Mobile Call Processing States

There are 4 states that the mobile station can be in at any time after powering on; these
are Initialization state, Idle state, System Access state, and Traffic state.
When the MS powers on, it will go to initialization state. It will search for the best cell/sector
by selecting the strongest pilot (Ec/Io). Then it will try to receive the sync channel message
from this cell/sector, register into the network and synchronize its system time. If the MS is
successful, it will then go into idle state
In the idle state, the MS will monitor the paging channel for any incoming messages. If the
MS cannot receive the paging channel or if the MS performs idle handoff, it will re-initialize
and try to receive sync channel message again. If the MS receives paging and needs to
reply to the BTS or if it wants to initiate communication, it will go to system access state.
The MS is in the system access state when it uses the access channel. MS uses the access
channel for registration, paging response, sending of SMS message, or when initiating a call.
For call setup, after the traffic channel is established, the MS will proceed to traffic state.
Otherwise, it will go back to idle state.
During a call, when the MS is using the traffic channel, it is said to be in the traffic state.
After every call, the MS will go back to initialization.
The summary of MS function in each of the different states is shown below:

[1]
Use of paging channel
All mobile stations monitor the same paging channel in one cell/sector. However, MS will
monitor paging only on specific timeslots. The number of available timeslots vary from 16 to
2047 according to the SCI setting (0 to 7). The MS in one cell/sector will be distributed to
the available paging timeslots. For example when SCI=0, we will have 16 slots. Each MS will
use one timeslot and each timeslot can contain several MS. Each paging timeslot is 80ms
long and the paging cycle time can be from 1.28s (SCI=0) upto 163.84s (SCI=7).
The slotted mode paging greatly improves the battery life of the mobile station. The MS only
needs to monitor the paging channel on its selected timeslot. The rest of the time, it can go
to inactive or sleep mode. One timeslot before is own, it wakes up, re-acquires the system
then receives the paging message on the next time slot.
The SCI value is normally set to either 2 or 3. In this setting, we have a larger number of
timeslots to support a larger number of subscribers. However, the slot cycle time is not too
large and the MS does not need to wait too long for its paging channel message.

Use of access channel

All mobile stations send message to the BTS using the same access channel in one
cell/sector. At one time, the BTS will receive only one users message from the access
channel. Mobile stations wanting to gain access the system will transmit on the
acceschannel until it becomes successful or the limit of transmissions is reached.

MS will use access channel probes to send a message and waits for BTS acknowledgement
for a certain time TA. If there is no response, the MS sends another probe after a certain
time RT. RT is a random time used by MS to avoid collision with other MS also trying to
access the system. The first probe will be sent having an initial power IP, and succeeding
probes will be sent on increasing powers set by power increment PI. One sequence can have
upto 16 access channel probes. The NUM_STEP sets the maximum number of probes per
sequence. This is normally set to 4 probes per sequence.

[2]
There can be more than one sets of sequence in sending access channel probes. Probe
sequences may be repeated several times depending on the value set for MAX_REQ_SEQ or
MAX_RSP_SEQ parameter. This is normally set to 3, which means that the same set of
probes will be repeated 3 times. If after the end of the last sequence is finished and the MS
still has not received acknowledgement, the user will be informed that it cannot access the
system at that moment.
For a response attempt, after one sequence finishes, the MS will need to wait a certain time
(RS) before it again tries to send the set of probes. The first probe of the next sequence will
again be sent with initial power, and the succeeding probes with increased power defined by
the power increment value. For request attempt, an additional delay is added before
retransmission of the next sequence of probes. This persistence delay (PD) is additional
waiting time, aside from RS, to avoid collision among a number of mobile stations sending
on the access channel

