PIPENET VISIONTM

Spray/Sprinkler Module
User and Reference Manual

Version 1.7

2014 Sunrise Systems Limited

 Foreword
Spray/Sprinkler User and Reference Manual
Sunrise Systems Limited

This manual is designed to act as a user and reference guide

for the Spray/Sprink ler module revision 1.7. It contains a
number of tutorial examples which should help both new
users and users of previous PIPENET modules. As well as
extensive coverage of modelling equations and techniques.
Please see the Training Manual for more detailed examples.

PIPENET and PIPENET VISION are registered trademarks of Sunrise Systems Limited. All other names and
services mentioned in this manual that are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks, are the
property of their respective ow ners.
 Contents I

Table of Contents
Foreword 0

Part 1 Sunrise Systems 2

1 Welcome
................................................................................................................................... 2
2 Sunrise
...................................................................................................................................
- Product Modules 3
3 Obtaining
...................................................................................................................................
Support 3
4 Sunrise
...................................................................................................................................
- How to Contact Us 4
5 Conventions
...................................................................................................................................
used in this document 4

Part 2 Installation 6
1 Installation
................................................................................................................................... 6
2 Prerequisites
................................................................................................................................... 6
3 Updating
...................................................................................................................................
a key license 6
4 Security
...................................................................................................................................
Key Problems 7
5 Windows
...................................................................................................................................
8 10

Part 3 A Tour of the User Interface 13

1 Overall
...................................................................................................................................
view 13
2 The
...................................................................................................................................
Schematic Window 14
3 Tabular
...................................................................................................................................
view window 15
4 Properties
...................................................................................................................................
Window 15
5 Component
...................................................................................................................................
Properties 16
6 Fittings
................................................................................................................................... 18
7 The
...................................................................................................................................
Schematic overview window 19
8 Menus
................................................................................................................................... 20
File Menu ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Edit Menu......................................................................................................................................................... 22
View Menu ......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Libraries Menu
......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Options Menu
......................................................................................................................................................... 25
Colouration
.........................................................................................................................................................
Menu 26
Calculation
.........................................................................................................................................................
Menu 26
Tools Menu......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Window Menu
......................................................................................................................................................... 28
Help Menu......................................................................................................................................................... 28
9 Toolbars
................................................................................................................................... 29
Spray Toolbar
......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Options Toolbar
......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Calculation
.........................................................................................................................................................
Toolbar 31
Tag Toolbar
......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Find toolbar
......................................................................................................................................................... 32

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II Spray/Sprinkler Module

Part 4 Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe

System 35
1 Network
...................................................................................................................................
Representation 35
2 Labelling
...................................................................................................................................
the diagram 35
3 Labels
................................................................................................................................... 35
4 Inlets
...................................................................................................................................
and Outlets 36
5 Network
...................................................................................................................................
Topology 37
6 Simple
...................................................................................................................................
three pipe system 37
7 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and Design Phases 38
8 Specifying
...................................................................................................................................
Units 41
9 Creating
...................................................................................................................................
a pipe type 42
10 Entering
...................................................................................................................................
the pipe data 44
11 Undefined
...................................................................................................................................
or invalid components 46
12 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 47
13 Calculating
................................................................................................................................... 48
14 Inspecting
...................................................................................................................................
the results 49
15 Saving
...................................................................................................................................
and loading the network 50

Part 5 Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler

System 52
1 A small
...................................................................................................................................
Sprinkler System 52
2 Specifying
...................................................................................................................................
units 52
3 Creating
...................................................................................................................................
a user defined pipe schedule 52
4 Creating
...................................................................................................................................
a nozzle type 55
5 Creating
...................................................................................................................................
a pump library 56
6 Creating
...................................................................................................................................
a pipe type 58
7 Entering
...................................................................................................................................
the pipe data 58
8 Entering
...................................................................................................................................
the pump data 60
9 Entering
...................................................................................................................................
the nozzle data 61
10 Entering
...................................................................................................................................
specification data 62
11 Performing
...................................................................................................................................
calculations 63

Part 6 Example 3 - Condensate Tank

Deluge System 65
1 Condensate
...................................................................................................................................
tank deluge system 65
2 Preliminary
...................................................................................................................................
considerations 66
3 Initialisation
................................................................................................................................... 67
4 Creating
...................................................................................................................................
a user defined pipe schedule 68
5 Creating
...................................................................................................................................
a pipe type 69

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 Contents III

6 Nozzle
...................................................................................................................................
characteristics 70
7 The
...................................................................................................................................
design and calculation phases 71
8 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 71
9 Network
...................................................................................................................................
data entry 72
10 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and results 74

Part 7 Example 4 - Pressures in the Ring

Main 77
1 Pressures
...................................................................................................................................
in a ring main 77
2 Initialisation
................................................................................................................................... 78
3 Creating
...................................................................................................................................
a pipe type 78
4 Network
...................................................................................................................................
data entry 79
5 Pump
...................................................................................................................................
data and the library 81
6 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 82
7 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and results 83

Part 8 Example 5 - A Maintenance Area

Sprinkler System 85
1 A maintenance
...................................................................................................................................
area sprinkler system 85
2 Initialisation
................................................................................................................................... 86
3 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 88
4 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and results 89

Part 9 The Schematic 91

1 Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
Window 91
2 Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
Underlay 91
3 Selection
...................................................................................................................................
Tool 92
4 Pan
...................................................................................................................................
and Zoom Tool 93
5 Area
...................................................................................................................................
Tool 93
6 Polygon
...................................................................................................................................
Tool 94
7 Text
...................................................................................................................................
Tool 96
8 Link
...................................................................................................................................
Component Tools 97
9 Pipe
...................................................................................................................................
Component Tools 98
10 Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
Printing 98
11 Exporting
...................................................................................................................................
the Schematic 100
12 Moving
...................................................................................................................................
around the network 100
13 Use
...................................................................................................................................
of the mouse 101

Part 10 The Tabular View 104

1 Tabular
...................................................................................................................................
View 104
2 Validation
................................................................................................................................... 105

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 IV Spray/Sprinkler Module

3 Copying
...................................................................................................................................
Cells 105

Part 11 Specifications 109

1 Introduction
...................................................................................................................................
to Specifications 109
2 Specification
...................................................................................................................................
Rules 110
3 Breaks
...................................................................................................................................
and Blocks 111
4 User
...................................................................................................................................
Interface 111
5 Nozzle
...................................................................................................................................
Specification 114

Part 12 Status Checking 116

1 Status
...................................................................................................................................
checking 116
2 Specification
...................................................................................................................................
Checks 116
3 Height
...................................................................................................................................
Checking 117

Part 13 Colour Schemes 120

1 Colour
...................................................................................................................................
Schemes 120
2 Tagging
................................................................................................................................... 123
3 Background
...................................................................................................................................
Colours 124

Part 14 Elevation Profile and Hydraulic

Grade Line 126
1 Elevation
...................................................................................................................................
Profile Window 126
2 Hydraulic
...................................................................................................................................
Grade Line 128

Part 15 Multiple Pipe Generation 131

1 Multiple
...................................................................................................................................
Pipe Generation 131

Part 16 Autolayout and Spray Diagrams 134

1 Autolayout
................................................................................................................................... 134
Vertical Cylinder
.........................................................................................................................................................
options 137
Horizontal
.........................................................................................................................................................
Cylinder options 140
Sphere options
......................................................................................................................................................... 145
Rectangular
.........................................................................................................................................................
Area options 150
2 Spray
...................................................................................................................................
Diagrams 151
3 Nozzle
...................................................................................................................................
generation 154

Part 17 Libraries 157

1 Libraries
................................................................................................................................... 157
2 Spray
...................................................................................................................................
Library Editor 158
3 Pipe
...................................................................................................................................
Schedules 160
4 Nozzles
................................................................................................................................... 161
5 Pumps
...................................................................................................................................
- Coefficients Unknown 162
6 Pumps
...................................................................................................................................
- Coefficients Known 164

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 Contents V

7 Linings
................................................................................................................................... 165
8 Deluge
...................................................................................................................................
Valves 166
9 Editing
...................................................................................................................................
system libraries 166

Part 18 Specifying Options 169

1 Title
................................................................................................................................... 169
2 Spray
...................................................................................................................................
Options 169
3 Units
................................................................................................................................... 172
4 PipeTypes
................................................................................................................................... 176
5 Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
display options 177
6 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
options 179
7 Spray
...................................................................................................................................
Tables 181
8 Defaults
................................................................................................................................... 182

Part 19 Modelling 184

1 Most
...................................................................................................................................
Remote Nozzle 184
2 Area
...................................................................................................................................
Coverage 184
3 Design
...................................................................................................................................
Facility 184
4 Linings
................................................................................................................................... 186
5 Pipe
...................................................................................................................................
Modelling 186
6 Hazen
...................................................................................................................................
Williams 187
7 Coulson
...................................................................................................................................
Richardson Equation Model 188
8 Pipe
...................................................................................................................................
C-factor 189
9 Pipe
...................................................................................................................................
hydrostatic pressure loss 189
10 Velocity
...................................................................................................................................
Pressure 189
11 Equipment
...................................................................................................................................
items 191
12 Filters
................................................................................................................................... 191
13 Deluge
...................................................................................................................................
Valves 192
14 Deluge
...................................................................................................................................
Valve Modelling Techniques 193
15 Non-return
...................................................................................................................................
valve 196
16 Overboard
...................................................................................................................................
Dump Valves 197
17 ElastomericValve
................................................................................................................................... 197
18 Orifice
...................................................................................................................................
Plates 199
19 Pumps
................................................................................................................................... 200
20 Spray
...................................................................................................................................
Nozzles 206
21 General
...................................................................................................................................
Pressure Loss Component 207
22 Fittings
................................................................................................................................... 210

Part 20 NFPA Submittal Report 213

1 NFPA
...................................................................................................................................
Submittal Report 213

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 VI Spray/Sprinkler Module

Part 21 Exporting the Schematic 226

1 HP-GL/2
...................................................................................................................................
Output 226

Part 22 Errors 228

1 Errors
................................................................................................................................... 228
2 Basic
...................................................................................................................................
errors 228
3 Input
...................................................................................................................................
errors 229
4 Global
...................................................................................................................................
errors 229
5 Specific
...................................................................................................................................
component errors 231
6 Numerical
...................................................................................................................................
errors 232

Part 23 Reference Data 234

1 Bibliography
................................................................................................................................... 234
2 Properties
...................................................................................................................................
of water 234
3 Surface
...................................................................................................................................
Roughness 235
4 Hazen-Williams
...................................................................................................................................
Coefficients 236
5 Physical
...................................................................................................................................
Constants 238
6 FOC
...................................................................................................................................
Rules 238
7 NFPA
...................................................................................................................................
Rules 242
8 Chinese
...................................................................................................................................
Standard (GB) 248
9 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- BS 3505 Class D (uPVC) 248
10 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- BS 1387 Heavy 249
11 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- BS 1387 Medium 250
12 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- ANSI B36.10 Schedule 40 251
13 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- ANSI B36.10 Schedule 80 252
14 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- BS 1211 Class C (cast Iron) 253
15 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- Copper/Nickel (90/10) 14 bar g 254
16 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- Copper/Nickel (90/10) 20 Bar g 255
17 DXF
...................................................................................................................................
Ouput 256

Part 24 Report Generator 259

1 Introduction
................................................................................................................................... 259
2 Prerequisities
................................................................................................................................... 259
3 Installing
...................................................................................................................................
the report generator 259
4 Open
...................................................................................................................................
the Project Template Document 259
5 Prepare
...................................................................................................................................
the document titles, headers and footers 260
6 Create
...................................................................................................................................
a PIPENET report file 261
7 Merge
...................................................................................................................................
the report file and the template 261
8 Updating
...................................................................................................................................
the model and the report 264
9 Microsoft
...................................................................................................................................
Office Technology used 265

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 Contents VII

Index 266

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 Sunrise Systems

Part

1
 Sunrise Systems 2

1 Sunrise Systems
1.1 Welcome

PIPENET Vision 1.7

Welcome to the latest version of PIPENET, collectively referred to as PIPENET VISION.

PIPENET Vision 1.7 represents the next step in the PIPENET Vision family, bringing in all new
calculation capabilities along with other feature enhancements.

Here is a summary of the new features - see the Help and Training manuals for further
information. We are sure you will enjoy using PIPENET!

Safety Valve (PIPENET Transient Module)

These are used to protect the system from pressure surges. The valve consists of a plug situated
ahead of a spring or similar device. When the pressure on the plug increases above a specified set
pressure, the valve opens until the flow pressure reaches the valves fully open pressure.

Built-in Standard Valves (PIPENET Transient Module)

This is a new way of working with PIPENET's operating valve in the transient module, making
the modelling of many common types of valve considerably easier.

Angle Valve - This is common in the oil/gas, power and shipbuilding industries, consisting of
a controlled valve door around a 90 degree bend.
Ball Valve - Consisting of a near-spherical rotary valve door, this valve is also commonly
used in oil/gas, power and shipbuilding.
Butterfly Valve - Consisting of a rotating door, either flat or lenticular in nature, used in
applications which require bi-direction shut-off
Diaphragm Valve - These consist of a rubber or plastic membrane which is pushed down to
shut off flow in many process systems.
Gate Valve - These have a planar sealing surface, between the valve gate and valve seats,
used when a straight line flow is required with minimum restriction.
Globe Valve - Typically used in pipelines, these consist of two halves of a valve body,
separated by an internal baffle, where a plug closes a gap in the baffle.
Y-Type Valve - Similar to globe valves, but instead of using an internal baffle, the gate
mechanism is located at an angle to the flow, allowing frequent operation with less restriction
on the flow.

Improved Transient Nozzle

The Transient Nozzle Model has been improved with the ability to be set as "on" or "off" as
opposed to simply having a 0 flowrate requirement. This allows for the better transient modelling
of sprinkler systems.

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 3 Spray/Sprinkler Module

NFPA 2013 Compliance (PIPENET Spray/Sprinkler Module)

PIPENET's Spray/Sprinkler module is no fully compliant with the latest edition of the NFPA
Rules, for both calculation and output.

General Pressure Loss Component (Standard Module)

The standard module now contains a model for the General Pressure Loss Component, which
can be used to model various components which have a pressure drop correlated with flowrate.

Atmospheric Heat Transfer (Standard Module)

PIPENET's heat transfer capability has been given a whole new dimension, allowing heat
transfer to the atmosphere for both water and steam along pipes, taking into account not only the
geometry and ambient conditions of the pipes, but also the pipe material and any insulation that
may be present.

and many other enhancements and fixes...................

1.2 Sunrise - Product Modules

The PIPENET suite of programs has been designed to enable the accurate simulation of the flow
of fluid through a network of pipes and other components. The full suite of programs consists of
the following modules:

Standard Module For the analysis of the single phase flow of liquids and gases.
Spray Module For the analysis of fixed fire-protection systems employing water.
Transient Module For the analysis of transient flow in all types of network employing a
liquid.

1.3 Obtaining Support

Support queries, or details of any problems experienced, should be emailed to:
[email protected].
If you are experiencing problems with a specific PIPENET network, please remember to attach
the data files, together with any associated library files, to the email. For PIPENET VISION,
files include the .SDF data file and the associated .SLF file. For PIPENET Classic, files include
the .DAT file, together with the any associated library files, .PDF, .PMP, .UFL, and .VLB.
Please also include any other information that might help in locating the source of the problem.
For queries relating to installation (in particular, security key problems), please include the key
number. For USB keys, this is a five digit number of the form 1nnnn or 2nnnn. For parallel port

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 Sunrise Systems 4

keys, the number is located in the bottom right-hand corner of the key label (not the Sunrise
address label). Before sending any queries relating to the installation of the software, please
make sure that you have read the trouble-shooting section in this document, and provide details
of any error messages encountered during installation.

1.4 Sunrise - How to Contact Us

Sunrise Systems Limited may be contacted by post, by fax, by email or via our website:

Sunrise Systems Limited,

Sunrise Business Park,
Ely Road,
Waterbeach,
Cambridge,
CB25 9QZ,
United Kingdom.

Telephone +44 1223 441311

Fax: +44 1223 441297
email [email protected]
web site http:\\www.sunrise-sys.com

1.5 Conventions used in this document

The following are the conventions used in this manual

Items such as File | New shown in bold indicate the selection of an option from a
menu. The item before the vertical bar is the main menu item, and the item after the
vertical bar is the specific menu option. For example, File | New indicates that the
menu option New is to be selected from the File menu.

Capitalised items shown in bold (for example Apply), generally indicate the selection of
a button or item in a dialog.

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 Installation

Part

2
 Installation 6

2 Installation
2.1 Installation
Installation of a PIPENET module will have been described in the installation guide, which
accompanies the CD-ROM. This chapter deals with problems that may occur once the software
has been installed from CD-ROM.

2.2 Prerequisites
To run any of the PIPENET modules, you need the following:

A valid PIPENET licence provided by an appropriate HASP security key or Flex

License Agreement.
A release CD-ROM.
2.7 GHz Processor, if Single Core (Intel preferred).
1 GB memory.
At least 250 M Bytes of free disk storage.
Microsoft Windows 2000, XP, Vista, Windows 7 or Windows 8.
A display monitor with a minimum resolution of 1024 x 768.

2.3 Updating a key license

Depending on the type of licence, a security key may be restricted in its use in some way. For
example, it may only license some of the PIPENET modules, it may be restricted to run a
specific release, or it may have an expiry date applied to one or more modules licensed by the
key.

Keys can be re-programmed without needing to be returned to Sunrise Systems Limited for re-
programming, using an encrypted file (which can be sent by email to the customer).

Expiry dates
If a module has been licensed with an expiry date, then any attempt to use the module beyond
the expiry date will result in the key no longer being recognized as a valid key. If a key expires
then Sunrise Systems should be contacted, requesting an update. If approved, a small encrypted
text file will be sent to the customer by email.

Updating a licence file

When you are in receipt of an encrypted licence file then proceed as follows to update the
security key:

1. Make sure that you have started PIPENET, and there is no network open.
2. Select the menu option Help | Update key, and the following message will be
displayed:

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 7 Spray/Sprinkler Module

3. Selecting OK will display a dialog for navigating to the encrypted licence file.
4. As soon as you have selected the licence file, a second dialog will be displayed,
hopefully indicating the success of the operation:

5. If the operation fails then Sunrise Systems should be contacted for further assistance,
which may necessitate the return of the key. This may occur with security keys that
are several years old.

Note that the encrypted licence file is only valid for a specific key, as identified by the number in
the bottom right-hand corner of the key's label. For parallel port keys, this will be a four digit
number; for USB keys, a 5 digit number greater than 10000. Note, also, that a licence file can
only be used once to update a key; if an attempt is made to update a security key more than
once, the second and subsequent attempts will fail with an error.

2.4 Security Key Problems

If you have got as far as installing the software then the most common problems encountered are
those to do with licensing. If you can load the software, but cannot open or create a model
because of an error message relating to a security key or licensing problem, then proceed as
follows.

Security access rights

It is important that the installation of PIPENET modules be performed with Administrator access
rights and privileges. These rights and privileges are required for:

Installation of the drivers for the security key.

Addition and/or updating of system files in the Windows System directory. (Note that

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 Installation 8

PIPENET will never replace an existing file in this directory if it is more recent than the
one shipped with PIPENET.)
Access to the Windows System registry.

If you did not have these rights when you installed the software then the key drivers will not have
been correctly installed, and thus the software cannot be run. Re-install the software, having
obtained the necessary rights and privileges. Contact your IT support group if you unsure as to
how to proceed.

Fitting the security key

A USB key must be fitted to an available USB port, and a parallel key must be fitted to the port
LPT1. If you are using a parallel port key then the key may be fitted in series with security keys
provided by other software manufacturers.

Licensing provided by a key

Each key is specifically programmed for the needs of each user. Depending on the licensing
agreement, the key will be programmed:

for one or more PIPENET modules,

for a specific number of runs or an unlimited number of runs,
for use before a programmed expiry date or for unlimited use.

If the key is not programmed for the module you are attempting to run, or the number of runs has
expired, or the key has passed its expiry date then any error messages displayed will inform you
of the specific error.

If the key is correctly fitted, and the drivers have been correctly installed, then the status of the
key and the licences available can be checked via the Help | Key Status menu option. If the
security key is correctly fitted then this will display the key details, including the key number and
customer name, in addition to licensing details.

Checking installation of security key drivers

If you have followed all of the instructions above, and you have a key licence for the module
you are trying to run, then you should have no further problems. However, if you are still having
problems then please perform the following checks, and email the results to Sunrise Systems. Be
sure to include the key number. If you cannot run Key Status then the key number is also
printed in the bottom right-hand corner of the key's label.

Trouble shooting
The most common reasons for failure are not having the correct key fitted or the key drivers
were not installed correctly. If the key drivers were not installed then the most likely reason for
the failure is that you did not have the necessary access rights during installation. The following
summarises the checks you should perform to locate the source of the problem:

1. Check that you are using a security key appropriate to the module you are trying to
run.

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9 Spray/Sprinkler Module

2. Check that the key is correctly fitted to a USB or parallel port on the computer
where you are attempting to run the PIPENET software.
3. You must have Windows Administrator privileges to install the key drivers, since
changes are made to the System Registry. If you do not have these rights, you will
have to contact your IT department to set up your account details. It is recommended
that you contact your IT department anyway, to confirm any other rights and
restrictions that there may be.
4. Check that you have read and write access to the drive where the software will be
installed (by default, drive C:) and where the temporary files will reside (also, by
default, drive C:). This is necessary, since some organisations prohibit their users from
accessing the local disk, and selected network drives, other than for read access.
Again, if you do not have these rights then you will have to contact your IT
department.
5. Please check (re-install if necessary) that the software and key drivers are correctly
installed.
6. The installation of the key drivers can be checked by running the program
KEYSETUP.EXE, which can be found in the keydriver sub-directory of the
PIPENET installation directory. Running this program produces the display:

Select the Check key drivers button to confirm the installation. Entering this
command will display the status of the key drivers, which, if correctly installed, will
display the date of installation and other information on the printer port, version
number of driver, etc.
7. If step 5 reports that the key driver is not installed then terminate any running
PIPENET module and select the three buttons in the sequence Remove key
drivers, Install key drivers and Check key drivers.
8. The last of the four buttons in the dialog, Check key, will attempt to read the key,
displaying the internally stored key number and the customer name. The customer
name may not be present on very old keys, but the key number should always be
readable if the key drivers are correctly installed.

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 Installation 10

The key-check utility is stored on your hard drive during installation, in the sub-directory
keydriver, and the key check utility program is named KeySetup.exe.

2.5 Windows 8
Sunrise Systems fully support the use of PIPENET on Windows 8, however there are a couple
of known issues which will be addressed here.

Safenet HASP Drivers and Windows 8

PIPENET uses HASP Keys to license the software. The installation CD

Some users have had issues when upgrading from Windows 8.0 to Windows 8.1 due to
problems with the license key drivers. This simple procedure will enable users to upgrade to
Windows 8.1 from Windows 8.0.

Procedure

When installing Windows 8.1, the old HASP Drivers need to be removed. This has to be done
by downloading

Sentinel HASP/LDK Command Line Run-time Installer

from

http://sentinelcustomer.safenet-inc.com/sentineldownloads

extracting the downloaded zip files. Then, in a command window (cmd.exe), navigating to the
directory where the extracted files are kept by typing

cd [directory]

In most cases, this will be

cd C:\Users\***Username***\Downloads\Sentinel_LDK_Run-time_cmd_line\

Once there, type

haspdinst.exe purge

This completely removes all forms of HASP drivers from the machine. It is important to
note that the GUI Installer does not function correctly as it does not have the capacity to
purge the machine of all traces of the HASP drivers.

Following this, install the update to Windows 8.1 and from the aforementioned web
directory, download

Sentinel HASP/LDK Windows GUI Run-time Installer

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11 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Ensuring it is version 6.60 or above that is installed. Extract and double click on
HASPUserSetup.exe, following the on screen instructions.

This should correctly reinstall the HASP Drivers, compatible with Windows 8.1. You will
now be able to use PIPENET.

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A Tour of the User Interface

Part

3
 13 Spray/Sprinkler Module

3 A Tour of the User Interface

3.1 Overall view
The user interface is common to all PIPENET modules, although the toolbars and menus may
vary slightly to reflect the different features available. When the program is started and a
PIPENET data file is opened, the screen will appear thus:

The four main windows depicted are as follows:

Upper-left: a Properties Window used for displaying the attributes of the currently
selected component. This window replaces the dialogs of earlier versions of the
software, since data can be entered and edited in this window.
Lower-left: Schematic Overview Window showing an overall view of the schematic,
with a rectangle showing the region covered by the main schematic. The rectangle may
be dragged, with the main schematic window being automatically scrolled to reflect the
changes. Conversely, scrolling the main window or changing the zoom factor will
change the position and/or size of the rectangle in the Overview window.
Upper-right: the Schematic Window, essentially as in the previous versions of
PIPENET, but allowing colour coding, multiple selections, an improved Area Tool with
copy, paste, delete, flip and invert operations, and an unlimited undo/redo facility.

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 A Tour of the User Interface 14

Lower-right: a Tabular View of the database is provided by a browse window, via

which the user can display and edit component properties, and display results.

The Tabbed Properties and Schematic Overview windows can be closed by clicking the button
at the top-right of each window. To re-display the windows, select either the View | Properties
or View | Schematic Overview option.

The Properties Window and the Schematic Overview can be moved to the right-hand side of the
screen or "floated", by clicking and dragging the top of each window.

At the top of the screen is the usual assortment of menus and toolbars, and at the bottom is the
status bar.

Menu styles
The menus are arranged differently to the previous PIPENET programs, although users of other
Windows programs may find them more familiar. To revert to the old style of menu, select the
menu option Window | Use Pipenet menu style. To revert to the new window style, select
Window | Use Windows menu style. See also the Window Menu.

3.2 The Schematic Window

The Schematic window is the primary means of entering and viewing networks. It closely
resembles the schematic window of earlier products, but has a number of improvements.

When the window is first displayed, it is presented with a light-grey background suitable for
general viewing. The background colour may be changed to white or black. However, for
coloured links and text, it will generally be found that a white background is unsuitable for
viewing.

New elements are added by selecting the appropriate element tool from the tool palette, and
then placing and drawing the component using the mouse.

All labeled elements created via the schematic are automatically assigned a unique label. Labeled
elements include nodes, link elements and attribute elements. Numeric labels are used (no tags)
with each component type having its own set of unique labels.

The background colour and the font sizes used for labeling components can be changed using
the Display Options dialog.

Schematic Underlay
A facility has been included whereby a graphic may be imported and displayed as a background
to the main schematic. Display of this underlay is enabled and disabled via the View menu. The
underlay may be zoomed independently of the main network to achieve relative scaling and
registration. Zooming the network results in the underlay being zoomed by the same selected
zoom factor. In normal use, the procedure to use an underlay commences with a new network:

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1. Import and display the underlay.

2. Select a suitable zoom size for the underlay.
3. Commence laying out the PIPENET components using the underlay as a guide.

3.3 Tabular view window

The Tabular View window provides details of attributes and results for network components.
Data may be entered and edited via this view, columns re-arranged, and attributes/results
printed. In fact, the grid provides many of the properties (but no calculation facilities) associated
with a spreadsheet product such as Windows Excel or Lotus 123. Copy/paste facilities are
provided with unlimited undo/redo capability.

More than one Tabular View window may be open at a time, each showing the same or a
different component type.

Tabular View windows are opened via the View menu.

3.4 Properties Window

This is a tabbed set of windows showing:

1. The Properties of the currently selected component, including, where appropriate, a

graph (for example, a pump curve or a filter profile). Unlike earlier versions of
PIPENET, properties can be entered and edited via this window. When a calculation
has been performed, this window will also contain the results for the component.
Properties are displayed in three columns; the first is the name of the property, the
second the current value of the property and the third the units (where appropriate).
Properties are either entered explicitly as values or text strings, or a value is selected
from a drop-down list of acceptable values. If a property cell is greyed out, it indicates
that the value of the property cannot be edited.
2. A fittings window for assigning fittings to pipes.

The Tabbed properties window is normally displayed but, if it is closed, it can be re-opened via
the View menu.

Pump operating point

Following a calculation, the operating point for each pump will be displayed on the pump curve
in the properties window. The operating point is indicated by a small red triangle, and will be at
the point where the pressure and flow match the calculated results for the pump.

Nozzle operating point

Following a calculation, the operating point for each nozzle will be displayed on the nozzle
characteristic curve in the properties window. The operating point is indicated by a small red
triangle, and will be at the point where the pressure and flow match the calculated results for the
nozzle.

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3.5 Component Properties

This window displays the properties (and possibly results) associated with the currently selected
component. If no component is selected, the window is blank.

W hen a component has been drawn on the schematic it will be assigned default parameters.
These defaults may be edited in the Properties tab. Data entry fields in the properties window
are either straightforward, numeric, text entry, or the selection style (when there is a limited
number of options available). Fields which cannot be edited will be "greyed" out.

The properties for all components are displayed in the same general manner: In the top left-hand
corner of the grid is the symbol for the component, below this a number of rows, one for each
attribute or result. Each row comprises of three columns:

Column 1 - Name of attribute or result.

Column 2 - Displays the value of the attribute or result. The value displayed here may
be edited unless it has been "greyed" out.
Column 3 - Units, where appropriate.

The above example shows the attributes for a pipe. All attributes can be edited: The length and
elevation of the pipe are shown in feet and the diameter in inches. The status of the pipe is
selectable from a drop-down list, and will be one of Normal, Blocked or Broken.

To edit a field, click in the appropriate row in the second column and enter the new value, or
select from the available options. To accept the value, enter Tab to move down to the next field
or Enter on the keyboard. Values with a light-grey background cannot be edited. Changes made

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17 Spray/Sprinkler Module

in the window can be undone and redone using the undo and/redo keys:

The left key is Undo and the right key Redo.

Scroll buttons
In the bottom right-hand corner of the window are two scroll buttons, which are used to move
from the currently displayed component to the next or previous component of the same type.

For example, if a pipe is currently displayed, selecting the left button will move to the previous
pipe (if there is one). Pressing the right button will move to the next component. Components are
ordered in the sequence in which they were created.

Display of accompanying graph

Some components may have an accompanying graph. If so, this is also displayed in the
Properties window. For example, selecting a pump in the network will display the pump curve,
along with the pump parameters. Currently, graphs are displayed for pumps and filters.

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3.6 Fittings
If the currently selected component is a pipe then this window will display the fittings on the
pipe.

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 19 Spray/Sprinkler Module

The top window displays a list of available fittings; the bottom, a list of the fittings currently
selected on the pipe. The lower window displays for each fitting type; the fitting name, the K-
factor and the number of fittings selected on the pipe; below the window is shown the sum of the
K-factors for all fittings.

Adding a fitting
To add a fitting to a pipe, select the desired fitting from the top window, and then click on the
Add button. Each selection of the Add button adds one fitting of the selected type to the pipe.

Removing a fitting
To remove a fitting, select the desired fitting type in the bottom window, and then click on the
Remove button. Each selection of the Remove button removes one fitting of the selected type.

3.7 The Schematic overview window

This window provides an overall view of the schematic, with a rectangle showing the part of the
network currently displayed in the schematic window. The rectangle tracks changes in the size
and position of the main schematic window, but the rectangle in the overview can also be
dragged to effect a scroll of the main schematic window.

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Display of the Overview window, which is not shown on starting the program, is done via the
View | Schematic Overview menu option.

3.8 Menus
3.8.1 File Menu
The available options are as follows. The displayed options will vary, depending on whether or
not a network is open.

New
Creates a new network. If licenses are available for more than one module type, a
prompt will be displayed requesting the PIPENET module be selected; namely,
Standard, Spray/Sprinkler or Transient.

Open
Opens an existing data file - files may be the old format data files, with a .DAT file
extension, or the new style files, with a .SDF file extension.

Close
Closes the network - if changes have been made to the network, you will be prompted
to save the file first before closing.

Save
Saves the current network and continue working.

Save As
Saves the current file under a different file name.

Export...
This will export the current network as an old style .DAT file, together with any

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21 Spray/Sprinkler Module

associated old-style library files; that is, .PDF files, .UFL files, etc. When selecting this
option, you should be aware that some graphical information will not be saved; for
example, colour schemes. When prompted for a file name, enter the name of the .DAT
file, and any associated library files will be saved with the same name, but with a
different file extension.

Autosave...
AutoSave is a feature that can be used to automatically save your edits and
modifications periodically. Select this option to set the interval, in minutes, at which the
network is to be automatically saved. The default is zero, indicating that the autosave
feature is disabled.

Open Library
Opens an external system library.

