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CHAPTER 19

CONCRETE

1901.5 Special inspection. The special inspection of concrete

SECTION BC 1901 elements of buildings and structures and concreting operations
GENERAL shall be in accordance with Chapter 17.
1901.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the
materials, quality control, design and construction of concrete
used in structures.
SECTION BC 1902
1901.2 Plain and reinforced concrete. Structural concrete DEFINITIONS
shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the
1902.1 General. The following words and terms shall have the
requirements of this chapter and ACI 318 as amended in Sec-
meanings shown herein.
tion 1908 of this code. Except for the provisions of Sections
1904 and 1911, the design and construction of slabs on grade ADMIXTURE. Material other than water, aggregate or
shall not be governed by this chapter unless they transmit verti- hydraulic cement, used as an ingredient of concrete and added
cal loads or lateral forces from other parts of the structure to the to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties.
soil.
AGGREGATE. Granular material, such as sand, gravel,
1901.3 Source and applicability. Sections 1902 through 1907 crushed stone and iron blast-furnace slag, used with a cement-
of this chapter are derived from the provisions for structural ing medium to form a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar.
concrete in ACI 318. Where sections within Chapters 2
through 7 of ACI 318 are referenced in other chapters and AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT. Aggregate with a dry,
appendices of ACI 318, the provisions of Sections 1902 loose weight of 70 pounds per cubic foot (pcf) (1120 kg/m3) or
through 1907 of this code shall apply. less.
1901.4 Construction documents. The construction docu- CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS. Materials as specified in
ments for structural concrete construction shall include: Section 1903 that have cementing value when used in concrete
either by themselves, such as portland cement, blended
1. Specified compressive strength of concrete at the stated
hydraulic cements and expansive cement, or such materials in
ages or stages of construction for which each concrete
combination with fly ash, other raw or calcined natural
element is designed.
pozzolans, silica fume, and/or ground granulated blast-furnace
2. Specified strength or grade of reinforcement. slag.
3. Size and location of structural elements, reinforcement, COLUMN. A member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral
and anchors. dimension exceeding three, used primarily to support axial
4. Provision for dimensional changes resulting from compressive load.
creep, shrinkage and temperature.
CONCRETE. A mixture of portland cement or any other
5. Magnitude and location of prestressing forces. hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water,
6. Anchorage length of reinforcement and location and with or without admixtures.
length of lap splices. CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE
7. Type and location of mechanical and welded splices of STRENGTH OF, (f 'c). The compressive strength of concrete
reinforcement. used in design and evaluated in accordance with the provisions
8. Details and location of contraction or isolation joints of Section 1905, expressed in pounds per square inch (psi)
specified for plain concrete. (MPa). Whenever the quantity f 'c is under a radical sign, the
square root of the numerical value only is intended, and the
9. Minimum concrete compressive strength at time of result has units of psi (MPa).
posttensioning.
CONTRACTION JOINT. Formed, sawed or tooled groove in
10. Stressing sequence for posttensioning tendons. a concrete structure to create a weakened plane and regulate the
11. For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, location of cracking resulting from the dimensional change of
a statement if slab on grade is designed as a structural different parts of the structure.
diaphragm (see Section 21.10.3.4 of ACI 318).
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT. Deformed reinforcing
12. Freezing and thawing and deicing chemical exposure bars, bar mats, deformed wire, welded plain wire fabric and
classifications (see Section 1904.2). welded deformed wire fabric conforming to ACI 318, Section
13. Sulfate exposure classification (see Section 1904.3). 3.5.3.
14. Maximum water soluble chloride ion (CI) concentra- DUCT. A conduit (plain or corrugated) to accommodate
tions (see Section 1904.4). prestressing steel for postensioned installation.

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CONCRETE

EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d). The distance mea- U or rectangular shapes and located perpendicular, or at an
sured from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of ten- angle to, longitudinal reinforcement. (The term "stirrups" is
sion reinforcement. usually applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural members
and the term "ties" to those in compression members.)
ISOLATION JOINT. A separation between adjoining parts of
a concrete structure, usually a vertical plane, at a designed loca- STRUCTURAL CONCRETE. Concrete used for structural
tion such as to interfere least with performance of the structure, purposes, including plain and reinforced concrete.
yet to allow relative movement in three directions and avoid
formation of cracks elsewhere in the concrete and through TENDON. In pretensioning applications, the tendon is the
which all or part of the bonded reinforcement is interrupted. prestressing steel. In posttensioned applications, the tendon is a
complete assembly consisting of anchorages, prestressing steel
PEDESTAL. An upright compression member with a ratio of and sheathing with coating for unbonded applications or ducts
unsupported height-to-average-least-lateral dimension of three with grout for bonded applications.
or less.
PLAIN CONCRETE. Structural concrete with no reinforce-
ment or with less reinforcement than the minimum amount
SECTION BC 1903
specified for reinforced concrete.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR TESTS AND MATERIALS
PLAIN REINFORCEMENT. Reinforcement that does not
conform to the definition of "Deformed reinforcement" (see 1903.1 General. Materials used to produce concrete and test-
ACI 318, Section 3.5.4). ing thereof shall comply with the applicable standards listed in
ACI 318 and this section. Tests of concrete and the materials
POSTTENSIONING. Method of prestressing in which used in concrete shall be in accordance with ACI 318, Section
prestressing steel is tensioned after concrete has hardened. 3.8. Where required, special inspections and tests shall be in
PRECAST CONCRETE. A structural concrete element cast accordance with Chapter 17.
elsewhere than its final position in the structure. 1903.2 Cement. Cement used to produce concrete shall com-
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE. Structural concrete in which ply with ACI 318, Section 3.2.
internal stresses have been introduced to reduce potential ten-
sile stresses in concrete resulting from loads. 1903.3 Aggregates. Aggregates used in concrete shall comply
with ACI 318, Section 3.3.
PRESTRESSING STEEL. High-strength steel element such
as wire, bar or strand, or a bundle of such elements, used to 1903.4 Water. Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean
impart prestress forces to concrete. and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts,
organic materials or other substances that are deleterious to
PRETENSIONING. Method of prestressing in which concrete or steel reinforcement and shall comply with ACI 318,
prestressing steel is tensioned before concrete is placed. Section 3.4.
REINFORCED CONCRETE. Structural concrete rein-
forced with no less than the minimum amounts of prestressing 1903.5 Steel reinforcement. Reinforcement and welding of
steel or nonprestressed reinforcement specified in ACI 318, reinforcement to be placed in concrete construction shall con-
Chapters 1 through 21 and ACI 318 Appendices A through C. form to the requirements of this section.

REINFORCEMENT. Material that conforms to Section 1903.5.1 Reinforcement type. Reinforcement shall be
1903.5, excluding prestressing steel unless specifically deformed reinforcement, except plain reinforcement is
included. permitted for spirals or prestressing steel, and reinforce-
ment consisting of structural steel, steel pipe or steel tub-
RESHORES. Shores placed snugly under a concrete slab or ing is permitted where specified in ACI 318.
other structural member after the original forms and shores Reinforcement shall comply with ACI 318, Section 3.5.
have been removed from a larger area, thus requiring the new
slab or structural member to deflect and support its own weight 1903.5.2 Welding. Welding of reinforcing bars shall
and existing construction loads applied prior to the installation conform to AWS D1.4. Type and location of welded
of the reshores. splices and other required welding of reinforcing bars
SHORES. Vertical or inclined support members designed to shall be indicated on the construction documents or in
carry the weight of the formwork, concrete and construction the project specifications. The ASTM reinforcing bar
loads above. specifications, except for ASTM A 706, shall be supple-
mented to require a report of material properties neces-
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT. Continuously wound rein- sary to conform to the requirements in AWS D1.4. A
forcement in the form of a cylindrical helix. written welding procedure shall be provided to the regis-
STRIPPING OPERATIONS. Removal on the floor of any tered design professional of record for approval prior to
parts of the concrete formwork, including shoring, bracing and any welding. All welding shall be subject to special
other supports. inspection by an approved agency.
STIRRUP. Reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion 1903.6 Admixtures. Admixtures to be used in concrete shall
stresses in a structural member; typically bars, wires or welded be subject to prior approval by the registered design profes-
wire fabric (plain or deformed) either single leg or bent into L, sional of record and shall comply with ACI 318, Section 3.6.

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CONCRETE

1903.7 Storage of materials. The storage of materials for use TABLE 1904.2.1
TOTAL AIR CONTENT FOR FROST-RESISTANT CONCRETE
in concrete shall comply with the provisions of Sections
1903.7.1 and 1903.7.2. NOMINAL MAXIMUM AIR CONTENT (percent)
AGGREGATE SIZEa
1903.7.1 Manner of storage. Cementitious materials and (inches) Severe exposureb Moderate exposureb

aggregates shall be stored in such a manner as to prevent 3/

8 71 / 2 6
deterioration or intrusion of foreign matter. 1/
2 7 51/2
1903.7.2 Unacceptable material. Any material that has 3/ 6 5
4
deteriorated or has been contaminated shall not be used for
concrete. 1 6 41/2

1903.8 Glass fiber reinforced concrete. Glass fiber rein- 11 / 2 51 / 2 41 / 2

forced concrete (GFRC) and the materials used in such con- 2c 5 4
crete shall be in accordance with the PCI MNL 128 standard. c
3 41 / 2 31 / 2
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
a. See ASTM C 33 for tolerance on oversize for various nominal maximum
SECTION BC 1904 size designations.
DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS b. The severe and moderate exposures referenced in this table are not based on
the weathering regions shown in Figure 1904.2.2. For the purposes of this
1904.1 Water-cementitious materials ratio. The section, severe and moderate exposures shall be defined as follows:
water-cementitious materials ratios specified in Tables 1. Severe exposure occurs where concrete will be in almost continuous
1904.2.2 and 1904.3 shall be calculated using the weight of contact with moisture prior to freezing, or where deicing salts are
used. Examples are pavements, bridge decks, sidewalks, parking
cement meeting ASTM C 150, ASTM C 595, ASTM C 845 or garages and water tanks.
ASTM C 1157, plus the weight of fly ash and other pozzolans 2. Moderate exposure occurs where concrete will be only occasionally
meeting ASTM C 618, slag meeting ASTM C 989 and silica exposed to moisture prior to freezing, and where deicing salts are not
fume meeting ASTM C 1240, if any, except that where con- used. Examples are certain exterior walls, beams, girders and slabs
not in direct contact with soil.
crete is exposed to deicing chemicals, Section 1904.2.3 further c. These air contents apply to total mix, as for the preceding aggregate sizes.
limits the amount of fly ash, pozzolans, silica fume, slag or the When testing these concretes, however, aggregate larger than 11/2 inches is
combination of these materials. removed by hand picking or sieving and air content is determined on the
minus 11/2-inch fraction of the mix (tolerance on air content as delivered
1904.2 Freezing and thawing exposures. Concrete that will applies to this value). Air content of total mix is computed from value deter-
be exposed to freezing and thawing or deicing chemicals shall mined on the minus 11/2-inch fraction.
comply with Sections 1904.2.1 through 1904.2.3.
1904.3 Sulfate exposures. Where concrete will be exposed to
1904.2.1 Air entrainment. Normal-weight and lightweight sulfate-containing solutions, it shall comply with the provi-
concrete exposed to freezing and thawing or deicing chemi- sions of Sections 1904.3.1 and 1904.3.2.
cals shall be air entrained in accordance with Table
1904.2.1. Tolerance of air content as delivered shall be 1.5 1904.3.1 Concrete quality. Concrete to be exposed to sul-
percent. For specified compressive strength (f ' c) greater fate-containing solutions or soils shall conform to the
than 5,000 psi (34.47 MPa), reduction of air content indi- requirements of Table 1904.3 or shall be concrete made with
cated in Table 1904.2.1 by 1.0 percent is permitted. a cement that provides sulfate resistance and that has a max-
imum water-cementitious materials ratio and minimum
1904.2.2 Concrete properties. Concrete that will be sub- compressive strength as set forth in Table 1904.3.
ject to the exposures given in Table 1904.2.2(1) shall con- 1904.3.2 Calcium chloride. Calcium chloride as an admix-
form to the corresponding maximum water-cementitious ture shall not be used in concrete to be exposed to those
materials ratios and minimum specified concrete compres- severe or very severe sulfate-containing solutions defined in
sive strength requirements of that table. In addition, con- Table 1904.3.
crete that will be exposed to deicing chemicals shall
conform to Section 1904.2.3. 1904.4 Corrosion protection of reinforcement. Reinforce-
ment in concrete shall be protected from corrosion and expo-
Exception: For Group R and accessory occupancies that sure to chlorides as provided by Sections 1904.4.1 and
are in buildings less than four stories in height, nor- 1904.4.2.
mal-weight aggregate concrete that is subject to freezing
1904.4.1 General. For corrosion protection of reinforce-
and thawing or deicer chemicals shall comply with the
ment in concrete, the maximum water-soluble chloride ion
requirements of Table 1904.2.2(2).
concentrations in hardened concrete at ages from 28 to 42
1904.2.3 Deicing chemicals. For concrete exposed to days contributed from the ingredients including water,
deicing chemicals, the maximum weight of fly ash, other aggregates, cementitious materials and admixtures shall not
pozzolans, silica fume or slag that is included in the concrete exceed the limits of Table 1904.4.1. When testing is per-
shall not exceed the percentages of the total weight of formed to determine water-soluble chloride ion content, test
cementitious materials given in Table 1904.2.3. procedures shall conform to ASTM C 1218.

