GRAMMAR

EXPRESS
For Self-Study and Classroom Use

Te a c h e r s M a n u a l

Marjorie Fuchs

GRAMMAR EXPRESS Companion Website

http://www.longman.com/grammarexpress
GRAMMAR EXPRESS Teachers Manual

Copyright 2002 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

A Pearson Education Company.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.

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Contents
General Procedures and Suggestions

PART I: Present and Imperative

UNIT Present Progressive 1
1 (I am studying.)
UNIT Simple Present Tense 3
2 (I study.)
UNIT Non-Action Verbs 5
3 (I understand.)
UNIT Present Progressive and Simple Present Tense 7
4 (I am studying. / I study.)
UNIT Imperative(Study! / Dont study!) 9
5

PART II: Past

UNIT Simple Past Tense: Affirmative Statements(I studied.) 11
6
UNIT Simple Past Tense: Negative Statements and Questions 13
7 (I didnt study. / Did you study?)
UNIT Used to 15
8 (I used to study.)
UNIT Past Progressive 17
9 (I was studying.)
UNIT Past Progressive and Simple Past Tense 19
10 (I was studying. / I studied.)

PART III: Present Perfect and Past Perfect

UNIT Present Perfect: Since and For 21
11 (I have studied since May. / I have studied for a month.)
UNIT Present Perfect: Already and Yet 23
12 (I have already studied. / I havent studied yet.)
UNIT Present Perfect: Indefinite Past 27
13 (I have studied.)

UNIT Present Perfect and Simple Past Tense 29

14 (I have studied. / I studied.)
UNIT Present Perfect Progressive 31
15 (I have been studying.)
UNIT Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive 33
16 (I have studied. / I have been studying.)
UNIT Past Perfect 35
17 (I had studied.)
UNIT Past Perfect Progressive 37
18 (I had been studying.)
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 PART IV: Future and Future Perfect
UNIT Future: Be going to and Will 39
19 (I am going to study. / I will study.)

UNIT Future: Contrast 41

20 Be going to, Will, Simple Present Tense, Present Progressive

UNIT Future Time Clauses 43

21 (I will call you after I study.)
UNIT Future Progressive 45
22 (I will be studying.)
UNIT Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive 47
23 (I will have studied. / I will have been studying.)

PART V: Wh- Questions, Tag Questions, Additions

UNIT Wh- Questions: Subject and Predicate 49
24 (Who studied? / Who did you study?)
UNIT Tag Questions 53
25 (You studied, didnt you? / You didnt study, did you?)
UNIT Additions with So, Too, Neither and Not either 55
26 (I studied, and so did she. / I didnt study, and neither did she.)

PART VI: Modals (I)

UNIT Ability: Can, Could, Be able to 57
27 (I can study for hours.)

UNIT Permission: May, Can, Could, Do you mind if . . . ? 59

28 (May I study on my own?)
UNIT Requests: Will, Can, Would, Could, Would you mind . . . ? 61
29 (Will you study with me?)
UNIT Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better 63
30 (You should study English.)

UNIT Suggestions: Could, Why dont . . . ?, Why not . . . ?, 65

31 Lets, How about . . . ?
(Why not study English?)
UNIT Preferences: Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather 67
32 (I would prefer studying Spanish.)

PART VII: Modals (II)

UNIT Necessity: Have (got) to and Must 69
33 (Ive got to study harder. / I must study harder.)
UNIT Choice: Don't have to; No Choice: Must not and Cant 71
34 (I dont have to leave. / I must not leave.)
UNIT Expectations: Be supposed to 73
35 (Im supposed to study.)

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 UNIT Future Possibility: May, Might, Could 77
36 (I may study there next year.)

UNIT Assumptions: May, Might, Could, Must, 79

37 Have (got) to, Cant
(She must be a good student.)
UNIT Advisability in the Past: Should have, Ought to have, 81
38 Could have, Might have
(I should have studied harder when I was young.)
UNIT Speculations about the Past: May have, Might have, 83
39 Cant have, Could have, Must have, Had to have
(He may have been a good student in his youth.)