Import Library
Imports a library file - opens a system library or old format library file (e.g., .pmp pump
library file) and imports its definitions into the local user library.

Print
Print the schematic or the grid - the one that is printed will depend on which of the two
windows is selected. If in doubt, click in the desired window before selecting Print. If
the grid is selected, the current grid page will be printed. If the schematic is selected
then a dialog box is displayed, through which the user can select the scaling and hence
the number of pages. required to print the schematic.

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 A Tour of the User Interface 22

Print Preview
Previews the appearance of printed output.

Print Setup
This option displays a standard Windows dialog, from which the user can select a
particular printer, landscape or portrait mode, etc.

Exit
Exits PIPENET.

Recently used file list

Provides a list of recently opened files.

3.8.2 Edit Menu

This menu provides a number of edit related functions:

Undo
Undoes the last operation - this command will undo the last change made in the
Schematic, Properties or Tabular View window. Following the word Undo is a brief
description of the last operation performed.

Redo
Redoes the last undone operation - as with the Undo command, following the word
Redo is a brief description of the last undo operation.

Cut
Combination of a copy operation followed by a delete.

Copy
If the select tool is in operation, this will copy the attributes of the selected component.
If the Area tool is in use, it will copy all components within the selection rectangle.

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Paste
If the select tool is in operation, this will paste the last copied attributes to the selected
component, as long as the components are of the same type (i.e., both are pipes, both
are pumps, etc.). If the Area tool is used, it will paste all components copied by the
last copy operation.

Paste in column
This option is only available in the Tabular View. When a single cell in a column is
selected, it will reproduce the contents of the cell in all cells in the same column.

Mirror
Used with the Area Tool to mirror the contents of the selected area left-right.

Invert
Used with the Area Tool to invert the contents of the selected area.

Undo/redo on the toolbar

Note the undo and redo operations are available via two shortcut buttons in the toolbar:

The left-hand button is the Undo button and the right-hand button is the Redo button.

3.8.3 View Menu

The view menu controls some aspects of the overall appearance of the various windows.

Toolbar
Displays or hides the main toolbar containing the file and edit related buttons - this is
best left displayed at all times.

Status Bar
Displays or hides the Windows status bar - this is best left displayed at all times.

Palette
Displays or hides the palette bar, which is used to select the tool for drawing within the
schematic window - this is best left displayed at all times.

Schematic Window
Opens the schematic window if, for some reason, it has been closed - only one
schematic window can be open.

Data Window
Opens a tabular view window - more than one tabular view window can be open at
any one time.

Properties
Displays or hides the Properties Window, which contains the tabbed set of windows,

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 A Tour of the User Interface 24

providing information on the currently selected component and its fittings.

Schematic Overview
Displays or hides the Schematic Overview Window.

Zoom
Used to zoom the network and/or the graphical underlay.

View graphical underlay

Selecting this option will display a graphical underlay that has been imported from a
Windows extended metafile (.EMF), a Windows metafile (.WMF) or an AutoCAD .
DXF file.

Import graphical underlay

Imports a graphical underlay from a Windows enhanced metafile, which has the file
extension .EMF. These files can be produced by many graphics programs, and there
are utilities available for converting from some CAD formats to extended metafiles.

The imported graphic is displayed near the centre of the window, and is scaled to fit the
current size of the window. The size of the imported graphic can be controlled by
zooming (see above). Its position is currently not controllable. However, using the Area
tool to move the network, the relationship between the underlay and the PIPENET
network can be adjusted. The intensity of the displayed image, specified as a
percentage, can be controlled via the underlay tool (i.e., the U button) on the Options
toolbar.

3.8.4 Libraries Menu

Before attempting to use libraries, the user should first read the chapter on libraries.

The Libraries menu contains a number of module-specific entries. Those for the Spray/Sprinkler
module include:

Schedules
Define or edit pipe schedules in the local user library.

Nozzles
Define or edit pipe spray nozzles in the local user library.

Pumps - coefficients unknown

Define or edit pumps with unknown coefficients in the local user library.

Pumps - coefficients known

Define or edit pumps with known coefficients in the local user library.

Linings - pipe linings

Define or edit pipe linings.

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 25 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Deluge Valves
Define or edit deluge valves.

Selecting any of these options displays a tabbed dialog for the appropriate library. It is important
to note that any changes are applied to the definitions in the Local User Library.

To edit the System libraries, select the last option (i.e., Edit system Libraries).

To edit System libraries select the last option Edit system Libraries.

The final option in the Libraries menu opens a very similar window, except that, in this case, edits
are performed on a named System Library. It is important to re-emphasis the distinction
between Local User Libraries, where changes made affect only the current user, and System
Libraries, where changes may affect other users.

3.8.5 Options Menu

The Options menu displays a tabbed dialog for viewing and setting the various options in use:

Title - Title for the network, for which up to four lines of text may be specified.
Module Options - Various modelling options.
Units - Units to be used.
Pipe Types - Pipe types.
Display options - Schematic display options.
Calculation- Calculation options, including tolerances.

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Output tables - Selection of which output results are to appear in the browser output.
Defaults - Default information for pipes and nozzles (module dependent).

3.8.6 Colouration Menu

This menu contains three items that can be used to set up the colouring of nodes and/or pipes
and ducts, based on the value of one or more attributes. The options are described in detail in
Colour Schemes.

Simple rules
This option is used to define the colouring of links and/or nodes, based on the value of
a single attribute or result. For example, node elevation, pipe length, velocity of fluid
through pipes, and so on.

Complex nodes
This option is used to define more complex colouring rules for nodes, based on the
values of more than one attribute or result.

Complex links
This option is used to define more complex colouring rules for pipes, based on the
values of more than one attribute or result.

3.8.7 Calculation Menu

This menu provides a number of calculation and output related commands:

Check
Check conditions for calculation - checks that specifications are complete and
consistent, and, if pipe elevations are in use, that node heights are consistent. This
option opens a status window (if it is not already open) as described in Status
Checking.

Spec for Calculation

Displays the Options dialog with the Calculation options tab displayed.

Input data
Runs a validation in the calculator, producing an output browser file. For those users
with metered licenses, a validation does not consume a calculation.

Pipe Sizing
Runs the pipe sizing phase of the calculation only, his phase will calculate the bore of
any pipes with an undefined bore. For those users with metered licenses, a validation
does not consume a calculation.

Calculate
Runs a calculation, consuming one calculation for those users with metered keys.

Browse

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 27 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Browse the output of the last calculation or the last request for input.

NFPA Submittal Report

Hydraulic calculation details can be written to a file in tabular form, in order to assist in
the preparation of a fire protection submittal of the kind required by the NFPA.
Following a successful calculation, select this option to produce an NFPA Submittal
Report that can be loaded into most word processors, including Word.

3.8.8 Tools Menu

The tools menu provides a number of useful tools:

Tag selected items

Used in colour coding to tag (or mark) selected components as being significant in
some way, so that they can be colour coded.

Remove tags
Marks all tagged components as untagged.

Make Path
Used in the construction of an elevation profile to construct a path though two or more
selected nodes..

Export clipboard
Copies the schematic to the clipboard, from where it can be pasted into other
applications.

Export HP-GL/2
Exports the schematic as an HP-GL/2 file containing instructions for off-line plotting.
HP-GL/2 is Hewlett-Packard's standardized Graphics Language supported by many
CAD and graphics programs and peripherals. On selecting this option, you will
prompted to supply an output file name.

Export DXF file

Exports the schematic as an AutoCad DXF file, which can be used as input to many
CAD programs. On selecting this option, you will prompted to supply an output file
name.

Add multiple pipes

This tool provides a means of defining a run of pipes, based on a table of elevations
and distances. From this data, if supplied in a suitable form, the PIPENET module can
automatically generate a sequence of pipes with the correct lengths and rises (elevation
changes). For further information on this facility, see the Add multiple pipes section.

Autolayout
The autolayout tool, which is available in the PIPENET spray/sprinkler module, can be
used to automate the task of designing spray/sprinkler systems for vessels or for area

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protection.

3.8.9 Window Menu

In addition to the standard Windows window menu, offering options to Tile or Cascade
windows, this menu also offers an option to switch the appearance and ordering of the menus
between two styles: Windows style, which closely resembles other windows programs, and
PIPENET style, which has a similar ordering to earlier versions of the program. However, there
are some obvious differences. For example, there is no view menu, and most options are
displayed on a tabbed dialog. To revert to the old style of menu, select the menu option Window
| Use PIPENET menu style. To revert to the standard Windows style, select Window | Use
Windows menu style.

3.8.10 Help Menu

Help topics
Display help contents.

About PIPENET VISION

Details of PIPENET version numbers. Note that, unlike previous versions of
PIPENET, the calculators have version numbers that are different to those displayed in
the graphical user interface. In the early releases of the software, the version numbers
are of the form:

Graphical user interface - version 1.nn

Spray Calculator - version 4.nn

Key Status
Status and information relating to the Hasp security key and associated licences.
Selecting this option will display the current licences available on the fitted key, the
following being an example of the display:

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 29 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Selecting OK closes the window, whilst selecting Save will save the displayed details
to a text file (the save feature is not implemented).

Update Key
This option is only available in the Help menu when no PIPENET file is open.
Activating this option will initiate an update to a local HASP security key using a licence
file supplied by Sunrise Systems.

Sunrise on the Internet

This option will open a new page in your default web browser, set to the Sunrise
Systems web page.

3.9 Toolbars
3.9.1 Spray Toolbar

This toolbar contains, from left to right, the following tools:

A group of five general tools:

Select - Used to select an item on the schematic; for example, to display

properties of a component, to drag a node, to select an item for deletion.
Pan and zoom - Used to pan and zoom.
Area tool - Used to select a rectangular area for copy/paste operations.
Polygon tool - Similar to the Area tool, except that it allows an irregular shaped
area to be selected.
Text tool - For creating text elements on the schematic.

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Then there are eight tools for creating the different types of link components (i.e.
components with an input and output node) available with the Spray module:

Pipe - Note that this button will be greyed out (not selectable) until at least one
pipe type has been defined. In the Spray/Sprinkler module, it is mandatory that all
pipes belong to a pipe type.
Pump
Filter
Nozzle
Non-return valve
Deluge valve
Elastomeric valve
Overboard dump valve (see the note below)

Finally, there are two component tools (must be placed on a pipe):

Orifice plate (only one allowed per pipe)

Equipment item

Note that if the Remote nozzle specifications or Mass balance specifications option has
been selected in the Calculation options dialog then the overboard dump valve icon on the
toolbar will be greyed out (non-selectable). This is because overboard dump valves can only be
used with the the User-defined specifications option.

3.9.2 Options Toolbar

The options toolbar provides a number of convenient shortcuts to schematic-related options. For
example, display of node labels, grid style, etc.

The toolbar consists of four button groups, from left to right the button options are:

Group 1 - grid related options:

Display grid.
Select Orthogonal grid.
Select Isometric grid.
Snap to Grid.

Group 2 - label options:

Display node labels.

Display component labels.
Display component direction (arrow is drawn pointing from the pipe input

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 31 Spray/Sprinkler Module

towards the pipe output).

Display pipe fittings present symbol.

Group 3 - results related options:

Display the node colouring-legend button - if this is selected, a node colour-

coding legend is displayed in the schematic window.
A drop-down box from which the parameter to be displayed on nodes can be
selected (for example, elevation and pressure).
Display the pipe/duct colouring-legend button - if this is selected a link colour-
coding legend is displayed in the schematic window.
A drop-down box from which can be selected the parameter to be displayed on
pipes (for example, flow rate, velocity).
Following a calculation, arrows indicate the flow direction, which may be in
opposite direction to the component direction.

Group 4 - Underlay control:

A single button is provided. Selecting the button will display a dialog from which
the intensity of the underlay can be specified as a percentage.

When an option is selected, the button is shown as depressed, as illustrated for the Select
Orthogonal grid option (i.e., the second button in the above diagram).

3.9.3 Calculation Toolbar

This toolbar contains a few buttons relating to a calculation and the calculation output.

Check
Checks the conditions for a calculation. More specifically, it checks that specifications
are complete and consistent, and, if pipe elevations are in use, that node heights are
consistent. This option opens a status window (if it is not already open) as described
in Status Checking.

Input data
Runs a validation in the calculator, producing an output browser file. Validation does
not consume a run for users with metered keys.

Pipe sizing
Runs the pipe sizing, or design phase, of the calculation only. Pipe bores will be
calculated for those pipes with undefined sizes, and returned to the user interface for
display with the rest of the pipe attributes. Pipe sizing does not consume a run for users
with metered keys. Pipe sizing is only possible if there is at least one pipe type, and if
there are no ducts present in the network.

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Calculate
Runs a calculation, producing a browser output file that can be viewed in the supplied
browser, Word or Write.

Browse
Browses the output of the last calculation or the last request for input.

Design phase
Places the front-end in the design phase, in which pipe sizing operations can be
performed repeatedly.

Calculation phase
Selection of this button places the calculator in calculation mode, and any pipe sizes
calculated in the design phase are fixed for all future calculations.

3.9.4 Tag Toolbar

This toolbar displays two drop-down lists of the label tags used in the current network for nodes
and for links. It can also be used to select which tag is to be used as the default for all new nodes
and links. To add a tag to a list simply enter the tag in the edit field followed by return.

Selecting the arrow to the right of the text field will drop down a list of currently used tags, and
selecting a tag from this list sets that tag as the default.

If you have a tag selected in one of the drop-downs then, whenever you create a new
component, its automatically assigned numerical id will be prefixed with the specified tag and a
'/'.

Unused tags cannot be explicitly deleted, but, each time a file is re-opened, the tags in use are
re-evaluated, and only those in use will be displayed.

3.9.5 Find toolbar

This toolbar is useful for finding components in the schematic window, particularly for large
networks.

The toolbar consists of:

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A Find button.
A drop-down list of component types, including the special type <Any>, which can be
used to find a component of any type with the specified label.
An edit box for entering the label of the component to find.
A Next button, which is only enabled if the component type is <Any> and a find has
been performed. Having found one component with a matching label, selecting this
button will find the next component with the same label (assuming there is one).

If a component is not found then an information message will be displayed on the status bar at
the bottom of the main window.

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Example 1 - A Simple Three
Pipe System

Part

4
 35 Spray/Sprinkler Module

4 Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System

4.1 Network Representation
Schematic Diagrams
In general, networks consist of a number of components (Pipes, Pumps, Valves, Filters and
Nozzles) all connected together. The points at which the components may be joined to other
components are referred to as nodes. Consider, for example, the simple system shown in the
figure below, which consists of a single pipe with a nozzle on one end. A liquid enters at the open
end of the pipe and is discharged through the nozzle. The network can be represented
schematically by the diagram shown below:

Other Network Data

As well as the topology of the network, PIPENET must be given data on the physical
characteristics of the components in the network. For example, the lengths of the pipes and the
discharge coefficients of nozzles in the network.

4.2 Labelling the diagram

When preparing a network for a simulation, every component and every node must be given a
label that identifies uniquely it. The production of a fully labeled schematic diagram is an essential
part of any simulation.

4.3 Labels
Each component and each node in the network must be given a label that uniquely identifies it.
Labels may either be tagged or untagged. Untagged labels are simply a number in the range 0-
32767. Tagged labels consist of a 'tag' (i.e., a string of up to 8 characters) followed by a slash (/)
and a number in the range 0-999. Tags can be used to make labels more meaningful, and to
allow sections of large networks to be more easily identified. Up to 100 different tags can be
used in one system. Tags must begin with a letter, and may contain only letters and numbers. For
example, the following are all legal labels:

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 Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System 36

Untagged:
1
1273
9999

Tagged:
JETTY6/1
JETTY6/876
P/12

Notes:
1. Untagged labels greater than 999 and tagged labels may not be used in the same
network.
2. Tags not followed by a slash and a number are not valid labels. For example, XYZ is a
valid tag, but is not a valid label when used alone.
3. Tags are case insensitive; that is, RING is taken to be the same as Ring and ring.

4.4 Inlets and Outlets

When drawing a schematic diagram of a network, almost all components (for example a pipe,
pump, valve or filter component) should have two nodes - one at each end. One of these nodes
is designated the component's input node and the other is designated its output node. Note that
fluid does not necessarily flow from the input node to the output node. PIPENET uses the
convention that flow from the input node to the output node is referred to as positive, and flow
from the output to the input is referred to as negative. In displayed results, a negative value for
flow indicates flow from the output towards the input.

Some components have only an input node, and although the component may appear to be
drawn between two nodes, the output node is not visible and so it can have no other component
connected to it. For example, a spray nozzle does not have an output node, as the output from a
nozzle cannot be attached to any other component - all nozzles are assumed to discharge to
atmosphere.

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 37 Spray/Sprinkler Module

4.5 Network Topology

The topology of the network is defined by specifying the input and output node of every
component in the network. Thus we can define the topology of a simple network such as:

as having:

Pipe P1 has input node 1 and output node 2.

Nozzle 100 has input node 2.

4.6 Simple three pipe system

The Network under consideration is shown in the figure below.

Water is flowing into pipe 1 at node 1, and out of pipes 2 and 3 at nodes 3 and 4. The two
outlets will be required to have a flow rate of 150 litres per minute, and a pressure of 1 bar G. In
practice, only one outlet has its pressure specified, but the symmetry of the network ensures that
the other node is similar. PIPENET will calculate the pressures and flow rates throughout the
network.

The details of the three pipes are as follows:

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 Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System 38

Pipe label Input Output Diameter Length Elevation C-factor Fittings

node node (mm) (metres) (metres)
1 1 2 32 1 0 120 None
2 2 3 20 1 0 120 None
3 2 4 20 1 0 120 None

Note that node and link labels will be assigned automatically as the network is entered. Your
network will only agree with the above diagram if the pipe labeled 1 in the diagram above is
drawn first, then the pipe labeled 2 and finally the pipe labeled 3.

Note, also, that pipes have a notional direction from input to output, which does not necessarily
correspond to the direction of flow. The elevations shown here are changes in elevation of the
pipes, as measured from the input to the output. Thus, a positive value means that the elevation
increases as we go from the input to the output, and a negative value indicates that the elevation
is decreasing. A value of zero indicates that there is no elevation change. Note that elevation can
be specified as elevation changes on pipes, or as absolute elevations on nodes (see Spray model
options for further details).

The three pipes will come from the built-in schedule Copper/Nickel (90/10) 14 Bar G, with a
design velocity of 5 m/s.

In this first example, the details of entering a network, performing a calculation and viewing the
results will be described in some detail, with few references to other parts of the help.
Subsequent examples will contain references to topics already covered in the example, only
going into detail when discussing new features.

4.7 Calculation and Design Phases

The Design Phase
When designing a network, it is generally required that the velocity of the fluid in each pipe does
not exceed a given value (known as the design velocity of the pipe). The velocity of the fluid in a
pipe depends on:

The flow rate through the pipe.

The diameter of the pipe.

Therefore, it is important that all of the pipes are correctly sized, so that the fluid velocity does
not exceed the design velocity. This problem is addressed by the design phase of the simulation.

Given the required flow rates in and out of the network, PIPENET will find optimum diameters
for each pipe in the network, so that the velocity of the fluid does not exceed the design velocity.
The user must supply the required flow rate for all nozzles, and for all but one of the I/O nodes in
the network. PIPENET can then find the flow rates required throughout the network, and thus
calculate optimal sizes for the pipes.

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39 Spray/Sprinkler Module

The following should be noted:

If desired, the diameter of some (or all) pipes in the network can be set by the user.
PIPENET will then size only those pipes whose diameter has not been set.
If the user wants certain pipes in the network to be given the same diameter then the
Pipe Groupings facility should be used.
When sizing a pipe (or group of pipes), PIPENET will choose the smallest pipe size
that ensures that the design velocity is not exceeded by the fluid.
The design phase assumes that all nozzles discharge at the minimum required rate. In
most systems, there will be some nozzles that actually discharge at a rate greater than
the minimum requirement, and so flow rates and velocities in the system will rise. This
may cause the velocity of the fluid to rise above the design velocity in some pipes in the
system. These pipes will be identified during the calculation phase, and a warning will
be issued. To solve this problem, the user should set the diameters of these pipes to be
slightly larger than the designed diameters.
Calculated diameters are displayed in the Properties window and the Tabular View,
with a yellow background to the text.

More than one simulation may need to be performed in order to size all the pipes in a network.

The Calculation Phase

In the calculation phase, all of the diameters of the pipes are known -either set by the user or
found by PIPENET during the design phase. PIPENET simulates the behaviour of the network
under pressure and flow-rate conditions set by the user. All nozzles in the network are assumed
to discharge to atmospheric pressure. The user must supply flow rates and/or pressures at
various parts of the network by making Calculation Phase Specifications (see the next section).
PIPENET will then calculate the pressures and flow rates throughout the network.

Typically, the calculation phase is used to do one or more of the following:

Determine what pressures are needed to produce the required flow rates.
Select suitable pumps for the network.
Check that all demands made on the network can be satisfied. A warning will be issued
for any nozzle supplying at less than its required rate.
Check that the fluid velocity in each pipe does not exceed the design velocity of the
pipe. A warning will be issued for any pipe in which the fluid velocity exceeds the
design velocity.

User Interface and the Design and Calculation phases

When a calculation is performed, a Pipe Sizing operation will be performed if there are unset
pipe sizes and the user has requested that the Design Phase be run. However, the user will
usually perform a pipe sizing operation, possibly make some changes to the network, and then
perform another pipe sizing operation, repeating these operations steps as required. Only when
he/she is happy will he/she perform a calculation.

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 Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System 40

The controls relating to the two phases are on the Calculation toolbar:

and the sequence of operations will typically proceed as follows:

1. The two buttons D and C correspond to the Design and Calculation phases. If a design
phase is required then the D button is selected by default and the pipe sizing button (the
third button) is enabled.
2. The user enters the network and if he/she requires that PIPENET performs a Design
phase then pipes may be entered with undefined bores.
3. When the user has entered the network they will select the pipe sizing button to size the
undefined pipes. The calculated pipe sizes are returned to the user, where they are
displayed along with other pipe attributes; however, if another pipe sizing operation is
performed, the sizes may change if changes are made to the network.
4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated as required.
5. When the user is happy with the network, they select the C button (the pipe sizing
button is disabled) to fix the designed pipe sizes, and then perform a calculation (fourth
button).
6. The user can revert to the design phase by selecting the D button. However, the bores
of pipes fixed in step 5 do not become unset.

Pipe grouping
The Grouping facility allows the user to specify sets of pipes in the network that are required to
have the same diameter. For example, when designing a ring main, it might be desirable for the
pipes in the primary main to share a common diameter. The facility is used by setting up groups
of pipes, labeled 1, 2, 3, etc. When the facility is used, PIPENET will ensure that all the pipes in
the same group are given the same diameter.

The following should be noted:

Pipe groups should be labeled consecutively, starting with '1'.

All pipes in a group must be of the same pipe type.
No more than one pipe in each group may have its diameter set by the user (as setting
the diameter of one pipe in the group effectively fixes the diameter of all other pipes in
the group).

A pipe is added to a group by specifying the design group number in the attributes for the pipe:

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 41 Spray/Sprinkler Module

In this example, pipe 1 belongs to Design group 1. Note the default design group is unset,
indicating that the pipe does not belong to a design group.

4.8 Specifying Units

By default, the system assumes that the units are SI. We shall change the units to metric, where
pipe bores are specified in mm, rather than the SI unit of metres, and flow is in litres /min.

Select the menu option Options | Units and then, from the dialog that appears, select the unit
system as Metric from the system options in the upper part of the left-hand window.
Information on the other features available in this dialog are discussed in Specifying options -
Unit options:

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 Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System 42

Select OK to close the dialog.

4.9 Creating a pipe type

In the Spray/Sprinkler, module it is mandatory that all pipes belong to a pipe type, which is
simply a reference to a pipe schedule, which contains the bores that can used from the schedule,
and usually the maximum velocity allowed in each usable bore. If no pipe type is defined then the
pipe drawing tool on the toolbar is disabled, and the status message No Pipe Type appears in
the status bar at the bottom of the screen. This status will disappear when a pipe type is defined,
and the pipe button will be enabled:

We are going to use a built-in pipe schedule, so all we need to do is to define the pipe type.

1. Select the menu option Options | Pipe type.

2. Select the New button to create a new pipe type.
3. Select the schedule Copper/Nickel (90/10) 14 Bar G from the drop-down list in the
right-hand part of the dialog.
4. Use the tab key or the cursor to move to the C-factor field, and enter the value as 120.
The dialog should appear as follows:

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43 Spray/Sprinkler Module

We now need to set the maximum velocities. These are entered in the grid in the bottom right-
hand corner. We could do this by typing the value in every cell in the third column. However,
there is a much quicker way to do this. Enter the value 5.00 in the first cell of the third column
followed by Return. Now, select the cell with the mouse and, whilst holding the button down,
drag the mouse down the column so that all cells in the column are highlighted. On releasing the
mouse button, all cells will be set to the same value of 5.00. The dialog now appears as:

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 Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System 44

Finally, select OK to save the changes and close the dialog.

Other parts of this dialog box allow the user to line the pipes with some material, or to restrict
the calculation to a subset of the full schedule.

Note that if a pipe is defined as using a pipe type then, instead of explicitly entering the pipe
diameter, the diameter is selected from a combo box listing the available sizes, together with the
unset value.

4.10 Entering the pipe data

With the schematic and the editable Properties Window, this is a simple task. You can either (a)
draw the first pipe, enter the data for the first pipe, draw the second pipe, enter its data and so
on, or (b) draw all three pipes, and then add the data for all three pipes. We will choose the
latter method.

To draw the first pipe, proceed as follows:

1. From the toolbar, select the pipe drawing tool .
2. Place the cursor at the point where you want the input node to appear, and left click.
3. If the selected point coincides with an existing node, that node becomes the input node;
otherwise, a new node is created and displayed at the selected point.
4. A line representing the link element is drawn, and tracks mouse movements.
5. Place the cursor at the point where you want the output node to appear, and left click.
6. As with the input point, if the selected output point coincides with an existing node then
that node will become the output node; otherwise, a new node is created.
7. If, between defining the input node and the output node, you want to abort creation of
the link, select the Escape key.
8. Now draw the second pipe in a similar manner, ensuring that on the first click the
cursor is over the output node of the first pipe. Finally, draw the third pipe in the same
manner as the second pipe. Note that if a pipe is coloured red, this pipe is selected,
and its properties will appear in the Properties Window.
9. Select the node and pipe label buttons from the display toolbar if they are not
already selected, and the network should appear as:

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Now we can add the properties to the pipe; for example, the bore and length of each pipe. Click
on the first pipe and its current properties appear in the Properties Window. Observe that, since
we are using a pipe type, some of the information is already filled in:

Click in the value field for the pipe diameter and select the value 32 from the drop-down list of
available pipe sizes, followed by Tab to move to the next field, the length. Enter a value of 1.0
for the length of the pipe, followed by either Tab or Return to accept the value. You can now
click on the second and third pipes, entering the appropriate diameters and lengths. Alternatively,
having entered the values for the first pipe, use the red right arrow button in the bottom left-hand
corner of the Properties Window to move to the next pipe (for long time users of PIPENET this
is equivalent to the Next button). Clicking the left arrow button moves to the previous pipe, if
there is one. Note that pipes are assumed to be in order of creation.

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 Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System 46

To view all three pipes, we can use the Tabular View. Select the menu option View | Data
window to display the window:

Data can be edited in this window simply by clicking in the appropriate cell. Enter a new value or
select from a list of valid options, and press either (a) Tab to move to the next field or (b)
Return.

Both the Schematic Window and the Tabular View can be displayed simultaneously by selecting
the menu option Windows | Tile horizontally or Windows | Tile vertically.

It is a good idea to save the network at this point, by selecting the menu option File | Save.

4.11 Undefined or invalid components

When a pipe, or any link component, is first drawn in the schematic, it is coloured blue to
indicate that either the component has not had its attributes specified and/or it has an invalid
combination of attributes; for example, a zero length pipe. When one or more attributes are
entered for the component, its colour changes to black (or white if the background is black).

The colour of a component may revert to blue in either of the following situations:

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 47 Spray/Sprinkler Module

1. If a check is performed using the check button on the calculation toolbar and the
component is found to be invalid.
2. If the file is saved and re-opened, and on re-loading the component it is found to be
invalid.

4.12 Specifications
Before sending the network to the calculator, we need to specify conditions of pressure and flow
rate at various nodes. Without these, the problem is not mathematically tractable. Also, we must
designate certain nodes as input and output nodes. We achieve this simply by adding some
attributes to some of the nodes.

Click on the first node (that is, the node with label 1 on the extreme left of the schematic), and
we observe in the Properties Window that it has no specifications and is not designated as an
input or output node. The same applies for nodes 3 and 4.

Since all the pipes have had their diameter set, the design phase of the calculation will not have
much to do. However, it must still run and we must still provide appropriate specifications for it.
The rules for design phase specifications say we must supply the flow rates at all but one of the I/
O nodes. We will set nodes 3 and 4 to have design phase flow rates of 50 lit/min.

The rules for calculation phase specifications say that there must be as many specifications as
there are I/O nodes, and at least one of them must be a pressure specification. In this case, we
need three specifications, and at least one of them must be a pressure. We will specify a flow
rate of 50 lit/min on each on the two outlets, and a pressure of 1 bar G on node 4.

Select the first node and, in the Properties window, click on the drop-down menu in the Input/
Output node, change the selection from No to Input, and then hit the Return key. The properties
window should appear as:

Now select node 3, then, in the properties window, change the input/output node status to
Output, and the Design and Analysis fields both from NO to YES. The dialog should appear as:

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 Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System 48

Now enter the values for node 4, and the Properties Window should appear as:

If you have the Tabular View window open, you can select Design or Analysis specifications
from the drop-down list of components and inspect all specifications:

4.13 Calculating
Having created and specified the network, we are now in a position to calculate its pressures
and flow rates.

Select the menu option Calculation | Calculate, or click on the Calculate toolbar button .

If you want to check that the data is correct without performing a calculation then (useful for
those users with limited run licenses) you can use the Calculation | Check menu option instead,

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or click on the Check toolbar button .This option will check that the input data is valid without
performing a calculation.

For all but very large networks (200 pipes or more), the calculation will complete almost
immediately. Whilst the calculator is active, the following dialog appears:

On completion of the calculation, the dialog will display the completion status. Select the OK
button to close the dialog or the Browse button to close the dialog and display the output data.
Selecting OK simply closes the dialog. The browser can subsequently be started from the
calculation toolbar.

4.14 Inspecting the results

Selection of the Browse button on completion of a calculation, or selecting the Browse option
from the calculation toolbar, displays the following dialog:

The results can be inspected using either the PIPENET supplied browser, Write or Word; we
shall use the PIPENET browser.

The calculation results are held in a temporary file, but may be saved to a more permanent file by
selecting the menu option File | Save As.

With most printers, the report file is suitable for printing with the page orientation set to
landscape. The scroll bars can be used to move around the report. At the top and bottom of the
vertical scroll bars, page icons can be found. These page icons will allow users to move from
one page to the next. On the left side of the horizontal scroll bar, an annotation appears,

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 Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System 50

indicating the current page number.

Using the browser, text may be searched for, using the Search menu option provided in the
browser window.

When you have finished viewing the output, exit the Output Browser by selecting File | Exit.

Using the Tabular View to view results

The output produced by the calculation phase is more suited to printing than on-line viewing.
Results can be viewed in the Tabular view by selecting the Results tab for the appropriate
component type. Selecting the Results tab for pipes results in:

4.15 Saving and loading the network

The network can be saved at any time in a data file from the PIPENET main window, as follows:

1. Select the File | Save as menu option.

2. The default file type is .SDF, and is the one required. Enter the file name as SPR.SDF.
3. Click on the OK push button or press Return.
4. After saving a data file, it is safe to close PIPENET. If an attempt to close PIPENET is
made at any other time, the user is warned of unsaved work, and asked to confirm
whether to save the changes or not, or whether they want to return to PIPENET.

The network can be loaded again very simply. When loading a data file, PIPENET will load any
related library files automatically.

Open PIPENET Standard

Select the File | Open menu option, or the equivalent button. When the file open dialog is
displayed, enter the desired file name or double click on SPR.SDF. Note that the file type can
be changed to .DAT to enable reading of old style data files.

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 Example 2 - A Small
Sprinkler System

Part

5
 Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System 52

5 Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System

5.1 A small Sprinkler System
The second example consists of a pump connected to three nozzles. It demonstrates the use of
user-defined pipe schedules, nozzle types and pump types. The pipe bores are generated in the
design phase, and the calculation phase makes use of the Remote Nozzle Specification option
for specifications. The example is available in complete form under the name exam2.dat in the
examples directory. Schematically, the network appears thus:

5.2 Specifying units

Units will be specified as metric as in the previous example.