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CONCRETE

TABLE 1904.2.2(1)
REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIAL EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
MAXIMUM WATER-CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
RATIO, BY WEIGHT, NORMAL-WEIGHT MINIMUM f c, NORMAL-WEIGHT AND
EXPOSURE CONDITION AGGREGATE CONCRETE LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE (psi)

Concrete intended to have low permeability

0.50 4,000
when exposed to water

Concrete exposed to freezing and thawing in

0.45 4,500
a moist condition or to deicing chemicals
For corrosion protection of reinforcement in
concrete exposed to chlorides from deicing
0.40 5,000
chemicals, salt, saltwater, brackish water,
seawater or spray from these sources
For SI: 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689 MPa.

TABLE 1904.2.2(2)
MINIMUM SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (f c)
TYPE OR LOCATION OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MINIMUM SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (f c at 28 days, psi)

Basement wallsc and foundations not exposed to the weather 2,500a

Basement slabs and interior slabs on grade, except garage floor

2,500a
slabs

Basement wallsc, foundation walls, exterior walls and other

3,000b
vertical concrete surfaces exposed to the weather

Driveways, curbs, walks, patios, porches, carport slabs, steps and

3,500b
other flatwork exposed to the weather, and garage floor slabs
For SI: 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689 MPa.
a. Concrete in these locations that can be subjected to freezing and thawing during construction shall be of air-entrained concrete in accordance with Table 1904.2.1.
b. Concrete shall be air entrained in accordance with Table 1904.2.1.
c. Structural plain concrete basement walls are exempt from the requirements for special exposure conditions of Section 1904.2.2 (see Section 1909.1.1).

TABLE 1904.2.3
REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE EXPOSED TO DEICING CHEMICALS
MAXIMUM PERCENT OF TOTAL CEMENTITIOUS
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS MATERIALS BY WEIGHTa, b

Fly ash or other pozzolans conforming to ASTM C 618 25

Slag conforming to ASTM C 989 50
Silica fume conforming to ASTM C 1240 10

Total of fly ash or other pozzolans, slag and silica fume 50c

Total of fly ash or other pozzolans and silica fume 35c

a. The total cementitious material also includes ASTM C 150, ASTM C 595, ASTM C 845 and ASTM C 1157 cement.
b. The maximum percentages shall include:
1. Fly ash or other pozzolans present in Type IP or I (PM) blended cement, ASTM C 595, or ASTM C 1157.
2. Slag used in the manufacture of an IS or I (SM) blended cement, ASTM C 595, or ASTM C 1157.
3. Silica fume, ASTM C 1240, present in a blended cement.
c. Fly ash or other pozzolans and silica fume shall constitute no more than 25 and 10 percent, respectively, of the total weight of the cementitious materials.

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CONCRETE

TABLE 1904.3
REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE EXPOSED TO SULFATE-CONTAINING SOLUTIONS
MAXIMUM
WATER-CEMENTITIOUS
MATERIALS RATIO, MINIMUM f c
BY WEIGHT, NORMAL-WEIGHT
NORMAL-WEIGHT AND LIGHTWEIGHT
AGGREGATE AGGREGATE
a
WATER SOLUBLE CEMENT TYPE CONCRETE CONCRETE (psi)a
SULFATE (SO4) IN SULFATE (SO4)
SULFATE SOIL, PERCENT IN WATER ASTM ASTM ASTM
EXPOSURE BY WEIGHT (ppm) C 150 C 595 C 1157
Negligible 0.00 - 0.10 0 - 150
II, IP (MS),
IS (MS), P (MS),
Moderateb 0.10 - 0.20 150 - 1,500 II MS 0.50 4,000
I (PM)(MS),
I (SM)(MS)
Severe 0.20 - 2.00 1,500 - 10,000 V HS 0.45 4,500
V plus HS plus
Very severe Over 2.00 Over 10,000 0.45 4,500
pozzolanc pozzoland
For SI: 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689 MPa.
a. A lower water-cementitious materials ratio or higher strength may be required for low permeability or for protection against corrosion of embedded items or freez-
ing and thawing (see Table 1904.2.2).
b. Seawater.
c. Pozzolan that has been determined by test or service record to improve sulfate resistance when used in concrete containing Type V cement.
d. Pozzolan that has been determined by test or service record to improve sulfate resistance when used in concrete containing Type HS blended cement.

TABLE 1904.4.1
MAXIMUM CHLORIDE ION CONTENT FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF REINFORCEMENT
MAXIMUM WATER SOLUBLE CHLORIDE ION (CI)
TYPE OF MEMBER IN CONCRETE, PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF CEMENT

Prestressed concrete 0.06

Reinforced concrete exposed to chloride in service 0.15
Reinforced concrete that will be dry or protected from moisture in service 1.00
Other reinforced concrete construction 0.30

1904.4.2 Exposure to chlorides. Where concrete with rein- 1905.1.1 Strength. Concrete shall be proportioned to pro-
forcement will be exposed to chlorides from deicing chemi- vide an average compressive strength in accordance with
cals, salt, saltwater, brackish water, seawater or spray from Section 1905.3, and shall satisfy the durability criteria of
these sources, the requirements of Table 1904.2.2(1) for Section 1904. Concrete shall be produced to minimize the
water-cementitious materials ratio and concrete strength, frequency of strengths below f ' c in compliance with Section
and the minimum concrete cover requirements of Section 1905.6.3.3. For concrete designed and constructed in accor-
1907.7, shall be satisfied. For corrosion protection of dance with this chapter, f ' c shall not be less than 2,500 psi
unbonded tendons compliance with ACI 318, Section 18.16 (17.22 MPa). No maximum specified compressive strength
shall be required. The limits on acid-soluble and water-solu- shall apply unless restricted by a specific provision of this
ble chlorides in fresh concrete that contains reinforcing steel code or ACI 318.
or other metals shall conform to the requirements of ACI
222, Section 3.2. 1905.1.2 Cylinder tests. Requirements for f ' c shall be
based on tests of cylinders made and tested in accordance
with Section 1905.6.3.

SECTION BC 1905 1905.1.3 Basis of f ' c . Unless otherwise specified, f ' c shall
CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING AND PLACING be based on 28-day tests. If other than 28 days, test age for f'c
shall be as indicated in construction documents. If at any
1905.1 General. The required strength and durability of con- time during the concrete operations, the concrete is not in
crete shall be governed by compliance with the proportioning, conformance with ASTM C 94 or is otherwise compro-
testing, mixing and placing provisions of Sections 1905.1.1 mised, it shall be rejected. If it is placed, the location of the
through 1905.13. load shall be recorded and a pair of cylinders shall be

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CONCRETE

molded from the load per ASTM C 31 and included in the on fresh concrete at the job site, prepare specimens required
average f' c. for curing under field conditions, prepare specimens
1905.1.4 Lightweight aggregate concrete. Where design required for testing in the laboratory and record the temper-
criteria in ACI 318, Sections 9.5.2.3, 11.2 and 12.2.4, pro- ature of the fresh concrete when preparing specimens for
vide for use of a splitting tensile strength value of concrete (f strength tests. All field sampling and testing, including the
ct), laboratory tests shall be made in accordance with ASTM testing of aggregates, concrete mixes, and strength testing
C 330 to establish the value of f ct corresponding to the spec- of specimens, shall be subject to special inspection by an
ified value of f ' c. approved agency. All testing laboratories shall be approved
testing agencies and shall employ qualified special inspec-
1905.1.5 Field acceptance. Splitting tensile strength tests tors to perform all required laboratory tests. Test results
shall not be used as a basis for field acceptance of concrete. shall be promptly distributed by the testing laboratory to the
1905.2 Selection of concrete proportions. Concrete propor- registered design professional of record, concrete producer,
tions shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of owner and contractor.
Sections 1905.2.1 through 1905.2.3. 1905.6.2 Frequency of testing. The frequency of conduct-
1905.2.1 General. Proportions of materials for concrete ing strength tests of concrete shall be as specified in Sec-
shall be established to provide: tions 1905.6.2.1 through 1905.6.2.4.
1. Workability and consistency to permit concrete to be 1905.6.2.1 Minimum frequency. Samples for strength
worked readily into forms and around reinforcement tests of each class of concrete placed each day shall be
under the conditions of placement to be employed, taken not less than once a day, nor less than once for each
without segregation or excessive bleeding. 50 cubic yards (38 m3) of concrete nor less than once for
2. Resistance to special exposures as required by Sec- each 5,000 square feet (465 m2) of surface area for slabs
tion 1904. or walls. For concrete mixes proportioned for durability
requirements specified in Section 1904, the registered
3. Conformance with the strength test requirements of design professional of record shall specify additional
Section 1905.6. field testing of the concrete for unit weight, air and water
1905.2.2 Different materials. Where different materials content. At the discretion of the registered design profes-
are to be used for different portions of proposed work, each sional of record, the frequency of testing may be
combination shall be evaluated. reduced, but not less than once for each 150 cubic yards
1905.2.3 Basis of proportions. Concrete proportions shall (115 m3).
be established in accordance with Section 1905.3 or Section 1905.6.2.2 Minimum number. On a given project, if the
1905.4, and shall comply with the applicable requirements total volume of concrete is such that the frequency of
of Section 1904. testing required by Section 1905.6.2.1 would provide
1905.3 Proportioning on the basis of field experience less than five strength tests for a given class of concrete,
and/or trial mixtures. Concrete proportioning determined on tests shall be made from at least five randomly selected
the basis of field experience or trial mixtures shall be done in batches or from each batch if fewer than five batches are
accordance with ACI 318, Section 5.3. If the required f' c is used.
obtained for trial batch mixes prior to the date specified, the 1905.6.2.3 Small volume. When the total volume of a
trial mix design may be approved. All mixes shall be approved given class of concrete is less than 50 cubic yards (38
by the registered design professional of record. prior to con- m3), and the concrete is nonstructural and is not subject to
struction. the durability requirements of Section 1904, testing may
1905.4 Proportioning without field experience or trial mix- be waived by the registered design professional of
tures. Concrete proportioning determined without field expe- record.
rience or trial mixtures shall be done in accordance with ACI
318, Section 5.4. This method of proportioning shall not be 1905.6.2.4 Strength test. A strength test shall be the
permitted for load-carrying structural concrete or concrete mix average of the strengths of two cylinders made from the
proportions that are required to conform with Section 1904. same sample of concrete and tested at 28 days or at the
test age designated for the determination of f ' c. Consid-
1905.5 Average strength reduction. As data become avail- eration shall be given specifying an f ' c at 56 days or later
able during construction, it is permissible to reduce the amount for concrete utilizing pozzolans in the mix proportions.
by which the average compressive strength (f ' c) is required to At the discretion of the registered design professional of
exceed the specified value of f ' c in accordance with ACI 318, record or the approved agency performing the testing,
Section 5.5. additional pairs of test cylinders may be taken at the time
1905.6 Evaluation and acceptance of concrete. The criteria of sampling for testing at a later date. The additional cyl-
for evaluation and acceptance of concrete shall be as specified inders may be tested at a later date should the strength at
in Sections 1905.6.2 through 1905.6.5.5. the specified date not meet the required f ' c.
1905.6.1 Qualified technicians. Concrete shall be tested in 1905.6.3 Laboratory-cured specimens. Laboratory-cured
accordance with the requirements in Sections 1905.6.2 specimens shall comply with the provisions of Sections
through 1905.6.5. An approved agency shall perform tests 1905.6.3.1 through 1905.6.3.4.