Power Control
Power Control Overview
CDMA power control falls into forward power control and reverse power control.
If all the MSs in the cell transmit the signals at the same power, the signals transmitted
from a nearby MS to the BS are stronger, and the signals transmitted from a far MS to the
BS are weaker. As a result, the strong signals override the weak signals. This is called
Near/Far Effect in the mobile communication.
CDMA is a self-interference system, where all the subscribers share the same frequency, so
that the Near/Far Effect is more impressive. If some signals to a subscriber are stronger
than those to other subscribers, the signals will be favorable to be received by that
subscriber, but interfering with other subscribers in shared band. Worst of all, the signals to
other subscribers will be submerged and the communication quality for other subscribers
will deteriorate so as to reduce the system capacity. In order to overcome the Near/Far
Effect, the transmitter power needs to be adjusted in real time according to the different
distance between the MS and the BS. This is called power control.
Mutual interference between the MSs is a major bottleneck for the CDMA system capacity.
The system capacity will be maximized if the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal from the MS
to the BS is minimized. CDMA power control aims to both maintain high quality
communication and avoid interference to other subscribers in the shared channel.
Therefore, power control is introduced into the reverse link of the CDMA system. By
adjusting the transmitter power of the subscriber, the power of the signals to the BS
receiver is kept unchanged, just hitting the threshold of the required signal-to-interference
ratio, and meeting the communication quality requirements. By adjusting the transmitting
power, the subscriber signals to the BS receiver have the same power, no matter how and
from which place they were transmitted. In a practical system, the subscriber is mobile so
that the propagation environment of the subscriber signal changes from time to time.
Consequently, the propagation path, signal strength, delay and phase shift of the signals to
the BS change randomly all the time, and the power of the receiving signal fluctuates near
the expected value. After multitudinous analysis on the signals received by the BS, J.Viterbi
concluded that the signal-to-noise ratio of the receiving signal at the BS is in logarithmic
normal distribution under non-precision power control.

[3]
Reverse power control falls into three parts: open loop power control, closed loop power
control, and outer loop power control.
Each MS in the CDMA system keeps calculating the path loss from the BS to the MS. When
the signal from the BS to the MS is very strong, it indicates that either the MS is very close
to the BS or the transmission path is favorable. In this case, the MS needs to decrease its
transmitting power, and the BS will be able to receive the signal normally. On the contrary,
when the signal from the BS to MS is very weak, the MS needs to increase its transmitting
power to offset the loss. This process is open loop power control. Open loop power control
is simple and direct, and no control information needs to be exchanged between the MS
and the BS. In addition, the power control takes place fast and saves overhead. However,
in the CDMA system, the frequency used for forward transmission is different from that for
reverse transmission (the frequency deviation set forth in IS-2000 is 45MHz). The
frequency deviation is far higher than the coherence bandwidth of the channel. Therefore,
the fading features on the forward channel are different from those on the reverse channel.
That is the limitation of open loop power control.
In order to overcome the uncorrelated Rayleigh fading on the forward and reverse links,
the BS can detect the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal from the MS and compare the ratio
with the threshold value. According to the comparison result, the instruction of
increasing/decreasing transmitting power is issued to the MS from the downlink channel.
The MS adjusts its transmitting power according to the received instruction. This process is
closed loop power control. In the closed loop power control, it is essential to generate,
transmit, process and execute the power control instruction at a fast speed, so as to trace
the Rayleigh fading on the uplink as far as possible.
In the closed loop power control, the threshold values of the signal-to-noise ratio change
dynamically under outer loop power control rather than remain constant. Outer loop power
control is a process of power control occurring within the BS or between the BS and the
MSC. Its decision basis is the Frame Error Rate (FER) which directly affects the voice
quality. According to the FER, the instruction of increasing/decreasing the signal-to-noise
ratio threshold is issued in time.
In the actual system, reverse power control is implemented jointly by the foregoing three
types of power controls. Namely, it performs open loop estimation on the MS transmitting
power, then the closed loop power control and outer loop power control make further
correction on the open loop estimation in an attempt to work out precise power control.
Forward power control includes two parts: IS95 power control and 1X fast power control.
For the forward link, when the MS moves toward the cell edge, the MS will receive
obviously higher interference from the adjacent BS. When the MS moves toward the BS,
the MS will receive obviously higher interference from the multipath interference of the
local cell. The two types of interference affect the receiving of signals, deteriorate the
communication quality, and even make it impossible to establish links. Therefore, by means
of power control in the forward link of the CDMA system, by adjusting the BS transmitting
power of the traffic channel, the transmitting power of the forward traffic channel is
minimized on the basis of minimum signal-to-noise ratio required for demodulation at the
MS. By adjusting the transmitting power, the communication is maintained between the BS
and the MS at the edge of the cell, and the forward transmitting power is minimized on the
basis of good communication transmission features, so as to decrease the interference
between adjacent cells and increase the relative capacity of the forward link.
In the forward link of the 1X system, the RC1 and RC2 adopt the same power control as in
the IS95 system; and the RC3~RC5 adopt IS-2000 fast power control.
Slow power control uses different algorithms for RC1 and RC2.