5.3 Creating a user defined pipe schedule

Having loaded the PIPENET Spray/Sprinkler module, we will first input a user-defined pipe
schedule. As we discovered in the first example, the library is used to contain data on user-
defined pipe schedules, lining types, nozzle types and deluge valve types. The file is created using
the Library pull-down menu, and saved using the File pull-down menu.

The data for the user-defined pipe schedule is shown below.

Schedule Name : Schedule 80

Roughness : 0.4572 mm
Bore Data :

Nominal Bore Internal Diameter

(mm) (mm)
15 unset
20 unset
25 24.003
32 unset

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Nominal Bore Internal Diameter

(mm) (mm)
40 37.973
50 48.9966
65 unset
80 73.9902
90 unset
100 97.0026
125 unset
150 145.999
200 194.005
250 243.23
300 289.001
350 318.008
400 364.007
450 410.007
500 456.006
600 548.005
700 unset
750 unset
800 unset
850 unset
900 unset

Entering the Pipe Schedule

Select the menu option Libraries | Schedules; a tabbed dialog set appears with schedules
displayed:

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 Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System 54

In the left-hand window is a list of all currently defined schedules. Selecting an item in this list
displays the properties of the schedule on the right-hand side of the dialog. Data for eight pipe
schedules are built into the PIPENET Spray/Sprinkler module. A non-built-in schedule in the list
can be edited by simply selecting it in the left-hand window and editing the various attributes that
appear in the right-hand side. Note that built-in schedules cannot be edited.

To add data for a schedule, select the New button. Provide:

The schedule name, Schedule 80 (this is the name that will appear in the left-hand
window when the data entry is complete).
An optional description (if not specified, the name will be the same as the schedule
name).
A roughness value of 0.4572 mm.

The tab key can be used to move from one field to the next. Note that, in selecting New, the
data grid in the bottom right-hand side lists all internal bores as unset. This simply means that no
value has been supplied for the corresponding nominal bore.

Now place the cursor in the internal bore field corresponding to a nominal bore of 25.00 mm,
and enter the value 24.003 (from table above). Selecting tab moves to the next field, which we
can skip (leaving the value as unset). Selecting tab again moves to the next field, where we enter
the value 37.973. Continue in this way until the last diameter has been entered. Select the Apply
button, and changes are accepted and the new schedule appears in the list in the left-hand
window.

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If you are happy with the displayed results, you can either select OK to quit the dialogs or, since
we going to define other library items, simply select another tab, specifically the Nozzles tab
(since we are going to define a library nozzle in the next section).

5.4 Creating a nozzle type

The data for our nozzle is as follows:

Nozzle Descriptor: Example nozzle.

K-factor: 75 (flow rate units: lit/min, pressure units: bar G).
Minimum pressure: 1.3 bar G.
Maximum pressure: 9.5 bar G.
Spray divergence angle: This is used in autolayout and nozzle generation, and is not
used in this example.

Nozzles are entered in a similar way to schedules. A dialog is displayed in the left-hand side with
a list of available nozzles, and the data is entered in the right-hand side. This is the same for all
library components except pumps, as we shall see in the next section. Select New to add a new
nozzle, provide the data above, and select Apply to accept the changes. The dialog should then
appear as:

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 Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System 56

5.5 Creating a pump library

For this example, a pump is also needed. This data is entered using the menu option Libraries |
Pumps - Coeffs. unknown (or, if you already have the library dialogs selected, by selecting the
Pumps - coefficients unknown tab).

Pumps in PIPENET are modelled with a quadratic performance curve, and the required data are
the three coefficients A, B and C (refer to Modelling - Pumps for details). If these coefficients
are known for the pump then they may be specified directly using the Pumps - coefficients
known tab instead. However, these coefficients are not usually known, and the manufacturer
generally supplies,with each pump, a graph of the pressure increase against throughput. In this
case, coordinates from the graph can be entered, and the Pump/Fan Pre-Processor will find the
coefficients by regression analysis.

The points to be entered are:

Flow rate Pressure

l/min Bar (H2 O)
0 3.95
115 3.75
395 3.15
575 2.75
860 2.05

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1100 1.5
1450 0.6

To specify the pump details proceed as follows:

1. Select the New button.

2. Select the units for flow (lit/min) and pressure (bar water) from the drop-down lists.
3. Provide the name for the pump (this is the name that will appear in the drop-down box
at the top left-hand corner on the dialog when data entry is complete).
4. Provide an optional description.
5. Provide a minimum flow rate of 114.6 litres/minute and a maximum flow rate of 1450
litres/minute.
6. Now place the cursor in the first cell in the data entry grid in the lower left-hand side of
the dialog, and enter the first flow rate value of 0.0.
7. Tab to the next field, and enter the corresponding pressure of 3.95.
8. Continue in this way to enter the remaining data pairs, using tab to move from one cell
to the next.
9. When all the data pairs have been entered, select the Apply button to calculate and
display the pump curve.

The completed pump specification should appear as:

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 Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System 58

5.6 Creating a pipe type

Before we can create any pipes, we must first create a pipe type. This is done using the menu
option Options | Pipe types (or, if you already have the library dialogs selected, by selecting
the Pipe types tab). Proceed as follows:

1. Select New.
2. Select the corresponding schedule from the schedule drop-down. This is the first
editable box on the right-hand side of the dialog. The pipe type name becomes the
schedule name.
3. Enter a C-factor value of 120.
4. Click in the first cell of the column labeled Max. Velocity in the data entry grid, and
enter the value 3.9, followed by a tab or Return. Select this cell and, with the mouse
button held down, drag the mouse down to select all cells in the maximum velocity
column. On releasing the mouse button, all cells will have the value 3.9. Alternatively,
you could enter each value independently.
5. Select the Apply button to accept the pipe type.

The dialog should appear as:

5.7 Entering the pipe data

Lay the pipes out in the schematic window as we did in the previous example, the pipes being as
follows (note that you should leave space for a pump between the output node of pipe 1 and the
input node of pipe 2):

Pipe Input Output Bore Length Elevation C-factor Fittings

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59 Spray/Sprinkler Module

label node node (mm) (metres) (metres)

1 1 2 unset 0.5 0 120 None
2 3 4 unset 10 5 120 elbow
3 4 6 unset 5 0 120 None
4 4 5 unset 0.5 -0.5 120 None
5 6 8 unset 5 0 120 None
6 6 7 unset 0.5 -0.5 120 None
7 8 9 unset 0.5 -0.5 120 None

All pipe bores should be left unset, since the pipes are to be sized by PIPENET during the
Design phase. Note that, if the pipes are drawn in the order specified above, you should have
input and output designations as shown above. If you draw them in a different order then the
designations may not agree, but as long as the network (when completed) is topologically the
same as the following one, the results will be the same.

To add the fitting to pipe 2:

1. Select pipe 2.
2. Select the Fittings tab in the properties window.
3. Select the elbow in the upper window.
4. Select the + button to add the fitting.

The fittings window now appears as:

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5.8 Entering the pump data

Select the pump tool from the tool bar and draw a pump between the output node of pipe 1
and the input node of pipe 2. To achieve this with the pump tool selected, click on the output
node of pipe 1 and, whilst holding the mouse button down, move the cursor to the input node of
pipe 2 and release the mouse button. The pump is the selected item, and its properties appear in
the properties window.

Select the pump type from the drop down list as Example pump, followed by Return. The
properties window changes to display the pump data from the library, and the pump curve is
reproduced in the bottom of the Properties window:

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5.9 Entering the nozzle data

Select the nozzle tool from the toolbar and draw three nozzles, connected to the nodes
numbered 9, 7 and 5 (again, node numbering could depend on the order in which the pipes were
drawn), but the final schematic should appear topologically the same as:

For each nozzle in turn:

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 Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System 62

1. Select the nozzle so that its properties appear in the Properties window.
2. Select the nozzle type as Example Nozzle, followed by Enter - attributes from the
library item appear in the Properties window.
3. Set the required flow rate to 150 litres/minute - a characteristic curve appears in the
lower part of the Properties window.

5.10 Entering specification data

Node 1 is the only I/O node, and must be specified as an input node. Select the node and
change it to an input/output node, leaving its flow rate and pressure specifications unset. The
number of design phase specifications must be one less than the number of I/O nodes. In this
case then, there are no design phase specifications.

Associated with each bore in the pipe type is a maximum velocity, and associated with each
nozzle is a required flow rate. The design phase will, for each pipe, select the smallest bore from
the schedule that can deliver the required flow rate without exceeding the maximum velocity.

As there is one I/O node, the user must supply one calculation phase specification. When the
system is operating, it is required that each nozzle is discharging at its required flow rate or
higher. To ensure this condition is satisfied, we use the Remote Nozzle Specification option. The
calculator will find the hydraulically most remote nozzle, and specify that its flow rate is exactly
the required flow rate. In general, this will mean increasing the total flow through the system, and

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 63 Spray/Sprinkler Module

that may, in turn, cause the fluid velocity to rise above the design velocity. In such circumstances,
it will be necessary for the user to set the bores for some pipes.

The Remote Nozzle Specification option provides the system with one specification, and so this
is all that is required. Select Options | Calculation and select the Remote Nozzle specifications:

5.11 Performing calculations

The specifications are now complete, and a calculation may be performed, as in the first
example, and the results inspected via the Browser.

It is easy to perform several simulations on a network under different conditions, once the basic
network data has been input. Specifications can easily be edited, and the different data files
saved under different names. The same library private data file and pump library can be used for
all simulations. It is recommended that the user experiments with this network. Try setting
different sets of specifications, altering the flow rate required through the nozzles, editing the
lengths of pipes, etc.

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 Example 3 - Condensate
Tank Deluge System

Part

6
 65 Spray/Sprinkler Module

6 Example 3 - Condensate Tank Deluge System

6.1 Condensate tank deluge system
In this more realistic example, we look at the fire protection system on a tank farm. Each tank is
to be protected by a pair of external deluge systems, and we will investigate the design of the
system. The example illustrates the following:

Use of PIPENET to size pipes in a network.

Use of the Remote Nozzle Specification option.
Creation of a pipe schedule and nozzle library data.

The files relating to this example are supplied with PIPENET, and are _farm.sdf, together with its
associated library file in the examples sub-directory.

The Network
Each deluge system will consist of three horizontal semicircles, spaced at 3.28 m intervals
vertically. Each semicircle will have 12 nozzles, 6 each side of the vertical feed pipe. Each tank
has two such semicircular deluge systems. The total number of nozzles protecting a tank is
therefore (3 x 2 x 12) = 72 nozzles. An elevation of a single tank, a plan of a single deluge ring
and a labeled schematic are shown in the following figures.

The semicircles are held at a distance of 0.4 m from the side of the tank.

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 Example 3 - Condensate Tank Deluge System 66

We will use PIPENET to:

Find appropriate diameters for the pipes in the system.

Determine the pressure and flow rate needed at the system inlet to ensure that all
nozzles in the system discharge at or above the required rate.

6.2 Preliminary considerations

Before we can run the simulation, we have to work out some of the parameters that PIPENET
will be using.

Lengths of pipes

Nozzle spacing = x D / 24
= (15 + 0.8) /24 m
= 2.068 m

The pipes between nozzles will be treated as straight, of length 2.068 m.

Required Nozzle discharge rate

Surface area of tank = xDxH

= x 15 x 10 m
= 471.24 m2

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 67 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Required flow rate through each nozzle

Required flow rate through each nozzle = Demand / No of nozzles

= 4712.4/72 lit/min
= 65.4498 lit/min

The flow rate required through each nozzle forms part of the nozzle data in the input file.

6.3 Initialisation
Title
The Options | Title option is used to enter a title for the run, as Example 1 - Condensate Tank
Deluge System.

Parameter options
In this example, we will use the Hazen-Williams equation with NFPA rules for fittings. The
default values for the density and viscosity of water will be used.

Specifications data
In this system, the specifications are particularly simple. Note that there is just one I/O node - the
input node V/1. We will look separately at the specifications required for the design and
calculation phases. Parameters are defined via the menu option Options | Module options:

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 Example 3 - Condensate Tank Deluge System 68

Specifying units
Units will be specified as metric, as in the previous two examples.

6.4 Creating a user defined pipe schedule

This will be created, as in the previous example, using Libraries | Schedules. The data for the
user-defined pipe schedule is shown below. Note the value "unset" simply indicates that no value
has been assigned for this nominal bore, since the nominal bore is not used.

Schedule Name : SPECIAL.

Roughness : 0.4572 mm.
Bore Data : See table below:

Nominal Bore Internal Diameter Nominal Bore Internal Diameter

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
15 unset 400 393
20 18 450 unset
25 24 500 unset
32 32 600 unset
40 38 700 unset
50 54 750 unset
65 66 800 unset
80 82 850 unset
90 95 900 unset
100 108 950 unset

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 69 Spray/Sprinkler Module

125 unset 1000 unset

150 161 1050 unset
200 211 1100 unset
250 260 1150 unset
300 311 1200 unset
350 342

When completed, the Schedule dialog should appear as:

6.5 Creating a pipe type

The pipe type is created in the same way as in the previous example, with a C-factor of 120 and
a maximum velocity on each pipe of 4 ms-1 .

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 Example 3 - Condensate Tank Deluge System 70

6.6 Nozzle characteristics

The pressure drop, P, across a nozzle is given by:

P = (Q/K)2

where Q is the flow rate through the nozzle and K is a constant. The nozzles in this system have
a K-value of 45.0 (with P measured in bar and Q measured in lit/min). The minimum and
maximum operating pressures are 1.5 and 3.5 bar G respectively. This nozzle performance data
is contained in the library, along with the pipe schedule data.

As in the previous example, nozzles are entered into the library via the Libraries | Nozzles
menu - a dialog is displayed in the left-hand side with a list of available nozzles, and the data is
entered in the right-hand side. Select New to add a new nozzle, provide the data above and
select Apply to accept the changes. The dialog should then appear as:

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 71 Spray/Sprinkler Module

6.7 The design and calculation phases

As always, the simulation is run in two phases - the design phase and the calculation phase.

In the design phase, PIPENET will find appropriate sizes for pipes in the network, based on the
assumption that each nozzle is discharging at a rate of 65.4498 lit/min, as calculated above. The
design velocity will be 4m/s for all pipes.

In the calculation phase, PIPENET will find the pressures and flow rates throughout the system
when every nozzle is discharging with a flow rate of at least 65.4498 lit/min. This is accomplished
using the Remote Nozzle Specification option, which ensures that every nozzle discharges fluid at
or above its required rate. From the results of this phase, we will be able to determine:

The pressure required at the inlet (node V/1) to ensure that all nozzles discharge fluid
at or above the required rate.
Whether, under these conditions, the fluid velocity in every pipe in the designed
network remains below the pipe's design velocity.

6.8 Specifications
Design phase specifications
During the design phase, PIPENET will assume that all the nozzles discharge at exactly their
required rate (in this case, 65.4498 lit/min). The user must supply the flow rates at all I/O nodes
except one. Since there is only one I/O node, the user needs to provide no design specifications

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 Example 3 - Condensate Tank Deluge System 72

in this case.

Calculation phase specifications

We are going to use the Remote Nozzle Specification option for our calculation phase. This
instructs PIPENET to ensure that all nozzles are discharging at or above their required rate
(65.4498 lit/min). The most remote nozzle will supply water at exactly the required rate, whilst
other nozzles in the system will supply at a slightly higher rate. Under this option, the user must
supply one less specification than there are I/O nodes in the system. However, in this case, there
are none. In this example, the use of most remote nozzles adds one flow specification to the
calculation phase. For further information on how to determine the number of specifications, see
Specification rules.

Even though we are making no user-defined specifications, we must still remember to declare
node V/1 as an input node.

6.9 Network data entry

This example includes many more pipes and nozzles than previous examples, so we have chosen
to create components with tags, which is simply no more than placing a name before the numeric
pipe label; for example, with previous examples, we had component labels like 1,2, and 3. and
now we can have labels with tags C/1, C/2, B/1.

Using tags
We could lay out the network as in the previous examples and then, using either the properties
window or the tabular view, change all of the labels manually. However, there is a way to avoid
this using the Tag tool bar:

Tags can be assigned separately for nodes and components and, by default, both have a setting
of <NO TAG>. You can either:

Click in the data entry field and enter a new tag, followed by a Return.
Select an existing tag by selecting the drop-down button to the right of the data entry
field, and selecting from the list of available tags.

If you have a tag selected in one of the drop-downs then whenever you create a new
component, its automatically assigned numerical id will be prefixed with the specified tag and a
'/'.

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73 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Pipe data
The following table shows the data for the A branches, the other two branches will have a similar
pattern of connection.

Pipe Input Output Length Elevation Fittings

label node node (metres) (metres)
V/1 V/1 C/7 0.5 0.5 Tee or Cross
V/2 C/7 B/7 3.28 3.28 Tee or Cross
V/3 B7 A/7 3.28 3.28 Tee or Cross
A/1 A/2 A/1 2.068 0
A/2 A/3 A/2 2.068 0
...
A/5 A/6 A/5 2.068 0
A/6 A/7 A/6 1.034 0
A/7 A/7 A/8 1.034 0
A/8 A/8 A/9 2.068 0
...
A/12 A/12 A/13 2.068 0

Note that no bores are provided, since we will use the design phase to do the sizing for us.

Entering the network the hard way

It will probably be very difficult to ensure that you end up with a network that has the same
numbering as that shown below, but the main points to note are that:

The schematic has been laid out on an isometric grid.

The three pairs of branches containing the nozzles have been labeled with tags of A, B
and C.
The main line has been labeled with a tag of V.

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 Example 3 - Condensate Tank Deluge System 74

An easier way
There is another way to generate the 3 pairs of branches; namely, using the automatic nozzle
generation tool on the Tools toolbar. We can use this tool to speed up data entry because all of
the nozzles are of the same type, and all of the pipes between the nozzles are of the same length.
There are several ways we could do this. One way is to select the nozzle generation tool, when
the dialog is displayed:

1. Set the tag to be used for pipes (A/B/C).

2. Set the tag to be used for nozzles (A/B/C).
3. Select the nozzle type from the right-hand window.
4. Set the length of the pipe between two nozzles as 2.068.
5. Set the angle at which the line is to be drawn as either -30 degrees or +150
degrees.

Note that the tag fields will be used independently of any setting on the tag tool bar.

This is done for each branch; i.e., 6 times. Yet another way is to create one branch pair, say the
A branch, and then use the Area tool to reproduce the other two branch pairs. It only remains to
position the branches and add in the main line.

6.10 Calculation and results

The specifications are now complete, and a calculation may be performed, as in the first
example, and the results can be inspected via the Browser or the Tabular view.

Useful information may be obtained using colour coding; for example, the following diagram

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75 Spray/Sprinkler Module

illustrates the bores calculated in the design phase:

Similarly, the following illustrates the calculated pressure at each nozzle:

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Example 4 - Pressures in the
Ring Main

Part

7
 77 Spray/Sprinkler Module

7 Example 4 - Pressures in the Ring Main

7.1 Pressures in a ring main
In this example, we look further at the design of the ring main supplying the fire protection system
in example 3. This example illustrates the following:

Use of lined pipe schedules.

Creation and use of a pump library file.
Use of orifice plates to create a pressure drop.

The files relating to the first stage of this example are: _ring1.dat and _ring.pdf.

The Network
The network is a ring main in a typical process plant, feeding a number of potential fire-hazard
areas. The system is to be designed to protect five zones, one of which is the condensate tank
farm investigated in the previous example. Only one of the zones may be discharging at any given
time, but the system must be designed to cater for any of them. The pipes in the network are cast
iron. The pipes in the primary main are below the ground, and are lined with cement.

In example 3, we found that, in order to supply the deluge systems for the Condensate Tank
Farm, a pressure of 3.52 bar G is required at the deluge system inlet. In this example, we

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 Example 4 - Pressures in the Ring Main 78

investigate how this supply requirement can be met by a pump at PUMPS2/1. This is done in
two stages:

Stage 1
In stage 1 of this example, we find the pressure required at the pump outlet
(PUMPS2/1) in order to produce a pressure of 3.52 bar G at the node FARM/2.

Stage 2
In stage 2 of this example, we add a pump to the network at PUMPS2/1 (with an input
node IN/1, and an output node PUMPS2/1). We will investigate the pressure it
produces when supplying FARM/2. An orifice plate is used to ensure the correct
pressure of 3.52 bar G is attained. The orifice plate will be sized for us by PIPENET.
Given the pressures required at the other outlets, similar calculations could be carried
out for them.

7.2 Initialisation
Title
The Title option is used to enter a title for the run ('Example 2 - Pressures In the Ring Main').

Units
The Units option can be used to select the units to be used. In this case, we use Metric units.

Module parameters
We will use the Hazen-Williams equation with NFPA rules for fittings. The default values for the
density and viscosity of water will be used.

Pipe schedule and Pipe Type data

The pipes are all taken from the built-in schedule 6, Cast Iron to BS.1211 Class C. The pipes in
the primary main, which are underground, will be lined with a 2 mm thickness of cement. They
will have a C-factor of 90 and a design velocity of 10 m/s. The outlet feed pipes and pump outlet
pipes will be unlined. They have a C-factor of 120 and a design velocity of 8 m/s.

7.3 Creating a pipe type

The Pipe Type is set up in a manner similar to the preceding examples. The schedule in each
case is Cast Iron BS.1211 Class C. The first pipe type is unlined, with a C-factor of 120 and
design velocity of 8 m/s. The second type is lined with 2 mm of cement, has a C-factor of 90
and a design velocity of 10 m/s.

The dialogs for the two pipe types should appear as:

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 79 Spray/Sprinkler Module

7.4 Network data entry

The following table shows the data for the A branches; the other two branches will have a similar
pattern of connection. Refer to the previous example for the use of tags instead of pure numeric
identifiers.

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 Example 4 - Pressures in the Ring Main 80

Pipe Input Output Bore Length Elevation Fittings*

label node node (mm) (metres) (metres)
PUM PS1/1 PUM PS/1 1 250 33.45 -3.45 LRE x 2
BFLY
PUM PS2/1 PUM PS2/1 2 250 33.45 -3.45 LRE x 2
BFLY
RECOV/1 8 RECOV/1 200 15.0 5.0 LRE
TEE
BFLY
FARM /1 5 FARM /1 125 5.75 3.00 LRE x 2
TEE
BFLY
FARM /2 4 FARM /2 125 5.75 3.00 LRE x 2
TEE
BFLY
RCVR/1 7 RCVR/1 100 10.0 0.0 TEE
BFLY
DRUM /1 9 DRUM /1 100 80.0 1.5 LRE
TEE
BFLY
GAS/1 14 GAS/1 150 15.0 1.5 LRE
TEE
BFLY
GAS/2 10 GAS/2 150 15.0 1.5 LRE
TEE
BFLY
1* 1 2 150 15.0 0.0 TEE x 2
BFLY
2* 2 3 150 122.5 0.0 LRE
TEE
BFLY x 2
3* 3 4 150 25.0 0.0 BFLY
4* 4 5 150 30.0 0.0
5* 5 6 150 260.0 0.0 LRE
BFLY
6* 6 7 150 75.0 0.0 BFLY x 2
7* 7 8 150 135.0 0.0 LRE
BFLY x 2
8* 8 9 150 60.0 0.0 BFLY x 2
9* 9 10 150 162.0 0.0 LRE
BFLY x 2
10* 10 11 150 92.5 0.0 LRE
BFLY x 2
11* 11 12 150 55.0 0.0 BFLY x 2
12* 12 13 150 20.0 0.0 BFLY x 2
13* 13 6 150 95.0 0.0 TEE
BFLY x 2
14* 9 14 150 75.0 0.0 TEE
BFLY x 2
15* 14 12 150 75.0 0.0 TEE
BFLY x 2
16* 13 3 150 220.0 0.0 TEE x 2

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 81 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Pipe Input Output Bore Length Elevation Fittings*

label node node (mm) (metres) (metres)
BFLY x 2
17* 1 11 150 82.5 0.0 TEE
BFLY x 2

Fittings* TEE - Tee or Cross; BFLY - Butterfly valve; LRE - Long radius elbow.

The pipes in this example are taken from a built-in schedule. However, some of the pipes are
lined with cement (pipe labels with an * after the name), which is not a built-in lining. The private
data file must thus include data for cement. This data is entered by choosing the Pipe Lining
option from the Libraries | Linings menu. The data required is the lining name and roughness
value. As we are using the Hazen-Williams equation, the roughness will not actually be used, but
a value must be specified (and we use 10-5 mm).

7.5 Pump data and the library

The performance coefficients of the pump are unknown, so we must take coordinates from the
performance curve and use the menu option Libraries | Pumps - Coeffs. unknown to find
values for the coefficients A, B and C. The data required is as follows:

Pump descriptor: ELECTRIC_PUMP.

Minimum flow rate = 2000 lit/min.
Maximum flow rate = 13000 lit/min.

Coordinates from the curve:

Flow rate (lit/ Pressure

min) (Bar)
2000 12.5
5000 11.0
9000 8.5
11000 7.0
13000 5.5

Adding the pump to the library

For this example, a pump is also needed. This data is entered using the menu option Libraries |
Pumps - Coeffs. Unknown (or, if you already have the library dialogs selected, by selecting
the Pumps - coefficients unknown tab).

To specify the pump details proceed as follows:

1. Select the New button.

2. Provide the name for the pump (this is the name that will appear in the drop-down box
at the top left-hand corner of the dialog when data entry is complete).
3. Provide an optional description.

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 Example 4 - Pressures in the Ring Main 82

4. Provide a minimum flow rate of 2000 litres/minute and a maximum flow rate of 13000
litres/minute.
5. Now place the cursor in the first cell in the data entry grid in the upper right-hand side
of the dialog, and enter the first flow-rate value of 2000.0.
6. Tab to the next field, and enter the corresponding pressure of 12.5.
7. Continue in this way to enter the remaining data pairs, using tab to move from one cell
to the next.
8. When all the data pairs have been entered, select the Apply button to calculate and
display the pump curve.

The completed pump specification should appear as:

7.6 Specifications
Design phase specifications
As all of the pipe diameters are already set, we are not interested in the results of the Design
phase of the simulation. However, we must still supply a set of design phase specifications (in this
case, we choose to set all flow rates to the same values as in the calculation phase, as given
below).

Calculation phase specifications

We set the following calculation phase specifications:

Stage 1
FARM/2: Pressure 3.52 bar g.
Flow rate 5364 lit/min.

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 83 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Other outlets: Flow rate 0 lit/min.

PUMPS1/1: Flow rate 0 lit/min.

Stage 2
(The network having had a pump added, with input node IN/1 and output node
PUMPS2/1)
FARM/2: Flow rate 5364 lit/min.
Other outlets: Flow rate 0 lit/min.
PUMPS1/1: Flow rate 0 lit/min.
IN/1: Pressure 0 bar g.

7.7 Calculation and results

Stage 1 Results
The results (see the table below) show that, in order to produce a pressure of 3.52 bar G at the
node FARM/2 with a flow rate of 5364 lit/min, a pressure of 5.752 bar G is required at the
pump outlet, PUMPS2/1.

Flow at inlets
Inlet Node Pressure Flow rate
(bar G ) (lit/min )
PUMPS1/1 5.543 .0000 *
PUMPS2/1 5.752 5364.

Note that an asterisk (*) after a value indicates that this is a specification.

Stage 2 Results
When the pump is added, a pressure of 8.543 bar G is produced at the node FARM/2. In order
to reduce this pressure to the required pressure of 3.52 bar G, an orifice plate can be added to
the pipe FARM/2. This is done using the Orifice Plate tool. The pressure drop required across
the orifice plate is (8.543-3.52) = 5.023 bar G. This forms part of the data for the orifice plate.
Given this required pressure drop, PIPENET can size the orifice plate for us if we carry out
another calculation run - the required diameter is 69.3567mm.

The files relating to the solution to Stage 2 of this problem are also stored in the Examples
directory, as:

pipenet\examples\_ring2.dat
_ring.pdf
_ring2.out
_ring2.pmp

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Example 5 - A Maintenance
Area Sprinkler System

Part

8
 85 Spray/Sprinkler Module

8 Example 5 - A Maintenance Area Sprinkler System

8.1 A maintenance area sprinkler system
The previous examples have shown how to create new networks from scratch. These have been
simple examples with only a few pipes. In practice, the engineer will often be dealing with pre-
existing networks, and they can typically have several hundred pipes or more. This example
considers the alteration of an existing system that is more elaborate than the previous one. The
example illustrates the following points:

The alteration of existing networks, and the addition of new components.

The modelling of a SPRINKLER system with only a few nozzles working at any one
time.
The ease with which both loop and tree systems may be mixed.
Comparison of the Mass Balance and Remote Nozzle Specification options.

The files relating to this problem are supplied with PIPENET, and are: _maint.dat and _maint.
pdf.

Description of the Problem

The system is a regular network, consisting of 2 long parallel mains, 6" in diameter, made of
90/10 cupro-nickel 14 bar G running along the walls of the Maintenance Area, with risers
running along the roof to the apex at 12.5 foot intervals. The nozzles are fixed to the risers at 10
foot intervals. The apex of the roof is 15 feet above the mains, which is located 1.9 feet below
the top of the wall. There are 18 nozzles on each riser and a tie set.

In this example, we will assume that the basic system is installed, and that a new fire hazard over
an area measuring 20 feet by 70 feet is to be covered with a larger application rate than was
originally assumed. To achieve the greater cover, we first have to show that the installed system
will not be able to cope, and then add some new pipes and nozzles to cover the new hazard.

In this example, we are not concerned with the pump(s) used to feed the system, although it
would usually be necessary to consider whether the installed ones were inadequate for the new
hazard.

The system is illustrated below. Note that not all the nozzles are marked, and some pipe and
node labels have not been shown.

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 Example 5 - A Maintenance Area Sprinkler System 86

8.2 Initialisation
Entering the network details
Each node with the tag NEW1 has a nozzle with the same label (e.g., node NEW1/6 has a
nozzle NEW1/6). The two risers NEW2 and NEW3, which spring from slightly different points
on MAIN3, are otherwise identical to NEW1.

Pipe Input Output Bore Length Elevation Fittings*

label node node (in) (ft) (ft)
MAIN3/1 MAIN1/1 MAIN3/1 6 99.15 8.65 EL90 x 2
TEE
MAIN3/2 MAIN3/1 MAIN3/2 6 12.5 0
MAIN3/3 MAIN3/3 MAIN3/3 6 12.5 0
NEW1/1 MAIN3/1 NEW1/1 2 5 1 TEE
NEW1/2 NEW1/1 NEW/2 2 2.9 1.975 EL45
NEW1/3 NEW1/2 NEW1/3 2 2.9 1.975 EL45
NEW1/4 NEW1/3 NEW1/4 2 2.9 1.975 EL45
NEW1/5 NEW1/4 NEW1/5 2 2.9 1.975 EL45
NEW1/6 NEW1/5 NEW1/6 2 2.9 1.975 EL45
...

Fittings* EL90 - standard 90 Elbow; TEE - Tee or cross; EL45 - standard 45 elbow.

Modelling of a sprinkler system

The essential difference between a SPRAY system and a SPRINKLER system is in the nozzles.

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87 Spray/Sprinkler Module

In a SPRAY system, all the nozzles are usually open, and will discharge when water is supplied
to them; whereas, in a SPRINKLER system, each nozzle is individually controlled, either with a
fusible plug or electronically. When modelling SPRINKLER systems, it is necessary to specify
some nozzles as being turned on. To change from the default of a SPRAY system, select the
menu option Options | Spray options and then the Sprinkler option:

Nozzle Data
The existing nozzles are all of the same type, with a K-factor of 95. The operational range is
1.39.5 bar G. Note that these data are in metric units, while the rest of the data is in Imperial.

Preliminary Calculations
First, we must convert the nozzle data to the same units as the rest of the problem. In UK gal/
min and psi G, the K-factor is 5.4871, and the operational range 18.856137.79 psi G.

The required application rate over the new hazard is 0.6 UK gal/ft2 min.

Area of application = 70 x 20 = 1400 ft2 .

System demand at inlet = 0.6 1400 = 840 UK gal/min.

Number of nozzles = 12 (RISER2/10 - RISER2/15 and RISER3/10 - RISER3/15).

Required flow from each nozzle = 840/12 = 70 UK gal/min

Required nozzle inlet pressure = (70/5.4871)2 = 162.7 psi G.

This is above the maximum operating pressure for this nozzle type, so we can conclude that the

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 Example 5 - A Maintenance Area Sprinkler System 88

present system cannot cope. With 18 additional nozzles, the required flow rate per nozzle
becomes:

= 840/(12+18)
= 840/30
= 28 UK gal/min

Required nozzle inlet pressure = (28/5.4871)2 = 26.04 psi G.

