1

Harmonics Suppression
in Japan

November _4, 2010

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1 What is Harmonics?
2 Generation of Harmonics Current and Voltage
3 Distribution Facilities in Japan (Outline)
4 Facts about Harmonics Voltage in Japan
5 Harmonics Suppression in Japan
 3

1 What is Harmonics?
2 Generation of Harmonics Current and Voltage
3 Distribution Facilities in Japan (Outline)
4 Facts about Harmonics Voltage in Japan
5 Harmonics Suppression in Japan
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(1) What is Harmonics?

JIS8106 "Harmonics refers to composites of periodic combined waves other than

the fundamental wave. The second harmonics refers to waves of a frequency
double that of the fundamental wave."
More specifically, the commercial frequency
wave is called fundamental wave and waves having
integral multiple frequencies are called harmonics.
Fundamental Harmonics (Hz)
Wave
(Hz) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th -th

60 120 180 240 300 360 60n

50 100 150 200 250 300 50n

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(2) What is Harmonics?

Red: Fundamental wave

If the third harmonics is added to the fundamental

wave:
Third harmonics

Three cycles
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(3) What is Harmonics?
Distorted waveform
1/60s(50s)

Actual waveform

100

20

Third
harmonics

Red: Fundamental wave

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(4) Harmonics content rate and distorted waveform

Waveform distortion differs depending on the

harmonics content rate.
Effective value of harmonics
Harmonics content rate
Effective value of
fundamental wave
<Fundamental wave> <Fifth harmonics>

Fifth harmonics content rate: 5%

Fifth harmonics content rate: 10%

Fifth harmonics content rate: 20%

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(5) Waveform decomposition of harmonics

Distorted wave can be decomposed into fundamental

wave and harmonics.

Distorted wave
where the same
waveform appears
continuously
If decomposed

Fundamental wave (60Hz)

Second harmonics(120Hz)

Third harmonics(180Hz)
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1 What is Harmonics?
2 Generation of Harmonics Current and Voltage
3 Distribution Facilities in Japan (Outline)
4 Facts about Harmonics Voltage in Japan
5 Harmonics Suppression in Japan
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(1) Harmonics current generating equipment

Equipment that converts AC into DC for use

PC, TV, microwave oven, uninterruptible power supply, and
mobile phone charger
Equipment that converts frequency for use
Inverter fluorescent lam and inverter air conditioner
*AC is converted once into DC before frequency conversion.
Equipment that changes AC waveform for use
Dimmer
Other
Equipment using semiconductor for motor control, transformer
(by magnetic saturation during overload run), arc furnace
(non-linear load)
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(2) Harmonics current generation in rectifier circuit

Capacitor-smoothing Current and

rectifier circuit voltage waveforms
V

Internal circuit

V 1 2

Even when sine-wave voltage is applied, the load

current is not of sine wave.
A harmonics current is generated.
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(3) Harmonics current from rectifier circuit

Effective value of
Harmonics

Degree
harmonics current
current content
A
rate %
120
1 0.3 100
2 0 0.0 100
3 0.25 83.3
4 0 0.0
5 0.17 56.7 80
6 0 0.0
7 0.07 23.3
8 0 0.0 60
9 0.02 6.7
10 0 0.0 40
11 0.04 13.3
12 0 0.0
13 0.05 16.7 20
14 0 0.0
15 0.02 6.7 0
16 0 0.0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
17 0.01 3.3
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(4) Harmonics source as current source

Power
system
TV

Voltage

Even when the system impedance changes, the

Current
magnitude of harmonics current does not change.

A harmonics source can be considered as a

current source.
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(5) Distortion of system voltage

A harmonics current distorts a system voltage.