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1905.6.3.1 Sampling. Samples for strength tests shall be 1905.6.5.2 Core tests. Where calculations indicate that
taken in accordance with ASTM C 172. load-carrying capacity is significantly reduced, tests of
1905.6.3.2 Cylinders. Cylinders for strength tests shall cores drilled from the area in question in accordance with
be molded and laboratory-cured in accordance with ASTM C 42 shall be permitted. In such cases, three cores
ASTM C 31. The contractor shall be responsible for pro- shall be taken for each strength test that falls below the
viding the specified field storage curing facility and for values given in Section 1905.6.3.3, Item 2.
monitoring the temperature as defined in ASTM C 31. 1905.6.5.3 Condition of cores. Cores shall be prepared
The cylinders shall be tested in accordance with ASTM for transport and storage by wiping drilling water from
C 39. their surfaces and placing the cores in water-tight bags or
1905.6.3.3 Acceptance of results. The strength level of containers immediately after drilling. Cores shall be
an individual class of concrete shall be considered satis- tested not earlier than 48 hours nor later than seven days
factory if both of the following requirements are met: after coring unless approved by the registered design
professional of record.
1. Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive
strength tests equals or exceeds f ' c. 1905.6.5.4 Test results. Concrete in an area represented
2. No individual strength test (average of two cylin- by core tests shall be considered structurally adequate if
ders) falls below f ' c by more than 500 psi (3.45 the average of three cores is equal to at least 85 percent of
MPa) when f ' c is 5,000 psi (34.50 MPa) or less, or f ' c and if no single core is less than 75 percent of f ' c.
by more than 0.10 f ' c when f ' c is more than 5,000 Additional testing of cores extracted from locations rep-
psi (34.50 MPa). resented by erratic core strength results is permitted.
1905.6.3.4 Correction. If either of the requirements of 1905.6.5.5 Strength evaluation. If the criteria of Sec-
Section 1905.6.3.3 is not met, steps shall be taken to tion 1905.6.5.4 are not met and the structural adequacy
increase the average of subsequent strength test results. remains in doubt, the commissioner may order a strength
The requirements of Section 1905.6.5 shall govern if the evaluation in accordance with ACI 318, Chapter 20, for
requirement of Section 1905.6.3.3, Item 2, is not met. the questionable portion of the structure, or take other
1905.6.4 Field-cured specimens. Field-cured specimens appropriate action. The registered design professional of
shall comply with the provisions of Sections 1905.6.4.1 record shall present to the commissioner a complete
through 1905.6.4.4. analysis showing the final safe load-carrying capacity of
the questionable portion of the structure including any
1905.6.4.1 When required. Where required by the com- proposed remedial actions necessary for review and
missioner, the results of strength tests of cylinders cured approval.
under field conditions shall be provided to the depart-
ment. 1905.7 Preparation of equipment and place of deposit.
Preparation before concrete placement shall include the fol-
1905.6.4.2 Curing. Field-cured cylinders shall be cured lowing:
under field conditions in accordance with ASTM C 31.
1. Equipment for mixing and transporting concrete shall be
1905.6.4.3 Sampling. Field-cured test cylinders shall be
clean.
molded at the same time and from the same samples as
laboratory-cured test cylinders. 2. Debris and ice shall be removed from spaces to be occu-
pied by concrete.
1905.6.4.4 Correction. Procedures for protecting and
curing concrete shall be improved when the strength of 3. Forms shall be properly coated.
field-cured cylinders at the test age designated for deter- 4. Masonry filler units that will be in contact with concrete
mination of f ' c is less than 85 percent of that of compan- shall be well drenched.
ion laboratory-cured cylinders. The 85-percent
limitation shall not apply if the field-cured strength 5. Reinforcement shall be thoroughly clean of ice or other
exceeds f ' c by more than 500 psi (3.45 MPa). deleterious coatings.
1905.6.5 Low-strength test results. The investigation of 6. Water shall be removed from the place of deposit before
low-strength test results shall be in accordance with the pro- concrete is placed unless a tremie is to be used or unless
visions of Sections 1905.6.5.1 through 1905.6.5.5. otherwise permitted by the commissioner.
1905.6.5.1 Precaution. If any strength test of labora- 7. Laitance and other unsound material shall be removed
tory-cured cylinders performed in accordance with Sec- before additional concrete is placed against hardened
tion 1905.6.2.4 falls below the specified value of f' c by concrete.
more than the values given in Section 1905.6.3.3, Item 1905.8 Mixing. Mixing of concrete shall be performed in
2, or if tests of field-cured cylinders performed in accordance with Sections 1905.8.1 through 1905.8.3.
accordance with Section 1905.6.4.4 indicate deficien-
cies in protection and curing, steps shall be taken to 1905.8.1 General. Concrete shall be mixed until there is a
assure that the load-carrying capacity of the structure is uniform distribution of materials and shall be discharged
not jeopardized. completely before the mixer is recharged.

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1905.8.2 Ready-mixed concrete. Ready-mixed concrete 1905.10.4 Retempering. Retempered concrete or concrete
shall be mixed and delivered in accordance with the require- that has been remixed after initial set shall not be used unless
ments of ASTM C 94 or ASTM C 685. Concrete plants shall approved by the registered design professional.
be certified by the National Ready Mixed Concrete Associa- 1905.10.5 Continuous operation. After concreting has
tion (NRMCA) and shall comply with the rules of the started, it shall be carried on as a continuous operation until
department. Concrete producers shall have their plants placing of a panel or section, as defined by its boundaries or
inspected quarterly and have their scales and trucks certi- predetermined joints, is completed, except as permitted or
fied. In fulfilling this certification requirement, the concrete prohibited by Section 1906.8.
producer may present certification by either a New York
City government agency, or by the New York State Depart- 1905.10.6 Placement in vertical lifts. The top surfaces of
ment of Transportation subject to the approval of the com- vertically formed lifts shall be generally level.
missioner. Concrete ready-mix truck drivers shall be 1905.10.7 Construction joints. When construction joints
certified by the NRMCA and shall comply with the rules of are required, they shall be made in accordance with Section
the department. 1906.8.
If required by the registered design professional of 1905.10.8 Consolidation. Concrete shall be thoroughly
record, batch tickets shall accompany every load of concrete consolidated by suitable means during placement and shall
delivered to a site. The batch ticket shall contain the infor- be thoroughly worked around reinforcement and embedded
mation given below: fixtures and into corners of the forms.
1. Plant name and location; 1905.11 Curing. The curing of concrete shall be in accordance
2. Contract number and project; with Sections 1905.11.1 through 1905.11.3.
3. Mix designation as to type and strength; 1905.11.1 Regular. Concrete (other than high early
4. Each material in the load along with quantities of each strength) shall be maintained above 50F (10C) and in a
by weight; and moist condition for at least the first seven days after place-
ment, except when cured in accordance with Section
5. The total amount of mix proportion water approved, 1905.11.3.
quantity of water added at the plant and in transit, and
the remaining water that can be added on site. 1905.11.2 High-early-strength. High-early-strength con-
crete shall be maintained above 50F (10C) and in a moist
1905.8.3 Job-mixed concrete. Job-mixed concrete shall condition for at least the first three days, except when cured
comply with ACI 318, Section 5.8.3. in accordance with Section 1905.11.3.
1905.9 Conveying. The method and equipment for conveying 1905.11.3 Accelerated curing. Accelerated curing of con-
concrete to the place of deposit shall comply with Sections crete shall comply with ACI 318, Section 5.11.3.
1905.9.1 and 1905.9.2.
1905.12 Cold weather requirements. Concrete that is to be
1905.9.1 Method of conveyance. Concrete shall be con- placed during freezing or near-freezing weather shall comply
veyed from the mixer to the place of final deposit by meth- with the following:
ods that will prevent separation or loss of materials that may
alter the properties of the concrete delivered. Cylinders shall 1. Adequate equipment shall be provided for heating con-
be made at the truck to determine the quality of concrete crete materials and protecting concrete during freezing
delivered to the site. Cylinders shall be made at the point of or near-freezing weather.
placement to determine the quality of concrete in-place. 2. Concrete materials and reinforcement, forms, fillers and
1905.9.2 Conveying equipment. The conveying equip- ground with which concrete is to in contact shall be free
ment shall be capable of providing a supply of concrete at from frost.
the site of placement without separation of ingredients and 3. Frozen materials or materials containing ice shall not be
without interruptions sufficient to permit the loss of plastic- used.
ity between successive increments. 1905.13 Hot weather requirements. During hot weather,
1905.10 Depositing. The depositing of concrete shall comply proper attention shall be given to ingredients, production meth-
with the provisions of Sections 1905.10.1 through 1905.10.8. ods, handling, placing, protection and curing to prevent exces-
sive concrete temperatures or water evaporation that could
1905.10.1 Segregation. Concrete shall be deposited as
impair the required strength or serviceability of the member or
nearly as practicable to its final position to avoid segregation
structure.
due to rehandling or flowing.
1905.10.2 Placement timing. Concreting operations shall
be carried on at such a rate that the concrete is at all times SECTION BC 1906
plastic and flows readily into spaces between reinforce- FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES AND
ment. CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
1905.10.3 Unacceptable concrete. Concrete that has par- 1906.1 General requirements. The design, fabrication and
tially hardened or been contaminated by foreign materials erection of forms shall comply with the requirements of section
shall not be deposited in the structure. 1906.1.1 through 1906.1.6.