This is within the operating range for the nozzles, as 18.856 < 26.04 < 137.79 psi G.

Parameter options
In this example, we will use the Hazen-Williams equation with NFPA rules for fittings. The
default values for the density and viscosity of water at 20C will be used.

8.3 Specifications
Design Rules require that the area to be protected receive a certain total flow rate. In this case,
this is 0.6 UK gal/ft2min over 1400 ft2. As calculated above, if the 30 nozzles in the area each
discharge 28 UK gal/min, this requirement will be met. PIPENET can deal with this situation in
two ways:

Ensure that the total flow rate into the system (and, as the nozzles are the only output,
the total flow rate into the area) is equal to the sum of the flow rates required at each
nozzle (mass balance option).
Ensure that each nozzle individually meets its required flow rate, so that the area is
covered uniformly (remote nozzle specification option).

In this example, we will investigate both, to see whether there is a significant difference in the
results.

Design phase specifications

All the pipes in the network are already sized, so we are not interested in the results of the design
phase. However, we must still provide design phase specifications. The network has two I/O
nodes, and therefore requires one flow-rate specification. This will be 0 on node MAIN2/7,
indicating that the outlet is closed.

Calculation phase specifications

If we use the Mass Balance option for our calculation phase, PIPENET automatically assigns a
calculation phase specification to every I/O node in the network, based on the design phase flow
rate (see the Technical Manual for a full description of the Mass Balance option and making
specifications).

If we use the Remote Nozzle Specification option, we must give one more calculation phase
specification. In this case, we simply specify that node MAIN2/7 have a flow rate of 0; we are
simply copying the design phase specification (see the Technical Manual for a full description of

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the Remote Nozzle Specification option and making specifications). Even if we are making no
user-defined specifications on it, we must still remember to declare node MAIN1/1 as an input
node.

8.4 Calculation and results

Mass balance and remote nozzle specification
The selection of mass balance or remote nozzle specification is made via the menu option
Options | Calculation:

Results
Both simulations should run smoothly, and in neither one does the flow exceed the designed
speeds or pressures of the network. If you run the simulation and look at the "Flow Through
Nozzles" section of the output browser file, you should observe that the specifications are indeed
met by the simulation. Using the Mass Balance Option, we ensure that the system delivers
exactly 840 UK gal/min. However, the Remote Nozzle Specification only uses 6% more water
and ensures that a more uniform protection is provided. The pumps would have to deliver 47.4
psi G in this case, rather than 43.3 psi G if the Mass Balance is used.

PIPENET has provided an assessment of the feasibility of installing the new risers, and other
configurations could just as easily be tested. If they require the enlargement of some of the
existing pipes, because these exceed their designed velocities, PIPENET issues a warning in the
report file.

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Part

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9 The Schematic
9.1 Schematic Window
The Schematic window is the primary means of entering and viewing networks. It closely
resembles the schematic window of earlier products, but has a number of improvements.

When the window is first displayed, it is presented with a light-grey background suitable for
general viewing. The background colour may be changed to white or black. However, for
coloured links and text, it will generally be found that a white background is unsuitable for
viewing.

New elements are added by selecting the appropriate element tool from the tool palette, and
then placing and drawing the component using the mouse.

All labeled elements created via the schematic are automatically assigned a unique label. Labeled
elements include nodes, link elements and attribute elements. Numeric labels are used (no tags)
with each component type having its own set of unique labels.

The background colour and the font sizes used for labeling components can be changed using
the Display Options dialog.

Schematic Underlay
A facility has been included whereby a graphic may be imported and displayed as a background
to the main schematic. Display of this underlay is enabled and disabled via the View menu. The
underlay may be zoomed independently of the main network to achieve relative scaling and
registration. Zooming the network results in the underlay being zoomed by the same selected
zoom factor. In normal use, the procedure to use an underlay commences with a new network:

1. Import and display the underlay.

2. Select a suitable zoom size for the underlay.
3. Commence laying out the PIPENET components using the underlay as a guide.

9.2 Schematic Underlay

It is possible to import a graphic to underlay the main pipe network. The graphic to be imported
must be a Windows enhanced metafile (file extension .EMF), a Windows metafile (file
extension .WMF) or an AutoCAD .DXF file.

Currently, the image is loaded on the first request to display the underlay (see the View menu).
Once loaded, the underlay may be zoomed to establish the relative scale between the underlay
and the network. Generally, the procedure will be as follows:

1. Load the underlay.

2. Establish a suitable scaling for the underlay.
3. Start drawing the network over the underlay.

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The display of the underlay can be turned on or off via the View menu. When turned off, the
underlay will track any changes to the scale of the network, retaining the correct relation.

The zooming of the underlay is independent of the network, whereas zooming the network also
zooms the underlay to maintain relative scales.

Currently, the underlay cannot be translated left-right or up-down, although the network can be
moved using the Area Tool.

9.3 Selection Tool

The first button is the selection tool, and it is used to select a single component. Simply click the
left mouse button whilst pointing at a component to select it. A selected component is shown
highlighted in red, and its attributes displayed in the Properties Window. Right-clicking the
mouse on a selected component will display a pop-up menu, the contents of which are
dependent on the type of component selected, but generally, the pop-up menu will allow you to:

Delete a component.
Add waypoints.
Delete waypoints.
Insert a node in a pipe.
Reverse the direction of a component (which will negate the elevation change).
Copy and paste the attributes of a component.

The selection tool can also be used for dragging nodes to new positions, and for dragging pipe
components, such as orifice plates, along the length of a pipe. To drag a node or a component,
click the left mouse button and, whilst holding the button down, move the mouse to the desired
position and release the mouse button. Note that, if a node is dragged, all of the components to
which it is connected also move with it.

Full undo/redo is available for all operations with this tool.

Adding a waypoint
If you left-click on a pipe, and with the mouse button held down, move the mouse then a
waypoint will be inserted at the selected point in the component link.

Selecting several components

To select multiple components, select the first component in the normal way, by placing the
cursor on or near the component and left-clicking on the component. Subsequent selections are
made in the same way, but with the keyboard Ctrl key held down whilst making the selections.
Another way to select multiple components is using the Area tool.

Copy/Paste
To copy the attributes from one source component onto another target component of the same
type:

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1. Right-click on the source component and select the Copy option (alternatively, use
Ctrl-c).
2. Right-click on the target component and select the Paste option (alternatively, use
Ctrl-v). All attributes are copied from the source component to the target
component.

If the source and target components are pipes then, prior to the copy, all fittings are removed
from the target pipe and replaced with the fittings from the source pipe.

If Paste (Incl. layout) is selected instead of Paste, the process is very similar, except that any
waypoints and components (for example, orifice plates) are also copied from the source to the
target.

Explode Node
This facility can be used to break all of the links meeting at a designated node. To explode a
node, simply right-click on the node and select the Explode node option.

9.4 Pan and Zoom Tool

This tool can be used to zoom the network to a required size or to pan across the network.

To zoom the network, hold down the left mouse button and drag the cursor until the network
is at the required size. Dragging to the right will enlarge the network, dragging to the left will
minimize it.
To pan across the network, click the left mouse button whilst in the schematic window, and
move the mouse in the direction you wish to pan. Click the left mouse button again to cease
panning. Whilst panning, if the cursor is moved to the edge of the window, the network will
scroll along until the end of the scroll bar is reached.

Pan and zoom can also be achieved using the mouse wheel, if one is present.

9.5 Area Tool

The Area tool is used to select and manipulate a number of components at the same time. With
the Area tool, it is possible to:

Move a group of components.

Select a group of components.
Copy-paste a group of components.
Delete a group of components.
Mirror (left-right) a group of components; i.e., mirror the components about a vertical
centre line.
Invert (up-down) a group of components; i.e., flip the components about a horizontal
centre line.

To use the tool, click the left mouse button at the point that is to be the top-left corner of a

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rectangular area. Whilst holding the mouse button down, move to the point that is to be the
bottom-right-hand corner of the rectangle, and release the mouse button. A dashed outline of the
defined rectangle is drawn, and all nodes and components that lie completely within the rectangle
are selected.

Via the Edit menu, or by right-clicking, the selected items can now be moved, deleted, mirrored,
inverted, copied and nozzles turned on/off. Full undo/redo is available for all operations with this
tool.

Selected items
The items marked as selected are:

Each node contained within the rectangle.

Each link component contained within the rectangle whose input and output nodes are
both within the rectangle.

Moving the selected area

The rectangle and all selected items within the rectangle can be moved by selecting the left
mouse button and, whist it is down, dragging the rectangle to a new position. On releasing the
mouse button, the components will be drawn at the new position.

Copying selected items

Items selected within the rectangle can be copied to the clipboard, from whence they can be
pasted onto the same network, or onto another network in a separate instance of the same
module. Copy/paste are activated via the Edit menu options, the Copy and Paste buttons on
the toolbar, or by right clicking within the defined rectangle to display a pop-up menu of options.

Note that if
you are using
copy/paste to
copy from
instance of a
module to
another
instance of the
same module,
ensure that
both instances
are using the
same unit
systems.

9.6 Polygon Tool

The Polygon tool is used to select and manipulate a number of components at the same time. It is
similar to the Area tool, but it allows components to be selected within a polygonal area. With
the Polygon tool it is possible to:

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95 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Move a group of components

Select a group of components.
Copy-paste a group of components.
Delete a group of components.
Mirror (left-right) a group of components; i.e., mirror the components about a vertical
centre line.
Invert (up-down) a group of components; i.e., flip the components about a horizontal
centre line.
Turn all nozzles, within the selected area, on or off.

Note that, for the purposes of the mirror and inversion operations, the centre of the polygon is
the centre of the enclosing rectangle.

To use the tool, proceed as follows:

1. Define the first point by holding the shift key down and clicking the left mouse button.
2. Define the second point by moving the mouse to the location of the second point and,
whilst holding the shift key down, click the left mouse button.
3. Repeat step 2 for as many points as you require to define the polygonal area.
4. When you have defined all the points, right click the mouse anywhere in the schematic
(without the shift key being down) to close the defined polygon - the last defined point
is then connected to the first.

Via the Edit menu, or by right-clicking, the selected items can now be deleted, mirrored,
inverted, copied and nozzles turned on/off. Full undo/redo is available for all operations with this
tool.

Selected items
The items marked as selected are:

Each node contained within the defined polygon.

Each link component contained within the polygon whose input and output nodes are
both within the polygon.

Moving the selected area

The polygon and all selected items within the polygon can be moved by selecting the left mouse
button and, whist it is down, dragging the polygon to a new position. On releasing the mouse
button, the components will be drawn at the new position.

Copying selected items

Items selected within the polygon can be copied to the clipboard, from whence they can be
pasted onto the same network, or onto another network in a separate instance of the same
module. Copy/paste are activated via the Edit menu options, the Copy and Paste buttons on
the toolbar, or by right clicking within the defined rectangle to display a pop-up menu of options.

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9.7 Text Tool

The Text Tool is used to place text on the schematic; for example, as titles and additional
labeling information. To place a text item on the schematic, click the left mouse at the
approximate point at which the first character is to appear; the following dialog appears:

Enter the text that is to appear in the text field and then select either OK to accept the text or
Cancel to abort. Text options can be specified in the Properties Window, and include typeface,
size, style (normal, bold, italic or bold and italic) and colour.

To change the colour of the text, click on the arrow button in the cell. Selecting the drop-down
arrow in the Colour field will display a small selection of colours:

Moving and editing text

Once a text element has been added to the schematic, it can be selected, edited and moved:

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1. Click on a text element and its properties can be edited in the Properties window.
2. Click and drag to move the text.
3. Right-click on a text element and select Delete from the pop-up menu to delete the
text.

9.8 Link Component Tools

For all link elements, the procedure for creating a new link is as follows:

1. Select the appropriate element tool from the tool palette.

2. Place the cursor at the point where you want the input node to appear, and left click.
3. If the selected point coincides with an existing node then that node becomes the input
node; otherwise, a new node is created and displayed at the selected point.
4. A line representing the link element is drawn and tracks mouse movements.
5. Place the cursor at the point where you want the output node to appear and left click.
6. As with the input point, if the selected output point coincides with an existing node then
that node will become the output node; otherwise, a new node is created.
7. If, in between defining the input node and the output node, you want to abort creation
of the link then select the Escape key.

When the component is drawn it will be displayed in blue to indicate that this is a new
component for which the component defaults have been used. If any changes are made to the
component's attributes then it will change to black.

Waypoints
For some components, specifically those for which both an input node and an output node is
displayed (excluding components such as spray nozzles and Transient caissons), additional
intermediate points may be specified between the input and output nodes. These intermediate
nodes, or waypoints, do not form part of the hydraulic network and merely exist to aid in the
layout of the schematic. To add waypoints at the time a new component is added, proceed as
follows:

1. Place the cursor at the point where you want the input node to appear, and left click.
2. If the selected point coincides with an existing node then that node becomes the input
node; otherwise, a new node is created and displayed at the selected point.
3. A line representing the link element is drawn and tracks mouse movements.
4. To add an intermediate point, hold the shift key down and left-click the mouse at the
desired position. This may be repeated as many times as you like to create multiple-
segment pipes and ducts.
5. If you left click without holding down the shift key then the output node is created.
6. If, after creating the pipe or duct, you want to add additional waypoints or to move
waypoints, use the selection tool.
7. The creation of a pipe or duct can be aborted any time between the creation of the
input node and the output node by pressing Escape.

If you have selected the display of direction and/or the presence of fittings on pipes then the

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associated symbol will be displayed on each segment of the pipe.

Undefined or invalid components

When a pipe, or in fact any link component, is first drawn in the schematic, it is coloured blue, to
indicate that either the component has not had its attributes specified and/or it has an invalid
combination of attributes; for example, a zero length pipe. When one or more attributes are
entered for the component, its colour changes to black (or white if the background is black).

The colour of a component may revert to blue in either of the following situations:

1. If a check is performed using the check button on the calculation toolbar and the
component is found to be invalid.
2. If the file is saved and re-opened, and on re-loading the component it is found to be
invalid.

9.9 Pipe Component Tools

These tools are used for placing components on a pipe; for example, orifice plates and
equipment items. These components can only be added to existing pipes, and cannot be created
in isolation:

1. Place the cursor on the pipe.

2. Left click to add the attribute element to the pipe.
3. The component may subsequently be moved along the length of the pipe using the
Selection tool.
4. Attributes for the added component are displayed in the Properties Window as for link
components.

With any of the attribute element tools selected, it is possible to move any attribute element along
the length of a pipe using click and drag; see, also, the section on the Selection Tool.

9.10 Schematic Printing

A schematic may be printed by selecting the File | Print option. The schematic may be printed
to any supported Windows printer on a single page or across multiple pages. Note, however,
that printing to a large plotter using a Windows printer driver may be very slow, since some
Windows drivers will work by rasterizing the schematic. For optimum drawing, you should
export the schematic for off-line plotting.

To print a schematic, select the File | Print option, which will display a dialog box showing a
range of print scales and the number of pages required to print at each scale, and offering the
option to print all pages or a selected range of pages.

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However many pages are required to display the schematic, the network will be displayed
centred across all pages. Each printed page will show the network title, the date, and the page
number in the form Page m of n. Page fit can be selected to print the complete schematic on one
page. If the option Visible window only is selected, only that part of the network visible in the
schematic window will be printed on a single page.

Printing will be to the currently selected printer with the currently selected page orientation. To
change either or both of these, select the File | Print Setup menu option to display the standard
Windows print setup dialog.

The appearance of the printed schematic can be previewed using the File | Print Preview
option.

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9.11 Exporting the Schematic

The schematic may be exported for use with other graphical or CAD programs. Currently, the
network may be exported as an HP-GL2 file or as an AutoCadT M DXF file.

9.12 Moving around the network

Moving around the network and displaying each component in turn can, of course, be achieved
by using the mouse to select the component and then viewing its attributes in the Properties
Window. Alternatively, you can view all components of a given type via the Tabular Window.
Clicking on a row will highlight the corresponding component in the schematic window, and
vice-versa. Selecting a component in the schematic window highlights the corresponding
component in the Tabular View. Yet another way is to use the two arrow buttons in the bottom
right-hand corner of the Properties Window to select the next component of the same type
(right-facing arrow) or the previous component of the same type (left-facing arrow).

There is another way to move around the network, highlighting components in turn, using the four
cursor keys on the keyboard. This is best illustrated by the following example. With pipe 2 the
currently selected component, and all component directions being from left to right, selecting the
right cursor key moves to pipe 3, and selecting the left cursor key moves backwards to pipe 1.

Now consider what happens when we are on pipe 3:

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Selecting the right cursor key will move to the uppermost component on the right; i.e., pipe 4:

To move to pipe 5 from pipe 4, simply select the down cursor key:

Selecting the down cursor key again will move to pipe 6, whilst selecting the up cursor key will
move back to pipe 4.

If the component is reversed (i.e., the input node is to the right of the output node) then selecting
the right cursor key will move to the link on the left. Similarly, selecting the left cursor key will
move to the link on the right of the current link. So, selecting the right cursor key is interpreted as
a move in the component direction; and the left cursor key, as a move in the reverse direction.

9.13 Use of the mouse

The left- and right-hand mouse buttons are used as in many other Windows programs:-

Left mouse button

Used to select items and, if held down, to drag components around the network.

Right mouse button

Used to display context-dependent menus.

If a mouse wheel is present then this can also be used for panning and zooming, the operations

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being similar to those found in programs such as AutoCad or Adobe Acrobat.

Simple vertical scroll

Move the mouse wheel to scroll the schematic up and down.

Zoom
Press the Ctrl key and move the mouse wheel up and down to zoom in and out of the
schematic. The point of the graph directly under the mouse cursor will stay the same.

Panning
Click the mouse wheel and, whist holding down the mouse wheel, move the mouse to
pan the network.

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 The Tabular View

Part

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 The Tabular View 104

10 The Tabular View

10.1 Tabular View
The Tabular View window and the Properties window are used to enter and edit the attributes
of components displayed on the schematic. The Tabular View window cannot be used for
adding new components or deleting existing components. These operations must be performed
via the schematic.

Each tabular view displays the information for one component type selected from the drop-down
list at the top of the window:

Sorting
Components are initially displayed in data entry order; however, rows may re-ordered by
clicking in a column heading. For example, to sort pipes in ascending order of diameter, click on
the heading for the pipe diameter column. To sort in descending order of diameter, click on the
column heading a second time. Clicking on a heading toggles between ascending and
descending order.

Cell shading
Cells are normally displayed with a white background; however, the following cell shadings may
also be observed:

Cells coloured light grey are read-only.

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 105 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Cells coloured yellow (currently, only for pipe sizes) indicates that the displayed size has
been calculated during the design phase (in the Standard Module and the Spray/
Sprinkler Module).

Selecting a row
Left-click on the leftmost cell of the row to select a row.

Editing a cell
The contents of editable cells (non-editable cells will be grayed out) are either of the direct data
entry type or of the drop-down selection type. For example, in the pipe tab, pipe bore and pipe
length are both of the direct data entry type - simply click on the cell to edit or re-enter the value.
The pipe status is selected from a drop down list, and is one of Normal, Broken or Blocked.

Cell edits can be undone using the Undo/Redo facilities.

Printing
The current grid can be printed by selecting the Print button.

10.2 Validation
All attributes are validated as they are entered:

Fields are validated to check that they are of the correct type; that is, if a field must
contain only numeric data then only entry of numeric digits and optional sign and
decimal point are permitted.
Simple range checking is carried out to ensure that numeric values are within range; for
example, pipe bores must always be positive, filter coefficients must always be
negative, temperatures must be at or above absolute zero, and so on.

If an invalid entry is made then a simple dialog is displayed indicating the fault; for example:

Clicking OK leaves the error highlighted, and the value must be corrected before moving on to
further editing.

10.3 Copying Cells

A cell or a rectangular group of cells can be copied using techniques similar to those used in
Excel or 123. All paste operations can be undone.

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Copying a single cell

To copy a single cell, simply right-click on the cell to display a popup menu, and then select the
Copy option. The copied cell can be pasted into another target cell by right-clicking on the
target cell and selecting the Paste option. However, note that a cell in one column can only be
copied to another cell in the same column, since it makes no sense to allow copying between
columns that represent completely different types of attribute.

Paste does not work in read-only columns or component label columns.

Copying a cell or range of cells

Right click on the cell to be copied, and select the Copy option. Now select the target group of
cells as follows:

1. Left click the first target cell.

2. Whilst holding down the shift key, left-click on the last target cell (in the same column).
3. Right click on any cell within the selected group to display the popup menu.
4. Select the Paste option.

Copying a single cell to multiple, non-contiguous cells in the same column

The previous operation will also work if the selected cells in the column are non-contiguous:

1. Left click the first target cell.

2. Whilst holding down the Ctrl key, select any number of other cells in the column.
3. Right click on any cell within the selected group to display the popup menu.
4. Select the Paste option.

Paste-in-Column
Since the operation of reproducing a single value in a column is common, a shortcut is provided
via the Paste-in-Column option in the popup menu. Simply point to the value to be repeated in
the column and select Paste-in-Column.

Copying a contiguous group of cells from one row to the corresponding

cells in another row
Select the source cells as follows:

1. Left click the first source cell.

2. Whilst holding down the shift key, left-click on the last source cell (in the same row).
3. Right click on any cell within the selected group to display the popup menu.
4. Select the Copy option.

Select the target cells in the same manner, only now select the Paste option in the popup menu.
Note that the source and target selections must start and end in the same column and be of the
same shape.

Copying a rectangular group of cells from one area of the grid to another
Select the source area as follows:

1. Left-click in a cell at one corner (top-left, for example) of the rectangular group.

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107 Spray/Sprinkler Module

2. Whilst holding down the shift key, left-click on the diagonally opposite corner cell to
select the group.
3. Right click on any cell within the group to display the popup menu.
4. Select the Copy option.

Select the target area in the same manner, only now selecting the Paste option in the popup
menu. Note the following:

The source and target areas must have the same shape; i.e., they must be the same
number of columns wide and the same number of rows high. Note, however, the one
exception to this in the next paragraph.
The source and target areas must start and end on the same column.

Copying a contiguous group of cells from one row to the corresponding

cells in several rows
A combination of the previous two copy operations provides the facility to copy cells from one
row to the corresponding cells in a number of rows:

1. Select the cells from the source row as described in "Copying a contiguous group of
cells from one row to the corresponding cells in another row".
2. Select Copy from the popup menu.
3. Select the target cells as described in "Copying a rectangular group of cells from one
area of the grid to another".
4. Select Paste from the popup menu.
5. Repeating a value.

Copy cells to external programs

Cells can be copied in the ways described above and then pasted into an external program,
typically a spreadsheet. All cells in the Tabular View can be selected by clicking in the top left-
hand corner cell.

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 Specifications

Part

11
 109 Spray/Sprinkler Module

11 Specifications
11.1 Introduction to Specifications
In order to solve a network, boundary conditions must be provided in the form of either (a) flow
or pressure specifications on input and output nodes or (b) pressure specifications on internal
nodes. Note that an internal node is any node that is neither an input nor output node. These
specifications must obey the rules described more formally in the following Specification Rules
section.

Many of the aspects of specifications can, however, be described by reference to a simple single
pipe network.

With this simple example, an initial approach might be to provide equal flow specifications on
both the input and output nodes. However, since the output flow must equal the input flow, one
of these specifications is not required. If we provide two identical flow specifications then there is
redundancy and there is no unique solution to the network. If instead, we provide two different
flow specifications then the specifications would be inconsistent, and again there would be no
solution.

With one flow specification provided at one node, we know the flow at the other node.
However, we do not know the pressure. In fact pressures cannot be determined without the
specification of a reference pressure. So, for our simple network, it turns out that we must
provide two specification, one of which must be a pressure specification. Thus, there are three
possibilities:

1. We provide a flow specification on the input and a pressure specification on the output.
2. We provide a pressure specification on the input and a flow specification on the output.
3. We provide a pressure specification at both the input and output.

This can be generalized to larger networks with any number of input and output nodes to the
simple statement that:

The number of specifications must be equal to the total number of input and output nodes, and
at least one of the specifications must be a pressure specification. See Specification Rules for
further details and the special considerations that apply to the Design Phase, nozzles and remote
specifications.

Disjoint Network
A network is considered disjoint if it is in two or more unconnected parts, or sub-networks. The
following is an example of a simple disjoint network, with two sub-networks A and B:

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Since each sub-network is solved separately, the specifications in each sub-network must be
valid. Thus, in the above example there must be a total of four specifications, with sub-networks
A and B each having at least one pressure specification.

It is obvious from this example that the network is disjoint. However, disjoint networks can also
arise in a less obvious way from the use of breaks and blocks in pipes. Consider the following
simple three-pipe network, with the central pipe blocked

The network was initially set up with the pipe in the normal, unblocked state, and the calculation
ran satisfactorily with a flow specification provided at the input and a pressure specification
provide at the output. When the blocked pipe was added, the network refused to calculate -
why? Simply, that the blocked pipe has split the network into two disjoint networks, one
consisting of the single pipe A/1 and the other of the single pipe C/1. Whilst the network
containing the pipe C/1 includes the original pressure specification, the A/1 network does not
have a pressure specification. It should be noted that, with a blocked pipe, a zero flow
specification is added to the node at each end of the block, hence there are correct number of
specifications.

11.2 Specification Rules

Assumptions
1. Input and output nodes correspond to those points in the network where fluid enters or
leaves the network.
2. Internal nodes are those nodes that are neither inputs nor outputs.
3. Sub-networks may be created by the presence of breaks and blocks.
4. If a node is at one end of a break then it is considered to have an attached pressure
specification.
5. If a node is at one end of a block then it is considered to have an attached flow
specification.
6. In the Design Phase, an arbitrary pressure of 50 bar G is associated with one of the
nodes; therefore, a user-supplied pressure specification is not used in this phase.

Design phase
1. There must be one (and only one) pressure specification, which may be on an input
node, an output node or an internal node.
2. In a network with a total on n input and output nodes, all but one of these nodes must
have a flow specification.

Calculation Phase
1. There must be at least one pressure specification.

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 111 Spray/Sprinkler Module

2. Pressure specifications may appear on input, output or internal nodes.

3. The total number of pressure and flow specifications must equal the total number of
input and output nodes, but see the following:
4. A user-supplied pressure specification is not required in the Analysis Phase if there is at
least one nozzle present. The rule that the total number of specifications must equal the
total number of input and output nodes still holds.
5. Selection of the Most Remote Nozzle option adds one flow specification to the
Analysis Phase. This means that we must only provide n - 1 pressure or flow
specifications, where n is the number of input or output nodes.

11.3 Breaks and Blocks

In terms of the solving of a network, breaks and blocks are modelled as follows:

Block
Each of the input and output nodes of the break is assumed to have an associated zero
flow specification.

Break
Each of the input and output nodes of the break is assumed to have an associated
pressure specification.

Each break or block may separate a single network into two sub-networks, and since
specifications must be valid in each sub-network, problems can occur. The most likely problem
to arise is that the presence of a blocked pipe breaks a valid network into two sub-networks,
with one of the sub-networks having no associated pressure specification.

11.4 User Interface

Viewing and editing specifications
The specifications associated with a node can be viewed in a number of ways:

1. By clicking on a node, the details of the specification appear in the Properties window,
where they may be edited. If no specifications have been attached to the node then the
properties window appears as:

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 Specifications 112

2. By displaying the tabular view window and selecting the component type as Node to
display all nodes with details of any specifications attached or Design phase
specification or Calculation phase specification as required.

Adding specifications
Specifications are added by selecting the appropriate node and then setting the status of the
node as an I/O node as appropriate, changing the Design specification drop-down to YES if you
want to add a design specification, and the Calculation Specification drop-down to YES if you
want to add a calculation specification. Changing either of these will result in the display of
additional attributes. For example, adding a calculation phase specification will change the
display to:

where the pressure and/or flow can be provided.

Removing specifications
Specifications are removed simply by clicking on the node and changing the Design specification
and/or Calculation specification options to NO.

Checking specifications
Specifications are checked during the performance of a check operation, along with height
checking and general consistency checking. This can be initiated by a user selecting the
Calculation | Check menu option or, more readily, by selecting the Status tab in the Properties
Window.

A number of messages, relating to specifications can appear in the status window. Most will be
errors preventing a calculation from being performed. Specifications are checked separately for
the Design and Analysis phases.

The errors and warnings are as follows:

Broken pipe encountered - warning

The presence of a broken pipe may separate a network into two sub-networks, where
each sub-network is checked separately for consistency of specifications.

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113 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Blocked pipe encountered - warning

The presence of a blocked pipe may separate a network into two sub-networks,
where each sub-network is checked separately for consistency of specifications. There
is a potential danger here that one of the sub-networks may be left without a pressure
specification, resulting in a network for which there is no solution.

Node has no inputs and is not an I/O node - warning

Taking into account component directions, a node has been found that has no inputs. It
may have been the user's intention to associate a specification with the node.

Node has no outputs and is not an I/O node - warning

Taking into account component directions, a node has been found that has no outputs.
It may have been the user's intention to associate a specification with the node.

No design pressure specification - error

One, and only one, design pressure must be provided for the design phase.

No design flow specification -error

At least one flow specification must be provided in each sub-network, together with a
single pressure specification.

One I/O node with no flow specification is required for Design

For the Design phase at least one I/O node must be provided which has no flow
specification. The I/O node may have a pressure specification.

No analysis pressure specification - error

At least one design pressure must be provided for each sub-network. See, also, the
blocked pipe warning above.

There must be at least two specifications - error

At least two specifications must be provided for each phase.

Network is over specified in analysis phase

More specifications than are necessary have been supplied, that is:

number of flow specifications + number of pressure specifications > number of I/O

nodes.

Network is under specified in analysis phase

Insufficient specifications have been supplied, that is:

number of flow specifications + number of pressure specifications < number of I/O

nodes

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 Specifications 114

11.5 Nozzle Specification

For deluge systems, the first calculation is almost always the most remote nozzle option. This
assumes that all the nozzles have to deliver at least the required minimum flow rate. This may not
always be essential or required. For example, there could be one nozzle that is at a much higher
level than the other nozzles, but is there only to deliver a nominal amount of water. There could
be another nozzle in a critical area of the system. This particular nozzle may not be the most
remote nozzle. It might be sufficient if this nozzle met the required minimum flow rate. The user
can then select this nozzle and assign its flow rate. The "real" most remote nozzle would then
deliver less than the required flow rate, but that does not matter.

By definition, one can only assign the flow rate at one nozzle, and the flow rate must be given by
the user. This is achieved using the Options | Calculation dialog, but only when the User
defined specifications option is selected:

In this example there is a specification on nozzle 9 with a flow rate of 150 l/min.

Note that if there are any overboard dump valves present in the network then the Remote
nozzle specifications and Mass balance specifications options will be greyed out. This is
because overboard dump valves can only be used with the User-defined specifications
option.

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 Status Checking

Part

12
 Status Checking 116

12 Status Checking
12.1 Status checking
A facility is provided for checking the correctness of the currently defined network prior to
attempting to perform a calculation. This will check for component errors, specification errors
and height-elevation inconsistencies. This facility is activated whenever a calculation is attempted
or, explicitly, by selection of the Calculation | Check option, when the following window is
displayed:

If there are no errors or warnings, the window contains a single status line, as depicted above. If
there are errors and/or warnings, these are shown on separate lines, with the first column
showing a component label (where appropriate) and the second column showing a description of
the error. All components found to be in error (for example, a zero length pipe) will be coloured
blue.

Warnings are shown in black text, and indicate possible problems with the network. Errors are
shown in red text, and indicate problems that may prevent a successful calculation.

If a component number is displayed in a cell then double-clicking anywhere in the row will
highlight the component in the schematic window, scrolling the schematic window to display the
component if it is not already visible.

For reference purposes, a copy of the check results can be printed via the Print button.

12.2 Specification Checks

When a check is activated, the number of specifications and their type is validated against the
rules defined in Specification Rules. The following is the check window displaying a specification
error.

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 117 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Double-clicking in the first column of a row containing an error will select a node in the sub-
network containing the error.

12.3 Height Checking

Height checking will be performed if pipe elevations are used, and essentially involves summing
the rises and falls in every loop to check that the sum is zero (within the height check tolerance).
For every loop in error, one line will be displayed in the status window, with the component
identifying one node in the loop. The error description will include the value of the error in user-
defined length units. Clicking on the component cell will highlight all of the components in the
loop, as well as creating a path. The creation of a path means that a graphical elevation profile
can be displayed.

If two or more height errors are found then selecting the Common Height Errors button will
highlight all of the pipes that appear in two or more loops. This is not guaranteed to pinpoint the

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 Status Checking 118

error, but it may help.