<General equipment> <Harmonics generating equipment>

Load current (10A)

Harmonics generating
General equipment
1100V 1100V

equipment
1 10A 1 110A

V V
52A
V: 90V sine wave
Fifth harmonics current (2A)

Voltage drop:
V: Fifth harmonics voltage content rate (2.2)
10A110V

Fifth harmonics voltage: 2A12V

Fifth harmonics voltage content rate:
(2V/90V)2.2%
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(6) Degree of impact on system voltage

Change

Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)

High voltage
for private use

Fifth harmonics
A harmonics voltage is
greater as it is closer to a

Fifth harmonics current (A)

harmonics current source.
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(7) Impact on electric equipment

Abnormal noise, overheat, vibration, and damage due to harmonics current flow into equipment
Control error and malfunction due to harmonics application to equipment
Equipment Type of Impact

Acoustic equipment Fault, aging, or performance drop of diode, capacity, and other parts
(TV, stereo, etc.) Video flicker or noise

Fluorescent lamp Overheat or burn by excess current

Computer Overheat of power circuit component

Information related equipment System stop or malfunction by noise

Induction motor Periodic fluctuation of the rotation speed, Efficiency drop Overheat of the
secondary side
Synchronous motor Vibration Efficiency drop

Fuse and circuit breaker Cut-off or malfunction by excess current

Industrial control equipment Malfunction by control signal deviation

Power capacitor and series Overheat, vibration, or noise by excess current

reactor

Transformer Noise Efficiency drop

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1 What is Harmonics?
2 Generation of Harmonics Current and Voltage
3 Distribution Facilities in Japan (Outline)
4 Facts about Harmonics Voltage in Japan
5 Harmonics Suppression in Japan
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(1)Outline of Power System and Distribution Line
Distribution Line
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(2) Voltage classification

Alternating current
600V 7,000V

Low voltage High voltage Ultra-high voltage

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1 What is Harmonics?
2 Generation of Harmonics Current and Voltage
3 Distribution Facilities in Japan (Outline)
4 Facts about Harmonics Voltage in Japan
5 Harmonics Suppression in Japan
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(1) Power quality measurement

Chubu Electric Power conducts power quality investigation

on the distribution system (6.6kV) every year.
Randomly sampled distribution cables at 93 points are
investigated.
One-week measurement per point is made in three seasons
(summer, winter, and spring or autumn).
Arithmetic processing is executed every 12 cycles (samples
from 2,084 points) and an average is output every 10 minutes.
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(2) Power quality measurement

Harmonics evaluated by total harmonic distortion b(THD)

50 2
k
U
k =2
THD = 100% Uk: Effective value of k-th
U1 harmonics
The 95% value (*) of all 10-minute measurement data in the
full measurement period (3 weeks) is adopted as the
representative value at the measuring point.
(*) When measured values are in ascending order, this value is at the 95% position
counted from the smallest value. (Evaluation of the severest value, excluding
eculiar values)
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(3) Harmonics voltage level of Chubu Electric

<Investigation result in 2009>

Histogram of 95% values at measuring points

Target: within 5%
Number of measuring points

1% or less Over 1% Over 2% Over 3% Over 4% Over 5%

to 2% to 3% to 4% to 5%
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(4) Characteristics by time

Analysis of measurement data from 93 points by time

Total voltage distortion rate (%)

Averag Averag Averag

e e e

Time
Harmonics level high around 07:00 and 22:00
*Hours of great load at general consumers
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1 What is Harmonics?
2 Generation of Harmonics Current and Voltage
3 Distribution Facilities in Japan (Outline)
4 Facts about Harmonics Voltage in Japan
5 Harmonics Suppression in Japan
 26
(1) Measures against harmonics

Harmonics voltage level Harmonics voltage level causing fault

differs depending on differs depending on equipment type
distribution line and hours and each unit
Occurrence

Harmonics Equipment
voltage capacity
distribution distribution

Harmonics voltage level

Harmonics fault at
overlapping point
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(2) Measures against harmonics

Harmonics voltage suppression measures

Suppressing harmonics current generated by equipment
Preventing the spread of generated harmonics current

Today's subject

Harmonics fault prevention measures

Improving the harmonics capacity of equipment that easily
becomes faulty
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(3) Target harmonics voltage of power system

