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Exercise - III - Soil Resistance To Driving Exercise - PDF

The document provides calculations for soil resistance to driving (SRD) using two methods: API 2000 and API 1986. It analyzes a pile driven through soft clay and sand soil layers, calculating unit skin friction and end bearing values at different depths using the given soil properties and equations from the two API standards.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
84 views11 pages

Exercise - III - Soil Resistance To Driving Exercise - PDF

The document provides calculations for soil resistance to driving (SRD) using two methods: API 2000 and API 1986. It analyzes a pile driven through soft clay and sand soil layers, calculating unit skin friction and end bearing values at different depths using the given soil properties and equations from the two API standards.

Uploaded by

juriesk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SOIL RESISTANCE TO DRIVING (SRD)

API 2000 ; API 1986 ; Semple&Gemeinhardt ; Steven et al

DATA

Pile OD = 20 = 0.508 m
Soft Clay
WT =1 = 0.0254 m
Cu = 2 kPa 1m ID = 18 = 0.4572 m
1 = 11 kN/m3

Sand
= 25 1m
2 = 10 kN/m3

A. API 2000 METHOD

Depth Soil Overburden Unit Skin Friction ( f ), Unit End Bearing ( qp ) ,


Type Pressure
At Soft PoZ = 0 = 1 x h Su qp = 9 Cu
Z=0m Clay = 11 x 0 = = ~ = 9 x 2 = 18 kPa
v '
= 0 kN/m2
= 0.5 -0.5 1.0
Adopt = 1.0
f = Cu
= 2 kPa
At Soft PoZ = 1 = PoZ = 0 + 1. h Su 2 qp = 9 Cu
Z = 1.0 m Clay = = = 0.182 = 9 x 2 = 18 kPa
v ' 11
= 0 + 11 x 1
= 11 kN/m2 = 0.5 -0.5 1.0
= 0.5 x 0.182 -0.5
= 1.172 ,
therefore take = 1.0

f = Cu
= 1.0 x 2
= 2 kPa
At Sand PoZ = 2 = PoZ = 1 + 2 .h f = K v tan (-5) qp = Nq v
Z = 2.0 m = 0.8 x 21 x tan (25-5) = 12 x 21 = 252 kPa <
= 11 + 10 x 1 = 6.115 kPa < 67 kPa 2900 kPa
= 21 kN/m2
[f max corresponding with = [qp max corresponding with
(-5) = 20 is 67 kPa (Table = (-5) = 20 is 2900 kPa
6.4.3-1 API)] (Table 6.4.3-1 API)]

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 1 of 11


Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) Upper Bound ( Static Capacity )

Pile Section Area Annulus, Aann = 0.25 x (0.5082 0.45722) = 0.0385 m2


Pile Section Area Gross ,Agr = 0.25 x 0.5082 = 0.2027 m2
Pile External Area per meter,As-ext = x 0.508 x 1 meter = 1.596 m2
Pile Internal Area per meter,As-int = x 0.4572 x 1 meter = 1.436 m2

At Soft Qs-ext0 = As-ext . fs0 Qplugged Qunplugged


Z=0 Clay = 0 x 2 = 0 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
m = 0 + 3.649 = (2 x 0) + 0.693
Qs-int0 = As-int . fs0 = 3.649 kN = 0.693 kN
= 0 x 2 = 0 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Soft Qs-ext1 = As-ext . fs1 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= Clay = 1.596 x 2 = 3.192 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
1.0 m =( 0 + 3.192)+ 3.649 = (0 + 3.192 + 0 + 2.872)
Qs-int1 = As-int . fs1 = 6.841 kN + 0.693
= 1.436 x 2 = 2.872 kN = 6.757 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Sand Qs-ext2 = As-ext . fs2 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= = 1.596 x 6.115 = 9.760 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
2.0 m = (0 + 3.192 + = (0 + 3.192 + 9.760 + 0
Qs-int2 = As-int . fs2 9.760) + 51.080 + 2.872 + 8.781) + 9.702
= 1.436 x 6.115 = 8.781 kN = 64.032 kN
= 34.307 kN
Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 252
= 9.702 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 252
= 51.080 kN

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 2 of 11


Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) Lower Bound
(Considering Reduction due to Continuous Driving Fp factor )

Pile Section Area Annulus, Aann = 0.25 x (0.5082 0.45722) = 0.0385 m2


Pile Section Area Gross ,Agr = 0.25 x 0.5082 = 0.2027 m2
Pile External Area per meter,As-ext = x 0.508 x 1 meter = 1.596 m2
Pile Internal Area per meter,As-int = x 0.4572 x 1 meter = 1.436 m2