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1906.1.1 Safe support of loads. Formwork, including all concreting, the elevations, camber, and vertical alignment of
related braces, shoring, framing, and auxiliary construction, formwork systems shall be inspected using tell-tale devices. A
shall be proportioned, erected, supported, braced, and main- record of all such inspections shall be kept at the site available
tained so that it will safely support all vertical and lateral to the commissioner. The names of the persons responsible for
loads that might be applied until such loads can be sup- such inspections and the foreman in charge of the formwork
ported by the permanent construction. shall be posted in the field office.
1906.1.2 Vertical and lateral loads. Vertical and lateral 1906.3 Design of concrete formwork. Wherever the shore
loads shall be carried to the ground by the formwork system, height exceeds 14 feet (4267 mm) or the total load on the forms
by the new construction after it has attained adequate exceeds 150 pounds per square foot (732 kg/m2), or wherever
strength for that purpose, or by existing structures. Forms power buggies or two-stage shores are used, the forms, includ-
and their supports shall be designed so as not to damage pre- ing shoring foundation, shall be designed by a registered
viously placed structures. design professional and shall be constructed in conformance
1906.1.3 Bracing. Forms shall be properly braced or tied with such design. A copy of the design drawings and any con-
together so as to maintain position and shape, and shall con- struction drawings and specifications shall be kept on the job
form to the sizes and shapes of members as shown on the site available to the commissioner.
design drawings. 1906.3.1 Vertical loads. Vertical loads shall include the
1906.1.4 Ramps, runways and platforms. Ramps, run- total dead and live loads. Dead load shall include the weight
ways, and platforms shall meet the requirements of Section of the formwork plus the weight of the reinforcement and
3315. fresh concrete. Live load shall allow for the weight of the
1906.1.5 Design. Design of formwork shall comply with workers and equipment, with allowance for impact, but in
ACI 318, Section 6.1.5. no case shall be less than 20 pounds per square foot (98
kg/m2).
1906.1.6 Forms for prestressed and post-tensioned con-
crete. Forms for prestressed and post-tensioned concrete 1906.3.2 Lateral concrete pressure. Design of forms, ties
members shall be designed and constructed to permit move- and bracing shall satisfy the minimum lateral pressures of
ment of the member without damage during application of fresh concrete specified in Table 1906.3.2.
the pre-stressing force. 1906.3.3 External lateral loads. Braces and shores shall be
1906.2 Inspection. Formwork, including shores, reshores, designed to resist all external lateral loads, including, but
braces and other supports, shall be inspected prior to placement not limited to, wind, cable tensions, inclined supports,
of reinforcing steel to verify that the sizes of the concrete mem- dumping of concrete, and starting and stopping of equip-
bers that are being formed conform to the construction docu- ment. In no case shall the assumed value of lateral load due
ments and form design drawings. Such inspections shall be to wind, dumping of concrete, and equipment acting in any
performed by a qualified person designated by the contractor. direction at each floorline be less than 100 plf edge or 2 per-
Subsequently, inspections shall be performed by such person cent of total dead load of the floor, whichever is greater.
periodically during the placement of concrete. During and after Except for foundation walls that are poured against a rigid

TABLE 1906.3.2
MINIMUM LATERAL PRESSURES TO BE ASSUMED FOR FRESH CONCRETE WEIGHING 150 POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT
MINIMUM LATER PRESSURE ASSUMED
TYPE OF WORK (psf) LIMITATIONS
9000 R
Columns: Ordinary work with normal internal p =150 + Maximum 3,000 psf or 150h, whichever is less
vibration T
9000 R
Walls: Rate of placement at 7 ft. per hr. or less p =150 + Maximum 2,000 psf or 150h, whichever is less
T
43, 400 2800 R
Walls: Rate of placement at greater than 7 ft. per hr. p =150 + + Maximum 2,000 psf or 150h, whichever is less
T T
Slabs p =150 h None
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot per second = 0.305 m/s, 1 pound per cubic foot = 16.02 kg/m3, 1 pound per square foot = 4.882 kg/m2, C = (F-32)/1.8.
a. Allowances for change in lateral pressure shall be made for concrete weighing other than 150 pcf; for concrete containing pozzolanic additions or cements other
than Type I, for concrete having slumps greater than 6 inches, or for concrete consolidated by revibration or external vibration of forms.
b. Where retarding admixtures are employed under hot weather conditions an effective value of temperature less than that of the concrete in the forms shall be used in
the above formula.
c. If retarding admixtures are used in cold weather, the lateral pressure may be assumed as that exerted by a fluid weighing 150 pcf.
where:
R = rate of placement, feet per hour.
T = temperature of concrete in the forms, F.
h = height of fresh concrete above point considered, feet.

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backing, wall forms shall be designed for a minimum lateral 1906.4.2 Vertical shores. Vertical shores for multifloor
load of 10 pounds per square foot (49 kg/m2), and bracing forms shall be set plumb and in alignment with lower tiers so
for wall forms shall be designed for a lateral load of at least that loads from upper tiers are transferred directly to the
100 plf of wall, applied at the top. The lateral load acting on lower tiers, or adequate transfer members shall be provided.
walls greater than 14 feet (4267 mm) high shall be deter- Provision shall be made to transfer the lateral loads to the
mined by analysis of conditions applicable to the site and ground or to completed construction of adequate strength.
building. Vertical shores shall be so erected that they cannot tilt, and
shall have firm bearing. Inclined shores and the bearing
1906.3.4 Special loads. The formwork shall be designed for
ends of all shores shall be braced against slipping or sliding.
any special conditions of construction likely to occur, such
The bearing surfaces shall be cut square and have a tight fit
as unsymmetrical placement of concrete, impact of
at splices.
machine-delivered concrete, uplift and concentrated loads.
1906.4.3 Runways. Runways for moving equipment shall
1906.3.5 Shoring and bracing. Shoring and bracing shall be provided with struts or legs as required and shall be sup-
comply with Sections 1906.3.5.1 through 1906.3.5.4. ported directly on the formwork or structural member and
1906.3.5.1 Approval. When patented or commercial not on the reinforcement.
devices that are not susceptible to design are used for 1906.4.4 Unsafe conditions. Any unsafe condition or nec-
shoring, bracing, or splicing, they shall be approved by essary adjustment revealed by inspection shall be remedied
the commissioner. immediately. If, during construction, any weakness devel-
1906.3.5.2 Splices. Splices shall develop the full ops and the formwork shows any undue settlement or distor-
strength of the spliced members. tion, the work shall be stopped, the affected construction
removed if permanently damaged, and the formwork
1906.3.5.3 Bracing. Where shore height exceeds 10 feet strengthened.
(3048 mm), or when necessary to provide structural sta-
bility, diagonal bracing shall be provided. Struts, 1906.5 Removal of forms and shoring. The removal of forms
anchored into masonry or to panel joints of adjacent and shoring shall comply with the requirements of Sections
braced bays may be used to prevent buckling of individ- 1906.5.1 through 1906.5.6.
ual members not supported by the diagonal bracing, but 1906.5.1 Removal schedule. Before starting construction,
bracing an entire tier of shores with struts without diago- the contractor shall develop a procedure and schedule for
nal bracing shall be prohibited unless the system can be removal of shores and installation of reshores and for calcu-
demonstrated to be braced by other rigid construction. lating the loads transferred to the structure during the pro-
cess.
1906.3.5.4 Unbraced length of shores. The unbraced
length of shores shall not exceed the maximum length 1906.5.1.1 Data and analysis. The structural analysis
determined in accordance with the requirements of this and concrete strength data used in planning and imple-
code for the structural material used. menting form removal and reshoring shall be furnished
by the registered design professional responsible for the
1906.3.6 Foundations. Foundations for shores more than removal schedule to the commissioner when so
10 feet (3048 mm) high and supported on the ground shall requested.
be designed by a registered design professional.
1906.5.1.2 Support and removal. No construction
1906.3.7 Settlement. Formwork shall be so constructed loads shall be supported on, nor any shoring removed
that vertical adjustments can be made to compensate for from, any part of the structure under construction except
take-up and settlements. Wedges, jacks or other positive when that portion of the structure in combination with
means shall be provided for this purpose. the remaining forming and shoring system has sufficient
1906.3.8 Structural ramps, runways and platforms. strength to support safely its weight and the loads placed
Structural runways, ramps and platforms shall comply with thereon.
Section 3315 in addition to the requirements of Section 1906.5.1.3 Concrete strength. Sufficient strength shall
1906.3. be demonstrated by structural analysis of the proposed
1906.4 Construction. Construction of concrete formwork loads, the strength of the forming and shoring system,
shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1906.4.1 and concrete strength data. Concrete strength data shall
through 1906.4.4. be based on tests of field-cured cylinders or, when
approved by the commissioner, on other procedures for
1906.4.1 Field-constructed lap splices. Field-constructed evaluating concrete strength.
lap splices, other than approved devices, shall not be used
more often than for every other shore under slabs or for 1906.5.2 Construction loads. No construction loads
every third shore under beams and shall develop the full exceeding the combination of superimposed dead load plus
strength of the members. Such spliced shores shall be uni- specified live load shall be supported on any unshored por-
formly distributed throughout the work. Splices shall not be tion of the structure under construction, unless analysis
located near the midheight of the shores unless lateral sup- indicates adequate strength to support such additional loads.
port is provided, nor midway between points of lateral sup- 1906.5.3 Prestressed members. Form supports for pre-
port. stressed concrete members shall not be removed until suffi-

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cient prestressing has been applied to prestressed members 1906.6.1.7 Metal shoring and accessory parts. Metal
to carry their dead load and anticipated construction loads. shoring and accessory parts shall be fully operative when
in use.
1906.5.4 Manner of removal. Forms shall be removed in
such a manner as to assure the complete safety of the struc- 1906.6.2 Site safety provisions. Reshoring shall comply
ture and workers. with all of the requirements of Chapter 33 regarding safe-
guards during construction and the requirements of Sec-
1906.5.5 Shores support. Where the structure as a whole is tions 1906.6.2.1 through 1906.6.2.3.
supported on shores, beam and girder sides, columns and
1906.6.2.1 Emergency. Extra shores or material and
similar vertical forms may be removed after the concrete is
equipment that might be needed in an emergency shall be
sufficiently hard to withstand damage from the removal. In
furnished.
no case shall the supporting forms or shoring be removed
until the members have acquired sufficient strength to sup- 1906.6.2.2 Stripping. Care shall be taken while strip-
port safely their weight and the load thereon. ping is underway to insure that material does not fall off
the building.
1906.5.6 Control tests and alternate methods. The results
of control tests, including concrete cylinder specimens pre- 1906.6.2.3 Building materials. Building materials shall
pared in accordance with ANSI/ASTM C 31, 2003a, be properly piled and tied or contained.
cast-in-place cores, or other device that will produce test 1906.6.3 Bracing. Lateral bracing shall be provided during
specimens representative of the condition of the concrete in reshoring operations, and reshores shall be located as close
place, of suitable size and proportions, and approved by the as practical to the same position on each floor to provide
registered design professional of record shall be evidence continuous support from floor to floor.
that the concrete has attained sufficient strength or the
strength as may be specified on the drawings. The contrac- 1906.6.4 Reshoring beam and girder construction.
tor may submit alternate methods of stripping, reshoring, Where reshoring of beam and girder construction is
and strength control for approval by the registered design required, the forms shall not be removed from more than
professional of record, subject to review by the commis- one girder at a time, and the girder shall be reshored before
sioner. any other supports are removed. After the supporting gird-
ers are reshored, the form shall be removed from one beam
1906.6 Reshoring. Reshoring shall be provided to support the with its adjacent slabs and the beam shall be reshored before
construction where forms and shores are stripped before the any other supports are removed. Slabs spanning 10 feet
concrete has attained sufficient strength to support the super- (3048 mm) or more shall be reshored along the centerline of
imposed loads due to construction above. Reshoring shall com- the span.
ply with Sections 1906.6.1 through 1906.6.7. 1906.6.5 Reshoring flat slabs. Where reshoring of flat-slab
1906.6.1 Reshores limitations. Reshores shall comply construction is required, the formwork cannot be stripped
with the requirements of Sections 1906.6.1.1 through until the concrete has acquired sufficient strength to safely
1906.6.1.7. support its weight and the load thereon, or temporary
preshores are provided supporting the slab at intervals of no
1906.6.1.1 Secureness of reshores. Reshores of wood more than 8 feet (2438 mm) on center to be replaced by
or metal shall be screw adjusted or jacked and locked and reshores prior to placing concrete on the floor above.
wedged to make them secure. Reshores shall not be Reshores must be installed and remain in place until the
jacked or screwed so tight that they preload the floor concrete reaches full or sufficient strength to sustain the
below or remove the normal deflection of the slab above. superimposed loads to which the concrete will be subjected.

