TA: Cheat sheet

Anthony Rey
ENGR251 Thermodynamics I - Summer 2016
August 5, 2016

Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

Variation of pressure with depth in a fluid:

p2 p1 = g (z2 z1 ) (1)

Temperature scales:
T [K] = T [ C] + 273.15 (2)
9
T [ F ] = T [ F ] + 32 (3)
5
T [R] = T [ F ] + 459.67 (4)

T [K] = T [ C] and T [R] = T [ F ] (5)
Density and specific volume:
V m 1
= and = = (6)
m V
Specific gravity:

SG = (7)
water

Chapter 2 - ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL

ENERGY ANALYSIS
Mass and mass flow rate:
m = V = V
and m (8)
Change in kinetic energy:
1
m v22 v12


KE = (9)
2
Change in potential energy:
P E = mg (z2 z1 ) (10)
Change in internal energy:
U = m (u2 u1 ) (11)
Rate of mechanical energy:
p v2
 
E mech = me
mech = m
+ + gz (12)
2
Boundary work: Z
Wb = pdV and Wb = pdV (13)

Electrical work:
We = V It (14)

1
Chapter 3 - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Mass, mole, and molar mass:
m
n= (15)
M
Ideal gas law:
pV = nRT and pV = mRx T and p = Rx T (16)
Quality (only for mixture liquid-vapor) where 0 means saturated liquid and 1 means saturated vapor:
mvapor mvapor f f
x= = = = (17)
mtotal mliquid + mvapor g f fg

u uf h hf s sf
x= = = (18)
ug uf hg hf sg sf
H
H U + pV and h = = u + p (19)
m
dh = du + d(p) = du + pd + dp (20)
For solids or liquids = incompressible p = 0 and 0, so dh du

Chapter 4 - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

First law (closed systems):

dE = dU + dKE + dP E = Q W and dE = dU + dKE

+ dPE = Q W
(21)

E = U + KE + P E = Q W and E = U + KE
+ PE = Q W
(22)
First law implies NET heat and work transfers:

W = Wother + Wb (23)

For constant-pressure process:

H + KE + P E = Q Wother (24)

Isobaric or monobaric processes (p = 0):

Wb = p (V2 V1 ) (25)

Polytropic (k is a constant):
pV = k (26)
For n 6= 1:
1
Wb = [p2 V2 p1 Vv1 ] (27)
1
For n = 1:
V2
Wb = p1 V1 ln (28)
V1
Polytropic for ideal gases:

pV = k and p1 T = kand T V 1 = k (29)

"  1 #
1 nR nRT1 p2
Wb = [p2 V2 p1 V1 ] = (T2 T1 ) = 1 (30)
1 1 1 p1

2
Isothermal processes (T = 0) for ideal gases:
V2
Wb = nRT ln (31)
V1
Specific heat capacity    
Q u h
c= and cv = and cp = (32)
dT T v T p

For ideal gases (internal energy depends only on temperature):

Z 2
u = u2 u1 = cv (T )dT cv,avg (T2 T1 ) (33)
1
Z 2
h = h2 h1 = cp (T )dT cp,avg (T2 T1 ) (34)
1
For ideal gases:
Cp
Cp Cv = nR and = (35)
Cv
For solids or liquids = incompressible:
cp cv c (36)

Chapter 5 - MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL

VOLUMES
Conservation of mass:
dm X X X X
= in
m m
out and m = min mout (37)
dt
Flow work (or flow energy):
wf low = p (38)
such that:
h = u + wf low = u + p (39)
First law (open systems / control volumes):
2 2
  X  
dEsystem
X vin vout
=QW + m in hin + + gzin m
out hout + + gzout (40)
dt in
2 out
2

In steady-state (that is, no change in total energy with time):

v2 v2
X  
m steady hout hin + out in + gzout gzin = Q W
(41)
2 2
Total energy of flowing fluid:
v2
= h + ke + pe = h + + gz (42)
2
such that: X
steady (out in ) = Q W
m (43)

Remember that Q and W are the NET heat and work transfers, so you will often have:
2 2
   
X vout
X vin
m steady hout + + gzout + Qout + Wout = m steady hin + + gzin + Q in + W
in (44)
2 2
Mass and volume flow rates:
V = A v (45)
= A v = V
m (46)

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Chapter 6 - THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Reversible cycle (Carnot cycle - maximum achievable):
 
QH TH
= (47)
QL rev TL
Thermal efficiency (heat engine):

desired W W QL TL
th = = = =1 1 (48)
required QH
QH QH TH

Coefficient of performance of heat pumps (COPHP ):

desired QH Q H QH TH
COPHP = = = = (49)
required W W QH QL TH TL
Coefficient of performance of refrigerators (COPR ):

desired QL Q L QL TL
COPR = = = = (50)
required W W QH QL TH TL

Chapter 7 - ENTROPY
Entropy:  
Q
dS = (51)
Tsource rev
Inequality of Clausius: I
Q
0 (52)
Tsource
Increase of entropy principle:
Sgen 0 (53)
Stotal = Ssystem + Ssurroundings 0 (54)
Insulated system (increase entropy):
Sinsulated 0 (55)
Second law (closed systems):
Z
Q
S = S2 S1 = m (s2 s1 ) = + Sgen (56)
T
Ideal gases:
T2 V2
S = S2 S1 = cv ln Rx ln (57)
T1 V1
T2 p2
S = S2 S1 = cp ln Rx ln (58)
T1 p1
Second law (open systems / control volumes):
dSsystem X Qk X X
= + Sgen + in sin
m out sout + S gen
m (59)
dt Tk in out
k

Isentropic (means adiabatic and reversible) = S = 0 for ideal gases

pV = k and p1 T = k and T V 1 = k (60)
Z 2
Qrev T dS = area under the curve on a T-s diagram (61)
1

4
Chapter 9 - GAS POWER CYCLES

Figure 1: Carnot cycles [1]

Figure 2: Rankine cycles (steam power plant) [1]

Figure 3: Otto cycles (combustion engine) [1]

5
 Figure 4: Diesel cycles (diesel combustion engine) [2]

Figure 5: Brayton cycles (gas power plant) [3]

References
[1] UMassAmherest. (2016) UMassAmherest - College of Engineering. [Online]. Available: http:
//www.ecs.umass.edu/mie/faculty/rothstein/230pdf/fe thermodynamics reference handbook1.pdf
[2] Wikipedia. (2016) Diesel cycle. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel cycle

[3] Wikipedia. (2016) Brayton cycle. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton cycle