At Soft Qs-ext0 = As-ext x Fp x fs0 Qplugged Qunplugged


Z=0 Clay = 0 x 2 = 0 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
m = 0 + 3.649 = 0 + 0.693
Qs-int0 = As-int x Fp x fs0 = 3.649 kN = 0.693 kN
= 0 x 2 = 0 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Soft Qs-ext1 = As-ext x Fp x fs1 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= Clay = 1.596 x 0.509 x 2 = 1.625 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
1.0 m =( 0 + 1.625) +3.649 = (0 + 1.625 + 0 + 1.462)
Qs-int1 = As-int x Fp x fs1 = 5.274 kN + 0.693
= 1.436 x 0.509 x 2 = 1.462 kN = 3.78 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Sand Qs-ext2 = As-ext . fs2 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= = 1.596 x 6.115 = 9.760 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
2.0 m = (0 + 1.625+9.760) = (0 + 1.625 + 9.760 + 0
Qs-int2 = As-int . fs2 + 51.080 + 1.462 + 8.781) + 9.702
= 1.436 x 6.115 = 8.781 kN = 62.465 kN
= 31.33 kN
Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 252
= 9.702 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 252
= 51.080 kN

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 3 of 11


B. API 1986 METHOD

Depth Soil Overburden Unit Skin Friction ( f ), Unit End Bearing ( qp ),


Type Pressure
At Soft Clay PoZ = 0 = 1 x h For Cu 24 kPa, take = qp = 9 Cu
Z=0m = 11 x 0 1.0 = 9 x 2 = 18 kPa
= 0 kN/m2 f = Cu
At Soft Clay PoZ = 1 = PoZ = 0 + 1. h = 1.0 x 2 qp = 9 Cu
Z = 1.0 = 2 kPa = 9 x 2 = 18 kPa
m = 0 + 11 x 1
= 11 kN/m2
At Sand PoZ = 2 = PoZ = 1 + 2 .h f = K v tan (-5) qp = Nq v
Z = 2.0 = 11 + 10 x 1 = 0.8 x 21 x tan (25-5) = 12 x 21 = 252 kPa < 2900 kPa
m = 21 kN/m2 = 6.115 kPa < 67 kPa
[qp max corresponding with
[f max corresponding with = (-5) = 20 is 2900 kPa (Table
= (-5) = 20 is 67 kPa 6.4.3-1 API)]
(Table 6.4.3-1 API)]

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 4 of 11


Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) Upper Bound (Static Capacity)

Pile Section Area Annulus, Aann = 0.25 x (0.5082 0.45722) = 0.0385 m2


Pile Section Area Gross ,Agr = 0.25 x 0.5082 = 0.2027 m2
Pile External Area per meter,As-ext = x 0.508 x 1 meter = 1.596 m2
Pile Internal Area per meter,As-int = x 0.4572 x 1 meter = 1.436 m2

At Soft Qs-ext0 = As-ext . fs0 Qplugged Qunplugged


Z=0 Clay = 0 x 2 = 0 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
m = 0 + 3.649 = (2 x 0) + 0.693
Qs-int0 = As-int . fs0 = 3.649 kN = 0.693 kN
= 0 x 2 = 0 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Soft Qs-ext1 = As-ext . fs1 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= Clay = 1.596 x 2 = 3.192 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
1.0 m =( 0 + 3.192)+ 3.649 = (0 + 3.192 + 0 + 2.872)
Qs-int1 = As-int . fs1 = 6.841 kN + 0.693
= 1.436 x 2 = 2.872 kN = 6.757 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Sand Qs-ext2 = As-ext . fs2 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= = 1.596 x 6.115 = 9.760 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
2.0 m = (0 + 3.192 + = (0 + 3.192 + 9.760 + 0
Qs-int2 = As-int . fs2 9.760) + 51.080 + 2.872 + 8.781) + 9.702
= 1.436 x 6.115 = 8.781 kN = 64.032 kN = 34.307 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 252
= 9.702 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 252
= 51.080 kN

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 5 of 11


Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) Lower Bound
(Considering Reduction due to Continuous Driving Fp factor)

Pile Section Area Annulus, Aann = 0.25 x (0.5082 0.45722) = 0.0385 m2


Pile Section Area Gross ,Agr = 0.25 x 0.5082 = 0.2027 m2
Pile External Area per meter,As-ext = x 0.508 x 1 meter = 1.596 m2
Pile Internal Area per meter,As-int = x 0.4572 x 1 meter = 1.436 m2