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 Colour Schemes

Part

13
 Colour Schemes 120

13 Colour Schemes
13.1 Colour Schemes
A colour scheme is a simple set of rules used for the colouring of components on the schematic.
At any time, two colour schemes may be in use, one for colouring nodes and one for colouring
pipes/nozzles. The two colour schemes can be selected from an application-specific set of colour
schemes. There is a default colour scheme for both nodes and pipes/nozzles, which provides the
default colouring of:

RED - item is selected.

BLUE - item is not completely defined or is invalid.

In all other situations, a component is displayed in the default colour: black (for white and grey
backgrounds) or white (on a black background).

Each colour scheme can assign one of six colours to a component: RED, ORANGE, GREEN,
CYAN, BLUE and MAGENTA. If a component falls outside of the rules for a colour scheme, it
will assign a default colour of black (on a white or grey background) or white (on a black
background).

Two generic types of colour scheme are identified:

1. Simple schemes where components are coloured according to the value of a single
attribute or result.
2. Complex schemes where components are coloured according to some logical
combination of one, two or more attributes and results.

Simple Colour schemes

With simple colour schemes, the user selects a component attribute or result (for example, pipe
length, pressure difference, node elevation), and then creates a scheme by associating the
selected attribute or result with a set of intervals. The intervals are defined by five values v1, v2,
v3, v4, and v5, the intervals being:

< v1 RED
v1 & < v2 GREEN
v2 & < v3 BLUE
v3 & < v4 CYAN
v4 & < v5 MAGENTA
v5 ORANGE

If intervals are not defined, they will be provided automatically, based on a suitable scaling of the
known values for the attributes or results. Note that, for results, the intervals are calculated on
the completion of a calculation.

Colour schemes are displayed and edited via the Classes dialog.

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121 Spray/Sprinkler Module

This consists of two columns, one for nodes and the other for pipes/ducts. At the head of each
column is a combo box for selecting the colour scheme. Note that these two combo boxes have
a dual purpose in also selecting which attribute is displayed above a component in the schematic.

Below the combo box are five edit boxes used for defining the six intervals. The coloured boxes
alongside the edit boxes define the colours for the six intervals. The edit boxes will be grayed out
if the selected colouring scheme does not use intervals.

Immediately below each column of five edit boxes are two check boxes:

Colours On - used to enable/display colours. If this box is unchecked then the default
colouring scheme will be used. However, the selected attribute will still be displayed
when the Display Attributes buttons are selected.
Auto classify - used to select automatic calculation of ranges following completion of
a calculation. If this box is checked then the five values defining the six intervals will be
re-calculated each time a calculation is performed.
Use modulus - if this is selected then classification will not take the sign of the attribute
into consideration.

The final three buttons are used to select the way in which the intervals are coloured, the default
being the six colours ordered as RED, GREEN, BLUE, CYAN, MAGENTA and ORANGE.
The ordering of the colours may be reversed by selecting the Reverse colours button. As an
alternative to the six colours, a single colour may be selected to be represented in six shades.
Selecting the Graduated button displays a pop-up window via which the colour can be selected.

Finally, it is possible to change the default colours by left-clicking on one of the coloured boxes,
when a colour selection pop-up appears. For example, in the following image the user has left-
clicked on the orange box.

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 Colour Schemes 122

Selecting a colour from the pop-up will result in the selected colour replacing the colour in the
box.

The two combo boxes for selecting the colour scheme (and, hence, the attribute to be displayed
on the schematic) are reproduced on the Options Toolbar. The Options toolbar can also be
used to display legends (one for nodes and one for pipes) on the schematic. For example:

The legends can be moved around by clicking and dragging with the mouse.

Values are displayed with the correct sign for directional components; i.e., negative if the flow is
in the opposite direction to the component direction, or positive if it is in the same direction.

Note that, for pipes, results are shown on the Schematic or in the Properties Window with the
correct sign. For colour coding, the absolute value is used; for example, +10 m/s will be coded
using the same colour as -10 m/s. This means that the interval values specified in the dialog
should be zero or positive.

Complex rules
Complex rules allow the user to define a colouring rule in a more flexible manner. This is best

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 123 Spray/Sprinkler Module

described by reference to the dialog used to enter a complex colouring rule:

This shows the dialog for entering a complex rule for a pipe; the corresponding dialog for a node
has the same layout. It comprises:

1. A name for the rule.

2. Up to three conditions (only two are used in this example) consisting of an attribute or
result name (selectable from a drop down list), a relational operator (again selectable
from a drop-down list) and a value.
3. Logical And or Or operators relating the conditions.
4. The colour to be used for display.

The above example states that each pipe with a bore greater than 100 mm, where the calculated
velocity in the pipe exceeds 10 m/sec, is to be coloured red.

The legend window can be selected for display as with simple rules, an example of which is as
follows:

13.2 Tagging
In addition to
the default colour scheme, one additional tagging colour scheme is provided, and it
is common to all application modules. This scheme can be used to colour components based
purely on user selection. This operates as follows:

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 Colour Schemes 124

1. The user selects components in the normal way.

2. The user then tags these selected items by selecting the menu option Tools | Tag
Selected Items.
3. Steps 1 and 2 can be repeated, each Tag-Selected-Items operation adding to the set
of tagged items.

Now if the tagged colour scheme is selected, tagged items will be displayed in CYAN (this
colour may be changed via the Options | Display Options menu item).

Tagged items can be made untagged by selecting the menu option Tools | Remove Tags.

13.3 Background Colours

By default, the schematic is displayed on a light grey background, which is probably the best
choice if component colouring is used. Other background colours can be selected via the
Options | Display Options menu item.

Regardless of the chosen background colour, the schematic is always printed on a white
background.

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 Elevation Profile and
Hydraulic Grade Line

Part

14
 Elevation Profile and Hydraulic Grade Line 126

14 Elevation Profile and Hydraulic Grade Line

14.1 Elevation Profile Window
This window can be selected for display via the Graphs tab in the Browse Window.

Before a profile can be plotted, a path must be defined using the Tools | Make Path menu
option. To use this tool, simply select two or more nodes and then select the Tools | Make
Path menu option to select all components joining the selected nodes. To select more than one
node at a time, simply hold down the Ctrl key whist selecting the nodes.

The path found is the shortest path, where shortest is in terms of the smallest number of nodes.
Having created a path, the elevation profile will be displayed with the nodes plotted from the
leftmost of the two nodes selected to the second, rightmost node. The vertical axis displays an
elevation scale in the user-selected units, and the horizontal axis corresponds to the distance (as
measured from the starting node).

Right-clicking with the mouse displays a popup menu with the following options:

Show values - selecting this option will display the value at a point in a bubble tool-tip.
Label Point - if the mouse is positioned on or close to a node, this will label the node.
Add Text - add text annotation to the plot.
Add Arrow - add an arrow to the plot.
Add arrowed text - add arrowed text to the plot.
Copy - copies the plot to the clipboard, from where it can be inserted into, for
example, a Word document.
Edit properties - selecting this option will display a tabbed dialog, via which it is
possible to edit the title, labels, styles and the axes. These properties can be saved as a

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127 Spray/Sprinkler Module

template.

The following figure shows the same plot, but with some nodes labeled and an arrowed text
item:.

The Elevation profile has a number of uses, the major two being:

1. The display of a Hydraulic Grade Line.

2. Locating height check errors reported in theStatus Window.

For the first of these, the following figure shows the elevation profile, after a calculation has been
performed, with the hydraulic grade shown.

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 Elevation Profile and Hydraulic Grade Line 128

In the second of these, clicking on the line in the Status Window will display a height error and
highlight the loop in the network, as well as making a closed path. The following depicts the
profile of a height check error (with labeled nodes), which clearly indicates the error. Note that
the first and last nodes shown on the plot are the same physical node and so their differing
heights on the plot illustrates the scale of the error.

14.2 Hydraulic Grade Line

The Hydraulic Grade Line (GL) is the sum of the static head, and elevation head; that is:

HGL = SH + EH {with units of length}

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129 Spray/Sprinkler Module

If the static pressure is known then we can also use the relation:

where P is the static pressure, Z is the elevation, is the density, and g is the acceleration due to
gravity.

Following a calculation, the Hydraulic grade line can be displayed in the elevation profile window
by creating a path between two nodes in the network, using the Tools | Make path facility.

Note that, for a hydraulic grade line to be produced, the fluid must be either (a) a liquid, with no
temperature items in the network, or (b) a gas for which the temperature unit is not Kelvin.

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 Multiple Pipe Generation

Part

15
 131 Spray/Sprinkler Module

15 Multiple Pipe Generation

15.1 Multiple Pipe Generation
This facility is activated via the Tools menu, and provides a quick and simple method of
generating pipe runs, typically as used in pipeline applications. Here, the user may start with a set
of distance and elevation pairs, possibly in a spreadsheet form.

Selecting the tool via the Tools | Add Multiple Pipes option produces the dialog:

The left-hand window contains the attributes that are to be set for each pipe when the OK
button is selected; the right-hand window contains the set of distance-elevation pairs. Above this
right-hand window is the number of pipes to be created, which can be changed using the up-
down buttons to the right of the displayed value. The distance is incremented automatically by
the length of the pipe specified in the left-hand window. Values in the right-hand window can be
edited.

The check box at the bottom of the dialog indicates that the pipe run will be displayed in a
profile, with pipes being drawn to scale according to their lengths. If this box is unchecked then
the window appears thus:

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 Multiple Pipe Generation 132

Here, the pipe run is displayed in plan at a specified angle of inclination, with angles being
measured anti-clockwise from the horizontal. Selecting the option Use proportional lengths
draws the pipes to scale, according to their lengths.

Data can be copied from a spreadsheet and pasted into the right-hand window, the number of
rows being set automatically from the number of data pairs copied. This facility must be used
with caution, since the data from the spreadsheet must be arranged in the same column order as
that used in the right-hand window, also the units must agree with those in the column headings.
Undo/redo is available with this facility.

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 Autolayout and Spray
Diagrams

Part

16
 Autolayout and Spray Diagrams 134

16 Autolayout and Spray Diagrams

16.1 Autolayout
The Autolayout tool, which is available in the PIPENET spray/sprinkler module, can be used to
automate the task of designing spray/sprinkler systems for vessels or for area protection.

Before using the tool

Before using the tool make sure that you have defined the nozzles you intend to use as library
items and that you have provided, for each nozzle type, the spray divergence angle. Also ensure
that you have at least one pipe type defined.

Launching the tool

Select Autolayout from the Tools menubar item:

First dialog - defining the vessel and pipes

When the tool is launched, the first of two dialogs will be displayed:

Object type
This defines the type of object that requires protection. The options are:

Tanks Area
Protection
Vertical Rectangle
Cylinder
Horizontal
Cylinder
Sphere

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135 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Vessel dimensions
Specifies the dimensions of the object.

Pipes
This section defines the type and diameter of pipe you wish to use in the Autolayout network.
The pipe diameter may be set to "Unset" if you wish to use the automatic pipe sizing feature.

Labelling
If you want Autolayout to automatically label the generated components you can define the tags
to be used in this section. If the Label components by range check-box is checked, the labels
of the generated components will be numbered according to the ranges with which they are
associated, based on the specified tags: for example, if the nozzle tag is NOZZ and this option
is enabled, the third nozzle on the second range will be labeled NOZZ2/3.

Click the Next button to proceed to the second dialog.

Second dialog - network specification

The second dialog is where the network is specified, and depends upon the type of object being
protected.

Options

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 Autolayout and Spray Diagrams 136

See the relevant help entry below for explanations of the different options in each case.
o Vertical Cylinder
o Horizontal Cylinder
o Sphere
o Rectangular Area

Tab display
This area displays the content of the currently selected tab.

Preview Tab
This tab shows a 3D view of the generated model. The model can be viewed from different
angles of rotation and elevation by moving the horizontal and vertical sliders respectively (note
that the vertical slider is inverted, so that moving the slider to the bottom displays the
model as viewed from above). In addition, rotation in the preview tab defines the rotation of
the model when placed in the schematic. The notification to the right of the horizontal slider
indicates when the model would appear orthographic in the schematic. If there is an error in
generating a model, or the model is not completely specified then no model is displayed.

Nozzle Tab
This tab shows a table of all nozzles in the nozzle library, along with information about the model
that would be produced if each nozzle were chosen. This is where nozzles are selected to be
used in the model.

In order to generate a model, enter valid data as described in the options pages for the chosen
object type. In the nozzles tab select the nozzle you wish to use. If a valid nozzle has been
chosen then a model will now display in the preview tab. Changing any of the options will
automatically update the model/nozzle table depending on the currently selected tab. To manually
force an update, click the Generate model button.

Spray Diagrams
The Generate Spray Diagram button launches the Spray Diagrams tool, which can be used to
review the effectiveness of the model in protecting the target.

Placing the model into the schematic

To place the model into the schematic click the Finish button.

When placed into the schematic, the size of the model is determined by the (Schematic:
Preview) size ratio, which is the ratio of the size of the model in the schematic at 100% zoom to
the size of the model as displayed in the preview tab.

The rotation (controlled by the horizontal slider) of the model in the preview tab controls the
rotation of the model in the schematic.

The schematic is placed in the centre of the current view in the schematic. If this would cause it
to overlap with any part of the network in the schematic then the model is placed either to the left
or right side of the network, whichever is nearer to the current view. To move the model, use

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 137 Spray/Sprinkler Module

the area select tool.

16.1.1 Vertical Cylinder options

Risers
These options define the risers (vertical pipes that feed the ranges) used in the network. You are
able to specify the number of risers and the distance from the risers to the ranges (i.e. the length
of the connecting pipes). When multiple risers are used they are spaced equally around the
cylinder.

Ranges
This section specifies the ranges in the network (a range is a series of pipes at constant elevation
upon which nozzles are fitted). The Separation distance measures the vertical distance between
ranges.

There are three ways to place ranges in the network:

Start
from
top:
A
range is
placed
at the
top of
the
cylinde
r. An
additio
nal
range is
placed
below
the
previou
s one
until no
more
ranges
will fit.

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 Autolayout and Spray Diagrams 138

Start
from
botto
m:
A
range is
placed
at the
bottom
of the
cylinde
r. An
additio
nal
range is
placed
above
the
previou
s one
until no
more
ranges
will fit.

Rang
es at
top
and
botto
m:
For this
the
Separa
tion
distanc
e
becom
es the
Max
separat
ion.
Ranges
are
placed
at the

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139 Spray/Sprinkler Module

top and
the
bottom
of the
cylinde
r.
Additio
nal
ranges
are
then
placed
evenly
betwee
n them
so that
the
distanc
e
betwee
n
ranges
is not
greater
than
the
Max
separat
ion. As
few
ranges
as
possibl
e are
used to
achieve
this.

The Use curved pipes check-box tells Autolayout to model the network using curved pipes.
Only the pipes that make up the ranges will be modelled as curved pipes for this object type,
and this has the affect of increasing their length.

The Display curved pipes check-box tells Autolayout to draw the relevant pipes as curves.
Curved pipes are approximated in the schematic by using multiple way-points (increases

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 Autolayout and Spray Diagrams 140

complexity of network in the schematic).

Nozzles
These options define the nozzles of the layout. Nozzles are directed so that the centre line of their
spray cone is orthogonal to the vessel surface.

There are two ways for Autolayout to decide how many nozzles to put on each range. The first
is to explicitly tell it, using the Nozzles per range option. The second is to use the Min spray
overlap option. With this selected the number of nozzles on each range will be increased until the
spray patterns of neighbouring nozzles overlap by at least this amount.

The Nozzle to vessel distance defines how far away nozzles are from the surface of the cylinder.

There are also two ways for Autolayout to decide how much flow is required at each nozzle.
Again, the first way is for you to tell it, using the Flow per nozzle option. The second is to define
the Average flow density on the surface of the cylinder. Using this Autolayout can calculate the
flow required at each nozzle based on their efficiency (the fraction of their spray that hits the
vessel).

16.1.2 Horizontal Cylinder options

Risers
These options define the risers (vertical pipes that feed the ranges) used in the network. You are
able to specify the number of risers per side of the cylinder, the shape of the risers and the
distance from the risers to the ranges (i.e. the length of the connecting pipes). The Vertical riser
option causes riser pipes to be vertical in the lower half of the cylinder, while the Riser follows
vessel contours option causes the risers pipes to follow the curvature of the cylinder in both
upper and lower halves.

Ranges
This section specifies the ranges in the network (a range is a series of pipes at constant elevation
upon which nozzles are fitted). The Upper/Lower Separation distances measure the vertical
distances (as measured along the surface of the cylinder) between ranges in the upper/lower
halves of the cylinder respectively. This allows a finer degree of control over the network
(NFPA 15 rule 7.4.2.4 states that surfaces below the equator of a horizontal cylindrical vessel
are not considered wettable from rundown, and hence a denser arrangement of ranges is usually
required in the lower half).

There are three ways to place ranges in the network:

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141 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Start
from
poles
:
A
range is
placed
at the
north
pole,
with
additio
nal
ranges
placed
in the
upper
half of
the
cylinde
r so
that the
distanc
e
betwee
n them
is equal
to the
the
upper
separat
ion
(when
measur
ed
along
the
surface
of the
cylinde
r). The
placem
ent of
ranges
in the
lower

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 Autolayout and Spray Diagrams 142

half is
analago
us.

Start
from
equat
or:
A
range is
placed
at the
equator
of the
cylinde
r.
Ranges
in the
upper
half of
the
cylinde
r are
placed
so that
the
distanc
es
betwee
n them
is equal
to the
upper
separat
ion
(when
measur
ed
along
the
surface
of the
cylinde
r). The
placem
ent of

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143 Spray/Sprinkler Module

ranges
in the
lower
half is
analago
us.

Rang
es at
poles
and
range
at
equat
or:
For this
option
the
Upper/
Lower
Separa
tion
distanc
es
becom
e
Upper/
Lower
Max
separa
tion
distanc
es.
Ranges
are
placed
at the
poles
and at
the
equator
of the
cylinde
r. In
the
upper

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 Autolayout and Spray Diagrams 144

half of
the
cylinde
r
additio
nal
ranges
are
then
added
so that
the
distanc
e
(along
the
cylinde
r)
betwee
n
ranges
is not
greater
than
the
upper
max
separat
ion. As
few
ranges
as
possibl
e are
used to
achieve
this.
The
placem
ent of
ranges
in the
lower
half is
analago
us.

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 145 Spray/Sprinkler Module

The Use curved pipes check-box tells Autolayout to model the network using curved pipes.
Only certain pipes that make up the risers will be modelled as curved pipes for this object type,
and this has the affect of increasing their length.

The Display curved pipes check-box tells Autolayout to draw the relevant pipes as curves.
Curved pipes are approximated in the schematic by using multiple way-points (increases
complexity of network in the schematic).

Nozzles
These options define the nozzles of the layout. Nozzles are directed so that the centre line of their
spray cone is orthogonal to the vessel surface.

There are two ways for Autolayout to decide how many nozzles to put on each range. The first
is to explicitly tell it, using the Nozzles per range option. The second is to use the Min spray
overlap option. With this selected the number of nozzles on each range will be increased until
the spray patterns of neighbouring nozzles overlap by at least this amount.

The Nozzle to vessel distance defines how far away nozzles are from the surface of the
cylinder.

There are also two ways for Autolayout to decide how much flow is required at each nozzle.
Again, the first way is for you to tell it, using the Flow per nozzle option. The second is to define
the Average flow density on the surface of the cylinder. Using this Autolayout can calculate the
flow required at each nozzle based on their efficiency (the fraction of their spray that hits the
vessel).

16.1.3 Sphere options

Risers
These options define the risers (vertical pipes that feed the ranges) used in the network. You are
able to specify the number of risers, the shape of the risers and the distance from the risers to the
ranges (i.e. the length of the connecting pipes). The Vertical riser option causes riser pipes to be
vertical in the lower hemisphere, while the Riser follows vessel contours option causes the
risers pipes to follow the curvature of the sphere in both upper and lower hemispheres.

Ranges
This section specifies the ranges in the network (a range is a series of pipes at constant elevation
upon which nozzles are fitted). The Upper/Lower Separation distances measure the vertical
distances (as measured along the surface of the sphere) between ranges in the upper/lower
hemispheres respectively. This allows a finer degree of control over the network (NFPA 15 rule
7.4.2.4 states that surfaces below the equator of a spherical vessel are not considered wettable
from rundown, and hence a denser arrangement of ranges is usually required in the lower
hemisphere).

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There are three ways to place ranges in the network:

Start
from
poles
:
A
range is
placed
at the
north
pole,
with
additio
nal
ranges
placed
in the
upper
hemisp
here so
that the
distanc
e
betwee
n them
is equal
to the
the
upper
separat
ion
(when
measur
ed
along
the
surface
of the
sphere)
. The
placem
ent of
ranges
in the

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147 Spray/Sprinkler Module

lower
hemisp
here is
analago
us.

Start
from
equat
or:
A
range is
placed
at the
equator
of the
sphere.
Ranges
in the
upper
hemisp
here
are
placed
so that
the
distanc
e
betwee
n them
is equal
to the
upper
separat
ion
(when
measur
ed
along
the
surface
of the
sphere)
. The
placem
ent of

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 Autolayout and Spray Diagrams 148

ranges
in the
lower
hemisp
here is
analago
us.

Rang
es at
poles
and
range
at
equat
or:
For this
option
the
Upper/
lower
Separa
tion
distanc
es
becom
e
Upper/
Lower
Max
separa
tion
distanc
es.
Ranges
are
placed
at the
poles
and at
the
equator
of the
sphere.
Additio
nal

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149 Spray/Sprinkler Module

ranges
are
then
added
in the
upper
hemisp
here so
that the
distanc
e
(along
the
sphere)
betwee
n
ranges
is not
greater
than
the
upper
max
separat
ion. As
few
ranges
as
possibl
e are
used to
achieve
this.
The
placem
ent of
ranges
in the
lower
hemisp
here is
analago
us.

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 Autolayout and Spray Diagrams 150

The Use curved pipes check-box tells Autolayout to model the network using curved pipes. All
range pipes and certain pipes that make up the risers will be modelled as curved pipes for this
object type, and this has the affect of increasing their length.

The Display curved pipes check-box tells Autolayout to draw the relevant pipes as curves.
Curved pipes are approximated in the schematic by using multiple way-points (increases
complexity of network in the schematic).

Nozzles
These options define the nozzles of the layout. Nozzles are directed so that the centre line of their
spray cone is orthogonal to the vessel surface.

There are two ways for Autolayout to decide how many nozzles to put on each range. The first
is to explicitly tell it, using the Nozzles per range option. The second is to use the Min spray
overlap option. With this selected the number of nozzles on each range will be increased until
the spray patterns of neighbouring nozzles overlap by at least this amount.

The Nozzle to vessel distance defines how far away nozzles are from the surface of the sphere.

There are also two ways for Autolayout to decide how much flow is required at each nozzle.
Again, the first way is for you to tell it, using the Flow per nozzle option. The second is to define
the "Average flow density" on the surface of the sphere. Using this Autolayout can calculate the
flow required at each nozzle based on their efficiency (the fraction of their spray that hits the
vessel).

16.1.4 Rectangular Area options

Risers
These options define the riser used in the network The riser is the vertical pipe that feeds the
ranges (a range is a series of pipes at constant elevation upon which nozzles are fitted). You are
able to specify the distance from the riser to the ranges (i.e. the length of the connecting pipes)
and the height of the riser (which also specifies the height of the ranges).

Nozzles
These options define the nozzles of the layout. Nozzles are directed vertically downwards

Nozzles are placed in a lattice configuration above the target area, and the space between
nozzles can be defined on one of two ways. The first is to give the maximum distance you would
like between nozzles, directly setting the lattice size. The second is to use the Min spray overlap
option. With this selected the lattice structure is refined until the spray patterns of diagonally
adjacent nozzles overlap by at least this amount. Setting this value to a positive number therefore
ensures that the entire target area is covered.

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 151 Spray/Sprinkler Module

There are also two ways for Autolayout to decide how much flow is required at each nozzle.
The first way is for you to explicitly tell it, using the Flow per nozzle option. The second is to
define the Average flow density on the target area. Using this Autolayout can calculate the flow
required at each nozzle.

16.2 Spray Diagrams

Overview
The Spray Diagrams tool extends the functionality of the Autolayout feature, by allowing the user
to see the projected flow density on the surface of their vessel. It produces a 2 dimensional
"folded out" representation of the flow density (the spray diagram) and wraps it around a 3
dimensional representation of the vessel defined in Autolayout.

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 Autolayout and Spray Diagrams 152

Launching the tool

The Spray Diagrams tool is launched from within Autolayout via the Generate Spray Diagram
button. This requires you to have generated a valid model in Autolayout.

Layout
The Spray Diagrams interface is split into 3 panes. The left hand pane(the settings pane) contains
the settings and controls that generate the underlying spray diagram. The top and bottom panes
show different representations of the spray diagram. The top pane (the model pane) shows
vessel as defined in the Autolayout tool, showing the flow density of the spray on the surface.
The bottom pane (the diagram pane) shows the same information but as a flattened out, 2
dimensional image that can be saved/copied/printed.

The model and diagram panes can be resized by dragging the dividing bar up and down.

The menus at the side of the model and diagram panes contain settings pertaining to each of
those panes. These menus are activated by hovering the mouse over them.

Settings Pane
The Regenerate Image button at the bottom of the left hand pane recalculated the spray
diagram based on the current settings.

Settings:
Image resolution: This controls how large the spray diagram will be. It can be increased or

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153 Spray/Sprinkler Module

decreased by moving the slide bar, under which the image size is shown. The higher the
resolution (and hence the larger the image) the more detail the generated image will contain,
and the sharper it will look.
Critical flow density: Areas of the spray diagram are coloured with varying intensity based on
the amount of flow that area of the vessel is receiving. Areas receiving high rates of flow are
coloured in darker shades than areas receiving low rates of flow, with white indicating that
zero flow density is measured. The colour used for this shading is set using the Flow density
colour button. The Critical flow density is a threshold that triggers a change in the colour
used when flow density drops below the value selected. This value can either be set at the
NFPA 15 threshold or a user defined threshold.
Colour options: The Flow density colour and Warning colour buttons control the colour of
the flow density in the spray diagram. The legend is a key showing colours that represent the
range of flow densities in the spray diagram, with the max/min flow density at the top/bottom.

Model Pane
Once the model has been generated it will be displayed in the model pane. To move the model,
click and drag anywhere in the model pane with the left mouse button. To zoom, scroll with the
mouse wheel or click and drag anywhere in the model pane with the left and right mouse buttons.

Settings:
Cones: Gives you the option of displaying the spray cones of the nozzles in your model, as well
as choosing their size: at full size the cones strike the surface of the vessel.
3D quality: Allows you to improve the quality of the 3D model or reduce it to improve
performance. Clicking Update tells the model to use the new quality setting.
Orientation: Helps you to navigate by showing an arrow to indicate which direction is up, and
allowing you to reset the view of the model.

Diagram Pane
Once the diagram has been generated it will be displayed in the diagram pane. By hovering the
mouse over the diagram a mouse tooltip shows the calculated flow density at that point on the
diagram.

Settings:
Operations: Gives you the options of saving, copying or printing the spray diagram. Click on
the respective button to perform the desired operation. Clicking Save As will open a Save File
dialog and requires you to enter a valid filename under which to save the diagram. Clicking
Print will prompt you to select a printer from which to print.
Display: Allows you to change what is displayed on the spray diagram. By default the flow
density is shown. The Edge Detect option detects areas of sharp change in the flow density,
useful for showing the outline of each spray cone (in cases where they can be detected). The
Edge Detect Overlay displays the flow density and detects edges.
Edge Detection Sensitivity: This option is available when edge detection is being used. Altering
the sensitivity of the edge detection process grants a finer control over what is detected: a
higher sensitivity will be less discerning when deciding what is an edge and what is not. The
example below shows the effect of increasing the edge detection sensitivity: the sensitivity

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 Autolayout and Spray Diagrams 154

becomes high enough that it detects smooth (but large) gradients as edges. In general the
sensitivity will need fine tuning in order to detect edges in a satisfactory way.

16.3 Nozzle generation

For the Spray/Sprinkler module, a tool is available for generating either:

a run of n nozzles separated by pipes of equal length l, or

generating n nozzles equally spaced along a distance of l .

Selecting the tool from the tools menu displays a dialog of the form:

The left-hand window contains the attributes of each pipe; the right-hand window, the attributes
of each nozzle. With the check box in the last row of the left-hand window unchecked, clicking
OK will generate n nozzles (in the example above, 10 nozzles are to be created), separated by
pipes of the specified pipe length. If the check box is ticked then the dialog changes to:

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155 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Here, the length field is now grayed out in the left-hand window, since the separation of the
nozzles is determined by the number of nozzles and the total run length, as specified in the last
row of the left-hand window.

The pipe run can be drawn at an angle by providing an angle of inclination (in the bottom left-
hand corner of dialog), measured in degrees from the horizontal in a counter-clockwise direction.

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 Libraries

Part

17
 157 Spray/Sprinkler Module

17 Libraries
17.1 Libraries
Two types of library are used in PIPENET modules:

Local User Library

This library is associated with the data file, and is opened when the data file is open. It can
contain various items, depending on the module in use:

fittings,
pumps,
valves,
nozzles,
linings,
pipe schedules.

There is only one local user library. It has the file extension .SLF, and replaces all of the separate
library files from previous modules. Whilst a data file is open, entries can be added, deleted or
edited using the Library Editor dialog.

A local user library can be shared by one or more data files; however, if the library is changed in
one network, it is changed for all users of the library.

Local and system libraries have the same format, the only difference being in their relationship to
the data file.

System Library
Whereas the local user library is considered to be under the control of the user opening the data
file, and is, for all intents and purposes, part of the data file, system libraries are external libraries,
generally considered to be under the control of some central administrator.

System libraries can be referenced by a data file, but are not normally edited whilst a data file is
open; instead, the user must edit system libraries in an External System Library Editor.

The concept of separate System Libraries introduces extra flexibility in that now a user can have
more than one source for schedules, fluids, etc. There is also the possibility of imposing central
control over some (System) libraries, whilst allowing users to have their own private library
definitions.

A network data file referencing a single Local User Library essentially corresponds to the way in
which previous products have worked; i.e., in previous products, a network data file could only
refer to a single PDF file, a single UFL library and so on. However, System libraries provide the
facility for a network to gather library definitions from multiple files.

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 Libraries 158

Opening Libraries
Libraries opened from the File menu are always considered external system libraries. Only the
new format libraries (that is, those with a .SLF extension) can be opened.

Importing libraries
New and old style libraries (i.e,. .PDF, .PMP, etc.) can be imported via the Import Library
option in the file menu. Imported libraries are merged into the single local user library.

Exporting Libraries
Libraries cannot be exported individually, but only as a result of exporting the network as an old
style .DAT file. This is achieved by selecting the File | Export... menu option and then providing
the name to be given to the .DAT file. Any associated library files will be saved with the same file
name, but with the appropriate file extension.

Libraries - example 1 - new data and library file

In this example, we assume that a new data file is being created and no library files exist.

1. Create a new project.

2. Define the library items using the Library Editor dialog.
3. Create the network.

Libraries - example 2 - new data file using old style library files
In this example, we assume that a new data file is being created, but it is required to import
library files created under a previous version of PIPENET.

1. Create a new project.

2. Go to the File menu and select the option Import library.
3. Use the file dialog to select the library to open; for example, a .PDF or .PMP file.
4. Open the file - the file is imported into the local user library.
5. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each old style library to be imported.
6. Create the network.

Libraries - example 3 - old data file using old style library files
Opening an old style .Dat file automatically imports any old style library files referenced by the .
Dat file.

17.2 Spray Library Editor

The Library Editor comprises a number of pages, one for each type of library item; for the
Spray/Sprinkler module, these are:

Schedules - Define or edit pipe schedules.

Nozzles - Define or edit nozzles.
Pumps - coefficients unknown - Define or edit pumps with unknown coefficients.
Pumps - coefficients known - Define or edit pumps with known coefficients.

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159 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Linings - Define or edit pipe linings.

Deluge valves - Define or edit deluge valves.

Selecting any of these options displays a tabbed dialog with the appropriate library edit selected:

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 Libraries 160

17.3 Pipe Schedules

This library page is used for creating and editing pipe schedules:

To the left is a list of available schedules, both built-in and user-defined, and selecting any item in
this list displays the properties of the schedule on the right.

