Cooling Load Estimation

Estimating cooling load procedures:

1- Select out side DBT & WBT for summer.
2- Select indoor design conditions DBT &
3- Estimate temperature in the adjacent spaces.
4- Calculate heat transfer coefficient u
U= 1 + x + 1
hi k ho
5- Calculate areas & heat transfer through walls
QH.T = (uAT ) . watt
6- Calculate solar neat gain.
QSun = (uATsun )wall + (A.W/m2)glass . (S.C)
7- Lighting & occupants and equipment
(i) Lighting: QL = (w/m2) x A
(ii) Occupants: QO.S = n x Ws
QO.L = n x Ws
8- (i) ventilation:
Qv = n [ (L/S/ person) x 10-3] [ ( 1 ) (ho hi) x 103]
vo
(ii) Infiltration:
1
QI = L [(L/S/m) x 10-3] [ ( ) (ho hi) x 103]
vo
9- Total load:
Qtotal = QT + QSun + QL + Qo + QEq + (Qv or QI) .
*****

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 Cooling Load Estimation Equations:

1- Heat transfer through walls ( Qt )

Qt U A T
1 / U 1 / hi x / k 1 / ho

2- Solar heat gain ( Qs )

Qs U A Tsun _ wall A w / m 2 glass S .C

3- Lighting ( QL )

4- Equipments ( Qe )

5- Occupants ( QO )

6- A) Ventilation heat gain ( Qv )

Qv n l / s / person 103 1 / Vo ho hi 103

B) Infiltration heat gain ( QI )

QI L l / s / person 10 3 1 / Vo ho hi 103

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 Cooling Load Tables:
( )
[11]
t pv t pv t pv
o o o
( C) (kp2) ( C) (kp2) ( C) (kp2)
2 0.706 34 5.318 66 26.15
4 0.813 36 5.940 68 28.56
6 0.935 38 6.624 70 31.16
8 1.072 40 7.375 72 33.95
10 1.377 42 8.198 74 36.95
12 1.401 44 9.100 76 40.19
14 1.597 46 10.086 78 43.65
16 1.817 48 11.162 80 47.36
18 2.052 50 12.335 82 51.33
20 2.337 52 13.613 84 55.57
22 2.643 54 15.002 86 60.11
4 2.932 56 16.511 88 64.95
2 3.360 58 18.147 90 70.11
28 3.778 60 19.920 95 84.53
30 4.341 62 21.840 100 101.325
32 4.753 64 23.910
( )
[ 2 ]
Summer Winter
City name Hotest Daily range Dry bulb Wet bulb Dry bulb
o
month C
Alexandria May 8 37 24 4
Cairo June 15 41 22 7
Duhla Oasis May 18 45 25 -
Asmaalia june 16 42 23 -
Luxor augest 18 46 27 -
Port Said june 8 34 26 -
Kosier July 8 37 28 -
Suiz june 14 42 25 -

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 ( )
[ 5 ]
Summer Winter
Commercial Humidification
Deluxe
Type of application practice With Without
db rh db rh db rh db
o o o
( C) ( % ) ( C) (%) ( C) (%) (oC)
General Comfort
Apartment, House, Hotel , 23-24 50-45 25-26 50-45 23-24 35-30 24-25
Office, Hospital, School
RETAIL SHOPS
Bank, Barber,
24-26 50-45 26-27 50-45 22-23 35-30 23-24
beauty shop, Department
store, Supermarket
LOW SENSIBLE HEAT
FACTOR APPLICATION
24-26 55-50 26-27 60-50 22-23 40-35 23-24
Auditorium, Bar,
restaurant, Kitchen
FACTORY COMFORT
Assembly area, 25-27 55-45 27-29 60-50 20-22 35-30 21-23
Machining rooms

( )
[ 6 ]
Position of surface Direction of heat flow H
(W/m2.K)
Still air
Horizontal Upward 9.26
Vertical Horizontal 8.29
Horizontal Downward 6.13
Moving Air
6 m/s (winter) Any 34.0
3 m/s (summer) Any 22.7