1906.6.1.2 Reshores in proximity to facades. Reshores 1906.6.6 Stripping operation. Waste debris as a result of
within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the facade of a building shall stripping operations shall be immediately contained and
be secured to prevent them from falling off the building. removed at reasonable intervals. Stripping operations on
concrete structures shall not be performed more than three
1906.6.1.3 Wedges. Wedges shall not be used within 10 stories below the story being formed.
feet (3048 mm) of the facade or at such other locations as 1906.6.7 Prestressed construction. Solid safety shields
determined by the commissioner. shall be provided at end anchorages of prestressing beds, or
1906.6.1.4 Stresses. In no case shall shores be so located where necessary, for protection against breakage of
as to alter the pattern of stresses determined in the origi- prestressing strands, cables, or other assemblies during
nal structural analysis or to induce tensile stresses where prestressing or casting operations.
reinforcing bars are not provided. 1906.7 Conduits and pipes embedded in concrete. Conduits,
pipes and sleeves of any material not harmful to concrete and
1906.6.1.5 Angle to surface. Reshores shall be perpen- within the limitations of ACI 318, Section 6.3, are permitted to
dicular to the surface that they are supporting. be embedded in concrete with approval of the registered design
1906.6.1.6 Adjusting devices. Adjusting devices shall professional of record.
not be used if heavily rusted, bent, dented, rewelded or 1906.8 Construction joints. Construction joints shall comply
having broken weldments or other defects. with the provisions of Sections 1906.8.1 through 1906.8.6.

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1906.8.1 Surface cleaning. The surface of concrete con- 1907.4.3 Prestressing steel. Prestressing steel shall be
struction joints shall be cleaned and laitance removed. clean and free of oil, dirt, scale, pitting and excessive rust. A
1906.8.2 Joint treatment. Immediately before new con- light coating of rust is permitted.
crete is placed, construction joints shall be wetted and stand- 1907.5 Placing reinforcement. The placement of concrete
ing water removed. reinforcement shall comply with the provisions of Sections
1906.8.3 Location for force transfer. Construction joints 1907.5.1 through 1907.5.4.
shall be so made and located as not to impair the strength of 1907.5.1 Support. Reinforcement, including tendons, and
the structure. Provision shall be made for the transfer of posttensioning ducts shall be accurately placed and ade-
shear and other forces through construction joints in accor- quately supported before concrete is placed, and shall be
dance with ACI 318, Section 11.7.9. secured against displacement within tolerances permitted in
1906.8.4 Location in slabs, beams and girders. Construc- Section 1907.5.2. Where approved by the registered design
tion joints in floors shall be located within the middle third professional of record, embedded items (such as dowels or
of spans of slabs, beams and girders. Joints in girders shall inserts) that either protrude from precast concrete members
be offset a minimum distance of two times the width of or remain exposed for inspection are permitted to be embed-
intersecting beams. ded while the concrete is in a plastic state, provided the fol-
lowing conditions are met:
1906.8.5 Vertical support. Beams, girders or slabs sup-
ported by columns or walls shall not be cast or erected until 1. Embedded items are maintained in the correct posi-
concrete in the vertical support members is no longer plas- tion while the concrete remains plastic.
tic. 2. The concrete is properly consolidated around the
1906.8.6 Monolithic placement. Beams, girders, haunch- embedded item. Embedded items are not required to
es, drop panels and capitals shall be placed monolithically be hooked or tied to reinforcement within the con-
as part of a slab system, unless otherwise shown in the crete.
design drawings or specifications. 1907.5.2 Tolerances. Unless otherwise specified by the
registered design professional of record, reinforcement,
including tendons, and posttensioning ducts shall be placed
SECTION BC 1907 within the tolerances specified in Sections 1907.5.2.1 and
DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT 1907.5.2.2.
1907.1 Hooks. Standard hooks on reinforcing bars used in 1907.5.2.1 Depth and cover. Tolerance for depth, d, and
concrete construction shall comply with ACI 318, Section 7.1. minimum concrete cover in flexural members, walls and
1907.2 Minimum bend diameters. Minimum reinforcement compression members shall be as shown in Table
bend diameters utilized in concrete construction shall comply 1907.5.2.1, except that tolerance for the clear distance to
with ACI 318, Section 7.2. formed soffits shall be minus 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) and toler-
ance for cover shall not exceed minus one-third the mini-
1907.3 Bending. The bending of reinforcement shall comply mum concrete cover required in the design drawings or
with Sections 1907.3.1 and 1907.3.2. specifications.
1907.3.1 Cold bending. Reinforcement shall be bent cold, TABLE 1907.5.2.1
unless otherwise permitted by the registered design profes- TOLERANCES
sional of record.
TOLERANCE ON
1907.3.2 Embedded reinforcement. Reinforcement par- TOLERANCE ON d MINIMUM CONCRETE
DEPTH (d) (inches) (inch) COVER
tially embedded in concrete shall not be field bent, except as
shown on the construction documents or permitted by the d 8 3/ 8 3/ 8
registered design professional of record.
d>8 1/ 2 1/ 2
1907.4 Surface conditions of reinforcement. The surface
conditions of reinforcement shall comply with the provisions For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
of Sections 1907.4.1 through 1907.4.3. 1907.5.2.2 Bends and ends. Tolerance for longitudinal
1907.4.1 Coatings. At the time concrete is placed, rein- location of bends and ends of reinforcement shall be 2
forcement shall be free from mud, oil or other nonmetallic inches ( 51 mm) except the tolerance shall be 1/2 inch
coatings that decrease bond. Epoxy coatings of steel rein- ( 12.7 mm) at the discontinuous ends of brackets and
forcement in accordance with ACI 318, Sections 3.5.3.7 and corbels, and 1 inch (25 mm) at the discontinuous ends
3.5.3.8, are permitted. of other members. The tolerance for minimum concrete
cover of Section 1907.5.2.1 shall also apply at discontin-
1907.4.2 Rust or mill scale. Except for prestressing steel,
uous ends of members.
steel reinforcement with rust, mill scale or a combination of
both, shall be permitted, provided the minimum dimen- 1907.5.3 Welded wire fabric. Welded wire fabric with wire
sions, including height of deformations and weight of a size not greater than W5 or D5 used in slabs not exceeding
hand-wire-brushed test specimen, comply with applicable 10 feet (3048 mm) in span is permitted to be curved from a
ASTM specifications specified in Section 1903.5. point near the top of the slab over the support to a point near

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the bottom of the slab at midspan, provided such reinforce- 1907.7.7 Fire protection. When this code requires a thick-
ment is either continuous over, or securely anchored at sup- ness of cover for fire protection greater than the minimum
port. concrete cover specified in Section 1907.7, such greater
1907.5.4 Welding. Welding of crossing bars shall not be thickness shall be used.
permitted for assembly of reinforcement unless authorized 1907.8 Special reinforcement details for columns. Offset
by the registered design professional of record. bent longitudinal bars in columns and load transfer in structural
1907.6 Spacing limits for reinforcement. The clear distance steel cores of composite compression members shall comply
between reinforcing bars, bundled bars, tendons and ducts with the provisions of ACI 318, Section 7.8.
shall comply with ACI 318, Section 7.6. 1907.9 Connections. Connections between concrete framing
1907.7 Concrete protection for reinforcement. The mini- members shall comply with the provisions of ACI 318, Section
mum concrete cover for reinforcement shall comply with Sec- 7.9.
tions 1907.7.1 through 1907.7.7. 1907.10 Lateral reinforcement for compression members.
1907.7.1 Cast-in-place concrete (nonprestressed). Mini- Lateral reinforcement for compression members shall comply
mum concrete cover shall be provided for reinforcement in with the provisions of ACI 318, Section 7.10.
nonprestressed, cast-in-place concrete construction in 1907.11 Lateral reinforcement for flexural members. Lat-
accordance with Table 1907.7.1, but shall not be less than eral reinforcement for compression reinforcement in flexural
required by Sections 1907.7.5 and 1907.7.7. members shall comply with the provisions of ACI 318, Section
TABLE 1907.7.1 7.11.
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER 1907.12 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement. Rein-
MINIMUM forcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses in concrete
COVER members shall comply with the provisions of ACI 318, Section
CONCRETE EXPOSURE (inches)
7.12.
1. Concrete cast against and permanently 1907.13 Requirements for structural integrity. The detail-
3
exposed to earth
ing of reinforcement and connections between concrete mem-
2. Concrete exposed to earth or weather bers shall comply with the provisions of ACI 318, Section 7.13.
No. 6 through No. 18 bar 2
No. 5 bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 11/2
SECTION BC 1908
3. Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact
with ground
MODIFICATIONS TO ACI 318
Slabs, walls, joists: 1908.1 General. The text of ACI 318 shall be modified as indi-
No. 14 and No. 18 bars 11/2 cated in Sections 1908.1.1 through 1908.1.7.
No. 11 bar and smaller 3/
4
Beams, columns: 1908.1.1 ACI 318, Section 21.1. Modify existing defini-
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals 11 / 2 tions and add the following definitions to ACI 318, Section
Shells, folded plate members: 21.1.
No. 6 bar and larger 3/
1/
4 DESIGN DISPLACEMENT. Total lateral displacement
No. 5 bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 2 expected for the design-basis earthquake, as specified by
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm. Section 9.5.5.7 of ASCE 7 or 1617.5.4 of this code.
1907.7.2 Cast-in-place concrete (prestressed). The mini- STORY DRIFT RATIO. The design displacement over a
mum concrete cover for prestressed and nonprestressed story divided by the story height.
reinforcement, ducts and end fittings in cast-in-place pre-
WALL PIER. A wall segment with a horizontal
stressed concrete shall comply with ACI 318, Section 7.7.2.
length-to-thickness ratio of at least 2.5, but not exceeding
1907.7.3 Precast concrete (manufactured under plant six, whose clear height is at least two times its horizontal
control conditions). The minimum concrete cover for pre- length.
stressed and nonprestressed reinforcement, ducts and end
1908.1.2 ACI 318, Section 21.2.1. Modify Sections
fittings in precast concrete manufactured under plant con-
21.2.1.2, 21.2.1.3 and 21.2.1.4 to read as follows:
trol conditions shall comply with ACI 318, Section 7.7.3.
21.2.1.2 For structures assigned to Seismic Design Cate-
1907.7.4 Bundled bars. The minimum concrete cover for gory B, provisions of Chapters 1 through 18 and 22 shall
bundled bars shall comply with ACI 318, Section 7.7.4. apply except as modified by the provisions of this chap-
1907.7.5 Corrosive environments. In corrosive environ- ter. Where the seismic design loads are computed using
ments or other severe exposure conditions, prestressed and provisions for intermediate or special concrete systems,
nonprestressed reinforcement shall be provided with addi- the requirements of Chapter 21 for intermediate or spe-
tional protection in accordance with ACI 318, Section 7.7.5. cial systems, as applicable, shall be satisfied.
1907.7.6 Future extensions. Exposed reinforcement, 21.2.1.3 For structures assigned to Seismic Design Cate-
inserts and plates intended for bonding with future exten- gory C, intermediate or special moment frames, or ordi-
sions shall be protected from corrosion. nary or special reinforced concrete structural walls shall