At the top right are three fields common to all library editors:

1. The name of the schedule as it appears in pop-up menus, with the length of this name
being limited to 20 characters.
2. An optional longer description.
3. The source of the schedule, which may be one of the following:
Built-in schedule provided with the Spray/Sprinkler module. Built-in schedules
cannot be edited.
Local user library - these items may be edited whilst a network is open.
System library - these items can only be edited when a network is not currently
open.

Below these three fields is a field containing the roughness, and below that is a grid showing the
standard nominal sizes and the corresponding internal diameters. If a nominal diameter is "unset"
then the corresponding nominal diameter is not included in the schedule.

Nominal diameters are greyed-out indicating that their value is fixed. Right-click within the grid
area to display an option to copy the grid contents to the clipboard.

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 161 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Roughness and diameters are displayed in the user specified units (see Options | Units).

Adding a new schedule

To add a new schedule, select the New button in the bottom left-hand corner of the dialog.
Enter the desired values (if the Description field is left empty, it will, by default, be the same as
the schedule name). When all of the data has been entered, click the Apply button to accept the
new schedule or the Cancel button to abort.

Editing an existing schedule

Select the schedule to be edited from the left-hand window, enter the desired changes, and then
select the Apply button to accept the changes.

Deleting an existing schedule

Select the schedule to be deleted in the left-hand window, and then click on the Delete button.

17.4 Nozzles
To view a library nozzle, select the required nozzle from the left-hand window and its properties
are displayed on the right-hand side. To delete a nozzle, select the nozzle in the left-hand
window and then select the Delete button. To add a new nozzle:

1. Select the New button.

2. Provide a unique name for the nozzle and an optional description.
3. Enter the values for K-factor, Minimum pressure and maximum pressure.
4. If autolayout and nozzle generation is required enter the spray divergence angle.
5. Select the Apply button to add the nozzle to the library.

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 Libraries 162

17.5 Pumps - Coefficients Unknown

This dialog is used to define the characteristics of a pump when the pump coefficients are
unknown:

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163 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Creating a new pump

To create a new pump:

1. Select the New button.

2. Input the pump name and an optional description.
3. Select the desired curve type- Quadratic (default), Cubic or Smooth (cubic spline).
4. Select the desired flow-rate and pressure units from the drop-down lists provided on
the left-hand side of the dialog.
5. Provide a minimum and maximum flow rate.
6. Provide the two degeneration factors (defaults 0) for a Quadratic curve that modify the
curve slope outside the working range.
7. Provide a minimum of three points for the curve in the top right-hand corner of the
window.
8. Select Apply to add the pump to the library.
9. The coefficients are calculated and displayed, along with the pump curve.

Note that the definition of the pump curve will only be accepted if:

For a quadratic curve - at least three points are provided and the slope of
the calculated curve is negative everywhere between the minimum and
maximum values.
For a cubic or smooth curve - at least four points are provided.
For flow rates between the specified minimum and maximum flows - there must be no
flow rate that gives no pressure change; that is, the performance curve must not cross
the horizontal axis.

Right-click within the grid area to display an option to copy the grid contents to the clipboard;
right-click within the graph area to copy the graph to the clipboard.

The reference density for the curve is water at normal conditions, with an assumed density of
998.2343 kgm-3 . For units of head, such as m, the fourth column is the same as the third
column. For units of pressure, such as psi, the fourth column is based on the known density of
the fluid (if the density is not known, the density of water will be assumed). Note that, currently,
the reference density cannot be changed.

Editing an existing pump

1. Select the name of the pump from the drop-down list.
2. Make any required changes to the pump parameters.
3. Select Apply to commit the changes.

Deleting a pump
1. Select the name of the pump from the drop-down list.
2. Select the Delete button.

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 Libraries 164

17.6 Pumps - Coefficients Known

This dialog is used to define the characteristics of a pump when the pump coefficients are known:

Creating a new pump

To create a new pump:

1. Select the New button.

2. Input the pump name and an optional description.
3. Select the desired flow-rate and pressure units from the drop-down lists provided on
the left-hand side of the dialog.
4. Provide a minimum and maximum flow rate.
5. Provide the coefficients.
6. Select Apply to add the pump to the library.
7. The pump curve is displayed.

Note that the definition of the pump curve will be accepted only if the slope of the calculated
curve is negative everywhere between the minimum and maximum values.

Right-click within the grid area to display an option to copy the grid contents to the clipboard;
right-click within the graph area to copy the graph to the clipboard.

The reference density for the curve is water at normal conditions, with an assumed density of
998.2343 kgm-3 . For units of head, such as m, the fourth column is the same as the third
column. For units of pressure, such as psi, the fourth column is based on the known density of
the fluid (if the density is not known the density of water will be assumed). Note that, currently,

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 165 Spray/Sprinkler Module

the reference density cannot be changed.

Editing an existing pump

1. Select the name of the pump from the drop-down list.
2. Make any changes required to the pump parameters.
3. Select Apply to commit the changes.

Deleting a pump
1. Select the name of the pump from the drop-down list.
2. Select the Delete button.

17.7 Linings
To view a library lining, select the required lining from the left-hand window and its properties
are displayed on the right-hand side. To delete a lining, select the lining in the left-hand window
and then select the Delete button. To add a new lining:

1. Select the New button.

2. Provide a unique name for the lining and an optional description.
3. Enter the value for the roughness.
4. Select the Apply button to add the lining to the library.

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 Libraries 166

17.8 Deluge Valves

To view a library deluge valve, select the required deluge valve from the left-hand window and
its properties are displayed on the right-hand side. To delete a deluge valve, select the deluge
valve in the left-hand window and then select the Delete button. To add a new deluge valve:

1. Select the New button.

2. Provide a unique name for the deluge valve and an optional description.
3. Enter the values for the K-factor, X-factor and bore (see the modelling section for
further details).
4. Select the Apply button to add the deluge valve to the library.

17.9 Editing system libraries

Editing System Libraries is essentially the same process as for editing the Local User Library,
using the same dialogs. There are, however, some important observations:

System Libraries can be edited whilst a network referencing the file is open, but this is
not generally recommended.
System Libraries are designed to be shared by a number of users, and any edits may
affect other users.
System Libraries will typically be administered by a central controller, who would
control access to the libraries via read/write permissions.
Whilst there is only one User Library referenced by a network, there can be many
referenced System Libraries.

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167 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Selecting this option will either:

Open a library file directly if one, and only one, system file is referenced by the
network, or
Display a list of referenced library files, any one of which may be selected for editing.

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 Specifying Options

Part

18
 169 Spray/Sprinkler Module

18 Specifying Options
18.1 Title
Use this dialog to enter a title for the PIPENET problem. A title may consist of up to four lines of
text, with each line containing no more than 65 characters. The first line of the title will be
displayed on each page of a printed schematic.

18.2 Spray Options

The options page provides control over a number of modelling and calculation options for the
Spray/Sprinkler module:

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Design Rules
Select one of the available options:

NFPA pre-1996 - The equivalent lengths of fittings before 1996 were

applicable only to Schedule 40 carbon steel pipes. In 1996, NFPA introduced
a table of correction factors for other pipe schedules, based on the inner
diameter of pipes. This changes the equivalent length of fittings for pipes other
than schedule 40. As such, when testing any designs from before 1996, this
calculation option should be used. Otherwise, we recommend NFPA 2013.
NFPA 2013 - PIPENET is up to date with the latest editions of the NFPA
Rules.
FOC.
OLDFOC.
Chinese Standard (GB) - Note that if this option is selected then the
corresponding Chinese options for the Pressure Model and Orifice Plate
model are automatically selected. The support for the Chinese Standard (GB)
is based on the [CHINGB].

Pressure Model
Select from the available options, referring to the Modelling section - Pressure
Models for further details.

Elevations
Specify the means by which node heights are derived.

Use pipe elevations

Each pipe or duct is assigned a change in elevation (rise) from its input to its

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output. A reference node is selected and assigned a reference height. The

height of each node is calculated relative to the reference node. This option can
result in height inconsistencies if a network contains one or more loops. In a
loop, the sum of the elevation changes must be zero. However, if a rise has
been incorrectly entered, the sum will not be zero, and a height check error will
be reported. Height check errors can be difficult to locate in large loops.

Use node elevations

The elevation of each node is directly entered as an attribute of the node.
Height check errors cannot occur with this method.

Warnings Control
The default is to treat warnings as errors. Occasionally, it may be appropriate to
allow a calculation to continue even if there are warnings.

Orifice plate model

Select one of the available options:

BS1042.
Heriot-Watt.
Crane.
Chinese Standard (GB) - Note that this option is automatically selected when
the Chinese Standard option is selected for the Design Rules. It cannot be de-
selected, other than by changing the Design Rules.

Fluid
Select water at 20 C or select user-defined, and provide the values for density and
viscosity.

Spray or Sprinkler mode

Select either the Spray option, in which all newly created nozzles will be created with the
nozzle open, or the Sprinkler option, in which case, all newly created nozzles are turned
off.

Velocity Pressure Options

This includes three options:-

Velocity Pressure model - use the NFPA model, the Standard model, or ignore
velocity pressure considerations. The NFPA model is that given in [NFPA15] and
the Standard model is that given in most textbooks.
Include pressure loss at entrance - indicates whether or not the pressure loss
should be included for the pipes located at the system entrance.
Include pressure loss at exit - indicates whether or not the pressure loss should be
included for the pipes located at the system exit.

The selection of the velocity pressure options only affects the appearance of the NFPA
submittal report.

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18.3 Units
A wide selection of unit systems are provided, including:

SI,
Metric,
US,
Imperial,
User Defined.

Each of the first four provides a fixed, consistent set of options. For example, the unit of
diameter (of pipes) and length in the SI system is fixed at metres, and the unit of temperature is
fixed at Kelvin. The User Defined option allows the user to specify the unit to be used for each
measure independently. We could, for example, have length measured in metres but diameter
measured in inches.

In general, it is recommended that the very first operation in the process of creating a new
network should be the selection of the appropriate units. Whilst units can be changed later, it can
lead to complications and confusion. In particular, switching between mass and volumetric flow
can create problems when the fluid density is unknown (depending on the fluid model being
used), and a warning may be issued in these situations.

The Units dialog

Selecting the menu option Options | Units displays:

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The left-hand side is a scrollable window via which for each quantity (length, diameter, velocity,
etc) a unit (metres, feet, etc.) may be selected. For users of previous versions of PIPENET, this
window is functionally identical to the Units dialog in those versions; the same set of options is
available. The units options window can be scrolled vertically to display more options.

The example above illustrates that SI units are in use, and units cannot be changed individually.
Selecting the User-defined option will result in the following display and all unit options are now
enabled:

When you switch to User-defined units you will be offered the chance to copy your current
settings to your User-defined settings. This can be very useful, to reset your user-defined settings
and then tweak one or two of them to preferred values.

Display Precisions
At the upper right of the dialog is an area where the display precisions can be set individually for
general display (in the Property windows, dialogs and the Data window) and in the Schematic
window. To use this facility, select the name of the quantity (Length, Diameter, etc.) in the left-
hand window, and the display changes to:

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Here, Length has been selected. The values displayed for the precision [0.123] indicate that
three decimal places will be used for the display of length in the selected unit of length (metres, in
this example).

Selecting the arrow to the right of each field produces a drop-down list, showing that the number
of decimal places can be selected to be between zero and eight.:

When a network is saved, the preferred precisions are saved, and they are reloaded when the
file is re-opened. Selecting the Save As Defaults button will save the current settings in the
registry, and these will be the defaults used when new networks are created.

Unit Conversion Tool

At the lower right of the dialog is a unit-conversion tool. Again, this area is only active if a
measure is selected.

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To use the tool, simply enter a value in the left-hand field, select the unit that the value represents
from the left-hand column (from unit) and the unit to which to convert to from the right-hand
column (to unit), and the result is displayed in the right-hand field. This example illustrates that 1
metre is converted to 3.2808399 ft. The example below illustrates the use of the tool to convert
a pressure; specifically, 1.0 psi Abs converts to 6894.75 Pa Abs.

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18.4 PipeTypes

In the spray module, all pipes in a network must be of a specified type. A pipe type will be
associated with a pipe schedule, and this schedule must already exist before the pipe type can be
created. An optional lining definition may be provided by specifying the material and the lining
thickness.

If no pipe type is defined then the pipe drawing tool on the toolbar is disabled, and the status
message No Pipe Type appears in the status bar at the bottom of the screen. This status will
disappear when a pipe type is defined and the pipe button will be enabled:

Creating a new pipe type

To create a new pipe type:

1. Select the New button.

2. Select the associated schedule from the drop-down list provided - a name and
description is provided automatically.
3. Provide velocities or pressure drops for all those bores that are to be provided by the
schedule. Bores are marked as available or unavailable by selecting the bore in the
bottom right-hand corner window and selecting the Use in design or Avoid in design
button as appropriate (the default being that all valid bores are marked as available).
Bores for which Avoid in Design have been selected are shown with a red

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background in the velocity/pressure cell.

4. Select Apply to complete the creation of the pipe type.

Note that if a pipe is defined as using a pipe type then, instead of explicitly entering the pipe
diameter, the diameter is selected from a combo box listing the available sizes, together with the
unset value.

Editing an existing pipe type

1. Select the pipe type from the top left-hand window.
2. Make any changes required to the pipe type parameters.
3. Select Apply to commit the changes.

Deleting a pipe type

1. Select the pipe type from the top left-hand window.
2. Select the Delete button.

A pipe type cannot be deleted if it is in use.

18.5 Schematic display options

All schematic related display options are displayed on the Display tab. Selecting this option will
display a dialog box:

Label Options
The label options allow nodes to be labeled, links to be labeled, component direction to be

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indicated and the presence of any fittings on a pipe to be shown.

For pipes, an additional option is available indicating whether or not all segments of a multi-
segment pipe (that is, one containing way points) are to be labeled, or only the central segment.
Labeling only the central segment may improve the appearance of printed schematics.

An arrowhead pointing from the input towards the output indicates the component direction. As
with the standard PIPENET definition, the component direction does not necessarily correspond
to the direction of flow.

The presence of one or more fittings on a pipe is indicated by a blue diamond symbol, centred
along the length of the pipe.

Annotation
If your schematic display becomes cluttered, this provides a quick and easy way to reduce the
number of decimal places displayed.

Results Options
Results options - selecting the option "Arrows indicate flow direction" will display an arrow on
each pipe, indicating the direction of flow, instead of the component direction. The results that
are displayed (i.e., pressure, flow rate, velocity, etc.) are selected via the classes tab of the
Properties Window or the Options toolbar.

Line Thickness
Specify the thickness of the lines used for drawing as being between one (the default) and eight
pixels.

Grid Options
Via the Grid options, you can select the display of a grid, its style and whether all nodes and
waypoints are confined to lay on grid intersections. The grid can be orthogonal (vertical and
horizontal grid lines) or isometric (one vertical axis, one axis at 30 degrees to the horizontal and a
third at 150 degrees to the horizontal).

Colours and Fonts

This options are used to select the background colour and the font size for node and link labels.

Tool Tips
Selecting this option will cause tool tips to be displayed when the mouse cursor is on or near a
component. The tool tip will display the component type, its label and the current parameter
selected from the Options toolbar. The information is displayed for a few seconds, and then
disappears. For example, moving the mouse to a pipe will display:

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Here, the tool tip is displaying the calculated volumetric flow.

18.6 Calculation options

Calculation-related options are accessed via the Options | Calculation menu item. Selecting this
option will display a dialog box:

This page contains a number of calculation-related options:

Number of lines per page

This is the number of lines per page used in the traditional output file produced by the calculator.

Maximum number of iterations

The default value of 50 should be sufficient for almost all circumstances. If you see the error

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message "Failed to Converge" then increasing this value may produce results.

Convergence Accuracy
This parameter defines the convergence accuracy used to determine when two iterations are
sufficiently close to assume that a solution has been reached.

Height Check Tolerance

If pipe elevations are used, this is the acceptable error in resolving node heights in loops.

Temporary Path
Enter the path to be used for the storage of all intermediate temporary files required by the
calculator.

Calculation Type

Most Remote Nozzle

This specifies the hydraulically most remote nozzle as an additional specification and
attempts to deliver its required flow throughput.

User Defined
This allows the user to specify inlet and outlet conditions, much like in the Standard
Module.

Area Coverage
This takes the total demand flowrate from all nozzles and uses it as an inlet
specification.

Nozzle Flow Rate

The user defines a nozzle at which the flow rate must be achieved. This is treated in the
same manner as the most remote nozzle.

Demand/Reference Data

This specifies at which node the total demand is made. It also specifies the reference
node for elevation data.

Supply Data

NFPA Plot
This specifies the data for the drawing of a supply curve on the NFPA Report.

Pump Curve
This allows the drawing of a pump curve at a fixed point on the demand graph.

Calculation of node heights from pipe elevations

If pipe elevations are being used (see Spray Options dialog) then, whenever a check or calculate

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operation is performed, the node heights will becalculated from the pipe elevations. Here, a
reference node (from which all other node heights are calculated) and a reference height can be
provided. Note that the calculated node heights are only for display in the schematic window,
and they have no effect on the hydraulic calculations. If a reference node is not provided then an
arbitrary node will be used, and assigned a zero elevation. If node elevations are being used then
the two edit fields are greyed out.

The specification of a reference height and the calculation of node heights from pipe
elevations simply provides additional useful feedback to the user, and the information
has no affect on the calculated results.

18.7 Spray Tables

This dialog allows the user to select the tables that are to appear in the calculation output for the
Spray/Sprinkler module.

If the include validation box (in the lower left-hand corner) is selected, a listing of the original
input file will be included at the beginning of the output file. This will display any errors or
warnings arising from the input file.

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18.8 Defaults
Through this dialog, the user can specify the defaults to be applied when creating new nozzles:

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Part

19
 Modelling 184

19 Modelling
19.1 Most Remote Nozzle
This very useful feature allows the user to specify that all nozzles must be discharging at or above
their required minimum rate. PIPENET achieves this goal by identifying the most remote (see
below) nozzle in the network and making a flow-rate specification on it of its minimum required
discharge rate. This counts as one calculation-phase flow-rate specification. Thus, when using
this option, the user must supply another (Nio-1) calculation-phase specifications, so that total
number of specifications is equal to the number of I/O nodes (i.e., Nf + Np =Nio).

The 'Most Remote' nozzle is the nozzle in the network that is hardest to supply at its minimum
rate. Thus, if the most remote nozzle is being supplied at this minimum rate, all other nozzles will
be supplying above their minimum rate. Some of the factors that influence the remoteness of a
nozzle are:

The elevation of the nozzle.

The K-factor of the nozzle.
The minimum flow rate required through the nozzle.

19.2 Area Coverage

If this option is selected then PIPENET will automatically make all the calculation phase
specifications, and the user need only supply the design phase specifications. PIPENET will
make a calculation phase flow rate specification on every ionode in the network. The flow rates
specified will be those used in the design phase. Thus in effect this option sets the calculation
phase specifications to the same as the design phase specifications.

19.3 Design Facility

PIPENET's Design Facility helps the user to design safe networks, which meet given supply
demands, whilst ensuring that the fluid velocity in each pipe does not exceed a given maximum
value (known as the design velocity of the pipe), or that the pressure drop per unit length of pipe
does not exceed a given maximum value (the design pressure drop).

As a simple example of this type of calculation, consider once again the example network:

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Suppose that the nozzle is required to supply water at a rate of 600 lit/min, but that, for safety
reasons, the velocity of fluid in the pipe must not exceed 4 m/s (i.e., the design velocity is 4 m/s).
Then we have:

Flow rate through pipe = Fluid velocity x Pipe cross-sectional area

and

Fluid velocity Pipe Design velocity.

Using 600 lit/min = 10 lit/s = 0.01 m3/s:

0.01 4.0 x (0.25 d2 )

or

d2 0.01/ = 0.003183
d 0.056411 m = 56.4 mm..

Thus, in this case, the diameter of the pipe should be larger than 56.4 mm. The actual diameter
of the pipe used will depend on the sizes of pipe that are available. This is determined by the
pipe schedule being used.

Given the flow rates required in and out of the network, PIPENET will calculate the flow rates
through every pipe in the network. PIPENET will then perform a calculation similar to the one
given above, and select a suitable diameter for each pipe.

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19.4 Linings
Any of the available pipe schedules (built-in or user-defined) may also be lined in accordance
with the user's requirements. This is done by specifying the lining to be used for the Pipe Type,
together with the thickness of the lining. Of course, if no lining is to be used then no such data is
supplied.

Three types of lining are built into the program, and a further 3 types may be defined by the user
in the Private Data File. The 3 built-in linings are:

Concrete,
Asbestos,
Epoxy.

In order to define a lining it is simply necessary to specify the name and roughness of the lining
material via the Library option.

19.5 Pipe Modelling

Modelling Equation
Pipes are assumed to be of uniform circular cross-section. The pressure loss, P, in a pipe is
given by:

P = Pfric + Pelev + Pplat

where:
Pfric = Pressure loss due to friction and fittings.
Pelev = Pressure loss due to elevation change.
Pplat = Pressure loss due to any orifice plate fitted.

Pipe Friction Loss (including fittings)

Pfric is found using one of the two methods: the Coulson-Richardson equation method or the
Hazen-Williams equation method.

Data Required
From the library:

The pipe schedule data (if a user-defined schedule is used).

In the input file:

1. Definition of the pipe type (Schedule, lining, C-factor and design velocities).
2. Pipe label.
3. Input and output nodes.
4. Nominal diameter.

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5. Pipe length.
6. Increase in elevation from inlet to outlet.
7. A list of fittings on the pipe.

Notes
1. The pipe diameter may or may not be supplied by the user. If the diameter is not set by
the user then a suitable size will be found by PIPENET's Design Facility.
2. The increase in elevation may be given directly, or by supplying the elevations of the
input and output nodes.

Chinese Standard (GB)

With Chinese Standard (GB) options, the pipe pressure loss due to friction and fittings is
calculated as follows:

where:

Pfric is the pipe pressure loss due to friction and fittings, unit is M Pa.
u is the fluid velocity, unit is m/s.
D is the internal diameter of the pipe, unit is m.
L is the pipe length, unit is m.
Le is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings, unit is m.

19.6 Hazen Williams

The Hazen-Williams equation is an empirical formula that gives an explicit expression for the
frictional pressure loss.

SI units
The frictional losses are given by:

where:
Pfric is the friction loss in bar,
L is the pipe length in metres,
Le is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings in metres,
Q is the (volumetric) fluid flow rate in l/min,
D is the pipe diameter in mm,
C is the Hazen-Williams constant (or C-factor ) for the pipe.

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Imperial units
The frictional losses are given by:

where:
Pfric is the friction loss in psi,
L is the pipe length in feet,
Le is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings in feet,
Q is the (volumetric) fluid flow rate in gallons per minute,
D is the pipe diameter in inches,
C is the Hazen-Williams constant (or C-factor ) for the pipe.

19.7 Coulson Richardson Equation Model

The Coulson-Richardson equation is a theoretical equation which gives the pressure in pipes,
ignoring frictional effects. The pressure drop due to frictional effects can be found by comparing
the theoretical results obtained using the Bernoulli Equation with those obtained in experiments.
Based on the work of the French engineer Henri Darcy(1803-58), the following equations are
obtained:

where:
D is the internal diameter of the pipe.
L is the pipe length.
Le is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings.
f is the Fanning friction factor.
u is the fluid velocity.
is the fluid density.

The Fanning friction factor f depends on Reynolds number (Re = uD /, where is the fluid
dynamic viscosity) and the relative roughness of the pipe (i.e., the pipe roughness divided by the
pipe diameter). The standard values for f can be obtained from a graphical representation known
as the Moody diagram. This is represented in PIPENET by the following empirical formulae
(where r is the surface roughness of the pipe):

Laminar flow (Re < 2000):

f =16/Re
Transitional flow (2000 < Re < 3000):
f is found by interpolating between the laminar value at Re = 2000 and the turbulent
value at Re = 3000.

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Turbulent flow (Re > 3000):

1/ f = -1.768ln(0.27r /D + 1.252/Re f )
Bernoulli. Equation
Note that the Coulson-Richardson method is the same model as used in earlier products, where
it was referred to by the more generic name of the Bernoulli equation.

19.8 Pipe C-factor

There are two possible methods for calculating pressure drop in pipes - the Coulson-Richardson
method and the Hazen-Williams method.

The Coulson-Richardson method uses the pipe roughness in its calculations, which is taken from
the pipe schedule used for the Pipe Type. In this case, there is no need to specify a C-factor for
the pipe.

With the Hazen-Williams method, the pipe C-factor is used in the calculations, and so the C-
factor must be specified.

It should be noted that, for maximum flexibility, the roughness or C-factor value of the Pipe Type
can be overridden by the user when entering the individual pipe data. However, by default, the
roughness or C-factor of each pipe will be determined by the pipe's pipe type.

19.9 Pipe hydrostatic pressure loss

The pressure drop caused by the difference in elevation of the two ends of a pipe, Pelev, is given
by:

where:
is the fluid density.
Z is the change in elevation in the pipe.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.

19.10 Velocity Pressure

The velocity pressure is a measure of the energy required to keep the water in a pipe in motion.
The PIPENET Spray/Sprinkler module provides a user option to include or ignore the velocity
pressure. In the pressure calculation, all the pressures at the nodes are the total pressure; the
velocity pressure is only variable for pipes.

When the velocity pressure is included, at any nozzle along a pipe (except the end nozzle), the
pressure acting to cause flow from the nozzle is equal to the total pressure minus the velocity
pressure on the upstream side; at the end nozzles, the pressure acting to cause flow from the
nozzle is equal to the total pressure.

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Options are also available to include pressure loss at the entrance and pressure loss at the exit.
The pressure loss in the pipe caused by the entrance/exit effect is calculated according to the
formulae in [CRANE]. The entrance pressure drop formula is the most common Flush type,
with r/d=0.

Modelling

Normal pressure formula:

where
Pn is the normal pressure in Pa,
Pt is the total pressure in Pa,
Pv is the velocity pressure in Pa.

NFPA velocity pressure formula:

where
Pv is the velocity pressure in psi,
Q is the (volumetric) fluid flow rate in gpm,
D is the pipe diameter in inches.

Standard velocity pressure formula:

where
Pv is the velocity pressure in Pa,
is the fluid density in kg/m3 ,
v is the velocity in m/s.

Entrance pressure drop formula:

where

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PEn is the frictional loss, in Pa, due to the entrance effect,

is the fluid density in kg/m3 ,
v is the velocity in m/s.

Exit pressure drop formula:

where
PEx is the frictional loss, in Pa, due to the exit effect,
is the fluid density in kg/m3 ,
v is the velocity in m/s.

19.11 Equipment items

An equipment item is a fitting on a pipe that is not one of the nine standard fittings built into the
Spray/Sprinkler module. It is defined by supplying:

The label of the pipe to which it is fitted.

A descriptor of up to 20 characters.
An equivalent length.

19.12 Filters
Modelling Equation

P = AQ|Q| + BQ
where:
P is the pressure increase from inlet to outlet.
Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the filter.
A is a coefficient less than or equal to zero.
B is a coefficient less than zero.

This is operative for values of Q whose modulus is less than a given maximum flow, Qmax . Note
that filters are reversible (Q may be negative), and that as:

A 0 and B < 0

the pressure drop is in the direction of the flow.

Typical Performance Curve

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19.13 Deluge Valves

Defining a Deluge Valve Type
Before a deluge valve can be added to the network, it must first be defined in the private data file
via the Libraries | Deluge valves menu option. Selecting this option will display a list of
defined valve types.

A descriptor, manufacturer supplied K factor and X factor, and bore must be supplied.

Adding the valve to the network

Provide a label for the valve, and identify the input and output nodes. The deluge valve type is
selected from the list of types provided in the dialog.

Modelling Equation

P = Qx/K

where:
P is the pressure drop across the valve.
Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the valve.
K is a constant for the valve.
X is a constant for the valve (typical values are 1 or 2, see the curves below).

Typical Performance Curves

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Data Required
In the library:
1. A valve descriptor to identify the type of valve (usually the manufacturer's valve name is
used).
2. The valve K factor.
3. The valve X factor.

19.14 Deluge Valve Modelling Techniques

The deluge valve is a very important and common equipment in fire protection systems.
PIPENET Spray/Sprinkler Module provides three different methods to help our users to model
the deluge valves.

Method I) Using the deluge valve model

The equation for the deluge valve model in PIPENET goes back to the early 1980s. Angus Fire
Armour (Thame and now part of Kidde) used to publish data for the values of K and x for their
deluge valves those days. So, some users asked for this equation to be built into PIPENET. This
was done. A few years later Angus stopped publishing this data. However, we could not remove
this model because there were users with data files which had this model. Nowadays it is there
largely for historical reasons.

The deluge valve equation in PIPENET Spray/Sprinkler Module is

where:

DP is the pressure drop across the valve

Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the valve

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K is a constant for the valve

X is a constant for the valve (typical values are 1 or 2)

If you have a conventional valve Cv or Kv value from your valve manufacturer which has the
following formula

or

or

or

where:

G is the specific gravity of fluid (1 for standard water)

Then we can rewrite the above equations as

or

Comparing this equation and the equation for the deluge valve, we can get

X=2

and

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or

Please note: when we use the above formula to input K for the deluge valve in PIPENET Spray/
Sprinkler Module, we should set the flowrate and pressure units in PIPENET same as the units
given with the valve Cv value in your valve data. Of course, you can always change to other units
after you input K, PIPENET will calculate the new K value according to your new units.

Furthermore, you can use the following two methods to model a deluge valve as well:

Method II) Using the equipment item

Some engineers who do not wish to use the above model, use the equipment item model instead.
The equipment item model uses the equivalent length for the deluge valve.

For items such as fittings which are not found in the NFPA rules but for which you have some
data, we can use equipment item to model them. It is very common to model items such as
deluge valves, strainers and so on in this way. To use the equipment item, please follow the
procedure below. I have attached some screen shots to show the steps. Suppose a strainer has
an equivalent length of 30 m, you have to go through 3 steps.

1. Pick up the equipment item using the cursor.

2. Please it on the pipe where the strainer is located.

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3. Enter the name and equivalent length of the strainer.

Method III) Using the elastomeric valve

PIPENET has the capability of modelling elastomeric valves such as Inbal valves. With this
model it is not even necessary to specify the Cv value of the valve. The user can specify the
required flowrate and PIPENET will calculate the pressure drop across the elastomeric valve
which is necessary to achieve the specified flowrate.

19.15 Non-return valve

Non-return valves allow unrestricted flow of fluid in a positive direction, and prevent all flow in a
reverse direction. Positive flow is taken to mean from the valve's input node to its output node,
in which case there will be no pressure drop across the component. Caution should be exercised
not to position a non-return valve such that it would isolate a portion of the network. If this were
to happen, the calculator could report an error: " network cannot be solved".

Note that, even if the solution to the problem has the valve open, PIPENET can still generate this
message. Occasionally, a non-zero "leakage flow" may be reported through a closed valve. This
message arises from rounding errors in the calculation, and, since the errors are smaller than the
requested convergence accuracy, they are, therefore, usually negligible.

User Input Parameters

None.

Modelling Equations

Open valve:
P1 = P2 .

Fully closed valve:

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Q1 = 0.

Continuity Equation:
Q1 = Q2.

where:
P1 is the inlet pressure.
P2 is the outlet pressure.
Q1 is the inlet flow rate.
Q2 is the outlet flow rate.

19.16 Overboard Dump Valves

Overboard dump valves (pressure safety valves) operate with a trigger pressure, PS . When the
pressure upstream of the valve is below PS , the valve remains shut, and it opens when the
pressure rises above PS . Once the valve is open, the upstream pressure will stabilize at PS .
PIPENET models overboard dump valves as a special kind of outlet, with no need to model the
network downstream of the point at which the trigger pressure will be measured.

Note that if there are any overboard dump valves present in the network then the Remote
nozzle specifications and Mass balance specifications options will be greyed out in the
Calculations options dialog. This is because overboard dump valves can only be used with the
User-defined specifications option. Note, also, that if the Remote nozzle specifications or
Mass balance specifications option has been selected, the overboard dump valve icon on the
toolbar will be greyed out (as it is non-selectable).

19.17 ElastomericValve
The Elastomeric valve enables the user to achieve the required input pressure, output pressure,
pressure drop or flow rate without the need to input the valve characteristic data. The
elastomeric valve is representative of a valve type that fulfils the above roles; however, the model
described below can be used to model any valve, including elastomeric valves, with the specified
characteristics.

Note:
1. The use of unreasonable target values might make the network unsolvable.
2. A warning message will be given in the calculation report when either (a) the output
pressure is higher than the input pressure or (b) the flow rate is negative.

User input parameters

Type - Input pressure, Output pressure, Pressure drop or Flow rate.
Target value.