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 ( )
[ 6 , 12 ]
U
Type of application
(W/m2 K)
Windows :
Single glass 6.08
Double glass (insulating) 3.5
Triple glass (insulating) 2.53
Single glass & storm window 3.01
Doors :
Thin wood panels 6.08
Solid wood doors (no storm door)
25 mm 3.44
50 mm 2.47
solid wood doors (storm doors)
25 mm 1.61
50 mm 1.29
Steel door with 44 mm
Mineral fiber core 3.35
Urethane foam core 2.27

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 ( )
[S] (oC)
Wall weight
Solar time Light Medium Heavy
N E S W N E S W N E S W
8 - 16 - - - - - - - - - -
9 - 20 - - - 6 - - - - - -
10 - 21 2 - - 11 - - - - - -
11 - 18 7 - - 14 - - - 3 - -
12 - 12 12 - - 15 - - - 5 - -
13 2 9 15 5 - 14 5 - - 7 - -
14 3 7 16 13 - 12 9 1 - 8 - -
15 3 7 14 21 1 10 11 6 - 8 1 -
16 4 6 11 27 2 9 12 12 - 8 3 -
17 4 5 7 30 2 8 11 17 - 8 5 3
18 5 3 4 27 3 7 9 22 - 8 6 7
19 2 1 1 17 3 5 7 23 - 7 6 10
20 - - - 6 3 3 5 20 1 7 6 12
Maximum 5 21 16 30 3 15 12 23 1 8 6 13
At
actual ( t O t I ) (t average 29)
t 1
average (t max dailyrange )
2
( )


[ 2 , 5 ] . (W/m2)
Month N NE/NW E/W SE/SW S Hor.
Dec. 69 69 510 775 795 500
Jan., Nov. 75 90 550 785 775 555
Feb., Oct. 85 205 645 780 700 685
Mar., Sept. 100 330 695 700 545 780
Apr., Aug. 115 450 700 580 355 845
May, July 120 530 685 480 230 865
June 140 555 675 440 190 8708
Maximum 140 555 700 785 795 870

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 ( )
[ 3 ] . (W/m2)

Orientation
Time
N E S W Hor.
6 AM 6 PM 45 365 - 365 110
7 5 120 595 - 595 320
8 4 55 640 - 640 540
9 3 - 565 25 565 735
10 2 - 420 90 420 890
11 1 - 225 140 225 990
12 - - - 155 - 1040

( )
[ 11 ] . (W/m2)
Orientation
Operating
N E S W
10 hours 78 382 238 311
24 hours 72 220 288 276

( )
[ 6, 8, 11 ]
No Venetian blinds Roller shades
Thick.
Type of glass indoor
(mm) Medium Light Dark Light
shading
Single glass :
Regular sheet 3 1.00 0.64 0.55 0.59 0.25
Plate 6-12 0.95 0.64 0.55 0.59 0.25
Heat-absorbing 6 0.70 0.57 0.53 0.40 0.30
Double glass : 10 0.50 0.54 0.52 0.40 0.28
Regular sheet 3 0.90 0.57 0.51 0.60 0.25
Plate 6 0.83 0.57 0.51 0.60 0.25
Reflective 6 0.2-0.4 0.2-0.3 - - -

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 ( )
[ 6 ]
Shade
Type of shading device
coefficient
Canvas awning 0.25
Inside Venetian blinds, light color 0.55
Inside Venetian blinds, dark color 0.64
Roller shades, light color 0.25
Roller shades, dark color 0.59
Roof overhang or marquee, full shading 0.25
Windows shaded by normal setback from external building surface 0.90
Outside shading screen 0.30
Wood sash (85% gross area equals not glass area) 0.85

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 ()
[6, 11, 12] (w)
Sensible Latent Total
Degree of activity Typical application
heat heat heat
Seated at area Theater 72 31 103
Seated very light work Offices, hotels, apartments 72 45 117
Seated , eating Restaurant 75 95 170
Moderately active office Offices, hotels, apartments 73 59 132
work
Standing light work or Department store, retail 73 59 132
walking slowly store
Walking, seated Drug store, bank 73 73 146
Standing, walking slowly, Restaurant 81 81 162
sedentary work
Light bench work Factory 81 139 220
Light machine work Factory 101 203 304
Moderate dancing Dance hall 89 160 249
Moderately heavy work Factory 110 183 293
Heavy work Factory 170 255 425
Heavy work gymnasium 185 340 525