[4]
Fast power control falls into outer loop power control and closed loop power control. When
the outer loop power control and closed loop power control are enabled, the outer loop and
closed loop work together to control the transmitting power of the forward link. This will be
elaborated in the following related sections.

Forward Fast Power Control in the 1X System

Principles of Forward Fast Power Control

The practice of the CDMA system shows that system capacity depends not only on the
reverse capacity, but also on the capacity of the forward link. This imposes higher
requirements on the power control of the forward link.
Forward fast power control is a process of minimizing the interference from the adjacent
BS/sector by reasonably allocating the forward traffic channel powers on the basis of
ensuring communication quality. Namely, it minimizes the transmitting power of the
forward channel on the basis of minimum signal-to-noise ratio required for demodulation at
the MS. By adjusting the transmitting power, the communication is maintained between the
BS and the MS at the edge of the cell, and the forward transmitting power is minimized on
the basis of good communication transmission features, so as to decrease the interference
between adjacent cells and increase the relative capacity of the forward link.
Forward fast power control falls into forward outer loop power control and forward closed
loop power control. When the outer loop is enabled, the two power control mechanisms
work together to achieve forward fast power control. Although the forward fast power
control is effected on the BS, the outer loop parameters and power control bits for
implementing the power control are outputted from the MS after detecting the signal
quality of the forward link, and the final output results are transmitted to the BS through
the power control subchannel on the reverse pilot channel.

Forward Outer Loop Power Control

Forward outer loop power control effects the MS, and the BS needs to send the outer loop
control threshold values to the MS through the paging messages, including the outer loop
upper/lower limits and initial threshold of the FCH and SCH.
In the outer loop power control, the thresholds to be set are estimated according to the
Eb/Nt required to achieve the target FER for the assigned forward traffic channel. This set
value either indirectly notifies the BS to perform power control through the closed loop, or,
if no closed loop exists, notifies the BS through messages to control the transmitting power
according to the difference of the set value.

Forward Closed Loop Power Control

Although the forward fast power control effects the channel card, the calculation is
performed on the MS. Reverse pilot channel is added to the RC3~RC6, where the
cornerstone of forward fast power control is located. That is because the power control bits
for implementing the forward fast power control are sent from the reverse power control
subchannel on the reverse pilot frequency to the BS.
The closed loop power control compares the Eb/Nt of the signal received by the forward
traffic channel with the corresponding set value for outer loop control power, so as to
determine the power control bit value transmitted from the reverse power control
subchannel to the BS.

[5]
On the reverse pilot channel, every 1.25ms (PCG) include 1536 *N PN chips, where N is
the number of spreading rate (when the spreading rate is 1, N = 1; when the spreading
rate is 3, N = 3).
The MS must send pilot signals in the first 1152*N PN chips of each PCG, and send reverse
power control subchannel in the subsequent 384*N PN chips.
If FPC_MODEs = 000, 001 and 010, the forward power control bits generated by the
MS are repetitively sent from every 384*N PN chips of the reverse power control
subchannel.
If FPC_MODEs = 011, 100 or 101, the deletion indication bits (EIBs) generated by the
MS or the quality indication bit (QIB) in the 3GPP2 C.S0002-A are repetitively sent from
every 384*N PN chips of the reverse power control subchannel.
If FPC_MODEs = 110, the forward power control bits generated by the MS are repetitively
sent from every 384*N PN chips of the reverse power control subchannel, while the EIBs
generated by the MS are repetitively sent from every 384*N PN chips of the reverse
supplemental power control subchannel.
All the PN chips must be sent at the same power from each PCG on the reverse pilot
channel. FIGURE 1 shows the architecture of the reverse power control subchannel.