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Modelling equations

Design phase

P1 = P2

Analysis phase

Input pressure type - aim to control the input pressure of the valve to be the given
target value:

P1 = P1*

Output pressure type - aim to control the output pressure of the valve to be the
given target value:

P2 = P2*

Pressure drop type - aim to control the pressure drop of the valve to be the given
target value:

P1 - P2 = P*

Flow rate type - aim to control the flow rate of the valve to be the given target
value:

Q = Q*

where:-

P1 - input pressure,
P2 - output pressure,
P1* - target input pressure,
P2* - target output pressure,
Q - flow rate,
Q* - target flow rate.

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19.18 Orifice Plates

Orifice plates may be inserted into any pipe in the network, and produce an additional pressure
drop across the pipe. In order to define an orifice plate, the user must specify:

1. A label for the plate.

2. The label of the pipe to which the plate is attached.
3. Either the diameter of the orifice plate or the pressure drop required across the plate.

Modelling - Pressure drop due to an Orifice Plate

Orifice plates may be inserted in any pipe, and are modelled using one of three models, as
selected by the user:

Plates with flange tappings in accordance with BS1042, taking into account pressure
recovery downstream. The restrictions of BS1042 are applied, so plates may only be
used in pipes with diameters in the range 2 14 inches (50.8 355.6 mm).
Furthermore, the ratio of the orifice diameter to the pipe diameter must be in the range
0.1 0.748 for pipes over 4 inches in diameter.

The "Heriot-Watt Orange Book" orifice plate model [CRANE]. This model derives
from curves for laminar flow given by Miller in "Internal Flow Systems" and for
turbulent flow given by the ESDU in "Flow of liquids - Pressure losses across orifice
plates, perforated plates and thick orifice plates." The ratio of the orifice diameter to the
pipe diameter should be less than 0.8.

Sharp-edged orifice plates, as described in Crane T.P. 410M. The ratio of the orifice
diameter to the pipe diameter should be in the range 0.2 0.75. In addition, the
Reynolds number of flow in the pipe should be greater than 100, as the accuracy of the
model decreases at lower values.

The pressure drop due to an Orifice Plate, Pplat , may be found in one of two ways: either it may
be specified directly by the user (in which case PIPENET will calculate the orifice diameter
necessary to produce this pressure drop), or it can be calculated by PIPENET from the orifice
diameter given by the user. Users should exercise caution when using this facility, as the
calculation of pressure drop from plate diameter is unstable in that a small change in orifice
diameter may result in a very large change in the pressure drop.

Chinese Standard (GB)

With the Chinese Standard (GB) options, the pressure drop due to an orifice plate is calculated
as follows:

Where:

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Pplat is the pressure loss due to the orifice plate, unit is 10-2 M Pa.
u is the fluid velocity, unit is m/s.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
is the friction factor of the orifice plate, which can be calculated using the
following equation:

Where:

D is the internal diameter of the pipe, unit is m.

Do is the diameter of the orifice plate, unit is m.

19.19 Pumps
A pump provides a pressure increase, which depends on the pump speed and performance
curve. The pump performance curve is entered in a library.

User Input Parameters

Pump Type - selected from a list of defined library pumps (either with unknown coefficients or
known coefficients).

Quadratic Modelling Equations

The pressure increase produced by the pump is:

where:
s is the pump setting.
Q is the flow rate through the pump.
A, B, C are pump performance coefficients.

The pump performance coefficients A, B and C are entered directly, or calculated by PIPENET
for a specified pump curve, in pump libraries. The user also specifies an operating range for flow
rates through the pump. It is recommended that the zero flow rate point is given when defining a
pump curve.

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The pump setting, s, must be between 0.0 and 1.0. A setting of s = 0.0 represents a shut-down
pump, while s = 1.0 represents a pump at full speed.

The quadratic curve will, in general, only apply to the specified working range of the pump;
however, degeneration factors can be used to specify the behaviour of the curve below the
specified working range and/or above the specified working range.

Within the work region QLL to QUL

PIPENET calculates a binomial correlation to fit the input data (see the solid line in the
above figure):

Below the minimum flow rate QLL

We introduce a degeneration factor n, which is an integer in the range 0 to 10. The larger
the value of n, the flatter of the pump curve is. When the degeneration exponent n is zero
(i.e., no degeneration), the equation becomes the normal quadratic.

where:

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Above the maximum flow rate QUL

We introduce a degeneration factor m, which is an integer in the range 0 to 10. The
larger the value of m, the quicker the pump curve degenerates.

where:

Notes
If the user knows the performance coefficients for a pump, but does not want to use a pump
library, then the pump can be defined as a non-library pump by giving the values of A, B, C, Q
min, and Q max.

In order for the calculator to function correctly, it is necessary to ensure that there is only one
flow rate corresponding to each pressure gain, and so the following restrictions are applied:

For flow rates between Qmin and Qmax, the slope of the performance curve must be
negative or zero.
For flow rates between Qmin and Qmax, there must be no flow rate that gives no
pressure change (that is, the performance curve must not cross the horizontal axis).

For flow rates outside the range Qmin to Qmax, PIPENET extrapolates the performance curve
using the tangent to the curve at the minimum or maximum flow rate, and issues an appropriate
warning message.

PIPENET will calculate the power required by a pump based on a specified efficiency. The
power calculation will assume that the pump is 100% efficient if the efficiency is not specified.

Cubic Modelling Equations

A simple quadratic curve can deviate considerably from the supplied pump data, especially when
the flow rate exceeds the pump capacity, or is less than the allowed minimum flow rate. The
cubic curve can provide better results.

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There is a potential problem with the cubic curve in that it may lead to multiple solutions.
Therefore, the above function must satisfy the following condition:

Smooth Cubic Spline Modelling Equations

The smooth curve uses cubic spline functions to fit a known pump curve. The obtained curve is
not only a smooth curve but also can closely match all input data.

Within the specified working range QLL to QUL in the region of [Qi , Q i+1]

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Below the lower limit, with Q < QLL and along the tangent direction at the point [QLL, PLL]

where:

Above the upper limit, with Q > QUL and along the tangent direction at the point [QUL, PUL]

where:

Pump On/Off

Pump can be turned on/off. When the pump is off, it

Has zero flowrate
Has no effect on the pressures at its inlet and outlet. These pressures are totally
determined by the connected sub-network.

Variable Speed Pump

The pump setting, which is a percentage of the maximum pump speed, i.e. in the range 0-1
(100%), can either be specified directly by the User, or be determined by PIPENET such that a
particular sensor set point is satisfied. Three sensor types are available:
Pressure at a node
Flowrate through a particular pipe.
Pressure difference between two nodes

Note:

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The use of unreasonable set point values might make the network unsolvable.

NPSH
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is an analysis of the energy conditions on the suction side of
the pump to determine whether the liquid will vaporize at the lowest pressure point in the pump.
NPSH is measured in units of length.

There are two components that must be considered for NPSH:

NPSHR is defined as Net Positive Suction Head Required. NPSHR is a function of

the design of the pump, and is determined by the pump manufacturers via testing.

NPSHA is defined as Net Positive Suction Head Available, which can be calculated as
follows:

Where,

Pi is the (absolute static) pressure at pump inlet,

Pvap is the vapour pressure,

is the liquid density,

g is the acceleration due to gravity,

Patm is the atmospheric pressure,

HS is the suction head, which includes not only the suction lift but also the sum of the
losses in the inlet pipe and the velocity head.

If NPSHA < NPSHR then cavitation will happen.

The cavitation parameter is a dimensionless ratio used to relate the conditions that inhibit
cavitation to the conditions that cause cavitation. There are several common forms of the
cavitation parameter. In PIPENET, the cavitation parameter is defined as:

cavitation parameter = NPSHA / H

where H is the total head of the pump.

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The calculation of NPSHA and the cavitation parameter is based on the vapour pressure of
water at 60 F (15.6 C) at 1767.745 Pa A, which was calculated using the Water-steam
property facility of the PIPENET Transient module. This information will be given as a note
below the table in the report. This vapour pressure value is only used to calculate NPSHA and
cavitation. It is not used for other purposes, such as a warning of cavitation.

19.20 Spray Nozzles

User Input Parameters
User supplied descriptor and user supplied K factor, minimum and maximum operating
pressures.

Modelling

Q=K P
where:
Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the nozzle.
P is the drop in pressure across the nozzle.
K is a constant for the nozzle.

This equation holds for values of P between given minimum and maximum values, Pmin and Pmax .
This is known as the working pressure range of the nozzle.

Note that the value of K depends on the units used for P and Q. Generally, the units used for P
and Q when quoting the K value of a nozzle are bar and litres/min respectively.

Data Required
In the library:
1. A nozzle descriptor to identify the type of nozzle (usually the manufacturer's nozzle
name is used).
2. The nozzle K-factor.
3. Pmin and Pmax .

In the input:
1. Nozzle status (ON or OFF) - note that if a nozzle is off, this is indicated in the
schematic by the presence of a small solid circle inside the nozzle symbol:

2. Nozzle label.
2. Input node.
4. Nozzle name in the library.
5. The flow rate required through the nozzle.

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Notes
1. Nozzles can be defined without including them in a library by specifying the values of
K, Pmin and Pmax . When there are several nozzles of the same type, it is easier to
define the type in a library, as described above.
2. The flow rate required through the nozzle is used by PIPENET's Design Facility.

19.21 General Pressure Loss Component

Introduction

This component can be used to model any type of device which achieves a pressure drop. This
pressure drop is calculated as a function of the flowrate through the component, using the
modelling equations shown below.

Modelling Equations

Resistance equation

where:
P1 is the inlet pressure
P2 is the outlet pressure
Q is the flowrate
K is the resistance factor
m is the exponent

Resistance factor equation

Constant resistance factor

where:
Pref is the reference pressure drop
Qref is the reference flow rate
User-defined type
The resistance factor at the known flow rate and pressure drop can be
calculated based on the following equation. The resistance factor at any flow
rate can be interpolated based on the above deduced factors.

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Case 1: only two group data existed in library:

A: Qmin<Q<Qmax
We assume the unknown resistance factor is linear to the flow rate.

or
B: Q<Qmin
The Q-K curve will extrapolate to the lower flow rate along the constant K line
with the same K factor at the lower limit point.

C: Q>Qmax
The Q-K curve will extrapolate to the higher flow rate along the constant K line
with the same K factor at the higher limit point.

Case 2: three group data existed in library:

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A: Qmin<Q<Qmax
The resistance factor and flow rate are quadratic relationship.

B: Q<Qmin
The Q-K curve will extrapolate to the lower flow rate along the constant K line
with the same K factor at the lower limit point.

C: Q>Qmax
The Q-K curve will extrapolate to the higher flow rate along the constant K line
with the same K factor at the higher limit point.

Case 3: four or more group data existed in library:

A: Qmin<Q<Qmax
Cubic spline curve is used to approach the Q-K curve.

(in the region of [Qi, Qi+1])

B: Q<Qmin
The Q-K curve will extrapolate to the lower flow rate along the constant K line
with the same K factor at the lower limit point.

C: Q>Qmax

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 Modelling 210

The Q-K curve will extrapolate to the higher flow rate along the constant K line
with the same K factor at the higher limit point.

19.22 Fittings
All fittings are modelled as equivalent lengths according to either the FOC or NFPA rules, which
are summarized in the Reference data section.

The range of fittings provided is that defined by [NFPA]. If you wish to add some device or
fitting not included in the range of available fittings then you may be able to consider the use of
an Equipment item.

Crosses and Tees

For the placement of crosses and tees, [NFPA] 13, Rule 23.4.4.7 provides the following
information

23.4.4.7 (3) Calculate the loss for a tee or a cross where flow direction change occurs
based on the equivalent pipe length of the piping segment in which the fitting is
included.
23.4.4.7 (4) The tee at the top of a riser nipper shall be included in the branch line, the
tee at the base of a riser nipple shall be included in the riser nipple, and the tee or cross
at a cross main-feed main junction shall be included in the cross main.
23.4.4.7 (5) Do not include fitting loss for straight-through flow in a tee or cross.

It is possible, however, that sometimes a user may wish to define the fittings in a different way,

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according to their own good engineering practices.

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 NFPA Submittal Report

Part

20
 213 Spray/Sprinkler Module

20 NFPA Submittal Report

20.1 NFPA Submittal Report
Hydraulic calculation details can be written to a file in tabular form in order to assist in the
preparation of a fire protection submittal of the kind required by the NFPA. This is done by
selecting Calculation | NFPA submittal report, which will open a dialog allowing the output
file to be selected; the output is written in rich text format (.RTF file). Note that this option is only
enabled once a calculation has been performed.

The output file contains three tables. The first table, entitled Summary values, contains various
items that can be copied onto the submittal summary sheet; the second and third tables Node
analysis and Pipe information are designed to comply with the format specified in the 2013
Edition of NFPA-13, and are suitable for inclusion in the submittal report. Values are shown in
the user's currently selected units. Node heights are shown relative to an arbitrary datum node
unless both (i) pipe/duct elevations are in use (see Elevations on the Options | Module
options dialogue) and (ii) a reference node and height have been specified (see Calculation of
node heights from pipe elevations on the Options | Calculation dialog).

Velocity pressure information can be optionally displayed for each pipe in the Notes column.
Selection of this option is via the Spray options dialog.

In addition to this, supply and demand may also be calculated, from the Calculation Options
Dialog and presented in the form of a graph, plotted on an N185 grid.

Using the following network as an example:

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 NFPA Submittal Report 214

The following report is generated (note that some blank spaces must be filled in):

Page

Page

HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS for

Project Name

Location

Drawing Number

Date 26-Feb-2014 at 13:32

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215 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Design

Remote Area Number

Remote Area Location

Occupancy Classification

Density

Area of Application

Coverage per Sprinkler

Type of sprinklers calculated

Number of sprinklers calculated 3

In Rack Demand

Hose Stream Demand

Total W ater Required 635.870 l/min

at Pressure See NODE ANALYSIS table

Type of System

Volume of dry or preaction system l

Water Supply Information

Date

Location

Source

Contractor Information

Name of Contractor

Address

Phone Number

Name of Designer

Authority having Jurisdiction

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 NFPA Submittal Report 216

Page

HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS for

Project Name

Notes

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217 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Page

Summary of Calculated Values

Calculator PIPENET VISION Spray calculator, version 1.7.0

Friction loss formula Hazen-Williams

Design standard NFPA 1996-2013

Total number of sprinkler heads 3

Number of sprinkler heads on 3

Total sprinkler discharge (l/min) 635.870

Total non-sprinkler output flow (l/min) 955.015

Total input flow (l/min) 1590.885

Highest fluid velocity (m/sec) 2.110

Pressure at input nodes See NODE ANALYSIS table

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 NFPA Submittal Report 218

Page

SUPPLY ANALYSIS

Static Pressure Residual Available Pressure (Bar Required Pressure

Node at Source Supply Flow (l/min) Total Demand (l/min)
(Bar G) Pressure (Bar G) G) (Bar G)

1 3 3 0 0.42158 1590.9 1.237

Notes

These values have been calculated assuming Residual values were entered for the first point of the Supply Curve

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Page

NODE ANALYSIS

Node tag Elevation (m) Node Type Pressure (Bar G) Discharge (l/min) Notes

1 0.00 Input 1.237 0.000

2 0.00 1.197 0.000

3 1.00 Sprinkler 1.095 208.799 Nozzle label: 1 , K-Factor: 200

4 2.00 Sprinkler 1.000 200.000 Nozzle label: 2 , K-Factor: 200

5 0.00 Output 1.100 955.015

6 -1.00 Sprinkler 1.289 227.071 Nozzle label: 3 , K-Factor: 200

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 NFPA Submittal Report 220

Page

PIPE INFORMATION

Pt (1) (Bar
G)
Flow added
Nominal ID
(q)(l/min)
Node 1 (milli.m.) L (m)
Elev 1 K factor C factor Notes
Fittings -
(m) Pe (Bar)
quantity,
type, and Pt': Total pressure just
Total flow (Q)
Actual ID equivalent F (m) inside pipe ends
(l/min)
(mm) length (m) Pn': Normal pressure
Node 2 Elev 2 Pf (Bar) just inside pipe ends
Pipe label Pf per m
(m)
Nozzle label (Bar)
T (m)
Pipe Flow (l/
Pipe Type
min)
Pt (2) Bar
G

1.237
435.870 Vel = 0.861 m/sec
200.000 200 Pv = 0.004 Bar
1 0.00 10.000 150.0
955.015 Pn (1) = 1.237 Bar G
2xE=14.78 0.000 Pn (2) = 1.193 Bar G
5xT=71.83 Pt' (1) = 1.235 Bar G
198.000 1xNR=20.60
112.100
1590.885 1xB=4.93 Pn' (1) = 1.231 Bar G
2* 0.00 1 0.000 0.040

test :
122.100
1590.885 Concrete

1.197

1.095 Vel = -0.963 m/sec

227.071 100 Pv = 0.005 Bar
3* 1.00 208.799 5.000 150.0 Pn (3) = 1.090 Bar G
200.00 Pn (2) = 1.192 Bar G
0.098

98.000
435.870 0.000

2 0.00 0.001 -0.004

2
1 test :
5.000
-435.870 Concrete

1.197

1.000 Vel = -0.442 m/sec

100 Pv = 0.001 Bar
4* 2.00 5.000 150.0 Pn (4) = 0.999 Bar G
200.00 Pn (2) = 1.196 Bar G
0.196
200.000
98.000
0.000

2 0.00 0.000 -0.001

3
2 -200.000
test :
5.000
Concrete

1.197

2 0.00 150.0 Vel = 2.110 m/sec

100 20.000 1.197
Pv = 0.022 Bar
Pn (2) = 1.175 Bar G
Pn (5) = 1.100 Bar G

955.015 98.000 0.000 0.000

Pt' (5) = 1.122 Bar G
5* 0.00 4 0.005

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221 Spray/Sprinkler Module

0.097 Pn' (5) = 1.100 Bar G

955.015
test :
20.000
Concrete

1.100

1.095 Vel = 0.502 m/sec

100 Pv = 0.001 Bar
3 1.00 5.000 150.0 Pn (3) = 1.093 Bar G
200.00 Pn (6) = 1.288 Bar G
0.196
227.071
98.000
0.000

6* -1.00 0.000 0.001

5
3 227.071
test :
5.000
Concrete

1.289

Notes

For full NFPA compliance, a detailed schematic drawing from PIPENET is required, showing pipe labels and directions as well as node and nozzle labels
Reference Node at which flowrates calculated denoted by bold and with an asterisk
To calculate Pt (2) from Pt (1) add elevation pressure, subtract friction loss

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 NFPA Submittal Report 222

Page

PIPE FITTINGS CODES

HE Standard 45 Elbow E Standard 90 Elbow LE Long radius 90 Elbow

T Tee or Cross (Flow turned 90) G Gate Valve C Swing Check Valve

NR Non-return Valve BV Ball Valve B Butterfly Valve

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Page

Hydraulic Graph
3.75
Supply
Demand

3
Pressure / Bar G

2.25

1.5

(1590.89,1.23679)

0.75

0
06
02

08

04

00

06

02

08

04

00
1
3

11

21

41

61
Flow Rate (Q1.85) / l/min

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 NFPA Submittal Report 224

Page

aaa
12.5
Pressure / Bar fluid (reference)

aaa pump curv e

10
Demand Calculation

7.5

2.5

0
0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000

Flow Rate / l/min

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 Exporting the Schematic

Part

21
 Exporting the Schematic 226

21 Exporting the Schematic

21.1 HP-GL/2 Output
Via the Tools | Export HP-GL/2 menu option, the schematic can be output as a Hewlett-
Packard HP-GL/2 file, with a .hpgl file extension. This type of file can be read by a number of
graphics programs, and is commonly used as an offline plotting format. The specifications for the
HP-GL/2 format are provided by [HPGL2].

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 Errors

Part

22
 Errors 228

22 Errors
22.1 Errors
Errors can be detected at various points in the opening of an existing network file, or in the
creation of a new network:

Basic errors in the operating environment, the most common error being the absence
of a valid licence to run a PIPENET module, or the absence or incorrect operation of
the security key drivers.
Input errors detected either in reading the main data file or an associated library file.
Specific component errors detected in the GUI when a check operation is
performed; for example, pipe has zero length these errors should be self-
explanatory.
Global errors detected in the graphical user interface (GUI) when a check operation
is performed.
Numerical errors that can only be checked after the calculation starts, and are
therefore reported in the calculator output.

22.2 Basic errors

These are usually related to the absence of a valid licence to run the program or an incorrect
operation of the security key drivers, but other options are also possible:

Attempts to run the software on earlier versions of Windows operating system may fail
the software is only validated for Windows 2000, XP, Vista, and Windows 7.
A working PIPENET system may suddenly stop working if a new operating system is
installed, or if a new Windows service pack is installed. Generally, Sunrise Systems
will discover these errors in advance, and will be able to provide suitable fixes, new
security key drivers, etc.
No valid licence separate licences are available for the three PIPENET modules:
Transient, Spray/Sprinkler and Standard. Attempting to run a module for which you
have no licence will produce an error. To determine which licences you have, see the
Help | Key status menu option . If in doubt, contact Sunrise Systems for details of
your current licences.
Licence has expired with the issue of PIPENET VISION 1.10, expiry-date
checking was added to HASP security keys. If an old key is being used, or if the
licence for the module you are attempting to run has expired, then a message will be
displayed informing you of the situation. To see the expiry dates, see the Help | Key
status menu option; if no expiry dates are shown then you have an old key that needs
to be updated. Keys can be updated remotely by Sunrise Systems providing (usually
via email) a small encrypted key-update file see the Updating a key licence section
for further details.
Drivers for security keys not installed correctly see the installation instructions
supplied with the software for information on how to check the status of the drivers
and, if necessary, re-install them. Periodically, the supplier of the security key drivers

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 229 Spray/Sprinkler Module

will have to issue new versions of the drivers when a new operating system or service
patch is released. When this occurs, Sunrise Systems will make the drivers available
on our website or via email.

22.3 Input errors

Input errors can occur when reading either old .DAT files or library files, or, more rarely, when
reading the newer .SDF data files and SLF library files. These errors should not occur, since
PIPENET wrote the files and they should be correct. However, with the older .DAT files and
library files, some users would edit the file directly using a simple text editor, and this could result
in errors. With the newer file formats (which can still be opened in a simple text editor), it is not
expected that users will directly edit the files.

One error that may occur with both the old and new types of file is that one of the library files
referenced by the main data file may be missing. In earlier versions of PIPENET, this could
occur if the .DAT file and the associated library files were moved to a new location, since the .
DAT file would contains references to the library files in their original location. With PIPENET
VISION, if a library file cannot be found in its original location, a search will be made in the
directory where the main data file (.SDF file) is located.

22.4 Global errors

These are errors detected when a check is performed, and which relate either to the network as
a whole or to some section of the network. For the Spray/Sprinkler module, the following errors
are possible, classified as errors, warnings or information:

At least one pipe type must be defined error

All pipes in a Spray/Sprinkler module must belong to a pipe type, therefore at least one
pipe type must have been defined.

A library deluge valve must be defined error

User-defined deluge valves are not allowed. There is a deluge valve in the network, but
there is no library deluge valve defined.

Blocked pipe found warning

A blocked pipe has been found this is a warning message only, but is noted since
blocked pipes can have an unexpected effect on a calculation. If this item is double-
clicked in the Check dialog the pipe with the block will be highlighted.

Broken pipe found warning

A broken pipe has been found this is a warning message only, but is noted since
blocked pipes can have an unexpected effect on a calculation. If this item is double-
clicked in the Check dialog the pipe with the break will be highlighted.

Height discrepancy discovered at node error

Pipe elevations are being used, and, in checking a loop, an error has been discovered;

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that is, the sum of all elevations in the loop does not sum to zero. Double-clicking on this
item will highlight the loop in error in the schematic. For further information see the
height checking section.

I/O node must be on a single pipe when using variable fluid properties and
volumetric flow rate - error
An input or output node must only be connected to one pipe when using variable fluid
properties and volumetric flow rate.

Most remote nozzle option specified but no nozzles in network - error

The Most remote nozzle specification option can only be used if there is at least one
nozzle present in the network.

Network is empty error

Network contains no components, and there is therefore nothing to calculate.

Network is over specified in analysis phase - error

There are too many specifications in the analysis phase; that is, the number of
specifications and number of input/output nodes do not meet the specification
requirements. This message is not produced if the Spray/Sprinkler module is being used
with the Mass Balance option.

Network is under specified in analysis phase error

There are insufficient specifications in the analysis phase; that is, the number of
specifications and number of input/output nodes do not meet the specification
requirements. This message is not produced if the Spray/Sprinkler module is being used
with the Mass Balance option.

Network is under specified in design phase - error

There are insufficient specifications in the design phase; that is, the number of
specifications and number of input/output nodes do not meet the specification
requirements.

Network must have at least one inlet - warning

The network must have at least one inlet.

Network must have outlets or nozzles error

The network must have one or more outlets.

No analysis phase pressure specification error

At least one pressure specification must be provided for the analysis phase see
specifications requirements. This message is not produced if the Spray/Sprinkler module
is being used with the Mass Balance option.

Non-pipe component has unequal input and output elevations - error

If node elevations are being used then the input and output nodes of all non-pipe

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 231 Spray/Sprinkler Module

components (for example pumps and valves) must have the same elevation.

This node may need to declared as an input node - warning

This warning message will appear for each node that has a single pipe that uses the node
as an input, but there is no pipe that uses the node as an output. That is, there appears to
be flow out of the node but there is no flow into the node.

This node may need to declared as an output node - warning

This warning message will appear for each node that has a single pipe that uses the node
as an output, but there is no pipe that uses the node as an input. That is, there appears to
be flow into the node but there is no flow out of the node.

No open nozzle found warning

One or more nozzles have been defined, and none of them are open.

One I/O node with no flow spec is required for Design - warning
If a design phase is being used then there must be at least one input/output node with no
flow specification see specifications requirements.

Pipe type <pipe-type-name> has a lining that is too thick error

The named pipe type has a lining with a thickness that is greater than or equal to half the
smallest used bore.

Reversed flow at inlet- warning

There is a reversed flow at an input node. This will occur if (and taking specifications into
account) the total flow into the network is greater than the flow out of the network, and
the node has been specified as an input node with the value for the flow specification
being unset.

Reversed flow at outlet- warning

There is a reversed flow at an output node. This will occur if (and taking specifications
into account) the total flow out of the network is greater than the flow into the network,
and the node has been specified as an output node with the value for the flow
specification being unset.

There must be at least two specifications - error

There must be at least two specifications provided for the analysis phase see
specifications requirements. This message is not produced if the Spray/Sprinkler module
is being used with the Mass Balance option.

22.5 Specific component errors

These are errors detected during a check operation, and relate to a single specific component.
These errors are self-explanatory, and usually relate to an incorrect or missing parameter.
Examples include:

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Elevation change exceeds length (pipes).

Minimum pressure must be less than the maximum pressure (nozzles).
Coefficients must be less than zero (filters).
Dump valve - Trigger pressure must be set and > 0.0 (overboard dump valves).
Flow density must be given (nozzles).
Pump efficiency must be given (pumps).
Orifice plate - pressure drop must be given (orifice plates).

Note that many of these errors are of the general form <attribute name> must be given, as in
the last three examples above, indicating that a value for the attribute has not been provided.

Double-clicking on the error in the Check status dialog will highlight the component in the
schematic.

22.6 Numerical errors

There is a general category of errors that cannot be detected in the GUI, as they can only be
checked by the calculator, either in setting up the calculation or during the calculation itself. For
example:

Calculation fails to converge this may because the calculation cannot be solved as
defined, or it may just require a few more iterations than are specified in the calculation
options. A calculation can also fail to converge if the network is incorrectly specified
in some way.

Also, note that, when you request a calculation, a check is performed first, and any errors or
warnings are displayed in the check status dialog.

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 Reference Data

Part

23
 Reference Data 234

23 Reference Data
23.1 Bibliography
[CRANE] Technical paper No. 410M, "Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and pipe",
Crane Co., 1988.

[NFPA13] NFPA 13, "Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems", NFPA 2013.

[NFPA15] NFPA 15, "Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection",
NFPA 2012.

[NFPA16] NFPA 16, "Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-
Water Spray Systems", NFPA 2011

[NFPA20] NFPA 20, "Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire
Protection", NFPA 2013

[NFPA750] NFPA 750, "Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems", NFPA 2010

[CHINGB] Code of Design for Sprinkler Systems GB 50084-2001, National Bureau of

Quality and Technology Supervision, P.R. China and Ministry of Construction,
P.R. China, April 5 2001.

[HPGL2] "The HP-GL/2 and HPRTL Reference Guide", Third edition, Addison Wesley,
1997.

[ACAD06] "DXF Reference", March 2006, Autodesk.

23.2 Properties of water

The physical properties of water are built into PIPENET. A selection of the properties for the
temperature range 5 - 90C are shown below.

Temp C Viscosity Density

Pa s Cp lb/ft.hr kg/m3 lb/ft3
5 0.001506 1.506 3.643 999.9 62.42
10 0.001300 1.300 3.145 999.7 62.41
15 0.001135 1.135 2.746 999.1 62.37
20 0.001002 1.002 2.424 998.2 62.32
25 0.000891 0.891 2.156 997.0 62.24
30 0.000797 0.797 1.928 995.6 62.15
35 0.000718 0.718 1.737 994.0 62.05
40 0.000651 0.651 1.575 992.2 61.94
50 0.000544 0.544 1.316 988.1 61.69

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 235 Spray/Sprinkler Module

60 0.000463 0.463 1.120 983.3 61.38

70 0.000400 0.400 0.968 977.5 61.02
80 0.000351 0.351 0.849 971.8 60.67
90 0.000311 0.311 0.752 965.3 60.2

23.3 Surface Roughness

The following table shows values of surface roughness for typical materials. These values have
been obtained from a number of sources, and are not endorsed by Sunrise Systems Limited.

Material Roughness

(mm) (inch)

Asbestos Cement 0.015 0.06 5.91 10-4 to 2.36 10-3

Brass 0.001 to 0.003 3.94 10-5 to 1.18 10-4

Cement smoothed 0.3 1.18 10-2

Concrete - ordinary 0.6 - 1.5 2.36 10-2 to 5.91 10-2

Concrete precast 0.06 0.6 2.36 10-3 to 2.36 10-2

Concrete coarse 0.3 5.0 1.18 10-2 to 1.97 10-1

Copper 0.001 to 0.003 3.94 10-5 to 1.18 10-4

Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) 0.03 0.06 1.18 10-3 to 2.36 10-3

Lead 0.001 to 0.003 3.94 10-5 to 1.18 10-4

PVC and plastic pipe 0.0015 0.007 5.91 10-5 to 1.18 10-4

Cast iron

New - unlined 0.25 to 0.8 9.84 10-3 to 3.15 10-2

Worn 0.8 to 1.5 3.15 10-2 to 5.91 10-2

Rusty 1.5 to 2.5 5.91 10-2 to 9.84 10-2

Asphalted 0.12 4.72 10-3

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 Reference Data 236

Material Roughness

(mm) (inch)

Steel

Stainless 0.015 5.91 10-4

Stainless fine drawn 0.0015 5.91 10-5

Commercial pipe 0.045 to 0.09 1.77 10-3 to 3.54 10-3

Stretched 0.015 5.91 10-4

Riveted 1.0 to 9.00 3.94 10-2 to 3.54 10-1

Welded 0.045 1.77 10-3

Galvanized 0.15 5.91 10-2

Rusted 0.1 1.0 3.94 10-3 to 3.94 10-2

When a range of values is provided, the lower value is for new pipes and the upper value is for
old pipes. When a single value is quoted, this is for new pipes. Unfortunately, there is no single
source for the above data, and the data has been compiled from a number of sources, including:

1. The Engineering Toolbox (www.engineeringtoolbox.com).

2. Binder, R.C. (1973), Fluid Mechanics, Prentice-Hall, Inc. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
3. Tables for Hydraulic design of Pipes, Sewers and Channels.
4. Coulson and Richardson, Chemical Engineering, Pergamon.

23.4 Hazen-Williams Coefficients

The following table provides guidance and suggested values for C-factors. These values have
been obtained from a number of sources, and are not endorsed by Sunrise Systems Limited.