At Soft Qs-ext0 = As-ext x Fp x fs0 Qplugged Qunplugged


Z=0 Clay = 0 x 0.509 x 2 = 0 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
m = 0 + 3.649 = (2 x 0) + 0.693
Qs-int0 = As-int x Fp x fs0 = 3.649 kN = 0.693 kN
= 0 x 0.509 x 2 = 0 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Soft Qs-ext1 = As-ext x Fp x fs1 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= Clay = 1.596 x 0.509 x 2 = 1.625 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
1.0 m =( 0 + 1.625)+ 3.649 = (0 + 1.625 + 0 + 1.462)
Qs-int1 = As-int x Fp x fs1 = 5.274 kN + 0.693
= 1.436 x 0.509 x 2 = 1.462 kN = 3.780 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Sand Qs-ext2 = As-ext . fs2 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= = 1.596 x 6.115 = 9.760 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
2.0 m = (0 + 1.625+ 9.760) = (0 + 1.625 + 9.760 + 0
Qs-int2 = As-int . fs2 + 51.080 +1.462 + 8.781) + 9.702
= 1.436 x 6.115 = 8.781 kN = 62.465 kN
= 31.33 kN
Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 252
= 9.702 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 252
= 51.080 kN

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 6 of 11


C. SEMPLE & GEMEINHARDT

Calculate Pile Capacity Factor (Fp) for clay.

Fp = 0.5 (OCR)0.3 (1)

OCR can be taken as per formula below :

Cu
= OCR0.85 ...... (2)
Cunc
Where : Cu = Undrained Shear Strength of the soil
Cunc = Undrained Shear Strength of the same soil in Normally Consolidated
OCR = Over Consolidation Ratio

Cunc may be computed from Skempton,

Cu
= 0.11 + 0.0037 PI . (3)
v '
Where PI = Plasticity Index

When Plasticity data is not available, the following approach can be adopted :

1.2
Cu
OCR = 0.45 . (4)
Z
Substitute formula (4) to (1) , yield :

0.35
Su
Fp = 0.4 (5)
Z

Therefore,

0.35
2
Fp = 0.4 = 0.509
1

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 7 of 11


D. STEVEN et al

Depth Soil Overburden Unit Skin Friction ( f ), Unit End Bearing ( qp ),


Type Pressure
At Soft PoZ = 0 = 1 x h For Cu 24 kPa, take = 1.0 qp = 9 Cu
Z=0m Clay = 11 x 0 f API 1986 = Cu = 9 x 2 = 18 kPa
= 0 kN/m2 = 1.0 x 2
= 2 kPa

At Soft PoZ = 1 = PoZ = 0 + 1. h For Cu 24 kPa, take = 1.0 qp = 9 Cu


Z = 1.0 m Clay = 0 + 11 x 1 f API 1986 = Cu = 9 x 2 = 18 kPa
= 11 kN/m2 = 1.0 x 2
= 2 kPa

At Sand PoZ = 2 = PoZ = 1 + 2 .h f = K v tan (-5) qp = Nq v


Z = 2.0 m = 11 + 10 x 1 = 0.7 x 21 x tan (25-5) = 12 x 21 = 252 kPa <
= 21 kN/m2 = 5.350 kPa < 67 kPa 2900 kPa

[f max corresponding with [qp max corresponding with


= (-5) = 20 is 67 kPa = (-5) = 20 is 2900 kPa
(Table 6.4.3-1 API)] (Table 6.4.3-1 API)]

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 8 of 11


Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD),

Depth Soil Core Lower Bound Core Upper Bound


(m) Type
0 Soft Qsext = As-ext x Fp x fs0 Q = (Qs-ext + Qsint) + Qann Qsext = As-ext x fs0 Q = (Qs-ext + Qs-int) + Qann
Clay = 0x 2 = 0 kN = 0 + 0.693 = 0x 2 = 0 kN = 0 + 0.693
= 0.693 kN = 0.693 kN
Qsint = 0.5 x As-int x Fp x fs0 Qsint = As-int x fs0
= 0x 2 = 0 kN = 0x 2 = 0 kN

