JAR 66 CATEGORY B1

CONVERSION COURSE

uk MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
CONTENTS

engineering
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

CONTENTS

1 OBJECTIVES..................................................................1-1
1.1 Level 1........................................................................................1-1
1.2 Level 2........................................................................................1-1
2 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS.......................2-1
2.1 Flight Instruments.....................................................................2-2
2.2 Electronic Instrument Systems................................................2-4
2.3 Electronic Flight Instrument SYstem.......................................2-7
2.4 Electronic Attitude Director Indicator......................................2-7
2.4.1 General..........................................................................2-7
2.4.2 Full Time Eadi Display Data...........................................2-9
2.4.3 Part Time Eadi Displays.................................................2-10
2.5 Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator................................2-12
2.5.1 Full Time Ehsi Displays..................................................2-13
2.5.2 Part Time Ehsi Displays.................................................2-15
2.5.3 Partial Compass Format................................................2-16
2.5.4 Map Mode......................................................................2-19
2.5.5 Composite Display.........................................................2-20
2.6 Display Controller......................................................................2-21
2.6.1 Display Controller..........................................................2-22
2.6.2 Source Controller...........................................................2-24
2.7 Electronic Instruments (Engine & Airframe)...........................2-25
2.8 Engine Indicating & Crew Alerting System.............................2-25
2.8.1 Display Units..................................................................2-26
2.8.2 Display Modes...............................................................2-30
2.8.3 Operational Mode..........................................................2-30
2.9 Status Mode...............................................................................2-30
2.10 Maintenance Mode....................................................................2-30
2.11 Display Select Panel..................................................................2-32
2.11.1 Display Select Panel Operation.....................................2-33
2.12 Maintenance Control Panel.......................................................2-36
2.13 Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring..............................2-37
2.14 Display Units..............................................................................2-37
2.15 Ecam Display Modes.................................................................2-38
2.15.1 Flight Phase Related Mode............................................2-38
2.15.2 Advisory Mode...............................................................2-39
2.16 Ecam Failure Mode....................................................................2-40
2.17 Control Panel.............................................................................2-46
3 NUMBERING SYSTEMS................................................3-1
3.1 GENERAL...................................................................................3-2
3.2 Binary Numbering System........................................................3-3
3.2.1 Binary Fractions.............................................................3-6
3.3 Advantages/Disadvantages of the Binary System..................3-8

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DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
CONTENTS

engineering ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

3.4 Octal Numbering System..........................................................3-9

3.4.1 Octal Fractions...............................................................3-10
3.5 Octal - Binary Conversions.......................................................3-11
3.6 Advantages/disadvantages of the Octal System....................3-13
3.7 Hexadecimal..............................................................................3-14
3.8 Binary-Hexadecimal..................................................................3-16
3.9 Binary Coded Decimal Notation...............................................3-17
3.10 Binary Arithmetic.......................................................................3-18
3.11 Binary Addition..........................................................................3-18
4 DATA CONVERSION......................................................4-1
4.1 Analogue Computers................................................................4-1
4.2 Digital Computers......................................................................4-1
4.3 Analogue And Digital Signals...................................................4-2
4.4 Analogue To Digital Converter.................................................4-4
4.5 Analogue To Digital Conversion...............................................4-5
4.6 Decimal To BCD Encoder..........................................................4-8
4.7 Digital To Analogue Conversion (DAC)....................................4-9
5 DATA BUSES..................................................................5-1
5.1 Aeronautical Radio Incorporated (ARINC) 429........................5-1
5.1.1 Operation.......................................................................5-1
5.1.2 Data Bus Cable..............................................................5-3
5.2 The ARINC 429 Data Bus..........................................................5-4
5.2.1 ARINC 429 Specifications..............................................5-5
5.3 ARINC 429 Word Representing Airspeed................................5-7
5.4 The ARINC 429 Format..............................................................5-8
5.5 Data Transmission.....................................................................5-9
5.6 ARINC 573 Format.....................................................................5-13
5.7 Converters.................................................................................5-14
5.7.1 Examples Of Converters................................................5-14
5.8 The MIL-STD-1553B Data Bus..................................................5-15
5.8.1 Description.....................................................................5-15
5.8.2 Word Formats................................................................5-15
5.8.3 1553B Data Bus Coupling..............................................5-21
5.9 Data Transfer Operation............................................................5-22
5.9.1 Bus Controller (BC) to Remote Terminal (RT):...............5-22
5.9.2 Remote Terminal to Bus Controller:...............................5-23
5.9.3 Remote Terminal to Remote terminal:............................5-24
5.10 Manchester II Bi-Phase Data Encoding...................................5-25
5.11 System Comparison..................................................................5-26
5.12 Data Autonomous Transmission & Communication..............5-26
5.13 The ARINC 629 Data Bus..........................................................5-27
5.13.1 Terminal Interval............................................................5-29
5.13.2 Periodic & Aperiodic Interval..........................................5-29
5.13.3 Terminal Gap.................................................................5-29