Target
Voltage Class (Total voltage
distortion rate)
22kV or more Within 3

66kV Within 5

*Distribution systems in Japan are mainly of 6.6kV

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(4) Harmonics voltage suppression measures

Small-capacity equipment Large-capacity equipment

(Electric home appliances and (Mainly used by large power consumers)
general-purpose products)

Limit setting on each unit Upper limit setting for entire large-
capacity equipment used by large
power consumers

JIS C 61000-3-2 Harmonics suppression guidelines

for consumers receiving high or
very high voltages
(Hereinafter, the Consumer
Guidelines)
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(5) JIS C 61000-3-2

Basically compliant with the IEC standards

Applicable to equipment of 300V or lower voltage and 20A or
lower current
Setting the harmonics current limit for each unit of harmonics
generating equipment
Regulating the harmonics current measuring methods
Measuring harmonics current generated by equipment to see
that it is not over the limit
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(6) JIS C 61000-3-2

Equipment classification to apply harmonics current limits

Class A: Class B:
- Balanced three-phase equipment - Handheld electric tools
- Electric home appliances (Other than - Arc welder not for professional
Class D)
- Electric tools (Not handheld)
- Dimmer for incandescent lamp Class C:
- Acoustic equipment - Lighting equipment
- Equipment not belonging to any other
class

Class D:
Following equipment of 600W or lower active input power
- PC and PC monitor
- TV receiver
- Inverter refrigerator
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(7) JIS C 61000-3-2

80
of fifth harmonics current content rate (%)
Class
BB
70
Limit%)

60

50
Air conditioner:
40
1.14+0.00070(W-600)
D
Class D

30

20
A
Class A
10
C
Class C
0
0 0.5 0.6 1 1.5 2
W)
Input Power (kW)
0.075
0.025
0.035
0.035 for private use
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(8) High-voltage consumer guidelines

Guidelines created by the country

Setting a limit to the total of harmonics currents flowing out from a
consumer to the system
Not measuring but calculating a harmonics current flowing out
from a consumer (Calculation by the consumer)
*Calculation not necessary for small-capacity equipment that JIS C
61000-3-2 applies to
Before starting supply, the power company receives the calculation
result to see that the limit is not exceeded.
 (9) High-voltage consumer guidelines

Consumer Power company

Calculation of harmonics
Examination of outflow current
outflow current

Within upper limit

Complete
(Supply start)
Over upper limit
Study of measures

Consulting for suppression

Recalculation of harmonics Examination of improvement

outflow current measures

Complete Within upper limit

(Supply start)
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(10) High-voltage consumer guidelines

Equipment of harmonics current calculation by

consumer receiving high or very high voltage
Voltage

Equipment
calculated
300V
Equipment not
calculated
Equipment compliant with
JIS C 61000-3-2

0V
0A 20A Current
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(11) High-voltage consumer guidelines

Calculation of harmonics outflow current

<Step 1 (Simplified calculation)>
Is the total of equivalent capacities from harmonics current
generating equipment to a six-pulse converter within the
limit (50kVA)?

NO
YES Complete
<Step 2>
Is the harmonics current of each degree within the upper
limit?
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(12) High-voltage consumer guidelines

<Step 1 (Simplified calculation)>

Equivalent capacity refers to the total sum of six-pulse
converter capacities converted from the capacities of
harmonics generating equipment owned by the customer

P0: Equivalent capacity (kVA)

P0KiPi
K: Conversion factor
P: Rated capacity (kVA)
Determined for each
harmonics generating
: Number indicating conversion
equipment type
circuit type
(conversion circuit type)
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(13) High-voltage consumer guidelines

<Step 1 Simplified calculation - Example>

Rated Six-pulse Six-pulse
Equipment Circuit Type Capacity Conversion Equivalent
(kVA) Factor Capacity
Freezer and Three-phase bridge (capacitor
air smoothing) 100 18 180
conditioner with reactor on DC side
Self-excited three-phase bridge
Elevator 50 0 0
(Voltage-type PWM control)
Lighting AC power adjuster
30 16 48
device Resistive load

Total of six-pulse equivalent capacity 228

Over 50kVA
To Step 2
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(14) High-voltage consumer guidelines

<Step 2>
Calculation of harmonic outflow current
The harmonics outflow current is the total of harmonics currents from harmonics
generating equipment during rated run that is multiplied by the maximum operating
ratio of the harmonics generating equipment.
The harmonics outflow currents are totaled by the degree of harmonics.
The number of degrees of harmonics shall be 40 or less.