PART VIII: Adjectives and Adverbs

UNIT Adjectives and Adverbs 85
40 (quick / quickly)

UNIT Participial Adjectives 87

41 (interesting / interested)

UNIT Adjectives and Adverbs: Equatives 89

42 (as quick as / as quickly as)

UNIT Adjectives: Comparatives 91

43 (quicker than)

UNIT Adjectives: Superlatives 93

44 (the quickest)

UNIT Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives 95

45 (more quickly than / the most quickly)

PART IX: Gerunds and Infinitives

UNIT Gerunds: Subject and Object 97
46 (Studying is important. / I enjoy studying.)

UNIT Gerunds after Prepositions 99

47 (interested in studying / tired of studying)
UNIT Infinitives after Certain Verbs 101
48 (I want to study.)

UNIT Infinitives after Certain Adjectives and Certain Nouns 103

49 (easy to study / time to study)
UNIT Infinitives with Too and Enough 105
50 (too late to study / early enough to study)

UNIT Infinitives of Purpose 107

51 (go home to study)

UNIT Gerunds and Infinitives 109

52 (stop studying / stop to study)

UNIT Make, Have, Let, Help, and Get 111

53 (make him study / get him to study)

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 PART X: Phrasal Verbs
UNIT Phrasal Verbs: Inseparable 113
54 (run into a classmate)

UNIT Phrasal Verbs: Separable 115

55 (look a word up)

PART XI: Nouns, Quantifiers, Articles, Reflexive

and Reciprocal Pronouns
UNIT Nouns 117
56 (college, Boston College, chalk, students)
UNIT Quantifiers 119
57 (a lot of, a few, a little)

UNIT Articles: Indefinite and Definite 121

58 (a / the)

UNIT (No Article) and The 123

59 (students / the students)

UNIT Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns 125

60 (ourselves / each other)

PART XII: The Passive

UNIT The Passive: Overview 127
61 (is done / was done / has been done)
UNIT The Passive with Modals 129
62 (must be done)
UNIT The Passive Causative 131
63 (have something done)

PART XIII: The Conditional

UNIT Factual Conditionals: Present 133
64 (If I study, I get good grades.)
UNIT Factual Conditionals: Future 135
65 (If I study, I will get good grades.)
UNIT Unreal Conditionals: Present 137
66 (If I studied, I would get good grades.)
UNIT Unreal Conditionals: Past 141
67 (If I had studied, I would have gotten good grades.)
UNIT Wish: Present and Past 143
68 (I wish I studied here. / I wish I had studied here.)

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PART XIV: Adjective Clauses
UNIT Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns 145
69 (someone who studies)

UNIT Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns 147

70 or When and Where
(something that I study / the school where I study)
UNIT Adjective Clauses: Identifying and Non-Identifying 149
71 (I have a friend who studies here. /
My best friend, who knows you, studies here.)

PART XV: Indirect Speech

UNIT Direct and Indirect Speech: Imperatives 151
72 (Study! / She told me to study.)

UNIT Indirect Speech: Statements (1) 153

73 (She said that she was going to study.)
UNIT Indirect Speech: Statements (2) 155
74 (She said she had studied.)
UNIT Indirect Questions 157
75 (She asked me if I was studying.)

UNIT Embedded Questions 159

76 (She wanted to know what I studied.)

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 General Procedures and Suggestions

Welcome to the Grammar Express online Teachers Manual.

There are many different ways to use Grammar Express in your classroom. A
lot will depend upon your own teaching style and the learning styles of your
students. Below are some general procedures and suggestions that can be
used successfully with all of the units. For unit-specific suggestions, please see
the Unit-by-Unit Notes.

Illustration
Each unit begins with an illustration (cartoon, comic strip, photo with speech
bubbles, advertisement) that introduces the grammar point in natural lan-
guage and sets the general theme of the unit.

Here are some general suggestions for presenting the illustration.

1. Ask pre-reading questions. These questions help set the context and focus
the students attention on the meaning of the illustration. (See the Unit-by-
Unit Notes for suggested pre-reading questions and possible answers.)