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 ()
[5, 12] (W)
With
Without hood
hood
Appliance
All
Sensible Latent Total
sensible
Gas burning type
Coffee brewer per burner 490 210 700 140
Coffee urn (350 mm) 1460 625 2035 415
Deep fat flyer 2080 2060 4160 830
2
Dry food warmer / m 1550 400 1950 400
Fry kettle 815 1925 2740 875
2
Griddle, frying / m 13600 7200 20800 4150
Short order stove per burner 890 500 1390 280
Electric type
Coffee brawer per burner 215 65 280 95
Coffee urn 1070 350 1420 440
Fry kettle 2300 2200 4400 573
Hot plate (460 x 510 x 330 mm) 1470 1000 2470 780
Toaster (12 slices / min) 750 670 1420 440
2
Steam table / m top 3000 1500 4500 750

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 ()
[12] (W)
Appliance Miscellaneous data Sensible Latent Total
Electrical type
Hair drier Blower type 640 110 750
Hair drier Helmo type 520 92 612
Wave machine Permanent 850 150 1000
Sterilizer Instrument 180 330 510
Neon sigh Linear 60 - 60
Large copying machine Operating 3330 0 3330
Standby 1670 0 1670
Television Household 50-100 0 50-100
Refrigerator Household 100-200 0 100-200
Computer Personal 50-200 0 50-200
Printer Laser 150 0 150
Copier Office 150-300 0 150-300
Gas burning type
Lab burners, Bunsen 15 cm, barrel 470 120 590
Gas light mantle type 1800 200 2000
Cigar lighter continous flame 900 100 1000

()
[5, 6, 8] (L/S/person)
Application Smoking Ventilation rate
condition Minimum Recommended
Apartment Sometimes 7 9.5
Bank Sometimes 3.5 4.7
Salon Sometimes 4.7 7
Beauty parlors Sometimes 3.5 4.7
Bar Intensive 11.8 14.2
Department stores Forbidden 2.4 3.5
Factories Forbidden 3.5 4.7
hospitals Forbidden 11.8 14.2
Hotels Intensive 11.8 14.2
Laboratories Sometimes 7 9.5
Conference rooms Sometimes 14.2 23.6

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 Directors rooms Intensive
Private offices Sometimes 7 11.8
General offices Sometimes 4.7 7
Restaurants, dinning rooms Sometimes 5.7 7
Cafeteria Sometimes 3.5 5.7
School rooms Forbidden 3.5 4.7
Theaters Forbidden 2.4 3.5

()
[6, 12] (L/S/m)
Pressure difference (pa)
Type of window
25 50 75 100 125
A- Wood double hung window
(locked) (only leakage around
the sash and through the frame
is given)
Non weather- stripped:
Losse fit 2.0 3.14 3.85 5.00 5.81
Average fit 0.69 1.11 3.86 1.78 2.06
Weather stripped:
Losse fit 0.72 1.14 1.50 1.81 2.08
Average fit 0.36 0.58 0.78 0.92 1.03
B- Frame wall leakage (leakage
passes between the frame of a
wood double hung window
and the wall)
Around the frame in:
Masonry wall, not caulked 0.44 0.67 0.89 1.06 1.25
Masonry wall, caulked 0.08 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.22
Wood frame wall 0.33 0.56 0.75 0.92 1.03

()
[5, 6, 12] (L/S/m)
Wind velocity
Type of door or
Remarks (m/s)
window
2 4
Double hung Average window in wood frame

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 Wood sash non weather stripped 0.18 1.00
weather stripped 0.11 0.62
poorly fitted window in wood frame
non weather stripped 0.70 2.87
weather stripped 0.15 2.43
Steel sash Architectural , projected 0.39 1.60
Rolled Industrial, pivoted 1.35 4.50
Section Residential casement 0.36 1.35
Heavy casement, projected 0.20 0.98
Hollow metal, vertically pivoted 0.77 3.70
Ordinary wood Well fitted,
Or metal door non weather stripped 1.39 2.79
weather stripped 0.70 1.39
poorly fitted
non weather stripped 1.39 5.73
weather stripped 0.70 2.87
Glass door Good installation 5.00 14.95
Factory door 3mm crack 5.00 14.95
Metal- sash Aluminum, double- hung or sliding 0.15 0.82
windows weather stripped
()
[5, 12]
Kind of room or building Number of air changes per hour
Rooms with:
No windows or exterior doors 0.5
Windows or exterior door
One side 1
Two sides 1.5
Three sides 2
Entrance halls 2
()
[12] . (L/S/person)
180 cm 90 cm swinging door
Application revolving No With
door vestibule vestibule