FIGURE 1 ARCHITECTURE OF REVERSE POWER CONTROL SUBCHANNEL

[6]
Forward Fast Power Control in Soft Handoff Status

F I G U R E 2 S C H E M AT I C D I A G R A M O F S O F T H A N D O F F

In the soft handoff status, the difference of wireless environment between the MS and
different BSs may result in significant difference of demodulation result between different
BSs. Although the forward power control bits sent by the same MS from the reverse power
control subchannel to the BS are the same, the demodulation results may vary sharply for
the reasons such as error codes of forward power control bits demodulated by BTS_A and
BTS_B shown in FIGURE 2due to different wireless environments. As a result, the
transmitting powers vary sharply between different BSs. However, in the soft handoff area,
the forward link processes the received signals through consolidation at the MS. Only if one
link is guaranteed in respect of signal quality, the conversation quality will be guaranteed.
Therefore, the power of the other forward link may cause waste of system capacity. The
fast power control in the soft handoff area, especially the fast power control for the link
with relatively poor quality, should be kept under reasonable control.
In the process of RC3~RC5 soft handoff in the CDMA2000 1X stage, the forward power
control parameter processing can be coordinated and harmonized during the fast power
control and soft handoff, which becomes an important integral part of the forward link
power control of the CDMA2000 system. The essence of the implementation is: during the
soft handoff with the RC3~RC5 configuration, for all the forward traffic channels of all the
BSs involved in the soft handoff, on condition that fast power control is synchronously
effective, the BSC and the BSs involved in the soft handoff work together to well
synchronize between transmitting powers on the forward traffic channels. Here
synchronize means to make the transmitting power of forward link with poor signal as
close as possible to that with good signal, because the forward links with good signals have
lower transmitting powers.
There are various power synchronization methods: frame synchronization, average
synchronization of multiple frame statistics. This is demonstrated in the design document of
the forward power control.

[7]
 Forward Power Control of RC1 and RC2 in the 1X
System
Forward Power Control Algorithm of RC1
The kernel idea of the RC1 algorithm can be described with the following two rules:
Rule 1: If the power measurement report is received, the transmitting power is
increased.
Rule 2: If no power measurement report is received, the transmitting power is
decreased.
During voice communication, what actually affects the voice quality is error frame rate.
When the FER is high, people perceive that the voice quality is poor; when the FER is low,
people perceive that the voice quality is good. In an IS-95-based CDMA system, in order to
ensure the voice quality, it is defined that the uplink/downlink FER must not exceed a
threshold value, which is normally 1%. This threshold value can be implemented by
determining the ratio between the amplitude of power increase and the amplitude of power
decrease. Based on this, an ideal parameter configuration is: If the communication link
receives power measurement report, this channel transmitting power increases 1 dB; if no
power measurement report is received, the forward channel transmitting power decreases
0.01 dB.
During the communication process, the environment tends to deteriorate occasionally, so
the above algorithm will continuously increase the power at a great step size to resist the
fast depth fading. After the environment returns to normal, the algorithm will slowly
decrease the transmitting power.

Forward Power Control Algorithm of RC2

The IS-95A sets out that for rate set 2, the quality of the forward link frame is represented
by EIB, and the EIB value is sent to the BS through the reverse link. For our centralized
forward power control algorithm, the controller obtains the EIB value at the BSC through
the reverse layer 3 data, and performs the corresponding power control.
The basic idea of the algorithm is similar to the forward power control algorithm for
configuring the 8K vocoder. It can be described with the following two rules:
Rule 1: Increase the transmitting power if the received EIB equals 1.
Rule 2: Decrease the transmitting power if the received EIB equals 0.
With the 13K vocoder, the control no longer needs power measurement report, and the MS
can provide the EIB information for each frame, so that the forward power control can be
performed faster, and we can increase the dynamic range of the forward power control,
typically 20dB or so.
Due to the large dynamic range of the algorithm, the algorithm should support varying step
size, and the power increase step size is in inverse proportion to the transmitting power at
the adjustment time. In order to speed up the calculation, the following non-linear function
is used as the relationship between the power increase step size and the transmitting
power at the adjustment time:

[8]
Forward Power Control of RC1 and RC2 in Handoff Status
CDMA system handoffs fall into hard handoff, soft handoff, and softer handoff.
Hard handoff occurs between the cells with different frequencies, where the MS cuts off the
connection with the original BS before getting into contact with a new BS. The BS sends a
power control parameter message to the MS, and the MS sends a power measurement
report to the BS according to that message for performing forward power control. The
forward power control is initialized when allocating the forward channels. The power control
algorithm is started in the same way as establishing a new air link.
In the soft handoff, for the link of 8K vocoder (RC1), the SVM concurrently receives
information from two or three BTSs. After processing the information for selecting the best
frame, the SVM uses a Boolean quantity to indicate whether there is any power
measurement report and sends it to the forward power controller. After the calculation by
the forward power controller, the gain of the forward traffic channel is obtained and sent to
the BTSs involved in the soft handoff.
For the forward link of the 13K vocoder (RC2), the SVM concurrently receives the EIB
information from two or three BTSs. After processing the information for selecting the best
frame, the SVM sends the EIB value to the forward power controller. After the calculation
by the forward power controller, the gain of the forward traffic channel is obtained and sent
to the BTSs involved in the soft handoff.
In the softer handoff, the forward power controller works in the same way as in the soft
handoff.

Reverse Power Control

Introduction to Reverse Power Control
Reverse power control is used to control the transmitting power of the MS, so as to
minimize the transmitting power and satisfy the reverse capacity requirements of the cell
on precondition that the transmitting signals from the MS to the BS meet certain
requirements for demodulation. The reverse signals of different MSs are mutually
interfering, therefore, in theory, only when the powers of the same services from the MS to
the BS are basically the same, the reverse capacity can be maximized.
The reverse transmitting power of the MS is obtained by the joint effect of the open loop
estimation plus closed loop control of the MS. In case of no closed loop control, e.g.,
transmitting power of the access channel, only the open loop is active.
Reverse closed loop control falls into reverse outer loop and reverse inner loop (in most
cases, reverse closed loop refers to reverse inner loop).

Reverse Open Loop Power Control

First, for different reverse channels, the offset values for calculating the output power of
the open loop control are different Specifically, different offset values are used respectively
for the reverse access channel, enhanced access channel, reverse general control channel
and reverse traffic channel (different between RC1, 2 and RC3~6), as shown in FIGURE 3.

[9]
F I G U R E 3 O P E N L O O P P O W E R C O N T R O L O F F S E T _ P O W E R V AL U E

Open loop control of access channel:

In the access status, the MS open loop control is described below:

Here interference correction = min (max (-7-Ec/Io,0),7), as shown in the following FIGURE
4. This parameter is a factor for correcting the interference according to the strength of the
pilot frequency at the receiving point. This correction factor is introduced earlier in the
IS95B. Obviously, where the signal-to-noise ratio is low, the correction factor is greater,
and the access completion ratio in this environment is higher.

[10]
FIGURE 4 INTERFERENCE CORRECTION FACTOR OF THE OPEN LOOP POWER CONT ROL OF T HE ACCESS
CHANNEL VARIES WITH THE RECEIVING PILOT STRENGTH

Interference Correction
7

-14 -7 EcIo

NOM_PWRs and INIT_PWRs have the same meanings as in IS95A. NOM_PWRs are used for
offsetting the difference between the forward and reverse links, and INIT_PWRs are used
for increasing the access completion ratio. When working at band 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, set the
NOM_PWR_EXTs=0. When working at band 1, 4, 6, 8, if it is necessary to define the range
in [-24, -9], you can set NOM_PWR_EXTs=1. PWR_LVL and PWR_STEPs are parameters for
representing the number of access attempts and size of the power increase of each access
attempt.
These parameters can be obtained from the access parameter message of the paging
channel. This message has the same architecture as in the IS95 system.
You can make the settings in the background database of the BS according to the local
conditions.
Open power control of reverse traffic channels (RC1, RC2)
The initial transmitting power of the basic reverse channels RC1 and RC2 is:

where, Interference Correction = MIN (MAX (7 ECIO, 0),7), ACC_CORRECTIONS is the

accumulative value of adjusted power before entering the traffic channels. In the 1X stage,
the channel before entering the traffic channel in the 1X stage is access channel, and it is
set to:
NOM_PWRs-16*NOM_PWR_EXTs+INIT_PWRs+PWR_LVL*PWR_STEPs.