Qann = Ann . qp Qann = Ann . qp


= 0.0385 x 18 = 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN = 0.693 kN
1 Soft Qsext = As-ext x Fp x fs1 Q = (Qs-ext + Qsint) + Qann Qsext = As-ext x fs1 Q = (Qs-ext + Qs-int) + Qann
Clay = 1.596 x 0.509 x 2 =1.625 kN = 0 +1.625 + 0.731 + 0.693 = 1.596 x 2 = 3.192 kN = 0 +3.192 + 2.872 + 0.693
= 3.049 kN = 6.757 kN
Qsint = 0.5 x As-int x Fp x fs1 Qsint = As-int x fs1
= 0.5 x 1.436 x 0.509 x 2 = 1.436 x 2 = 2.872 kN
= 0.731 kN
Qann = Ann . qp
Qann = Ann . qp = 0.0385 x 18
= 0.0385 x 18 = 0.693 kN
= 0.693 kN
2 Sand Qsext = As-ext x fs2 Q = (Qs-ext + Qsint) + Qann Qsext = As-ext x fs2 Q = (Qs-ext + Qs-int) + Qann
= 1.596 x 5.350 =8.539 kN = 0 +1.625 + 0.731 + 8.539 = 1.596 x 5.350 = 8.539 kN = 0 +3.192 + 2.872 + 8.539 +
+ 3.841 + 9.70 7.683 + 9.70
Qsint = 0.5 x As-int x fs2 = 24.436 kN Qsint = As-int x fs2 = 31.986 kN
= 0.5 x 1.436 x 5.350 = 1.436 x 5.350 = 7.683 kN
= 3.841 kN
Qann = Ann . qp
Qann = Ann . qp = 0.0385 x 252
= 0.0385 x 252 = 9.70 kN
= 9.70 kN

Pile Section Area Annulus, Aann = 0.25 x (0.5082 0.45722) = 0.0385 m2


Pile Section Area Gross ,Agr = 0.25 x 0.5082 = 0.2027 m2
Pile External Area per meter,As-ext = x 0.508 x 1 meter = 1.596 m2
Pile Internal Area per meter,As-int = x 0.4572 x 1 meter = 1.436 m2

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 9 of 11


Depth Soil Plugged Lower Bound Plugged Upper Bound
(m) Type
0 Soft Qsext = As-ext x Fp x fs0 Q = Qsext + Qgr Qsext = As-ext x fs0 Q = Qs0 + Qgr
Clay = 0 x 0.509 x 2 = 0 kN = 0 + 3.649 = 0 x 2 = 0 kN = 0 + 6.093
= 3.649 kN = 6.093 kN
Qgr = Agr . qp Qgr = 1.67 .Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18 = 1.67 x 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN = 6.093 kN
1 Soft Qsext = As-ext x Fp x fs1 Q = Qsext + Qgr Qsext = As-ext x fs1 Q = Qs0 + Qs11 + Qgr
Clay = 1.596 x 0.509 x 2 = 1.625kN = 0 +1.625 + 3.649 = 1.596 x 2 = 3.192 kN = 0 +3.192 + 6.093
= 5.274 kN = 9.285 kN
Qgr = Agr . qp Qgr = 1.67 .Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18 = 1.67 x 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN = 6.093 kN
2 Sand Qsext = As-ext x fs2 Q = Qsext + Qgr Qsext = 1.30 x As-ext x fs2 Q = Qs0 + Qs11 + Qs2 + Qgr
= 1.596 x 5..350 = 8.539 kN = 0 +1.625 + 8.539 + = 1.30 x 1.596 x 5.350 = 0 +3.192 + 11.10 + 76.621
51.080 = 11.10 kN = 90.913 kN
Qgr = Agr . qp = 61.244 kN
= 0.2027 x 252 Qgr = 1.50 .Agr . qp
= 51.080 kN = 1.50 x 0.2027 x 252
= 76.621 kN

Pile Section Area Annulus, Aann = 0.25 x (0.5082 0.45722) = 0.0385 m2


Pile Section Area Gross ,Agr = 0.25 x 0.5082 = 0.2027 m2
Pile External Area per meter,As-ext = x 0.508 x 1 meter = 1.596 m2
Pile Internal Area per meter,As-int = x 0.4572 x 1 meter = 1.436 m2

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 10 of 11


Graphic Plot

Depth API 2000 API 1986


Steven
Upper Bound Upper Bound
Core- Core- Plugged- Plugged-
Plugged Unplugged Plugged Unplugged
LB UB LB UB
(m) kN kN kN kN kN kN kN kN
0 3,649 0,693 3,649 0,693 0,693 0,693 3,649 6,093
1 6,841 6,757 6,841 6,757 3,049 6,757 5,274 9,285
2 64,032 34,307 64,032 34,307 24,436 31,986 61,244 90,913

SRD by API

SRD (kN)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0

0,5
Depth (m)

1,5

2,5

API2000-Plugged API2000-Unplugged
API1986-Plugged API1986-Unplugged

SRD by Steven

SRD (kN)
0 20 40 60 80 100
0

0,5
Depth (m)

1,5

2,5

Core-LB Core-UB Plugged-LB Plugged-UB

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 11 of 11

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