2. Have students read the text of the illustration to themselves. Alternatively,

you may read the text to them as they follow along in their books. For car-
toons that have more than one speaker, you may wish to have the students
read the text in pairs.
3. Have students do the Check Point. This can be done individually or in
pairs. Check their answers. Ask why they chose their answers and why they
rejected the other answer choices.

4. Focus on the grammar point (usually the words in bold print) in the text. Ask
students questions about its use and meaning. (See the Unit-by-Unit Notes
for suggested questions and answers.)

Charts
The grammar point is always presented in charts that show its various forms.
1. Have the students study the charts. Then have them, individually or in pairs,
answer the Chart Check questions. Alternatively, students can read the
Chart Check questions before looking at the charts. Check their answers.
2. Put a sentence from each chart on the board. Ask the students to make
substitutions.
For example, for the first chart in Unit 1, you could write:
Im waiting.
Ask the students to change the subject (Im waiting, Were waiting, Jason
is waiting, . . . ).

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 Then ask them to change the base form of the verb + -ing (Were waiting, Were
studying English, Were sitting in class, . . .).
3. After they work with all the grammar charts and do the Chart Checks, have
the students, individually or in pairs, do the Express Check. Check their
answers.

Notes
The grammar notes present Grammar Explanations and Examples.
The Notes can be handled in two distinct ways.
For a deductive approach, read the note and then the example. Ask the
students to come up with additional examples for each point, and put some
examples on the board. For an inductive approach, have the students read the
examples first, and then elicit the rule. Then have them read the note to check
their understanding of the grammar point. As in the deductive approach, ask
them to come up with additional examples.

Exercises
There are a variety of exercise types that practice the grammar point in
context. Students can work individually or in pairs to complete the exercises
in class, or the exercises can be assigned for homework. A typical unit has four
exercises. Here are the most common exercise types along with suggestions for
how to use them.

Exercise 1
Exercise 1 is always for recognition only. This means that students do not
have to actively use the grammar structure yet. They only need to recognize
the form or the meaning of the units grammar structure. This type of activity
raises consciousness and builds confidence. These are the types of exercises
that can appear in the first exercise of a unit:

Choose This is a multiple-choice exercise. It checks that students understand

the meaning of the grammar structure. For example, on page 64 in Unit 15
(Present Perfect Progressive), students have to choose the correct meaning of
sentences using the present perfect progressive. In checking the answers, it is
often helpful to ask why the wrong answer is wrong.

Identify In this exercise students read a text and underline or circle the
grammar point. There are often words that look like the grammar point but
are not the grammar point, so the students need to think about the meaning
and not just the form of the structure. Have them read the whole text carefully.
For example, on page 34 in Unit 8 (Used to), they are asked to read an article
and underline all the examples of used to that refer to a habit in the past. Not
every example of used to in the text has the meaning of past habit, so the stu-
dents have to think about each example before they underline it. Have stu-
dents explain why (or why not) they underlined or circled words that look like
the grammar point.
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 Match In this exercise students decide which sentence or part of a sentence
belongs with another sentence or part of a sentence. This exercise usually
checks that the students understand the meaning of the grammar structure.
For example, on page 20 in Unit 5 (Imperative), students need to match an
imperative sentence with the situation in which they may hear or say that
imperative. This exercise can be checked in pairs.

Read and Answer This exercise checks to see if students understand the
meaning of the grammar structure. For example, on page 30 in Unit 7 (Simple
Past Tense: Negative Statements and Questions), after reading some
information, students answer some questions about the information (just by
checking Yes or No). In checking the answers, ask students where in the
text they found the information needed for each item.

True or False This exercise checks if students understand the meaning of the
grammar structure. For example, on page 38 in Unit 9 (Past Progressive), the
exercise checks if students understand when an action is finished or not
finished. If students choose False, ask them to explain why.

Exercises 2 and 3
Exercises 2 and 3 ask students to actively practice the grammar structure.
These are the most common exercise types:

Ask & Answer In this exercise, students practice writing questions (and short
answers) using cues. The cues are words separated by slashes (/), as on page
30 in Unit 7 (Simple Past Tense: Negative Statements and Questions). This
type of exercise gives students practice in both form and meaning. For
exercises that only require students to ask questions, you may want to have
them give answers, too, when checking their work.