Upon receiving the first power control bit, the mean output power is:

where, NUM_RSCCH is the number of transmitting Reverse Supplemental Code Channel,

[11]
ranging from 0 to 7. Upon receiving the first power control bit, the MS will not update the
interference correction factor.

The parameter RLGAIN_ADJ is the adjusted value of the transmitting power of the traffic
channel relative to the access channel or enhanced access channel. It is sent to the MS
through the extension channel assignment message on the PCH.
Open loop power control of reverse traffic channel (RC3, RC4)
If the reverse traffic channel is RC3 or RC4, the transmitting power of the initial reverse
pilot channel is:

where, Interference Correction = MIN (MAX (IC_THRESHs ECIO, 0), 7), and waveform is
shown in FIGURE 5:

FIGURE 5 POWER CONTROL INTERFERENCE CORRECTION FACTOR OF TRAFFIC CHANNEL RC3 AND RC4
VARIES WITH RECEIVING PILOT STRENGTH

Interference Correction

EcIo
IC_THRES IC_THRES
-7

Similarly, ACC_CORRECTIONS is the accumulated value of adjusted power before entering

the traffic channel. In the 1X stage, no enhanced access channel or reverse common
control channel is implemented, and ACC_CORRECTIONS is set to NOM_PWRs
16NOM_PWR_EXTs + INIT_PWRs + PWR_LVL* PWR_STEPs;
After receiving a valid power control bit,

[12]
 Reverse outer
loop power
control

The MS will not update the interference correction factor.

IC_THRES is the threshold level after initially applying the interference correction, which is
obviously a negative value. Generally, the enhanced access parameter message on the
forward BCCH is transmitted to MS. In the 1X stage, the BCCH is not supported, so the
IC_THRES is not settable, but the protocol stipulates that it will be set to 7 each time when
a parameter message is received.

Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

Reverse closed loop principle is shown in FIGURE 6.

F I G U R E 6 S C H E M AT I C D I A G R A M O F R E V E R S E C L O S E D - L O O P P O W E R C O N T R O L

Reverse outer-loop power control is a most characteristic part in reverse power control, it
effectively combines the error frame ratio that affects the voice quality with the
signal/noise ratio in the reverse closed-loop power control. Therefore the effect of power
control is shown not only in the expansion of capacity, but also in the improvement of voice
quality. Similarly, there is no specific definition and description about reverse outer loop
power control in the standard, which means that reverse outer loop power control design is
highly flexible.
In case of RC1 and RC2, the outer loop algorithm is implemented on the software S_SDM.

[13]
 Reverse Reverse
closed loop closed loop
control power control
response in
unlocked
status

In case of RC3~4, if there is any reverse supplemental channel, the outer loop algorithm is
adjusted according to the quality of the basic channel. Through the reverse closed loop
control, by adjusting the transmitting power of reverse pilot frequency, the power of the
reverse fundamental channel changes accordingly, so as to control the quality of the
fundamental channel near the target value. For the reverse supplemental channel, it can be
implemented by adjusting the parameter RLGAIN_SCH_PILOT to modify the power of the
reverse supplemental channel relative to that of the pilot channel.
In case of soft handoff, the outer loop algorithm executes an instance for each BS involved
in the handoff. The outer loop algorithm of the newly added link is executed from the initial
status.
Reverse closed loop power control is also called reverse inner loop power control, which is
dependent on forward power control subchannel. The forward power control subchannel is
transmitted only from the forward fundamental channel or forward dedicated control
channel (F-DCCH). The power control bits are transmitted for the MS to perform reverse
closed loop power control.
When the MS works in non-threshold mode, the power control subchannel sends one power
control bit per 1.25ms (800Hz).
When the MS works in the threshold mode, the power control subchannels in the threshold
modes of 1/2 and 1/4 send the power control bits at a rate of 400bps and 200bps
respectively
The PCGs in a 20ms frame are numbered from 0 to 15. When the MS works in the 1/2
reverse pilot channel threshold mode, the forward power control subchannel sends the
power control bits only at the PCGs with even numbers. When the MS works in the 1/4
reverse pilot channel threshold mode, the forward power control subchannel sends power
control bits only at the 1st, 5th, 9th and 13th PCGs.
When the MS works in the threshold mode and the radio configuration is RC3~RC6, the BS
begins to send power control bits in the PCG at (REV_PWR_CNTL_DELAY+ 1) 1.25ms
after completion of transmission from the MS.
Bit 0 indicates the MS increases the mean output power, and bit 1 indicates the MS
decreases the mean output power.