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DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
CONTENTS

engineering
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

5.13.4 Synchronization Gap.....................................................5-29

5.14 Message Formats......................................................................5-30
5.15 ARINC 629 Data Bus Coupling.................................................5-31
5.16 Stub Cables................................................................................5-32
6 LOGIC CIRCUITS...........................................................6-1
6.1 Gates..........................................................................................6-2
6.2 Basic 'AND' Gate.......................................................................6-3
6.3 Basic OR Gate........................................................................6-4
6.4 The 'NAND' Gate........................................................................6-5
6.5 The 'NOR' Gate..........................................................................6-6
6.6 'Exclusive OR' Gate...................................................................6-7
6.7 The Inverter ('NOT' Gate)..........................................................6-9
6.8 Inverting With Logic Gates.......................................................6-10
6.9 Multiple Input Gate Symbols....................................................6-11
6.10 Extended Input Facilities..........................................................6-12
6.11 Time Delay Elements.................................................................6-13
6.12 Active State Indicators..............................................................6-14
6.13 The 'Inhibit' Gate........................................................................6-15
6.14 Logic Circuit Applications........................................................6-16
6.14.1 Adders & Subtractors.....................................................6-16
6.14.2 Digital Clock Circuits......................................................6-17
6.14.3 Latches And Flip-Flop Circuits.......................................6-18
6.14.4 Counters........................................................................6-20
BINARY 4 BIT COUNTER.......................................................................6-20
6.14.5 Operation.......................................................................6-22
Q1 IS LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT.................................................6-22
Q4 IS MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT..................................................6-22
6.14.6 Shift Registers...............................................................6-23
6.15 Aircraft Applications.................................................................6-27
6.15.1 Circuit Operation............................................................6-28
6.15.2 Engine Starting Logic Circuit Operation.........................6-28
6.16 Fokker 50 Mini Aids...................................................................6-29
6.16.1 Take Off Report..............................................................6-29
6.16.2 Stable Criuse Reports....................................................6-30
6.16.3 Operation.......................................................................6-32
7 BASIC COMPUTER STRUCTURE.................................7-1
7.1 Analogue Computers................................................................7-1
7.2 Analogue Computer Example...................................................7-3
7.3 Digital Computers......................................................................7-4
7.4 Buses.........................................................................................7-6
7.5 Input/Output (I/O) Unit...............................................................7-8
7.6 Memory......................................................................................7-9
7.7 Random Access Memory (RAM)...............................................7-10
7.7.1 Static RAM.....................................................................7-11

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engineering ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

7.7.2 7489 TTL RAM Device...................................................7-12

7.8 Read Only Memory (ROM)........................................................7-13
7.9 Magnetic Core Memory.............................................................7-13
7.10 Programmable ROM (PROM)....................................................7-15
7.11 Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory..........................7-16
7.12 Electrical Altered Read Only Memory......................................7-16
7.13 Memory Access.........................................................................7-17
7.14 The Central Processing Unit (CPU)..........................................7-19
7.15 The Microprocessor..................................................................7-21
7.16 Airborne Digital Computer Operation......................................7-23
7.16.1 Flight Management System (FMS)................................7-23
7.16.2 FMS Control/Display Unit (CDU)....................................7-26
7.17 Computer Input..........................................................................7-28
7.17.1 Computer Output...........................................................7-29
7.18 Computer Terms........................................................................7-29
7.18.1 Access Time..................................................................7-29
7.18.2 Address.........................................................................7-29
7.18.3 Computer Language......................................................7-30
7.18.4 Core Memory.................................................................7-30
7.18.5 Data Processing............................................................7-30
7.18.6 Decoder.........................................................................7-30
7.18.7 Floppy Disc....................................................................7-30
7.18.8 Instruction......................................................................7-30
7.18.9 Language.......................................................................7-30
7.18.10 Machine Code................................................................7-30
7.18.11 Magnetic Core...............................................................7-31
7.18.12 Programme....................................................................7-31
7.18.13 Real Time......................................................................7-31
7.18.14 Routine..........................................................................7-31
7.18.15 Time Sharing.................................................................7-31
7.18.16 Word (Or Byte)...............................................................7-31
8 FIBRE OPTICS...............................................................8-1
8.1 REFRACTIVE INDEX (n)............................................................8-1
8.2 Light Guiding.............................................................................8-4
8.3 Light Coupling...........................................................................8-5
8.4 Alignment...................................................................................8-6
8.5 Fibre Optic Connectors.............................................................8-7
8.5.1 Type A Connector........................................................8-7
8.5.2 Type B Connector........................................................8-8
8.5.3 Type C Connector.......................................................8-9
8.6 Fibre Optic Splicer.....................................................................8-12
8.6.1 Elastomeric Splice.........................................................8-12
8.7 Advantages Of Fibre Optics.....................................................8-13
8.8 DISADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS......................................8-13
8.9 EQUIPMENT IN A FIBRE OPTIC SYSTEM................................8-14
8.10 Safety.........................................................................................8-15