Calculation of harmonics outflow current upper limit

The allowable upper limit of harmonics currents flowing out from a specific consumer to
the system shall be the upper limit of harmonic outflow currents per contracted power
of 1kW multiplied by the contracted power (unit: kW) of the consumer for each degree
of harmonics.
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(15) High-voltage consumer guidelines
(a) Harmonics current generation rate (%)
Determined for each type of harmonics
generating equipment (Conversion circuit type)
<Step 2 - Example>
k (k) (a) Harmonics

Receiving Rated Current for Maximum Outflow Current by Degree
Equipment Total Equipment (mA)
Voltage Receiving
Capacity Operating
Conversion Voltage
(kVA) Ratio (%) 5th 7th
Factor Conversion (mA)
Freezer and air
conditioner 100 875 8750 100 2625 1138
Elevator 50 875 4375 80 - -
Lighting
device 30 875 2625 60 203 200
Total
Over upper limit 2828 1338
Necessity of Measures Necessary Necessary

Upper Limit of Harmonics Outflow Current

Degree 5th 7th
Current
upper limit 1750 1250
(mA)
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(16) Measures on consumer facilities

Installation of filter
Passive (LC) filter
Active filter

Installation of capacitor with series reactor on

low-voltage side
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(17) Measures on consumer facilities

(1) Passive (LC) filter

(2) Active filter
Harmonics current generation

Active filter
compensation
capacity

Generated amount
Allowable limit

LC filter
compensation
capacity
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(18) LC filter

A low-impedance shunt of a specific frequency or frequency area is

created by combining capacitor and reactor to absorb harmonics currents.
The filter is installed on the low-voltage side of a transformer or on
the high-voltage side of a transformer with a current-limiting reactor,
harmonics currents of a target degree are absorbed almost totally.
Distribution Distribution
system system
Power-supply Power-supply
impedance impedance

C u r r e n t - Transformer
limiting reactor

Absorption Reactor Absorption Reactor

Capacitor Capacitor
Harmonics Harmonics
source n-th source n-th
passive filter passive filter

Installation on high-voltage side Installation on low-voltage side

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(19) LC filter

Installation of this filter for

harmonics of each degree
Combination of L and C
Current-limiting
reactor capacities for series resonance
on the degree of harmonics

Zero impedance for the degree of

harmonics

(For 5th) (For 7th) (For 11th)

Harmonics current flow into the
LC filter filter of the degree
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(20) Active filter

An active filter detects a harmonics current generated by load

and actively generates a current of its offset polarity.

Harmonics Offset
current current

Detector
Install where the
amount of
generation can be Harmonics Controller
checked source
Inverter

Active filter
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(21) Capacitor with series reactor on low-voltage side
Install series reactor
because a harmonics
<On high-voltage side> current grows if only a <On low-voltage side>
capacitor is installed
Distribution
system
Impedance reduction Distribution
system
Shor t- circuit
for harmonics
capacity Shor t- circuit
80% 100MVA capacity
100MVA

Transformer
100 % 44 % 1500kVA
20 % Reactor6 %
Transforme
Capacitor
r 100 % Reactor6 %
500kvar 56 %
1500kVA
Capacitor
500kvar
Harmonics Harmonics
source source

*In Japan. almost all consumers

Installation on the low-voltage side
have capacitors installed to improve can suppress harmonics current outflow to the
power factors. distribution system.
(Outflow current reduction from 80to 44$)