Choose This exercise is often used in units that contrast two different forms
that are often confused. For example, on page 68 in Unit 16 (Present Perfect
and Present Perfect Progressive), students have to choose between these two
forms to complete the statements. In checking the students answers, it is
helpful to have them explain their choices.

Choose & Complete In this exercise students read a text that has blanks.
They have to choose the correct word (based on meaning) from a box with
several choices. They then have to fill in the blank with the correct form of the
word they chose. For example, on page 21 in Unit 5 (Imperative), students
read a paragraph and choose the correct verb from the box. They then have to
decide if they need the affirmative or negative form of the imperative and
write it in the blank. This type of exercise gives students practice in both form
and meaning.

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 Combine In this exercise students combine two sentences to form one
sentence. They often need to think about the relationship of two events. For
example, on page 43 in Unit 10 (Past Progressive and Simple Past Tense),
students need to decide which event happened first, or if the two events
happened at the same time. Ask students to explain their answers.
Complete In this exercise students need to fill in the blanks. There is often a
cue (words in parentheses) under the blank. For example, on page 4 in Unit 1
(Present Progressive), students complete a conversation by using the correct
form of the verb in parentheses. This gives them practice in using the
grammar structure in different forms (affirmative statements, negative
statements, and questions). It also practices spelling. It often helps to have
students read the sentences before and after the sentence with the blanks.
This exercise type is often in the format of a conversation. After checking
answers, students can practice reading the completed conversation in pairs.
Describe This exercise always has an illustration (such as a cartoon, a
drawing, or a handwritten note). Students have to look at the illustration and
then write sentences about it using cues. For example, on page 65 in Unit 15
(Present Perfect Progressive), students see two pictures. They have to choose
between affirmative and negative statements using the cues (in parentheses)
to make sentences which describe the pictures. If possible, try to elicit
additional sentences that describe the pictures.
Report This exercise is similar to Rewrite and Summarize (described
below), but it is found only in the Indirect Speech units (Units 73-75).
Students read a sentence in direct speech and then report it using indirect
speech. They have to make changes (in pronouns, verbs, time and place
expressions) to keep the original meaning. This exercise type lends itself well
to checking in pairs with students taking turns reading the direct and indirect
speech.
Rewrite This exercise is similar to Summarize. Students read one or more
sentences. They have to think about the meaning and then rewrite the sen-
tence without changing the meaning. For example, on page 165 in Unit 38
(Advisability in the Past), students read sentences about things that happened
in the past. Then, using the verb in parentheses, students write a sentence
that expresses a similar meaning to the original sentences.
Summarize This exercise is similar to Rewrite. Students read a statement.
They then summarize the statement (write the main point of the statement)
by choosing a word from the box. In some exercises they have to use the word
from the box with the correct form of the verb in parentheses under the line,
as on page 201 of Unit 46 (Gerunds: Subject and Object). In other exercises
they have to summarize using the words from the original statement, as on
page 225 of Unit 52 (Gerunds and Infinitives).

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Exercise 4
The last exercise is always Edit. Students read a text, find mistakes, and
correct them. The instructions give the number of mistakes in the text.
Remind students that this number includes the example. It is important that
students look carefully each time they see the grammar structure in the text.
Sometimes it is correct, but sometimes there is a mistake in the structure.
When a word is incorrect, they should cross it out and write the correct word
above it. When a word shouldnt be where it is, they should cross it out. When
a word is missing, they should write it above the place where it should be.
They should do the same for incorrect or missing punctuation. This exercise
can be corrected in pairs and then reviewed with the entire class.

Background Notes/Culture Notes

In the Unit-by-Unit Notes you will find, when appropriate, a Background
Note or a Culture Note with helpful information about the content of the
opening illustration or the exercise.

Optional Extra Practice

In the Unit-by-Unit Notes you will find suggestions for a Communication
Task that can be done in class and a Writing Task that can be done in class
or assigned for homework.

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