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INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

8.11 Basic Operation.........................................................................8-16

8.12 System Configuration (Topology)............................................8-17
8.13 Aircraft Applications.................................................................8-19
8.13.1 Optical Data Bus............................................................8-19
8.13.2 STANAG 3910 Data Bus System...................................8-19
8.13.3 Fly-By-Light Flight Control System.................................8-21
8.13.4 Operation.......................................................................8-22
9 ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS...............................................9-1
9.1 General.......................................................................................9-1
9.2 Display Configurations.............................................................9-1
9.2.1 Segment Displays..........................................................9-3
9.3 Light-Emitting Diode (LEDS)....................................................9-5
9.3.1 Operation.......................................................................9-5
9.4 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)....................................................9-11
9.5 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)...........................................................9-15
9.5.1 Electron Gun..................................................................9-16
9.6 Colour Crt Displays...................................................................9-22
9.6.1 Screen Format...............................................................9-23
9.7 Colour Generation.....................................................................9-25
9.7.1 Mixing Colours...............................................................9-27
9.8 Stroke Scanning........................................................................9-28
9.9 Display Systems........................................................................9-31
10 ELECTROSTATIC SENSITIVE DEVICES......................10-1
10.1 Handling Of Microelectronic Devices......................................10-1
10.2 Static Damage............................................................................10-2
10.3 Precautions................................................................................10-2
10.4 Storage And Transportation.....................................................10-3
10.5 On Aircraft Precautions............................................................10-3
10.6 Labelling.....................................................................................10-4
11 SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT CONTROL......................11-1
11.1 Certification Of Software..........................................................11-2
11.2 Content Of Software Accomplishment Summary...................11-2
11.3 Modification Of Software..........................................................11-4
12 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT.........................12-1
12.1 Protection Against HIRF...........................................................12-1
12.2 Testing Techniques...................................................................12-2
12.3 Visual Inspection.......................................................................12-2
12.4 Dc Resistance............................................................................12-2
12.5 Low Frequency Loop Impedance.............................................12-3
12.6 Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI).........................................12-6
12.7 Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC).....................................12-6
12.8 Lightning/Lightning Protection................................................12-6
12.9 Degaussing................................................................................12-7

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DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
CONTENTS

