1 to 1 04 68 .53

6.23E- 4334. 2588

0.33 991 4179 0.63 4.11
1 to 3 04 20 .30

5.32E- 4905. 2695

0.32 987 4182 0.65 3.44
55 1 to 1 04 14 .00

65 1 to 1 0.31 983 4.62E- 5435. 4185 0.65 2.96 2769

16
 04 53 .12

Flowrate Veloc C C CpC K

Temperatu Ratio NReC (W/
ity (kg/ (kg/m2s (J/kg NPr ho
re (C) (FHOT:FCOL mK)
D) (m/s) m3) ) K)
7.80E- 1289. 3699
0.40 995 4178 0.62 5.27
3 to 1 04 49 .96

7.93E- 1251. 3626

0.40 996 4178 0.62 5.38
45 1 to 1 04 36 .99

8.05E- 3513. 8320

1.14 996 4178 0.61 5.47
1 to 3 04 79 .35

7.81E- 1173. 3499

0.37 995 4178 0.62 5.29
55 1 to 1 04 54 .87

7.72E- 1241. 3718

0.39 995 4178 0.62 5.22
65 1 to 1 04 85 .03

Table 14. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient and Effectiveness Values in Countercurrent
Operation
Temperatur Flowrate Ratio Uact Utheo(W/
%act NTU %theo
e (C) (FHOT:FCOLD) (W/m2K) m2K)
2282.3
0.61 0.43
3 to 1 33.08 1428.68 7

1460.2
0.40 0.29
45 1 to 1 25.44 946.33 1

1868.5
0.52 0.38
1 to 3 28.64 942.18 1

1658.3
0.46 0.32
55 1 to 1 29.09 1069.90 4

1694.7
0.44 0.31
65 1 to 1 27.80 1086.07 3

Table 13. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient and Effectiveness Values in Cocurrent Operation
Temperature Flowrate Ratio Uact Utheo(W/
%act NTU %theo
(C) (FHOT:FCOLD) (W/m2K) m2K)
45 2306.45 0.60 0.42
3 to 1 28.27 1478.60
1 to 1 17.46 904.47 1514.16 0.40 0.29

17
 1899.53 0.48 0.36
1 to 3 25.09 1334.97
1524.73
55 1 to 1 18.63 909.31 63 0.43 0.31

1584.11
65 1 to 1 17.73 905.16 99 0.43 0.30

The values above are calculated using the equations mentioned before. The table below
summarizes the actual and theoretical values for effectiveness and overall heat transfer coefficient with
their respective percent differences.

Table 14. Percent differences in Countercurrent Operation

Flowrate Ratio Uact(W/m2 Utheo(W/
Temperatur
(FHOT:FCOLD %act %theo %dif %difU
e (C) K) m2K)
)
0.33 0.43 23.10 2282.37 37.40
3 to 1 1428.68
0.25 0.29 11.63 1460.21 35.19
45.0000 1 to 1 946.33
0.29 0.38 24.85 1868.51 49.58
1 to 3 942.18
0.29 0.32 9.32 1658.34 35.48
55.0000 1 to 1 1069.90
0.28 0.31 9.45 1694.73 35.91
65.0000 1 to 1 1086.07

Table 15. Percent differences in Crosscurrent Operation

Flowrate Ratio Uact Utheo(W/
Temperatur
(FHOT:FCOLD %act %theo %dif %difU
e (C) (W/m2K) m2K)
)
16.10 1478.60 35.925
45.0000 3 to 1 0.28 0.42 2306.45 3
19 15

23.83 904.468 40.296

45.0000 1 to 1 0.17 0.29 1514.16 4
16 5

6.704 1334.97 29.756

45.0000 1 to 3 0.25 0.36 1899.53 5
0 18

23.92 909.312 1524.73 40.392

55.0000 1 to 1 0.1863 0.3069 63 8
64 9

24.35 905.156 1584.11 42.889

65.0000 1 to 1 0.1773 0.3019 99 6
85 7

18