www.sakshieducation.

com

LIMITS
SYNOPSIS

LIMIT OF A REAL FUNCTION:

f(x) be a function defined in a deleted nbd of a and l R, for each > 0, there exists > 0
such that 0 < |xa| < a < x < a + |f(x) l } k < then l is called the limit of f(x) at a then
we write it as Lt f(x) = l
xa

RIGHT LIMIT OF F AT A:

For each . > 0, there exist > 0 such that a < x < a + |f(x) l | < , then l is called
right limit of f(x) at a. Then we write it Lt f(x) = l.
x a +

LEFT LIMIT OF F AT A:

for each > 0, there exists a > 0 such that a < x < a |f(x) l | < then l is called left
limit of f at a. Then we write it is Lt f(x) = l.
x a

Note: if Lt f(x) = Lt f(x) = l, then we say that limit of f(x) exists at x = a in this case limit
x a x a +

is denoted by Lt f(x): Lt f(x) = l.

xa xa

INFINITE LIMIT:

Let f be a function defined in a deleted nbd of a. If for every k > 0 (how ever larger) >
0 such that 0 < | x a | < f(x) > k then we write Lt f(x) = .
xa

xn an
1. Lt = n. a n1, n Q
xa xa
ex 1 e mx 1 e mx 1 m
2. Lt = 1, Lt = m, Lt nx = .
x0 x x 0 x x0 e 1 n
ax 1
3. Lt = log e a ( or log a) .
x0 x
ax bx a
4. Lt = log
x 0 x b
1 1

Lt ( 1 + x ) = e , Lt ( 1 + ax ) = e a
x x
5.
x0 x0

n n
1 a
6. Lt 1 + = e, Lt 1 + = e a ,
n n n n

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com
cn + d
1
Lt 1 + =e c / a ,
n an + b
x+n
x+ p
Lt =e p q .
x x + q

cx + d
x 2 + px + r
7. Lt 2 = e c ( pq )
x x + qx + d

x
1
Lt 1 = e
-1
8.
x
x

log( 1 + px )
9. Lt =p
x 0 x
1
a 1x + a x2 +..... a xn x
10. Lt = n a 1 a 2 a 3 ... a n
x 0 n

11. Lt
x
(x 2
+ ax + b x = ) a
2

12. If a > b, then Lt a + b

x x
x
( )1/ x
=a

[ax + b]
(ii) Lt =a
x x

n2 1
13. (i) Lt 3
=
n n 3
n

r r =1

1
(ii) Lt =
n n ( + 1) +1
n

[r
x]
x
(iii) Lt r =1
=
n
n +1 +1
sin tan
14. Lt = 1, Lt = 1 ( is measured in radians)
0 0
sin a tan a
15. Lt = a , Lt = a.
0 0
sin a a tan a a
16. Lt = , Lt =
0 sin b b 0 tan b b
sin 0 sin a 0 a
17. Lt = , Lt = .
0 180 0 180
sin
18. If , 0.

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

cos
If , 0.

cos ax cos bx b 2 a 2
19. i) Lt = .
x0 x2 2
tan n x sin n x n
ii) Lt =
x 0 x n+2 2
cos ax cos bx b 2 a 2 a 2 b 2
20. Lt = 2 2 = 2 .
x 0 cos cx cos dx d c c d2
sin 1 x tan 1 x
21. Lt = 1, Lt = 1.
x 0 x x 0 x
22. Lt logsin qx sin px = 1
x0

1 cos mx m2 1 cos mx m 2
23. Lt = , Lt = .
x0 x2 2 x 0 1 cos nx n 2
24. If | r | < 1 then rn 0 as n .
25.(i) If r > 1, r n as n .
a 0 x m + a 1 x m 1 + .... + a n a o
(ii) Lt = (m = n)
x b o x n + b1 x n 1 + ..... + b n b o
= 0 (m < n)
= (m>n, a0 > 0)
= - (m>n, a0 < 0)
sin x n
(iii) If m and n are positive integers then Lt = 1(m = n )
x 0 (sin x ) m

sin x n
Lt = 0 (n > m)
x 0 (sin x ) m

sin x n
Lt = ( n < m)
x o (sin x ) m

26. As x , e x and e -x 0.
27. Lt f( x ) exists if Lt f( x ) = Lt f( x ) .
xa x a x a+

1 1 1
28. Lt = , Lt = . Lt does not exist.
x 0 x x 0+ x x0 x
1 1
29. Lt e = 0, Lt e = .
x x
x 0 x 0+

1
Lt e x does not exist.
x0

|x| x x
30. Lt does not exist. = 1
Lt = 1, Lt
x0 x x x 0 x x 0 +
1 1
31. Lt x sin = 0 while Lt sin does not exist.
x0 x x0 x

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

32. Lt [ x] does not exist if n is an integer and Lt [ x] exists if n is not an integer.

xn xn

33. Indeterminate forms

0
, , 0 , - , 00 ,1, 0
0
34. L. Hospital rule
f ( a) 0
If is of the form or ; then
g(a) 0
f ( x ) f 1 ( a) 1
Lt = 1 , g (a) 0
x a g( x) g ( a)
f 1 ( a) 0
Suppose 1 is also of the form or , then
g ( a) 0
f( x ) f 11 ( a)
Lt = 11 and so on till we get the limit
x a g( x ) g ( a)
35. The indeterminate form 0. : -
Let Lt f( x) = 0, Lt g( x) = , then
x a x a

f( x )
Lt [ f( x ) . g( x ) ] = Lt
0
; which is in the form of or . Now the limit easily can be
[ g( x ) ]
1
x a x a 0
found.
36. The indeterminate forms:- 00, 0, 0, 1
The limit of above indeterminate forms can be found as given below
g( x)
Lt [ f( x) ] = e k , where k is given by k = Lt g( x ). log f(x )
x a x a
lt g ( x )[f ( x ) 1 ]
37. If lt f (x ) = 1 and lt g (x ) = , then lt [f (x )]g ( x ) = e xa
xa x a x a

www.sakshieducation.com