engineering ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

13 ELECTRONIC/DIGITAL AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS.............13-1

13.1 ARINC COMMUNICATION, ADDRESSING & REPORTING SYSTEM
13-2
13.1.1 Demand Mode...............................................................13-3
13.1.2 Polled Mode...................................................................13-3
13.1.3 Description.....................................................................13-5
13.1.4 Management Unit (MU).................................................13-5
13.1.5 Multi-Purpose Interactive Display Unit (MPIDU)............13-5
13.1.6 ACARS Printer...............................................................13-7
13.1.7 Printer Operation...........................................................13-8
13.2 ELECTRONIC CENTRALIZED AIRCRAFT MONITORING........13-11
13.2.1 Introduction....................................................................13-11
13.3 ECAM System Components.....................................................13-12
13.3.1 Flight Warning Computer (FWC)....................................13-12
13.3.2 System Data Acquisition Concentrators (SDAC)............13-12
13.3.3 Display Management Computers (DMC).......................13-12
13.3.4 Display Units..................................................................13-13
13.3.5 ECAM Display Modes....................................................13-14
13.3.6 Flight Phase Related Mode............................................13-14
13.3.7 Advisory Mode...............................................................13-15
13.3.8 ECAM Failure Mode......................................................13-16
13.3.9 Control Panel.................................................................13-22
13.3.10 ECAM Control Panel......................................................13-23
13.4 ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEM (EFIS)............13-25
13.4.1 System Layout...............................................................13-25
13.4.2 Symbol Generator..........................................................13-25
13.4.3 Display Units..................................................................13-27
13.4.4 Low/High Power Supplies..............................................13-29
13.4.5 Digital Line Receivers....................................................13-29
13.4.6 Analog Line Receivers...................................................13-29
13.4.7 Video Monitor Card........................................................13-29
13.4.8 Deflection Card..............................................................13-29
13.4.9 Convergence Card.........................................................13-29
13.4.10 Control Panel.................................................................13-31
13.4.11 Electronic Attitude Director Indicator (EADI)..................13-33
13.4.12 Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator (EHSI).............13-34
13.4.13 Partial Compass Format................................................13-35
13.4.14 Map Mode......................................................................13-36
13.4.15 Composite Display.........................................................13-38
13.4.16 Testing...........................................................................13-39
13.4.17 Symbol Generator Test..................................................13-40
13.5 ENGINE INDICATION AND CREW ALERTING SYSTEM..........13-45
13.5.1 Introduction....................................................................13-45
13.5.2 System Layout...............................................................13-45
13.5.3 Description.....................................................................13-46
13.5.4 Displays.........................................................................13-47
13.5.5 Display Modes...............................................................13-48
13.5.6 Operation Mode.............................................................13-48
13.5.7 Status Mode..................................................................13-48
13.5.8 Maintenance Mode........................................................13-49

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INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

13.5.9 Selection Panel..............................................................13-50

13.5.10 Alert Messages..............................................................13-52
13.5.11 Failure Of Du/Display Select Panel................................13-54
13.5.12 Maintenance Format......................................................13-55
13.6 FLY BY WIRE..............................................................................13-59
13.6.1 Introduction....................................................................13-59
13.6.2 Operation.......................................................................13-59
13.6.3 Side Stick Controller......................................................13-61
13.6.4 Advanced Fly By Wire Concepts....................................13-62
13.6.5 Fly By Wire Architecture.................................................13-62
13.6.6 Control Laws..................................................................13-64
13.6.7 Pitch Control..................................................................13-64
13.6.8 Roll Control....................................................................13-67
13.6.9 Yaw Control...................................................................13-68
13.6.10 Hydraulic Supplies.........................................................13-72
13.6.11 Load Alleviation Function (LAF).....................................13-73
13.6.12 Boeing 777....................................................................13-75
13.6.13 Primary Flight Control System (PFC).............................13-75
13.6.14 PFC Redundancy..........................................................13-77
13.6.15 High Lift Control System (HLCS)...................................13-80
13.6.16 Primary Mode................................................................13-80
13.6.17 Secondary Mode............................................................13-80
13.6.18 Alternate Mode..............................................................13-80
13.7 FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (FMS)..................................13-83
13.7.1 Introduction....................................................................13-83
13.7.2 Major Functions Of FMS................................................13-85
13.7.3 Control And Display Unit (CDU).....................................13-86
13.7.4 Operation.......................................................................13-87
13.7.5 Performance Modes......................................................13-89
13.7.6 Takeoff Phase................................................................13-89
13.7.7 Climb Phase..................................................................13-89
13.7.8 Cruise Phase.................................................................13-90
13.7.9 Descent & Approach Phase...........................................13-90
13.7.10 Navigation......................................................................13-90
13.7.11 Performance..................................................................13-92
13.7.12 Guidance.......................................................................13-92
13.7.13 Lateral Guidance...........................................................13-92
13.7.14 Vertical Guidance...........................................................13-94
13.8 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)...................................13-97
13.8.1 Space Segment.............................................................13-97
13.8.2 Control Segment............................................................13-98
13.8.3 Operation.......................................................................13-98
13.8.4 Signal Structure.............................................................13-100
13.8.5 Time Measurements......................................................13-100
13.8.6 Position Fixing...............................................................13-100
13.8.7 Ionospheric Propagation Error.......................................13-102
13.8.8 Navigation Management................................................13-103
13.8.9 Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)........13-105
13.8.10 Fault Detection And Exclusion (FDE).............................13-106
13.8.11 FDE Prediction...............................................................13-106

