ABSTRACT

Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding

renewable energy resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the
technologies associated with this area. This project includes the design and construction of a
microcontroller-based solar panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be
produced because the solar array is able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon
topics learned in this course.

To make solar energy more viable, the efficiency of solar array systems must be
maximized. A feasible approach for maximizing the efficiency of solar array systems is sun
tracking. This is a system that controls the movement of a solar array so that it is constantly
aligned towards the direction of the sun. Solar modules are devices that cleanly convert
sunlight into electricity and offer a practical solution to the problem of power generation in
remote areas. The solar tracker designed and constructed in this project offers a reliable and
affordable method of aligning a solar module with the sun in order to maximize its energy
output.

Automatic Sun Tracking System is a hybrid hardware/software prototype, which

automatically provides best alignment of solar panel with the sun, to get maximum output
(electricity) ideate the design. Problems and possible improvements will also be presented.

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 INTRODUCTION

Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds of work by human
beings and nature. Primarily, it is the gift of the nature to the mankind in various forms. The
consumption of the energy is directly proportional to the progress of the mankind. With ever
growing population, improvement in the living standard of the humanity, industrialization of
the developing countries, the global demand for energy increases day by day.
The primary source of energy is fossil fuel, however the finiteness of fossil fuel
resources and large scale environmental degradation caused by their widespread use,
particularly global warming, urban air pollution and acid rain, strongly suggests that
harnessing of non-conventional, renewal and environmental friendly
As the sources of conventional energy deplete day by day, resorting to alternative
sources of energy like solar and wind energy has become need of the hour.
Solar powered lighting systems are already available in rural as well as urban areas.
These include solar lanterns, solar home lightning system, solar street lights, solar garden
lights and solar power packs. All of them consist of four components; solar photovoltaic
module, rechargeable battery, solar charge controller and load.
In the solar powered lightning systems, the solar charge controller plays an important
role as the systems overall success depends mainly on it. It is considered as an indispensible
link between the solar panel, battery and load.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Servo Motor

Solar panel DUSK to

DAWN LDR
Sensor

Charge control

Micro controller
Battery

Load control

Load

LCD

Figure.1: Block Diagram

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

MICROCONTROLLER
It is the major part of the system. The microcontroller controls all the operations. The
solar panel is aligned according to the intensity of sunlight under the control of the
microcontroller.

SENSOR
The system consists of two sensors, each composed of LDR. One unit is made up of
four LDRs. These are placed at the four corners of the solar panel. The intensity of sunlight is
sensed by the LDR and the output is sent to the controller. The control unit analyzes it and
decides the direction in which the panel has to be rotated, so that it gets maximum intensity of
light.
The other unit of sensor is also composed of LDRs which is meant for the control of a
lighting load.

SERVO MOTOR
Servo motor is used to rotate the panel in desired direction. It is controlled by the
controller.

SOLAR PANEL
Solar panel is used for the conversion of solar energy directly into electricity. It is
composed of photo voltaic cells, which convert solar energy into electrical energy.

CHARGE CONTROL
It is meant to control the charging of battery. It sends the status of battery to the
microcontroller unit.

BATTERY
It is for the storage of energy received from the panel. A rechargeable battery is
normally employed for this purpose.

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LOAD CONTROL
Load control is meant for the control of the load. It receives control signals from the
controller and controls the load.

LOAD
Different types of load can be controlled as per the requirements. Here a load for
lighting purpose is controlled.

LCD DISPLAY
LCD display unit displays the status of the battery. An inbuilt voltmeter is set up in
the controller and it reads out the voltage level of the battery. The read out voltage is
displayed on the LCD display.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure.2: Circuit Diagram

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 PCB DESIGN

Figure.3: PCB Design

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 INTRODUCTION TO SUN TRACKING

BACKGROUND
As the range of applications for solar energy increases, so does the need for improved
materials and methods used to harness this power source. There are several factors that affect
the efficiency of the collection process. Major influences on overall efficiency include solar
cell efficiency, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques. The materials used in
solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of a solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult
to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the
efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable method of
improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of
radiation received from the source.

NEED OF SUN TRACKING

Each day, the sun rises in the east, moves across the sky, and sets in the west.
Whenever the sun is shining on us, it is sending energy in our direction. If there is a solar cell
to turn and look at the sun all day, then it would be receiving the maximum amount of
sunlight possible and converting it into the more useful energy form electricity. It is seen that
the sun appears to follow a path that is nearly directly overhead. However, for locations north
or south of the tropics (e.g., latitudes greater than 23.5 degrees), the sun never reaches a
position that is directly overhead. Instead, it follows a path across the southern or the northern
part of the sky.

OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK

If a solar cell is configured so that it faces the sun continually as it moves across the
sky from east to west, the most electrical energy possible can be obtained. One way to do
this, of course, is by hand. However, keeping a solar cell facing the sun throughout the day is
not a very efficient use of a persons time. Going outside to a solar cell every hour to turn it
toward the sun might be possible, but this would still not be an efficient method. A photo
sensor is employed to control the solar cell tracking system. For example, if the photo sensor
is not aligned with sun rays, then it could turn on the motor until it is once again aligned. If
the motor is attached to the frame holding the solar cell, then the solar cell could be moved to
face the sun. As long as the photo sensor is in alignment with the sun, nothing happens.

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However, when the sun moves across the sky and is not in proper alignment with the photo
sensor, then a motor moves the frame until the photo sensor is in the sun once more. This
could have the effect of keeping the solar cell facing the sun as it moves across the required
human attention. The solar tracker system includes a frame on which a solar cell could be
mounted. The frame is to move so that it faces the sun as it travels across the sky during the
day. The frame could be driven by an electric motor that turns on and off in response to the
movement of the sky.

SOLAR ENERGY
One of the most important problems facing the world today is the energy problem.
This problem is resulted from the increase of demand for electrical energy and high cost of
fuel. The solution was in finding another renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind
energy, potential energy...etc. Nowadays, solar energy has been widely used in our life, and
it's expected to grow up in the next years.
Solar energy has many advantages:
1. Need no fuel
2. Has no moving parts to wear out
3. Non-polluting & quick responding
4. Adaptable for on-site installation
5. Easy maintenance
6. Can be integrated with other renewable energy sources
7. Simple & efficient
Tracking systems try to collect the largest amount of solar radiation and convert it into
usable form of electrical energy (DC voltage) and store this energy into batteries for different
types of applications. The sun tracking systems can collect more energy than what a fixed
panel system collects.

TRACKING TECHNIQUES
There are several forms of tracking currently available; these vary mainly in the
method of implementing the designs. The two general forms of tracking used are fixed
control algorithms and dynamic tracking. The inherent difference between the two methods is
the manner in which the path of the sun is determined. In the fixed control algorithm systems,

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the path of the sun is determined by referencing an algorithm that calculates the position of
the sun for each time period. That is, the control system does not actively find the sun's
position but works it out given the current time, day, month, and year. The dynamic tracking
system, on the other hand, actively searches for the sun's position at any time of day (or
night). Common to both forms of tracking is the control system. This system consists of some
method of direction control, such as DC motors, stepper motors, and servo motors, which are
directed by a control circuit, either digital or analog.

RELEVANCE OF SOLAR TRACKERS

For people living in remote communities, often in third world countries, access to
grid-connected electricity is not always possible. Often the nearest utility is a long distance
from homes and the cost of developing the infrastructure that would allow for access to the
grid is prohibitive. Remote communities in third world countries are of course not the only
ones that suffer this dilemma. Australia is a large country with many farmers and
communities that are remote from the local grid and in these cases alternative sources of
electrical power must be obtained.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SOLAR CELL

Figure.4: Equivalent Circuit of Solar Cell

To understand the electronic behaviour of a solar cell, it is useful to create a model

which is electrically equivalent, and is based on discrete electrical components whose
behaviour is well known. An ideal solar cell may be modelled by a current source in parallel
with a diode. In practice no solar cell is ideal, so a shunt resistance and a series resistance
component are added to the model. The result is the "equivalent circuit of a solar cell" as
shown above.

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ACTIVE SOLAR TRACKERS
Active trackers measure the light intensity from the sun to determine where the solar
modules should be pointing. Light sensors are positioned on the tracker at various locations
or in specially shaped holders. If the sun is not facing the tracker directly there will be a
difference in light intensity on one light sensor compared to another and this difference can
be used to determine in which direction the tracker has to tilt in order to be facing the sun.

TYPES OF SOLAR TRACKERS

There are many different types of solar tracker which can be grouped into single axis
and double axis models.

SINGLE AXIS SOLAR TRACKERS

Single axis solar trackers can either have a horizontal or a vertical axle. The horizontal
type is used in tropical regions where the sun gets very high at noon, but the days are short.
The vertical type is used in high latitudes (such as in UK) where the sun does not get very
high, but summer days can be very long. These have a manually adjustable tilt angle of 0 - 45
and automatic tracking of the sun from East to West. They use the PV modules themselves
as light sensor to avoid unnecessary tracking movement and for reliability. At night the
trackers take up a horizontal position.

Figure.5: Single Axis Solar Tracker

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DUAL AXIS TRACKERS

Figure.6: Double Axis

Tracker

Double axis
solar trackers have
both a horizontal
and a vertical axle
and so can track the Sun's apparent motion exactly anywhere in the world. This type of
system is used to control astronomical telescopes, and so there is plenty of software available
to automatically predict and track the motion of the sun across the sky. Dual axis trackers
track the sun both East to West and North to South for added power output (approx 40% gain)
and convenience.