F I G U R E 7 T I M E S L O T M O D E O F F O RWAR D P O W E R C O NT R O L S U B C H AN N E L I N VAR I O U S T H R E S H O L D M O D E S

Due to the existence of reverse Data Burst Random (DBR), the power control bits
corresponding to the PCG without transmitting power will be ignored. When all the fingers
of the BTS are in unlocked status, the DBR effect must be compensated in order to control
the power of the MS, namely, keep the increase/decrease power control bits at a certain

[14]
percentage for all the frame rates. The reverse closed loop power control response in the
unlocked status in the CSM5000 is used to implement this function.
The reverse closed loop power control response in the unlocked status has four
alternatives, and is determined by the 2 bits PC_GAIN field in the CHAN_ELEM_INF O2
register.
PC_GAIN Value Unlocked Power Control Response
00 +0dB/sec gain
01 +25dB/sec gain
10 +50dB/sec gain
11 +100dB/sec gain

PC_GAIN=00 corresponds to a gain of +0dB/sec. If the number of increase power control

bits is set as equal to the number of decrease power control bits per frame, the MS
transmitting power will remain unchanged.
If PC_GAIN=01, the 8th decrease power control bit of each 4th frame is replaced by increase
bit, which will result in a gain of +2dB per four frames, namely, a total gain of +25dB/sec.
If PC_GAIN=10, the 8th decrease power control bit of each 2nd frame is replaced by increase
bit, which will result in a gain of +2dB per two frames, namely, a total gain of +50dB/sec.
If PC_GAIN=11, the 8th decrease power control bit of each 8th frame is replaced by increase
bit, which will result in a gain of +2dB per frame, namely, a total gain of +100dB/sec.

Reverse Power Control in Soft Handoff Conditions

In the soft handoff status, the BSC establishes traffic links concurrently with multiple BTSs.
The BTS demodulates such links separately. The SVM in the BSC will preferably select those
frames. According to the frame quality ID and rate ID of each frame, the SVM selects a
best demodulation status frame as the subsequent demodulation coding frame. In this
case, the outer loop adjustment algorithm will implement the calculation according to the
frame quality ID after the SVM preferred selection.
Obviously, the FER after the selection will be far less than the FER at the BSs. Therefore, on
precondition that the gross FER of the traffic channel remains at 1%, the BSs involved in
the soft handoff is allowed to decrease the FER to less than 1%. When no soft handoff is
performed, the FER is determined by the quality ID of the receiving frame of a single BTS.
When soft handoff is performed, the quality ID of the frames preferably selected by the
BSC selector is used to measure the FER or determine the current status.
A new signal-to-noise ratio threshold value is obtained through the outer loop adjustment
algorithm, and is sent to the BSs involved in the soft handoff (specifically, the
corresponding CHM). In all the BSs, the process of implementing closed loop power control
is the same as the implementation in other than soft handoff status. The BSs separately
issue power adjustment command to the same MS, and the MS demodulates as many
signals from different BSs as possible, so as to obtain the power control bits sent from
different BSs. By performing the OR operation on these power control bits (namely, only
when all the power control bits are 0 can the MS increase the transmitting power), the
ultimate power adjustment command of the MS is obtained to minimize the transmitting
power, and reduce the interference to the system.

[15]
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