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DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
CONTENTS

engineering ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

13.9 INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM (INS)....................................13-109

13.9.1 Introduction....................................................................13-109
13.9.2 General Principle...........................................................13-110
13.9.3 INS Operation................................................................13-112
13.9.4 Alignment.......................................................................13-116
13.9.5 The Navigation Mode.....................................................13-116
13.9.6 Strapdown Inertial Navigation........................................13-117
13.9.7 Laser Ring Gyro Operation............................................13-118
13.9.8 Mode Select Unit (MSU)................................................13-120
13.9.9 Mode Select Unit Modes................................................13-122
13.9.10 Inertial System Display Unit (ISDU)...............................13-123
13.9.11 Keyboard.......................................................................13-123
13.9.12 Display...........................................................................13-124
13.9.13 System Display Switch (SYS DSPL)..............................13-124
13.9.14 Display Selector Switch (DSPL SEL).............................13-124
13.9.15 Dimmer Knob.................................................................13-125
13.9.16 Inertial Reference Unit (IRU)..........................................13-125
13.9.17 IRS Alignment Mode......................................................13-127
13.9.18 Gyrocompass Process...................................................13-127
13.9.19 Initial Latitude................................................................13-127
13.9.20 Alignment Mode.............................................................13-127
13.10 ATC Radio Beacon System (ATCRBS).....................................13-131
13.10.1 Mode S Transponder.....................................................13-132
13.10.2 Mode S Interrogation And Replies.................................13-132
13.10.3 Discrete Addressing.......................................................13-133
13.10.4 Operation.......................................................................13-133
13.11 Traffic Alert And Collision Avoidance System.........................13-134
13.11.1 Introduction....................................................................13-134
13.11.2 The TCAS II System......................................................13-136
13.11.3 Aural Annunciation.........................................................13-139
13.11.4 Performance Monitoring.................................................13-143
13.11.5 TCAS Units....................................................................13-143
13.11.6 Self Test.........................................................................13-147
13.11.7 Data Loader Interface....................................................13-147
13.12 GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM (GPWS)................13-149
13.12.1 System Operation..........................................................13-157
13.12.2 Ground Proximity Warning Computer (GPWC)..............13-158
13.12.3 GPWS Control Panel.....................................................13-159
13.12.4 GPWS Bite Operation....................................................13-161
13.12.5 Fault Recording.............................................................13-161
13.13 ENHANCED GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM.........13-163
13.13.1 Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)...............................13-164
13.13.2 Terrain Alerting & Display (TAD).....................................13-168
13.13.3 Envelope Modulation.....................................................13-169
13.13.4 Terrain Look Ahead Alerting...........................................13-171
13.13.5 Terrain Clearance Floor (TCF).......................................13-172
13.13.6 TCF/TAD Control...........................................................13-174
13.13.7 EGPWS Interface..........................................................13-176
13.13.8 System Activation..........................................................13-178
13.13.9 Self Test.........................................................................13-178

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INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

13.14 FLIGHT DATA RECORDER SYSTEM (FDRS)...........................13-181

13.14.1 Operation.......................................................................13-181
13.14.2 Analogue Data...............................................................13-181
13.14.3 Digital Data....................................................................13-182
13.14.4 Use Of Flight Recording Systems..................................13-185

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ELECTRONIC
OBJECTIVES

engineering INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

1 OBJECTIVES

As a result of tutored experience of Digital Techniques/Electronic Instrument

Systems, the student will, in examinations, be able to: -

1.1 Level 1

Demonstrate a familiarization with the principal elements of certain topics so that

the student should be: -

1. Familiar with the basic elements of the topic.

2. Able to give simple descriptions of the whole topic by using common words
and examples.

3. Able to use typical terms associated with relevant topics.

1.2 Level 2

Demonstrate a general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of

certain other topics so that the student is able to;-

1.Understand the theoretical fundamentals of the topic.

2.Give a general description of the topic, using typical examples.

3.Use the mathematical formulas, associated with the appropriate physical

laws in describing the topic.

4.Read and understand drawings, schematics and sketches, used to describe

a topic.

5.Apply the knowledge gained, in a practical manner, using the relevant,

detailed procedures

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OBJECTIVES

engineering INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

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