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be used to resist seismic forces induced by earthquake 1908.1.4 ACI 318, Section 21.7. Modify ACI 318, Section
motions. Where the design seismic loads are computed 21.7, by adding a new Section 21.7.10 to read as follows:
using provisions for special concrete systems, the 21.7.10 Wall piers and wall segments.
requirements of Chapter 21 for special systems, as appli-
cable, shall be satisfied. 21.7.10.1 Wall piers not designed as a part of a special
moment frame shall have transverse reinforcement
21.2.1.4 For structures assigned to Seismic Design Cate- designed to satisfy the requirements in Section 21.7.10.2.
gory D, E or F, special moment frames, special rein-
forced concrete structural walls, diaphragms and trusses Exceptions:
and foundations complying with Sections 21.2 through 1. Wall piers that satisfy Section 21.11.
21.10 shall be used to resist forces induced by earthquake
motions when special systems are required. Intermediate 2. Wall piers along a wall line within a story where
moment frames and ordinary reinforced concrete walls, other shear wall segments provide lateral sup-
where allowed, shall comply with Chapter 21. Frame port to the wall piers, and such segments have a
members not proportioned to resist earthquake forces total stiffness of at least six times the sum of the
shall comply with Section 21.11. stiffness of all the wall piers.
1908.1.3 ACI 318, Section 21.2.5. Modify ACI 318, Sec- 21.7.10.2 Transverse reinforcement shall be designed to
tion 21.2.5, by renumbering as Section 21.2.5.1 and adding resist the shear forces determined from Sections 21.3.4.2
new Sections 21.2.5.2, 21.2.5.3 and 21.2.5.4 to read as fol- and 21.4.5.1. Where the axial compressive force, includ-
lows: ing earthquake effects, is less than Agf 'c /20, transverse
reinforcement in wall piers is permitted to have standard
21.2.5 Reinforcement in members resisting earth- hooks at each end in lieu of hoops. Spacing of transverse
quake-induced forces. reinforcement shall not exceed 6 inches (152 mm).
21.2.5.1 Except as permitted in Sections 21.2.5.2 Transverse reinforcement shall be extended beyond the
through 21.2.5.4, reinforcement resisting earth- pier clear height for at least the development length of
quake-induced flexural and axial forces in frame mem- the largest longitudinal reinforcement in the wall pier.
bers and in structural wall boundary elements shall 2 1 . 7 . 1 0 . 3 Wa ll s eg m e n ts with a h o r iz o n ta l
comply with ASTM A 706. ASTM 615, Grades 40 and length-to-thickness ratio less than 2.5 shall be designed
60 reinforcement, shall be permitted in these members if as columns.
(a) the actual yield strength based on mill tests does not
exceed the specified yield strength by more than 18,000 1908.1.5 ACI 318, Section 21.10.1.1. Modify ACI 318,
psi (retests shall not exceed this value by more than an Section 21.10.1.1, to read as follows:
additional 3,000 psi), and (b) the ratio of the actual ulti- 21.10.1.1 Foundations resisting earthquake-induced
mate tensile strength to the actual tensile yield strength is forces or transferring earthquake-induced forces
not less than 1.25. between a structure and the ground shall comply with the
21.2.5.2 Prestressing steel shall be permitted in flexural requirements of Section 21.10 and other applicable pro-
members of frames, provided the average prestress, f pc, visions of ACI 318 unless modified by Chapter 18 of this
calculated for an area equal to the members shortest code.
cross-sectional dimension multiplied by the perpendicu- 1908.1.6 ACI 318, Section 21.11. Modify ACI Sections
lar dimension shall be the lesser of 700 psi (4.83MPa) or 21.11.1 and 21.11.2.2 and add Sections 21.11.5 through
f ' c /6 at locations of nonlinear action where prestressing 21.11.7 as follows:
steel is used in members of frames. 21.11.1 Frame members assumed not to contribute to lat-
21.2.5.3 Unless the seismic-force-resisting frame is eral resistance shall be detailed according to Section
qualified for use through structural testing as required by 21.11.2 or 21.11.3 depending on the magnitude of
the ACI Provisional Standard ITG/T1.1, for members in moments induced in those members when subjected to
which prestressing steel is used together with mild rein- the design displacement. If effects of design displace-
forcement to resist earthquake-induced forces, ments are not explicitly checked, it shall be permitted to
prestressing steel shall not provide more than one-quar- apply the requirements of Section 21.11.3. Slab-column
ter of the strength for either positive or negative moments connections shall comply with Sections 21.11.5 through
at the nonlinear action location and shall be anchored at 21.11.7. Conformance to Section 21.11 satisfies the
the exterior face of the joint or beyond. deformation compatibility requirements of Section
21.2.5.4 Anchorages for tendons must be demonstrated 9.5.2.2.4.3 of ASCE 7.
to perform satisfactorily for seismic loadings. Anchor- 21.11.2.2 Members with factored gravity axial forces
age assemblies shall withstand, without failure, a mini- exceeding (Ag f ' c /10) shall satisfy Sections 21.4.3,
mum of 50 cycles of loading ranging between 40 and 85 21.4.4.1(c), 21.4.4.3 and 21.4.5. The maximum longitu-
percent of the minimum specified tensile strength of the dinal spacing of ties shall be, So, for the full column
prestressing steel. height. The spacing, So, shall not be more than six diame-

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ters of the smallest longitudinal bar enclosed or 6 inches shall not delegate this responsibility to any subor-
(152 mm), whichever is smaller. Lap splices of longitudi- dinates.
nal reinforcement in such members need not satisfy Sec-
1908.2.2 ACI 318, Section 16.3. Modify ACI 318 by add-
tion 21.4.3.2 in structures where the seismic
ing Section 16.3.3 to read as follows:
force-resisting system does not include special moment
frames. 16.3.3 - Lifting devices shall have a capacity sufficient to
21.11.5 Reinforcement to resist punching shear shall be support four times the appropriate portion of the mem-
provided in accordance with Sections 21.11.5.1 and ber's dead weight. The inclination of the lifting force
21.11.5.2 at slab column connections where story drift shall be considered.
ratio exceeds [0.035 0.05 (Vu/ Vc)] except that Sec- 1908.2.3 ACI 318, Section 21.12.3. Modify ACI 318, Sec-
tions 21.11.5.1 and 21.11.5.2 need not be satisfied where tion 21.12.3 to read as follows:
Vu/ Vc is less than 0.2 or where the story drift ratio is less
21.12.3 Design shear strength of beams and columns
than 0.005. Vu equals the factored punching shear from
resisting earthquake effect shall not be less than either 1
gravity load excluding shear stress from unbalanced
or 2:
moment. Vu is calculated for the load combination 1.2D
+1.0L + 0.2S. The load factor on L is permitted to be 1. The sum of the shear associated with development
reduced to 0.5 in accordance with Section 9.2.1(a). In no of nominal moment strengths of the member at
case shall shear reinforcement be less than that required each restrained end of the clear span and the shear
in Section 11.12 for loads without consideration of seis- calculated for factored gravity loads;
mic effects. 2. The maximum shear obtained from design load
21.11.5.1 The slab shear reinforcement shall provide combinations that include earthquake effect E,
Vs not less than 3.5v f' c . with E assumed to be twice that prescribed by this
code for earthquake-resistant design.
21.11.5.2 Slab shear reinforcement shall extend not
less than five times the slab thickness from the face of col- 1908.2.4 ACI 318, Section 21.12.6.8. Modify ACI 318,
umn. Section 21.12.6.8 to read as follows:
21.11.6 Bottom bars or wires within the column strip 21.12.6.8 At the critical sections for columns defined in
shall conform to Section 13.3.8.5 except that splices 11.12.1.2, two-way shear caused by factored gravity
shall be Class B. loads shall not exceed 0.4Vc , where Vc shall be calcu-
21.11.7Within the effective slab width defined in Sec- lated as defined in 11.12.2.1. for nonprestressed slabs
tion 13.5.3.2, the ratio of nonprestressed bottom rein- and in 11.12.2.2. for prestressed slabs. For slabs with
forcement to gross concrete area shall not be less than shear reinforcing, it shall be permitted to waive this
0.004. Where bottom reinforcement is not required to be requirement if the contribution of the earth-
continuous, such reinforcement shall extend a minimum quake-induced factored two way shear stress transferred
of five times the slab thickness plus one development by eccentricity of shear in accordance with 11.12.6.1 and
length beyond the face of the column or terminated at the 11.12.6.2 at the point of maximum stress does not exceed
slab edge with a standard hook. one-half of the stress Vn permitted by 11.12.6.2.
1908.1.7 ACI 318, Section 21.13.2. Modify ACI 318, Sec-
tion 21.13.2, to read as follows:
SECTION BC 1909
21.13.2 In connections between wall panels, or between STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE
wall panels and the foundation, yielding shall be
restricted to reinforcement. 1909.1 Scope. The design and construction of structural plain
concrete, both cast-in-place and precast, shall comply with the
1908.2 General. The text of ACI 318 shall be modified as indi- minimum requirements of Section 1909 and ACI 318, Chapter
cated in Sections 1908.2.1 through 1908.2.4. 22.
1908.2.1 ACI 318, Section 10.15. Modify ACI 318 by add- 1909.1.1 Special structures. For special structures, such as
ing Section 10.15.4 to read as follows: arches, underground utility structures, gravity walls and
10.15.4 When the specified compressive strength of con- shielding walls, the provisions of Section 1909 shall govern
crete in a column is greater than 1.4 times that specified where applicable.
for a floor system, the following additional requirements 1909.2 Limitations. The use of structural plain concrete col-
shall be adhered to: umns and structural plain concrete footings on piles is not per-
1. All of the design provisions of Section 10.15 mitted. In addition to the limitations set forth in Section 1910 of
(unmodified) are adhered to. this chapter, the use of structural plain concrete shall otherwise
be limited to:
2. The concrete construction is supervised and
inspected continuously by a full-time professional 1. Members that are continuously supported by soil, such
engineer responsible for the concrete placement as walls and footings, or by other structural members
special inspection. Such professional engineer capable of providing continuous vertical support.

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2. Members for which arch action provides compression at each corner, at each side of each opening and at the ends
under all conditions of loading. of walls. The continuous vertical bar required beside an
3. Walls and pedestals. opening is permitted to substitute for one of the two No. 5
1909.3 Joints. Contraction or isolation joints shall be provided bars required by Section 22.6.6.5 of ACI 318. Horizontal
reinforcement at least 0.20 square inch (129 mm2) in
to divide structural plain concrete members into flexurally dis- cross-sectional area shall be provided:
continuous elements in accordance with ACI 318, Section
22.3. 1. Continuously at structurally connected roof and floor
levels and at the top of walls;
1909.4 Design. Structural plain concrete walls, footings and
2. At the bottom of load-bearing walls or in the top of
pedestals shall be designed for adequate strength in accordance
foundations where doweled to the wall; and
with ACI 318, Sections 22.4 through 22.8.
3. At a maximum spacing of 120 inches (3048 mm).
Exception: For Group R-3 occupancies and buildings of
Reinforcement at the top and bottom of openings, where
other occupancies less than two stories in height of
light-frame construction, the required edge thickness of used in determining the maximum spacing specified in Item 3
ACI 318 is permitted to be reduced to 6 inches (152 mm), above, shall be continuous in the wall.
provided that the footing does not extend more than 4 inches 1910.2.3 Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls. Ordi-
(102 mm) on either side of the supported wall. nary reinforced concrete shear walls are walls conforming
1909.5 Precast members. The design, fabrication, transporta- to the requirements of ACI 318 for ordinary reinforced con-
tion and erection of precast, structural plain concrete elements crete structural walls.
shall be in accordance with ACI 318, Section 22.9. 1910.2.4 Special reinforced concrete shear walls. Special
1909.6 Walls. In addition to the requirements of this section, reinforced concrete shear walls are walls conforming to the
structural plain concrete walls shall comply with the applicable requirements of ACI 318 for special reinforced concrete
requirements of ACI 318, Chapter 22. structural walls or special precast structural walls.
1909.6.1 Basement walls. The thickness of exterior base- 1910.3 Seismic Design Category B. Structures assigned to
ment walls and foundation walls shall be not less than 71/2 Seismic Design Category B, as determined in accordance with
inches (191 mm). Structural plain concrete exterior base- Section 1616, shall conform to the requirements for Seismic
ment walls shall be exempt from the requirements for spe- Design Category A and to the additional requirements for Seis-
cial exposure conditions of Section 1904.2.2. mic Design Category B of this section.