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 Bank 3.1 3.8 2.8
Barber shop 1.9 2.4 1.8
Candy and ice cream 2.6 3.3 2.5
Cigar store 9.5 14 10.6
Department store 3.1 3.8 2.8
Dress shop 0.95 1.2 0.9
Drug store 2.6 3.3 2.5
Hospital room - 1.7 1.2
Lunch room 1.9 2.4 1.8
Mens shop 1.3 1.7 1.3
Restaurant 0.95 1.2 0.9
Show store 1.3 1.7 1.2

Cooling Load Estimation Example:

Meeting Hall [2nd floor]
Outside Conditions: 33 oC DBT
27 oC WBT
Inside Conditions : 24 oC DBT
56 %
Occupants : 20 Persons
Lighting: 2000 w Equipment = 2000 W
Ceiling Height = 4.2 m
8 Windows = 1.2 x 3 m Door = 1.5 x 2.1 m
uwall = 1.4 w/m2 K udoor = 3.2 w/m2K
ufloor&ceiling = 1.84 w/m2K uwindows = 6 w/m2 K

SOL 1 :
1- Heat Transfer Through Walls :

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 Items Area u t Qt
m2 W/m2 K K W
Wall N (12x4.2)-5(1.2x3) 32.4 1.4 33-24 408.24
E (7.2x4.2) 30.24 1.4 29-24 211.68
W 7.2x4.2)-3(1.2x3) 19.44 1.4 33-24 244.94
S (12x4.2)-(1.5x2.1) 47.25 1.4 33-24 595.35

Ceiling 12x7.2 86.4 1.84 29-24 794.88

Floor 12x7.2 86.4 1.84 29-24 794-88
Glass N 5(1.2x3) 18 6 33-24 972.00
W 3(1.2x3) 10.8 6 33-24 583.20
Door (1.5x2.1) 3.15 3.2 33-24 90.72
Qt 4695.98
2- Solar Heat Gain :-
Qsun (uAt sun ) wall ( A.W / m 2 ) glass x( S .C )
tsun from A.g for walls . t N = 3 C
tsun = 23 C
From A-13 w/m2 for glass N = 78 w/m2
W = 311 w/m2
S.e = shading coefficient from A-15 = 0.55
Item A u tsun W/m2 S.C Qs
m2 W/m2k k w W
Wall N 32.4 1.4 3 136.08
W 19.44 1.4 23 652.96
Glass N 18 78 .55 772.00
W 10.8 311 .55 1847.34
3408.38

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 W/m2
3- lighting Heat Gain :
2
60
QL = w/m x Afloor
(florescent) QL = total watts x 1.25
45

(incandesce) QL= total watts 40

QL = 2000 w 20 - -

17

15

4- Occupants Heat Gain :

Qo = n (Q/person) w
From A-16 Q/person = 177 w
Qo = 20 x 177 = 2340 w
5- Equipments H.G :
QE = q1 + q2 + q3
QE = 2000 W
6- Ventilation H-G :
1
Qv n [( L / S / person )103 ] ( )[(ho hi )103
vo
from A-13
L/S/person = 14.2
From psychrometric Chart :

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 Vo = 0.895 m3/kg , ho = 85 kj/kg
hi = 48 kj/kg .
Qv = 11740.78 w
7- Infiltration H.G :
1
Qi L [( L / S / person )10 3 ] ( ) [(ho hi )10 3
vo
from A-21
for metal sash windows = 0.82 (L/S/M)
with u = L/M/S
L = 8 [ (1.2 + 3 ) 2 ] = 67.2 m

QI = 2278.04 W .
Total cooling load = QT + Qsun + QL + Qo + QE + Qv + QI
C.L = 26185.25 W

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