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 INTRODUCTION TO STEPPER MOTOR

The stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses into
mechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discrete step
increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence. The
sequence of the applied pulses is directly related to the direction of motor shafts rotation. The
speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly related to the frequency of the input pulses and
the length of rotation is directly related to the number of input pulses applied. Many
advantages are achieved using this kind of motors, such as higher simplicity, since no brushes
or contacts are present, low cost, high reliability, high torque at low speeds, and high
accuracy of motion. Many systems with stepper motors need to control the acceleration/
deceleration when changing the speed.

Figure.7: Stepper motor

BIPOLAR V/S. UNIPOLAR STEPPER MOTORS

The two common types of stepper motors are the bipolar motor and the unipolar
motor. The bipolar and unipolar motors are similar, except that the unipolar has a center tap
on each winding. The bipolar motor needs current to be driven in both directions through the
windings, and a full bridge driver is needed .The center tap on the unipolar motor allows a
simpler driving circuit, limiting the current flow to one direction. The main drawback with
the unipolar motor is the limited capability to energize all windings at any time, resulting in a
lower torque compared to the bipolar motor. The unipolar stepper motor can be used as a
bipolar motor by disconnecting the center tap. In unipolar there are 5 wires. One common
wire and four wires to which power supply has to be given in a serial order to make it drive.
Bipolar can have 6 wires and a pair of wires is given supply at a time to drive it in steps.

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 Figure.8: A 2- phase (winding) unipolar Stepper Schematic.

Figure.9: A two phase (winding) bipolar stepper motor.

STEPPER MOTOR CONNECTION DIAGRAM

The wires from the Logic PCB connector to the stepper motor are as follows

Black +12V common

Red Coil1
Brown Coil3
Green Coil2
White Coil4

Figure.10: PCB Connector

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 The ULN2003 / MC1413 is a 7-bit 50V 500mA TTL-input NPN Darlington driver.
This is more than adequate to control a four phase unipolar stepper motor such as the
KP4M4-001. It is recommended to connect a 12v zener diode between the power supply and
VDD (Pin 9) on the chip, to absorb reverse (or "back") EMF from the magnetic field
collapsing when motor coils are switched off.

DRIVING A STEPPER MOTOR:

IDENTIFY THE WIRE: Common and windings

Figure.11: Connection to identify the common winding

It has been seen that out of the five wires two are grouped as common. The other four
are the windings that have to give supply to. Major crux here is to identify the common line.
Just take the multimeter and check the resistance between the wires. Hold one wire a
common and it must bear a resistance of 75 ohms with all the other wires then that is the
common wire.

CONNECTION OF THE CIRCUIT

Figure.12: Connection of ULN with motor

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 Figure.13: Compact design

Use Microcontroller PIC16F877A to give +5v supply to pins a, b, c, d one by one thats:

a=5v, b=0, c=0, d=0

a=0, b=5v, c=0, d=0
a=0, b=0, c=5v, d=0
a=0, b=0, c=0,d=5v
Then the motor will run.

STEPPER MOTOR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES:
1. The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.
2. The motor has full torque at standstill (if the windings are energized)
3. Precise positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper motors have an
accuracy of 3 5% of a step and this error is non cumulative from one step to the next.

4. Excellent response to starting/ stopping/reversing.

5. Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore, the life of the
motor is simply dependant on the life of the bearing.

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6. The motors response to digital input pulses provides open-loop control, making the motor
simpler and less costly to control.
7. It is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation with a load that is directly
coupled to the shaft.
8. A wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed is proportional to the
frequency of the input pulses.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Resonances can occur if not properly controlled.
2. Not easy to operate at extremely high speeds.

APPLICATIONS OF STEPPER MOTOR

A stepper motor can be a good choice whenever controlled movement is required.
They can be used to advantage in applications where you need to control rotation angle,
speed, position and synchronism. Because of the inherent advantages listed previously,
stepper motors have found their place in many different applications. Some of these include
printers, plotters, high end office equipment, hard disk drives, medical equipment, fax
machines, automotive and many more.

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 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

CONCLUSION

In this thesis, the sun tracking system was implemented which is based on PIC
microcontroller. After examining the information obtained in the data analysis section, it can
be said that the proposed sun tracking solar array system is a feasible method of maximizing
the energy received from solar radiation. The controller circuit used to implement this system
has been designed with a minimal number of components and has been integrated onto a
single PCB for simple assembly. The use of stepper motors enables accurate tracking of the
sun while keeping track of the array's current position in relation to its initial position. The
automatic solar radiation tracker is an efficient system for solar energy collection. It has been
shown that the sun tracking systems can collect about 8% more energy than what a fixed
panel system collects and thus high efficiency is achieved through this tracker. 8% increase in
efficiency is not the most significant figure; it can be more prominent in concentrating type
reflectors.

SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

To improve the sun tracking, a stand alone sun tracker can be designed using 18 series
PIC microcontroller. In 18 series PIC microcontroller, data can be stored periodically in
MMC card .We need not to do it manually (no need of rotation).Alignment can be varied
changing with season. Moreover, concentrating type collectors are more efficient than flat
plate collectors. It can be used to increase efficiency.

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 REFERENCES

www.microchip.com

www.national.com

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