1909.6.2 Other walls. Except as provided in Section 1910.3.1 Ordinary moment frames. In flexural members
1909.6.1, the thickness of bearing walls shall be not less of ordinary moment frames forming part of the seis-
than 1/24 the unsupported height or length, whichever is mic-force-resisting system, at least two main flexural rein-
shorter, but not less than 51/2 inches (140 mm). forcing bars shall be provided continuously top and bottom
throughout the beams, through or developed within exterior
1909.6.3 Openings in walls. Not less than two No. 5 bars columns or boundary elements.
shall be provided around window and door openings. Such
bars shall extend at least 24 inches (610 mm) beyond the 1910.3.1.1 Shear. Columns of ordinary moment frames
corners of openings. having a clear height-to-maximum-plan-dimension ratio
of five or less shall be designed for shear in accordance
with Section 21.12.3 of ACI 318.
SECTION BC 1910 1910.4 Seismic Design Category C. Structures assigned to
SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS Seismic Design Category C, as determined in accordance with
Section 1616, shall conform to the requirements for Seismic
1910.1 General. The design and construction of concrete com-
Design Category B and to the additional requirements for Seis-
ponents that resist seismic forces shall conform to the require-
mic Design Category C of this section.
ments of this section and to ACI 318 as modified by Section
1908. 1910.4.1 Seismic-force-resisting systems. Moment frames
used to resist seismic forces shall be intermediate moment
1910.2 Classification of shear walls. Structural concrete
frames or special moment frames. Shear walls used to resist
shear walls that resist seismic forces shall be classified in
seismic forces shall be ordinary reinforced concrete shear
accordance with Sections 1910.2.1 through 1910.2.4.
walls or special reinforced concrete shear walls. Ordinary
1910.2.1 Ordinary plain concrete shear walls. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls constructed of precast con-
plain concrete shear walls are walls conforming to the crete elements shall comply with the additional require-
requirements of Chapter 22 of ACI 318. ments of Section 21.13 of ACI 318 for intermediate precast
1910.2.2 Detailed plain concrete shear walls. Detailed concrete structural walls, as modified by Section 1908.1.7.
plain concrete shear walls are walls conforming to the 1910.4.2 Discontinuous members. Columns supporting
requirements for ordinary plain concrete shear walls and reactions from discontinuous stiff members, such as walls,
shall have reinforcement as follows: Vertical reinforcement shall be designed for the special load combinations in Sec-
of at least 0.20 square inch (129 mm2) in cross-sectional tion 1605.4 and shall be provided with transverse reinforce-
area shall be provided continuously from support to support ment at the spacing, So, as defined in Section 21.12.5.2 of

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ACI 318 over their full height beneath the level at which the Design Category C and to the additional requirements of this
discontinuity occurs. This transverse reinforcement shall be section.
extended above and below the column as required in Section
1910.5.1 Seismic-force-resisting systems. Moment frames
21.4.4.5 of ACI 318.
used to resist seismic forces shall be special moment frames.
1910.4.3 Plain concrete. Structural plain concrete mem- Shear walls used to resist seismic forces shall be special
bers in structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C reinforced concrete shear walls.
shall conform to ACI 318 and with Sections 1910.4.3.1
through 1910.4.3.3. 1910.5.2 Frame members not proportioned to resist
forces induced by earthquake motions. Frame compo-
1910.4.3.1 Walls. Structural plain concrete walls are not nents assumed not to contribute to lateral force resistance
permitted in structures assigned to Seismic Design Cate- shall conform to ACI 318, Section 21.11, as modified by
gory C. Section 1908.1.6 of this chapter.
Exception: Structural plain concrete basement, foun-
dation or other walls below the base are permitted in
detached one- and two-family dwellings constructed SECTION BC 1911
with stud-bearing walls. Such walls shall have rein- MINIMUM SLAB PROVISIONS
forcement in accordance with Section 22.6.6.5 of ACI 1911.1 General. The thickness of concrete floor slabs sup-
318. ported directly on the ground shall not be less than 31/2 inches
1910.4.3.2 Footings. Isolated footings of plain concrete (89 mm). A 6-mil (0.006 inch; 0.152 mm) polyethylene vapor
supporting pedestals or columns are permitted provided retarder with joints lapped not less than 6 inches (152 mm)
the projection of the footing beyond the face of the sup- shall be placed between the base course or subgrade and the
ported member does not exceed the footing thickness. concrete floor slab, or other acceptable equivalent methods or
materials shall be used to retard vapor transmission through the
Exception: In detached one- and two-family dwell- floor slab.
ings three stories or less in height, the projection of
the footing beyond the face of the supported member Exception: A vapor retarder is not required:
is permitted to exceed the footing thickness. 1. For detached structures accessory to occupancies in
1910.4.3.2.1 Reinforcing bars. Plain concrete foot- Group R-3, such as garages, utility buildings or other
ings supporting walls shall be provided with not less unheated facilities.
than two continuous longitudinal reinforcing bars. 2. For unheated storage rooms having an area of less
Bars shall not be smaller than No. 4 and shall have a than 70 square feet (6.5 m2) and carports attached to
total area of not less than 0.002 times the gross
occupancies in Group R-3.
cross-sectional area of the footing. For footings which
exceed 8 inches (203 mm) in thickness, a minimum of 3. For buildings of other occupancies where migration
one bar shall be provided at the top and bottom of the of moisture through the slab from below will not be
footing. For foundation systems consisting of a plain detrimental to the intended occupancy of the building.
concrete footing and a plain concrete stem wall, a 4. For drive ways, walks, patios and other flat work that
minimum of one bar shall be provided at the top of the will not be enclosed at a later date.
stem wall and at the bottom of the footing. Continuity
5. Where approved based on local site conditions.
of reinforcement shall be provided at corners and
intersections.
Exceptions: SECTION BC 1912
1. In detached one- and two-family dwellings ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETEALLOWABLE
three stories or less in height and constructed STRESS DESIGN
with stud-bearing walls, plain concrete foot- 1912.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall govern the
ings supporting walls are permitted without allowable stress design of headed bolts and headed stud
longitudinal reinforcement. anchors cast in normal-weight concrete for purposes of trans-
2. W h e r e a s lab - o n - g r o u n d is c a s t mitting structural loads from one connected element to the
monolithically with the footing, one No. 5 other. These provisions do not apply to anchors installed in
bar is permitted to be located at either the top hardened concrete or where load combinations include earth-
or bottom of the footing. quake loads or effects. The bearing area of headed anchors
shall be not less than one and one-half times the shank area.
1910.4.3.3 Pedestals. Plain concrete pedestals shall not Where strength design is used, or where load combinations
be used to resist lateral seismic forces. include earthquake loads or effects, the design strength of
1910.5 Seismic Design Category D. Structures assigned to anchors shall be determined in accordance with Section 1913.
Seismic Design Category D, as determined in accordance with Bolts shall conform to ASTM A 307 or an acceptable
Section 1616, shall conform to the requirements for Seismic equivalent.

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1912.2 Allowable service load. The allowable service load for transmitting structural loads from one connected element to the
headed anchors in shear or tension shall be as indicated in Table other. Headed bolts, headed studs and hooked (J- or L-) bolts
1912.2. Where anchors are subject to combined shear and ten- cast in concrete and expansion anchors and undercut anchors
sion, the following relationship shall be satisfied: installed in hardened concrete shall be designed in accordance
with Appendix D of ACI 318, provided they are within the
(Ps / Pt )5/3 + (Vs / Vt )5/3 1 (Equation 19-1) scope of Appendix D.
where: Exception: Where the basic concrete breakout strength in
Ps = Applied tension service load, pounds (newtons). tension of a single anchor, Nb, is determined in accordance
with Equation (D-7), the concrete breakout strength
Pt = Allowable tension service load from Table 1912.2,
requirements of Section D.4.2.2 shall be considered satis-
pounds (newtons).
fied by the design procedures of Sections D.5.2 and D.6.2
Vs = Applied shear service load, pounds (newtons). for anchors exceeding 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter or 25
Vt = Allowable shear service load from Table 1912.2, inches (635 mm) tensile embedment depth.
pounds (newtons). 1913.1.1 Anchors outside scope of Appendix D. The
1912.3 Required edge distance and spacing. The allowable strength design of anchors that are not within the scope of
service loads in tension and shear specified in Table 1912.2 are Appendix D of ACI 318, as modified by this code, shall be
for the edge distance and spacing specified. The edge distance in accordance with a procedure subject to the approval of the
and spacing are permitted to be reduced to 50 percent of the val- commissioner.
ues specified with an equal reduction in allowable service load.
Where edge distance and spacing are reduced less than 50 per-
cent, the allowable service load shall be determined by linear
interpolation. SECTION BC 1914
SHOTCRETE
1912.4 Reserved.
1912.5 Increase for special inspection. Where special inspec- 1914.1 General. Shotcrete is mortar or concrete that is pneu-
matically projected at high velocity onto a surface. Except as
tion is provided for the installation of anchors, a 100-percent specified in this section, shotcrete shall conform to the require-
increase in the allowable tension values of Table 1912.2 is per- ments of this chapter for plain or reinforced concrete.
mitted. No increase in shear value is permitted.
1914.2 Proportions and materials. Shotcrete proportions
shall be selected that allow suitable placement procedures
SECTION BC 1913 using the delivery equipment selected and shall result in fin-
ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETESTRENGTH ished in-place hardened shotcrete meeting the strength require-
DESIGN ments of this code.
1913.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall govern the 1914.3 Aggregate. Coarse aggregate, if used, shall not exceed
strength design of anchors installed in concrete for purposes of 3/4 inch (19.1 mm).

TABLE 1912.2
ALLOWABLE SERVICE LOAD ON EMBEDDED BOLTS (pounds)
MINIMUM CONCRETE STRENGTH (psi)
BOLT MINIMUM EDGE f f f
c = 2,500 c = 3,000 c = 4,000
DIAMETER EMBEDMENT DISTANCE SPACING
(inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) Tension Shear Tension Shear Tension Shear
1/ 21 / 11 / 3 200 500 200 500 200 500
4 2 2
3/ 3 21/ 41 / 500 1,100 500 1,100 500 1,100
8 4 2

1/ 4 3 6 950 1,250 950 1,250 950 1,250

2
4 5 5 1,450 1,600 1,500 1,650 1,550 1,750
5/ 41 / 2 33 / 4 71 / 2 1,500 2,750 1,500 2,750 1,500 2,750
8
41 / 2 61 / 4 71 / 2 2,125 2,950 2,200 3,000 2,400 3,050
3/ 5 41/2 9 2,250 3,250 2,250 3,560 2,250 3,560
4
5 71 / 2 9 2,825 4,275 2,950 4,300 3,200 4,400
7/ 6 51/4 101/2 2,550 3,700 2,550 4,050 2,550 4,050
8

1 7 6 12 3,050 4,125 3,250 4,500 3,650 5,300

1/ 63/ 131/
1 8 8 4 2 3,400 4,750 3,400 4,750 3,400 4,750
1/ 71/
1 4 9 2 15 4,000 5,800 4,000 5,800 4,000 5,800
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689 MPa, 1 pound = 4.45 N.

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1914.4 Reinforcement. Reinforcement used in shotcrete con- defects shall be removed and replaced. Shotcrete above sags
struction shall comply with the provisions of Sections 1914.4.1 and sloughs shall be removed and replaced while still plastic.
through 1914.4.4.
1914.9 Curing. During the curing periods specified herein,
1914.4.1 Size. The maximum size of reinforcement shall be shotcrete shall be maintained above 40F (4C) and in moist
No. 5 bars unless it is demonstrated by preconstruction tests condition.
that adequate encasement of larger bars will be achieved.
1914.9.1 Initial curing. Shotcrete shall be kept continu-
1914.4.2 Clearance. When No. 5 or smaller bars are used, ously moist for 24 hours after shotcreting is complete or
there shall be a minimum clearance between parallel rein- shall be sealed with an approved curing compound.
forcement bars of 21/2 inches (64 mm). When bars larger
1914.9.2 Final curing. Final curing shall continue for seven
than No. 5 are permitted, there shall be a minimum clear-
days after shotcreting, or for three days if
ance between parallel bars equal to six diameters of the bars
high-early-strength cement is used, or until the specified
used. When two curtains of steel are provided, the curtain
strength is obtained. Final curing shall consist of the initial
nearer the nozzle shall have a minimum spacing equal to 12
curing process or the shotcrete shall be covered with an
bar diameters and the remaining curtain shall have a mini-
approved moisture-retaining cover.
mum spacing of six bar diameters.
1914.9.3 Natural curing. Natural curing shall not be used
Exception: Subject to the approval of the commissioner, in lieu of that specified in this section unless the relative
required clearances shall be reduced where it is demon- humidity remains at or above 85 percent, and is authorized
strated by preconstruction tests that adequate encase- by the registered design professional of record and
ment of the bars used in the design will be achieved. approved by the commissioner.
1914.4.3 Splices. Lap splices of reinforcing bars shall uti- 1914.10 Strength tests. Strength tests for shotcrete shall be
lize the noncontact lap splice method with a minimum clear- made by an approved agency on specimens that are representa-
ance of 2 inches (51 mm) between bars. The use of contact tive of the work and that have been water soaked for at least 24
lap splices necessary for support of the reinforcing is per- hours prior to testing. When the maximum-size aggregate is
mitted when approved by the commissioner, based on satis- larger than 3/8 inch (9.5 mm), specimens shall consist of not less
factory preconstruction tests that show that adequate than three 3-inch-diameter (76 mm) cores or 3-inch (76 mm)
encasement of the bars will be achieved, and provided that cubes. When the maximum-size aggregate is 3/8 inch (9.5 mm)
the splice is oriented so that a plane through the center of the or smaller, specimens shall consist of not less than
spliced bars is perpendicular to the surface of the shotcrete. 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) cores or 2-inch (51 mm) cubes.
1914.4.4 Spirally tied columns. Shotcrete shall not be 1914.10.1 Sampling. Specimens shall be taken from the
applied to spirally tied columns. in-place work or from test panels, and shall be taken at least
1914.5 Preconstruction tests. When required by the commis- once each shift, but not less than one for each 50 cubic yards
sioner, a test panel shall be shot, cured, cored or sawn, exam- (38.2 m3) of shotcrete.
ined and tested prior to commencement of the project. The 1914.10.2 Panel criteria. When the maximum-size aggre-
sample panel shall be representative of the project and simulate gate is larger than 3/8 inch (9.5 mm), the test panels shall
job conditions as closely as possible. The panel thickness and have minimum dimensions of 18 inches by 18 inches (457
reinforcing shall reproduce the thickest and most congested mm by 457 mm). When the maximum size aggregate is 3/8
area specified in the structural design. It shall be shot at the inch (9.5 mm) or smaller, the test panels shall have mini-
same angle, using the same nozzleman and with the same con- mum dimensions of 12 inches by 12 inches (305 mm by 305
crete mix design that will be used on the project. The equip- mm). Panels shall be shot in the same position as the work,
ment used in preconstruction testing shall be the same during the course of the work and by the nozzlemen doing
equipment used in the work requiring such testing, unless sub- the work. The conditions under which the panels are cured
stitute equipment is approved by the commissioner. shall be the same as the work.
1914.6 Rebound. Any rebound or accumulated loose aggre- 1914.10.3 Acceptance criteria. The average compressive
gate shall be removed from the surfaces to be covered prior to strength of three cores from the in-place work or a single test
placing the initial or any succeeding layers of shotcrete. panel shall equal or exceed 0.85 f ' c with no single core less
Rebound shall not be used as aggregate. than 0.75 f ' c. The average compressive strength of three
1914.7 Joints. Except where permitted herein, unfinished cubes taken from the in-place work or a single test panel
work shall not be allowed to stand for more than 30 minutes shall equal or exceed f ' c with no individual cube less than
unless edges are sloped to a thin edge. For structural elements 0.88 f ' c. To check accuracy, locations represented by erratic
that will be under compression and for construction joints core or cube strengths shall be retested.
shown on the approved construction documents, square joints
are permitted. Before placing additional material adjacent to
previously applied work, sloping and square edges shall be SECTION BC 1915
cleaned and wetted. REINFORCED GYPSUM CONCRETE
1914.8 Damage. In-place shotcrete that exhibits sags, sloughs, 1915.1 General. Reinforced gypsum concrete shall comply
segregation, honeycombing, sand pockets or other obvious with the requirements of ASTM C 317 and ASTM C 956.

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1915.2 Minimum thickness. The minimum thickness of rein- 1916.6 Approvals. Details of column connections and splices
forced gypsum concrete shall be 2 inches (51 mm) except the shall be shop fabricated in accordance with ACI 318 and
minimum required thickness shall be reduced to 11/2 inches (38 AISC-LRFD or AISC 335. Shop-fabricated concrete-filled
mm), provided the following conditions are satisfied: pipe columns shall be inspected by an approved agency pursu-
1. The overall thickness, including the formboard, is not ant to Chapter 17 of this code.
less than 2 inches (51 mm).
2. The clear span of the gypsum concrete between supports SECTION BC 1917
does not exceed 33 inches (838 mm). STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY REQUIREMENTS
3. Diaphragm action is not required. 1917.1 General. Reinforced concrete structures shall meet all
4. The design live load does not exceed 40 pounds per the requirements of Sections 1917.1 through 1917.3. Concrete
square foot (psf) (1915 Pa). slabs on metal deck shall be governed by the provisions of
Chapter 22. Reinforcement provided for gravity, seismic and
1915.3 Limitations of use. Reinforced gypsum concrete shall wind forces or for other purposes may be regarded as forming
not be used where exposed directly to the weather or where part of, or the whole of, these requirements. Reinforcing pro-
subject to frequent or continuous wetting. Precast units shall be vided for one requirement may be counted towards the other
protected by coverings or coatings from the weather and from requirements.
contact with moisture during shipment and during storage at
the work site. 1917.2 Continuity and ties. The structural integrity require-
ments of ACI 318, Section 7.13 shall apply. In addition, the fol-
lowing requirements shall be met.
SECTION BC 1916 1917.2.1 Slab reinforcement. At all floor and roof levels,
CONCRETE-FILLED PIPE COLUMNS slabs shall have a mat of bottom reinforcement in two per-
pendicular (or roughly perpendicular) directions. Rein-
1916.1 General. Concrete-filled pipe columns shall be manu-
forcement in this bottom mat shall be made continuous with
factured from standard, extra-strong or double-extra-strong
lap, mechanical or welded tension splices.
steel pipe or tubing that is filled with concrete so placed and
manipulated as to secure maximum density and to ensure com- 1917.2.1.1 Bottom mat reinforcement. In each direc-
plete filling of the pipe without voids. tion, the bottom mat reinforcement shall be not less than,
the steel required for temperature reinforcement. The
1916.2 Design. The safe supporting capacity of concrete-filled
bottom mat reinforcement shall be anchored at discon-
pipe columns shall be computed in accordance with ACI 318
tinuous edges within the column strip, reentrant corners,
and AISC-LRFD or AISC 335 or as determined by a test
elevation changes and anywhere else the continuity of
approved by the commissioner.
the reinforcing is interrupted.
1916.3 Connections. Caps, base plates and connections shall Exception: Flat plate middle strip bottom mat rein-
be in accordance with ACI 318 and AISC-LRFD or AISC 335 forcing perpendicular to discontinuous slab edges.
and shall be positively attached to the shell and anchored to the
concrete core. Welding of brackets without mechanical In addition, the main bottom mat reinforcement in
anchorage shall be prohibited. Where the pipe is slotted to one-way slabs shall be anchored at discontinuous edges.
accommodate webs of brackets or other connections, the integ- 1917.2.2 Peripheral ties. At each floor and roof level, rein-
rity of the shell shall be restored by welding to ensure hooping forcement forming a continuous peripheral tie shall be pro-
action of the composite section. vided. Peripheral ties shall be located within perimeter
1916.4 Reinforcement. Steel reinforcement shall be in the beams or walls, where they occur, or within 4 feet (1219
form of rods, structural shapes or pipe embedded in the con- mm) of the edge of slab, where perimeter beams or walls do
crete core in accordance with ACI 318 and AISC-LRFD or not occur. Continuous tie reinforcement shall be equal to
AISC 335 with sufficient clearance to ensure the composite half of the bottom reinforcement within the edge or edge
action of the section, but not nearer than 1 inch (25 mm) to the strip for two-way slabs but not less than two bars.
exterior steel shell. Structural shapes used as reinforcement 1917.2.3 Horizontal ties. At each column, beam reinforce-
shall be milled to ensure bearing on cap and base plates. ment or slab bottom reinforcement shall be provided at each
1916.5 Fire-resistance-rating protection. Pipe columns shall level that can develop a tension force equal to the maximum
be of such size or so protected as to develop the required of 1 or 2:
fire-resistance ratings specified in Table 601. Where an outer 1. Three times the load entering the column at that level,
steel shell is used to enclose the fire-resistant covering, the shell using a load combination of 1.0 x DL (self weight of
shall not be included in the calculations for strength of the col- structure only).
umn section. The minimum diameter of pipe columns shall be
2. One and a half times the load entering the column at that
4 inches (102 mm) except that in structures of Type V construc-
level using the load combinations of (1.2 DL + 1.6 LL) or
tion not exceeding three stories or 40 feet (12 192 mm) in
1.4 DL.
height, pipe columns used in the basement and as secondary
steel members shall have a minimum diameter of 3 inches (76 1917.2.3.1 Bottom reinforcing. This beam or slab bot-
mm). tom reinforcement shall be distributed around the col-

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umn perimeter and shall be extended on all sides of the

column into the adjacent slab for at least one-third of the
span length. Where reinforcing bars cannot be extended
beyond the column (e.g., at slab edges and openings),
they shall be hooked or otherwise developed within the
column.
1917.2.4 Vertical ties. Each column and each wall carrying
vertical load shall be vertically tied continuously from its
lowest to highest level. The vertical ties composed of verti-
cal column reinforcement shall be capable of resisting a ten-
sile force equal to the maximum design dead and live load
received by the column or wall from any one story within
four floors below.
1917.3 Precast concrete general. Precast concrete structural
elements shall be reinforced to meet all of the requirements of
this section. However, reinforcement provided for gravity, seis-
mic and wind forces and for other purposes may be regarded as
forming part of, or the whole of, these requirements. Reinforc-
ing provided for one requirement may be counted towards the
other requirements.
1917.3.1 Continuity and ties. The structural integrity
requirements of ACI 318, Section 16.5, shall apply. In pre-
cast and composite structures, ties within precast structural
elements shall be continuous and shall be anchored to the
supporting structure. In addition to Sections 1917.2.2 and
1917.2.4, the following requirements shall be met.
1917.3.1.1 End connections. End connections of all
precast slabs, beams and girders shall have an axial ten-
sion capacity equal to the larger of the vertical shear
capacity of the connection at either end, or at least 2 per-
cent of the maximum factored vertical dead and live load
in the precast compression element, whichever is larger,
but not less than 20 kips or 2,500 pounds per linear foot
of slab (36.48 kN/m). Where more than one element
frames in one direction, none of the elements or connec-
tions shall have an axial tension capacity of less than 1
percent of the column load but not less than 20 kips.
1917.3.1.2 Side connections. Side connections of all
precast elements shall have an axial tension capacity not
less than the steel required for temperature reinforce-
ment of the larger element at either side.
1917.3.1.3 Connection forces. For design of the con-
nections, the transverse shear force and the axial tensile
force need not be considered to act simultaneously.
1917.3.2 Joints. Joints in precast structures shall not rely on
friction due to gravity to transfer load.
1917.3.3 Bearing. The net bearing area shall not be less
than 2 inches (51 mm) wide and 3 inches (76 mm) long in
the direction of the member.

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