Material C-factor

Possible values Suggested value

(NFPA13)

Asbestos Cement 140 - 150 140

Brass 120 - 150

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237 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Material C-factor

Possible values Suggested value

(NFPA13)

Black steel (dry systems) 100 100

Black steel (wet systems) 120 120

Cast iron

New unlined 120 - 130 100

10 years old 105 - 75

15 years old 100 60

20 years old 95 55

30 years old 85 45

50 years old 75 - 40

Bitumen-lined 140

Cement-lined 140 140

Concrete 85 - 150 140

Copper 120 - 150 150

Fibre glass pipe 150 - 160

Fire hose (rubber) 135

Galvanized steel 120 120

Lead 130 - 150

Polyethylene 150

PVC and plastic pipe 150 150

Stainless steel 150 150

Steel new and unlined 140 - 150

Steel, welded and seamless 100

Vitrified clays 110

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 Reference Data 238

When a range of values is provided the lower value is for new pipes and the upper value is for
old pipes. When a single value is quoted, this is for new pipes. Unfortunately, there is no single
source for the above data, and the data has been compiled from a number of sources, including:

1. The Engineering Toolbox (www.engineeringtoolbox.com).

2. Binder, R.C. (1973), Fluid Mechanics, Prentice-Hall, Inc. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
3. Tables for Hydraulic design of Pipes, Sewers and Channels.
4. Coulson and Richardson, Chemical Engineering, Pergamon.

23.5 Physical Constants

All values are SI.

Atmospheric Pressure 101325 Pascal

Acceleration due to gravity 9.80665 ms-2
0 C 273.15 Kelvin

23.6 FOC Rules

Equivalent Lengths (metres) of Fittings for FOC Rules Pipe Sizes 15mm to
40mm

Code Fitting Type mm 15.0 20.0 25.0 32.0 40.0

in. 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5

1 45 Screwed Elbow 0.34 0.34 0.4 0.55 0.66
2 90 Screwed Elbow 0.63 0.63 0.77 1.04 1.22
(Standard)
3 90 Welded Elbow (Long 0.3 0.3 0.36 0.49 0.56
Radius)
4 Screwed Tee or Cross (Flow 1.25 1.25 1.54 2.13 2.44
turned 90)
5 Gate Valve (Straightway) 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38
6 Alarm or Non-Return Valve 2.42 2.42 2.42 2.42 2.42
(Swinging)
7 Alarm or Non-Return Valve 12.08 12.08 12.08 12.08 12.08
(Mushroom)
8 Globe Valve (Straightway) 16.43 16.43 16.43 16.43 16.43
9 Butterfly Valve 2.19 2.19 2.19 2.19 2.19

Notes
1. Data is taken from 29th Edition FOC Rules, Table 6124.
2. The above values are used only for a Hazen-Williams C-Factor of 120. For other
values of the C factor, the values are scaled in accordance with Table 6124 of the

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239 Spray/Sprinkler Module

FOC Rules.
3. Equivalent lengths of 15mm fittings are assumed to be the same as the corresponding
20mm fitting.
4. Equivalent lengths of valves below 50mm are assumed to be the same as the
corresponding 50mm valve.

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 Reference Data 240

Pipe Sizes 50mm to 100mm

Code Fitting Type mm 50.0 65.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

in. 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

45 Screwed Elbow 0.76 1.02 1.27 1.44 1.61
90 Screwed Elbow 1.46 1.89 2.37 2.71 3.04
(Standard)
90 Welded Elbow (Long 0.69 0.88 1.1 1.26 1.43
Radius)
Screwed Tee or Cross (Flow 2.91 3.81 4.75 5.42 6.1
turned 90)
Gate Valve (Straightway) 0.38 0.51 0.63 0.72 0.81
Alarm or Non-Return Valve 2.42 3.18 3.94 4.5 5.07
(Swinging)
Alarm or Non-Return Valve 12.08 18.91 19.71 22.54 25.36
(Mushroom)
Globe Valve (Straightway) 16.43 21.64 26.8 30.64 34.48
Butterfly Valve 2.19 2.86 3.55 4.06 4.56

Notes
1. Data is taken from 29th Edition FOC Rules, Table 6124.
2. The above values are used only for a Hazen-Williams C-Factor of 120. For other
values of the C-factor, the values are scaled in accordance with Table 6124 of the
FOC Rules.
3. Equivalent lengths of 90mm fittings are the arithmetic means of the corresponding
80mm and 100mm fittings.

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Pipe Sizes 125mm to 900mm

Code Fitting Type mm 125 150 200 250 300 - 1200

in 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 - 48.0

1 45 Screwed Elbow 1.96 2.3 3.05 3.89 3.89
2 90 Screwed Elbow 3.67 4.3 5.67 7.42 7.42
(Standard)
3 90 Welded Elbow (Long 1.72 2.0 2.64 3.35 3.35
Radius)
4 Screwed Tee or Cross (Flow 7.36 8.61 11.34 14.85 14.85
turned 90)
5 Gate Valve (Straightway) 0.97 1.13 1.5 1.97 1.97
6 Alarm or Non-Return Valve 6.12 7.17 9.4 12.3 12.3
(Swinging)
7 Alarm or Non-Return Valve 30.62 35.88 47.27 61.85 61.85
(Mushroom)
8 Globe Valve (Straightway) 41.64 48.79 64.29 84.11 84.11
9 Butterfly Valve 5.47 6.38 8.62 9.9 9.9

Notes
1. Data is taken from 29th Edition FOC Rules, Table 6124.
2. The above values are used only for a Hazen-Williams C-Factor of 120. For other
values of the C-factor, the values are scaled in accordance with Table 6124 of the
FOC Rules.
3. All fittings above 250mm (10in) are assumed to have the same equivalent length as the
corresponding 250mm fitting.

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23.7 NFPA Rules

Equivalent Lengths (metres) of Fittings for NFPA Rules - Pipe Sizes 15.0mm
to 40mm

Nominal Pipe Size

Code Fitting Type mm 15.0 20.0 25.0 32.0 40.0

in 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5

1 Standard 45 Elbow 0.3048 0.3048 0.3048 0.3048 0.6096
2 Standard 90 Elbow 0.6096 0.6096 0.6096 0.9144 1.2192
3 Long radius Elbow 0.3048 0.3048 0.6096 0.6096 0.6096
4 Tee or Cross (Flow turned 90) 1.2192 1.2192 1.524 1.8288 2.4384
5 Gate Valve 0.3048 0.3048 0.3048 0.3048 0.3048
6 Swing Check Valve 1.2192 1.2192 1.524 2.1336 2.7432
7 Non-return Valve 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3
8 Ball Valve 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.37
9 Butterfly Valve 1.8288 1.8288 1.8288 1.8288 1.8288

Notes
1. Equivalent lengths are taken from NFPA 15 (2012) Table 8.5.2.1, except for fitting
types 7 and 8, which are manufacturers' data.
2. The above values are used only with a Hazen-Williams C-factor of 120. For other
values of the C-factor, the equivalent lengths are scaled in accordance with NFPA 15
Table 8.5.2.3 (g).
3. Equivalent lengths of 15mm fittings are assumed the same as the corresponding 20mm
fittings.
4. Equivalent lengths of gate and butterfly valves below 50mm are assumed the same as
the 50mm values.

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Pipe Sizes 50mm to 100mm

Nominal Pipe Size

Code Fitting Type mm 50.0 65.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

in 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

1 Standard 45 Elbow 0.6096 0.9144 0.9144 0.9144 1.2192
2 Standard 90 Elbow 1.524 1.8288 2.1336 2.4384 3.048
3 Long radius Elbow 0.9144 1.2192 1.524 1.524 1.8288
4 Tee or Cross (Flow turned 90) 3.048 3.6576 4.572 5.1816 6.096
5 Gate Valve 0.3048 0.3048 0.3048 0.3048 0.6096
6 Swing Check Valve 3.3528 4.2672 4.8768 5.7912 6.7056
7 Non-return Valve 4.3 5.2 6.1 6.9 7.7
8 Ball Valve 2.74 2.65 2.59 3.0 3.5
9 Butterfly Valve 1.8288 2.1336 3.048 3.6576 3.6576

Notes
1. Equivalent lengths are taken from NFPA 15 (2012) Table 8.5.2.1, except for fitting types 7
and 8 which are manufacturers' data.
2. The above values are used only with a Hazen-Williams C-factor of 120. For other values
ofthe C-factor, the equivalent lengths are scaled in accordance with NFPA 5 Table 8.5.2.3
(g).
3. The equivalent length of a 90mm butterfly valve is assumed the same as the 100 mm valve.

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Pipe Sizes 125mm to 300mm

Nominal Pipe Size

Code Fitting Type mm 125 150 200 250 300

in 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

1 Standard 45 Elbow 1.5240 2.1336 2.7432 3.3528 3.9624
2 Standard 90 Elbow 3.6576 4.2672 5.4864 6.7056 8.2296
3 Long radius Elbow 2.4384 2.7432 3.9624 4.8768 5.4864
4 Tee or Cross (Flow turned 90) 7.6200 9.1440 10.668 15.240 18.288
5 Gate Valve 0.6096 0.9144 1.2192 1.5240 1.8288
6 Swing Check Valve 8.2296 9.7536 13.716 16.764 19.812
7 Non-return Valve 10.000 12.200 15.300 19.800 23.000
8 Ball Valve 5.1000 6.7100 10.970 12.800 15.240
9 Butterfly Valve 2.7432 3.0480 3.6576 5.7912 6.4008

Notes
1. Equivalent lengths are taken from NFPA 15 (2012) Table 8.5.2.1, except for fitting types 7
and 8 which are manufacturers' data.
2. The above values are used only with a Hazen-Williams C-factor of 120. For other values of
the C-factor, the equivalent lengths are scaled in accordance with NFPA 15 Table 8.5.2.3.

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Pipe Sizes 350mm to 600mm

Nominal Pipe Size

Code Fitting Type mm 350 400 450 500 600

in 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0

1 Standard 45 Elbow 4.5720 5.1816 5.7912 6.4008 7.6200
2 Standard 90 Elbow 7.9248 9.1440 10.3632 11.5824 13.716
3 Long radius Elbow 6.4008 7.3152 8.2296 9.1440 10.668
4 Tee or Cross (Flow turned 90) 20.4216 23.7744 27.1272 30.1752 36.576
5 Gate Valve 2.1336 2.4384 2.7432 3.0480 3.6576
6 Swing Check Valve 38.100 44.196 50.292 60.960 67.056
7 Non-return Valve 23.000 23.000 23.000 23.000 23.000
8 Ball Valve 15.240 15.240 15.240 15.240 15.240
9 Butterfly Valve 7.3152 7.9248 9.1440 10.668 13.4112

Notes
1. The above values are used only with a Hazen-Williams C-factor of 120. For other values of
the C-factor, the equivalent lengths are scaled in accordance with NFPA 15 Table 8.5.2.3.
2. Equivalent lengths for these sizes are taken from Factory Mutual data sheet 2.89, except for
fittings types 7 and 8, which are manufacturer's data for 300 mm valves.

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Pipe Sizes 700mm to 900mm

Nominal Pipe Size

Code Fitting Type mm 700 750 800 850 900

in 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0

1 Standard 45 Elbow 9.0082 9.6516 10.295 10.9385 11.5819
1
2 Standard 90 Elbow 15.756 16.8821 18.007 19.1330 20.2585
6 5
3 Long radius Elbow 12.668 13.5733 14.478 15.3831 16.2879
4 2
4 Tee or Cross (Flow turned 90) 42.238 45.2550 48.272 51.2890 54.3060
0 0
5 Gate Valve 4.2061 4.5066 4.8070 5.1074 5.4079
6 Swing Check Valve 81.319 87.1280 92.936 98.7451 104.553
4 5 6
7 Non-return Valve 23.000 23.000 23.000 23.000 23.000
8 Ball Valve 15.240 15.240 15.240 15.240 15.240
9 Butterfly Valve 13.411 13.4112 13.411 13.4112 13.4112
2 2

Notes
1. The above values are used only with a Hazen-Williams C-factor of 120. For other values of
the C-factor, the equivalent lengths are scaled in accordance with NFPA 15 Table 8.5.2.3.
2. Equivalent lengths for pipe sizes above 600mm have been obtained by extrapolation from
equivalent lengths for the smaller pipe sizes.

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Pipe Sizes 950mm to 1200mm

Nominal Pipe Size

Code Fitting Type mm 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200

in 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0

1 Standard 45 Elbow 12.225 12.869 13.512 14.156 14.799 15.442
2 Standard 90 Elbow 21.384 22.510 23.635 24.7610 25.886 27.012
3 Long radius Elbow 17.193 18.098 19.002 19.907 20.812 21.717
4 Tee or Cross (Flow 57.323 60.340 63.357 66.374 69.391 72.408
turned 90)
5 Gate Valve 5.7084 6.0089 6.3094 6.6099 6.9104 7.2109
6 Swing Check Valve 110.362 116.171 121.979 127.788 133.596 139.405
7 Non-return Valve 23.000 23.000 23.000 23.000 23.000 23.000
8 Ball Valve 15.240 15.240 15.240 15.240 15.240 15.240
9 Butterfly Valve 13.4112 13.4112 13.4112 13.4112 13.4112 13.4112

Notes
1. The above values are used only with a Hazen-Williams C-factor of 120. For other values of
the C-factor, the equivalent lengths are scaled in accordance with NFPA 15 Table 8.5.2.3.
2. Equivalent lengths for pipe sizes above 600mm have been obtained by extrapolation from
equivalent lengths for the smaller pipe sizes.

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23.8 Chinese Standard (GB)

Equivalent Lengths (metres) of Fittings

With the Chinese Standard (GB) options, the equivalent lengths (metres) of fittings are same as
the table for NFPA rules, but without the C-factor limitations.

23.9 Schedule - BS 3505 Class D (uPVC)

Surface roughness 1.524x10-3mm (6.0x10-5in)

Nominal Diameter Internal Diameter Outside Diameter

mm in mm in mm in
15 0.5
20 0.75
25 1.0
32 1.25 37.65 1.481 42.25 1.663
40 1.5 42.95 1.692 48.25 1.9
50 2.0 53.85 2.12 60.35 2.376
65 2.5 67.15 2.644 75.35 2.967
80 3.0 79.2 3.118 88.9 3.5
90 3.5
100 4.0 101.7 4.004 114.3 4.5
125 5.0 124.9 4.918 140.2 5.5201
150 6.0 149.75 5.895 168.25 6.624
200 8.0 197.5 7.775 219.1 8.6260
250 10.0 246.1 9.689 273.0 10.748
300 12.0 291.95 11.495 323.85 12.75
350 14.0 320.4 12.6145 355.5 13.996
400 16.0 366.5 14.4285 406.4 16.0
450 18.0 412.2 16.2275 457.2 18.0

Notes
1. Internal and Outside diameters are arithmetic means of values given in BS.3505
(1968).
2. BS.3505 does not include metric nominal sizes; these have been retained for users'
convenience.

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 249 Spray/Sprinkler Module

23.10 Schedule - BS 1387 Heavy

Surface roughness 0.04572mm (0.0018 ins)

Nominal Diameter Internal Diameter Outside Diameter

mm in mm in mm in
15 0.5 14.9 0.5875 21.4 0.8435
20 0.75 20.4 0.8035 26.9 1.0595
25 1.0 25.7 1.011 33.8 1.331
32 1.25 34.4 1.352 42.5 1.672
40 1.5 40.3 1.584 48.4 1.904
50 2.0 51.3 2.022 60.3 2.374
65 2.5 67.0 2.6395 76.0 2.9915
80 3.0 79.1 3.1125 88.8 3.4965
90 3.5
100 4.0 103.3 4.0675 114.1 4.4915
125 5.0 128.85 5.0725 139.65 5.4965
150 6.0 154.3 6.075 165.1 6.499
200 8.0 200.0 8.0 200.0 8.0
250 10.0 250.0 10.0 250.0 10.0
300 12.0 300.0 12.0 300.0 12.0

Notes
1. Internal and outside diameters are arithmetic means of values given in BS.1387 (1967).
2. Nominal sizes have been used for internal and outside diameters for pipes in the range
200300mm (812 inch) for users' convenience.
3. This data is not part of BS.1387.

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 Reference Data 250

23.11 Schedule - BS 1387 Medium

Surface roughness 0.04572mm (0.0018 ins)

Nominal Diameter Internal Diameter Outside Diameter

mm in mm in mm in
15 0.5 16.1 0.6355 21.4 0.8435
20 0.75 21.6 0.8515 26.9 1.0595
25 1.0 27.3 1.075 33.8 1.331
32 1.25 36.0 1.416 42.5 1.672
40 1.5 41.9 1.648 48.4 1.904
50 2.0 53.0 2.086 60.3 2.374
65 2.5 68.7 2.7035 76.0 2.9915
80 3.0 80.7 3.1765 88.8 3.4965
90 3.5
100 4.0 105.1 4.1395 114.1 4.4915
125 5.0 129.95 5.1125 139.65 5.4965
150 6.0 155.4 6.115 165.1 6.499
200 8.0 200.0 8.0 200.0 8.0
250 10.0 250.0 10.0 250.0 10.0
300 12.0 300.0 12.0 300.0 12.0

Notes
1. Internal and outside diameters are arithmetic means of values given in BS.1387 (1967).
2. Nominal sizes have been used for internal and outside diameters for pipes in the range
200300mm. (812 inch) for users' convenience.
3. This data is not part of BS.1387.

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 251 Spray/Sprinkler Module

23.12 Schedule - ANSI B36.10 Schedule 40

Surface roughness 0.04572mm (0.0018 ins)

Nominal Diameter Internal Diameter Outside Diameter

mm in mm in mm in
15 0.5 15.76 0.622 21.3 0.84
20 0.75 20.96 0.824 26.7 1.05
25 1.0 26.64 1.049 33.4 1.315
32 1.25 35.08 1.38 42.2 1.66
40 1.5 40.94 1.61 48.3 1.9
50 2.0 52.48 2.067 60.3 2.375
65 2.5 62.68 2.469 73.0 2.875
80 3.0 77.92 3.068 88.9 3.5
90 3.5 90.12 3.548 101.6 4
100 4.0 102.26 4.026 114.3 4.5
125 5.0 128.2 5.047 141.3 5.563
150 6.0 154.08 6.065 168.3 6.625
200 8.0 202.74 7.981 219.1 8.625
250 10.0 254.56 10.02 273.1 10.75
300 12.0 303.28 11.938 323.9 12.75
350 14.0 333.34 13.124 355.6 14.0
400 16.0 381.0 15 406.4 16.0
450 18.0 428.46 16.876 457.0 18.0
500 20.0 477.82 18.812 508.0 20.0
600 24.0 575.04 22.624 610.0 24.0

Notes
1. Internal and outside diameters are taken from ANSI B36.10 (1979).
2. ANSI B36.10 does not include metric nominal sizes; however, these have been
retained for users' convenience.

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 Reference Data 252

23.13 Schedule - ANSI B36.10 Schedule 80

Surface roughness 0.04572mm (0.0018 ins)

Nominal Diameter Internal Diameter Outside Diameter

mm in mm in mm in
15 0.5 13.84 0.546 21.3 0.84
20 0.75 18.88 0.742 26.7 1.05
25 1.0 24.3 0.957 33.4 1.315
32 1.25 32.5 1.278 42.2 1.66
40 1.5 38.14 1.5 48.3 1.9
50 2.0 49.22 1.939 60.3 2.375
65 2.5 58.98 2.323 73.0 2.875
80 3.0 73.66 2.9 88.9 3.5
90 3.5 85.44 3.364 101.6 4.0
100 4.0 97.18 3.826 114.3 4.5
125 5.0 122.24 4.813 141.3 5.563
150 6.0 146.36 5.761 168.3 6.625
200 8.0 193.67 7.625 219.1 8.625
250 10.0 242.92 9.562 273.1 10.75
300 12.0 288.94 11.374 323.9 12.75
350 14.0 317.5 12.5 355.6 14.0
400 16.0 363.52 14.312 406.4 16.0
450 18.0 409.34 16.124 457.0 18.0
500 20.0 455.62 17.938 508.0 20.0
600 24.0 548.08 21.562 610.0 24.0

Notes
1. Internal and outside diameters are taken from ANSI B36.10 (1979).
2. ANSI B36.10 does not include metric nominal sizes; however, these have been
retained for users' convenience.

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 253 Spray/Sprinkler Module

23.14 Schedule - BS 1211 Class C (cast Iron)

Surface roughness 0.254mm (0.01 ins)

Nominal Diameter Internal Diameter Outside Diameter

mm in mm in mm in
15 0.5
20 0.75
25 1.0
32 1.25
40 1.5
50 2.0
65 2.5
80 3.0 80.772 3.18 95.504 3.76
90 3.5
100 4.0 106.172 4.18 121.92 4.8
125 5.0 132.588 5.22 149.86 5.9
150 6.0 158.496 6.24 177.292 6.98
200 8.0 210.312 8.28 232.156 9.14
250 10.0 262.128 10.32 286.004 11.26
300 12.0 319.024 12.56 345.44 13.6
350 14.0 370.84 14.6 399.288 15.72
400 16.0 422.656 16.64 453.136 17.84
450 18.0 474.472 18.68 506.984 19.96
500 20.0 526.288 20.72 560.3241 22.06
600 24.0 629.412 24.78 667.004 26.26

Notes
1. Imperial sizes taken from BS.1211 (1958).
2. This standard does not include metric sizes; these have been obtained by direct
conversion of the internal and outside diameters given in inches.

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 Reference Data 254

23.15 Schedule - Copper/Nickel (90/10) 14 bar g

Surface roughness 1.524 x10-3mm (6.0x10-5in)

Nominal Diameter Internal Diameter Outside Diameter

mm in mm in mm in
15 0.5 14.0 0.5512 16.0 0.6299
20 0.75 22.0 0.8661 25.0 0.9843
25 1.0 27.0 1.063 30.0 1.1811
32 1.25 35.0 1.378 38.0 1.4961
40 1.5 41.5 1.6339 44.5 1.752
50 2.0 54.0 2.126 57.0 2.2441
65 2.5
80 3.0 72.1 2.8386 76.1 2.9961
90 3.5 83.9 3.3031 88.9 3.5
100 4.0 103.0 4.0551 108.0 4.252
125 5.0
150 6.0 154.0 6.063 159.0 6.2598
200 8.0 212.1 8.3504 219.1 8.6260
250 10.0 259.0 10.1969 267.0 10.5118
300 12.0 313.9 12.3583 323.9 12.752
350 14.0 357.0 14.0551 368.0 14.4882
400 16.0 407.0 16.0236 419.0 16.4961
450 18.0 443.2 17.4488 457.2 18.0
500 20.0 493.0 19.4094 508.0 20.0
600 24.0 592.0 23.3071 610.0 24.0157

Notes
1. Outside diameters to BS.2871, Part 2, Table 3; BSMA 18, Table 2; BSMA 60. Wall
thicknesses conform to Lloyds offshore requirements.
2. Imperial sizes are direct conversions of the metric data.
3. Nominal sizes are included for users' convenience.

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 255 Spray/Sprinkler Module

23.16 Schedule - Copper/Nickel (90/10) 20 Bar g

Surface roughness 1.524 x 10-3mm (6.0x10-5in)

Nominal Diameter Internal Diameter Outside Diameter

mm in mm in mm in
15 0.5 14.0 0.5512 16.0 0.6299
20 0.75 22.0 0.8661 25.0 0.9843
25 1.0 27.0 1.063 30.0 1.1811
32 1.25 35.0 1.378 38.0 1.4961
40 1.5 41.5 1.6339 44.5 1.752
50 2.0 54.0 2.126 57.0 2.2441
65 2.5
80 3.0 72.1 2.8386 76.1 2.9961
90 3.5 83.9 3.3031 88.9 3.5
100 4.0 103.0 4.0551 108.0 4.252
125 5.0
150 6.0 152.0 5.9843 159.0 6.2598
200 8.0 210.1 8.2717 219.1 8.6260
250 10.0 256.0 10.0787 267.0 10.5118
300 12.0 309.9 12.2008 323.9 12.752
350 14.0 352.0 13.8583 368.0 14.4882
400 16.0 401.0 15.7874 419.0 16.4961
450 18.0 438.2 17.252 457.2 18.0
500 20.0 486.0 19.1339 508.0 20.0
600 24.0 584.0 22.9921 610.0 24.0157

Notes
1. Outside diameters to BS.2871, Part 2, Table 3; BSMA 18, Table 2; BSMA 60. Wall
thicknesses conform to Lloyds offshore requirements.
2. Imperial sizes are direct conversions of the metric data.
3. Nominal sizes are included for users' convenience.

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 Reference Data 256

23.17 DXF Ouput

Via the Tools | Export DXF file menu option, the schematic can be output as an AutoCAD
DXF ASCII file. The format of the DXF files produced is according to the Autodesk DXF
Reference March 2006 [ACAD06]. The DXF format is a complex format, and one that can
change with releases of AutoCAD. The output produced by PIPENET has been verified by
loading the files into AutoCAD 2008, but is also known to be compatible with a number of other
CAD programs; for example, QCAD (a low cost CAD program from RibbonSoft) and
progCAD 2007 (ProgeSOFT).

The DXF file specifies the following layers:

SCHEMATIC - the main part of the schematic including all nodes and components.
NLABELS - node labels.
CLABELS - component labels.
INDICATORS - fittings symbol (blue lozenge) and directional arrows.
TEXT - text items other than node and component labels.

The following screenshots show model and paper layouts:

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257 Spray/Sprinkler Module

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 Report Generator

Part

24
 259 Spray/Sprinkler Module

24 Report Generator
24.1 Introduction
The PIPENET report generator is a Microsoft Word template add-in. Using it:

Word can open up a report file generated by PIPENET, and offer up the sub-sections of
the report in the form of a menu to pick from.

Once the user picks a sub-section, the corresponding content is copied into your Word
document at the insertion point. In practical terms, this might generate a section
heading, a title for a picture, or insert a table of data.

If the PIPENET report is regenerated after changes to the model, the Word report can
itself be regenerated to use the new results.

Other Word features such as formatting, or inserting images or other content, remain
available as usual.

24.2 Prerequisities
Microsoft Office 2007 or later

PIPENET 1.6 or later

24.3 Installing the report generator

To install the PIPENET Report Generator locate setup.exe in the PIPENET installation directory
e.g. C:\Program Files (x86)\Pipenet\PIPENET Vision 1.xx\Report Generator and double click it.

From the same directory locate ReportGeneratorTemplate.dotx file and copy it to your
computers local disk (for example your documents directory).

24.4 Open the Project Template Document

Double Click on the ReportGeneratorTemplate.dotx word template file which was saved in
the previous step. This will start Word.

Depending on your company and project practices, you might choose to create one report
template for your whole business, or one for each piece of your project (or both). For the
purposes of this document we will assume just one template is sufficient.

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 Report Generator 260

24.5 Prepare the document titles, headers and footers

As required, add a title page or pages, headers and footers to the report generator template.

From the Microsoft Word developer menu select a plain text content control and add controls
to the title page the header and footer and as illustrated in figures 1 to 3, label the content
controls Title-1, Title-2, Title-4 and Title-4. When you load the PIPENET results file, the report
generator will bind these controls to results file elements with the same name replacing the
text with the text defined in the results file.

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 261 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Save the document as a Word template document ensuring that the file name has been
changed.

24.6 Create a PIPENET report file

Open and analyse a PIPENET data model and make a note of the directory location the XML
results file is saved in (in the Spray and Standard modules the results file is saved in the same
directory as the SDF file).

24.7 Merge the report file and the template

Return to the Word template and select the file open icon on the document actions pane
(Figure 4 Document Actions Pane). Load the results file created by PIPENET.

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 Report Generator 262

You should notice that the text in the content controls you added to the title page and to the
headers and footers have been set to values read from the elements in results file. That is,
the text in the Title-1 content control will now have the same value as Title-1 node in the
results file (Figure 5 Updated Title Page).

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263 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Open the max-min-pressure node.

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 Report Generator 264

Set the document insertion point by clicking somewhere in the document.

Right click the Maximum/Minimum node. This will bring up a menu of actions.

Execute the insert content command. The Maximum/Minimum table is added to the
document.

You can then format the table and maybe add a total row using standard Microsoft Word
commands, as seen below.

24.8 Updating the model and the report

Now return to PIPENET and reload the same model that you used to create the original results
file. Modify one or more of the models parameters (for example the output pressure of a
pipe) and via Options->Title, change the title of the model.

Rerun the calculation, saving the results to a different file than before.

Return to Word. Right click the root node of the tree control in the document actions pane and
select update report (Figure 9 Updating a report)

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 265 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Browse to and select the newly created results file. The document will now update to reflect
the changed title - any other modifications you made to the model will also be reflected in
the document. Also if you added a totals row to the Maximum/Minimum table, the results
will also be updated.

24.9 Microsoft Office Technology used

The PIPENET report generator utilizes Custom XML Parts and Content Controls which were
introduced in 2007 to Microsoft Word.

Custom XML parts were introduced in the 2007 Microsoft Word system, along with the Open
XML Formats. These formats introduced a new XML-based file format for Word (i.e. .docx).
Documents in this format consist of XML files (also named XML parts) that are organized in
folders in a ZIP archive. Most of the XML parts are built-in parts that help to define the
structure and the state of the document. However, documents can also contain custom XML
parts, which you can use to store arbitrary XML data in the documents. The report generator
exploits custom XML parts.

Content controls are bounded and potentially labeled regions in a document that serve as
containers for specific types of content. Individual content controls can contain content such
as dates, lists, or paragraphs of formatted text. They enable you to create rich, structured
blocks of content. Content controls enable you to create templates that insert well-defined
blocks into your documents. Content controls also build on the custom XML Parts by allowing
applications to map the Content Controls to elements contained in a Custom XML Part and it is
this feature of content controls which the report generator uses.

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 Index 266

Drawing Components 97

Index General Pressure Loss Component

Invalid
Pipes
46, 97, 116
186
207

Properties 16
-A- Specific Errors
Undefined
231
46, 97
Appearance 13 Condensate tank deluge system 65
Area tool 93 Contacting Sunrise Systems 4
Autolayout 134, 151 Control valves
Flow Density 151 Library 24
Spray Diagrams 151 Convergence accuracy 179
Autosave 20 Copy/Paste 22, 92, 93, 94, 105
Coulson-Richardson 186, 188, 189
-B- Crane 199
Crosses 210
Background colours 124, 177 Cursor keys 100
Basic Errors 228
Bernoulli 188 -D-
Bibliography 234
Blocks 111 Data Window 104
Breaks 111 Deluge Valves
Browse 26 Advance Modelling Techniques 193
Library 166
BS1042 199
Modelling 192
-C- Design facility
Design Phase
184
38, 184
Calculate 26 Display options 177
Calculation Display Precisions 172
Checking 26 Drawing Components 97
Menu 26
Options 26 -E-
Calculation options 179
Calculation phase 38 Edit Menu 22
Calculation toolbar 31 Editing system libraries 166
C-factor 189, 236 Elastomeric valve
Chinese Standard (GB) 169, 186, 199, 248 Modelling 197
Closing a file 20 Elevation profile 126
Colour schemes 120 Equipment items 191
Colouration menu 26 Errors 228
Complex colouring rules 120 Examples
Complex links 26 Example 1 37
Complex nodes 26 Example 2 52
Example 3 65
Components
Adding Components to Pipes 98 Example 4 77
Component Tools 97, 98 Example 5 85
Examples directory 2

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 267 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Exit the program 20 Display Options 177

Expiry date
Checking 6 -H-
Licencing 6
Explode node 92 Hazen-Williams 186, 187, 189
Export Coefficients 236
Clipboard 27 Height Checking 116, 117, 126
DXF file 27 Height Check Tolerance 179
HP-GL/2 27 Help topics 28
Exporting the schematic Henri Darcy 188
AutoCAD 256 Heriot-Watt 199
DXF 100, 256 Hydraulic grade line 128
HPGL 100
HP-GL/2 226 -I-
-F- I/O nodes 36
Including validation in output file 181
Fanning friction factor 188 Inlets 36
File menu 20 Input data 26
Filters Input errors 229
Modelling 191
Installation 6
Find Toolbar Invalid components 46
<Any> 32
Invert 22
Find button 32
Iterations 179
Next button 32
Fittings
Crosses 210
-K-
Fittings window 18
Library 24 Key status 28
Tees
Flow Density
210
151
-L-
Fluids
Library 24 Labels 35
Display Options 177
FOC 169
Labelling the Diagram 35
FOC rules 238 Tagged 72
Font sizes 177
Laminar flow 188
Frictional pressure loss 187, 188
Library

-G- Control Valves

Deluge Valves
24
166
Editing System Libraries 24
General Pressure Loss Component 207 Editor 158
Global errors 229 Export 20, 157
GPLC 207 Fittings 24
Graphical Underlay Fluids 24
Import 23 Import 20, 157
View 23 Linings 165
Grid Local User Library 157

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 Index 268

Library Nozzles
Nozzle library 161 Add Multiple Nozzles 27
Open 20, 157 Generation 154
Pipe Schedules 24 Library 161
Pumps 24 Modelling 206
Pumps - Coefficients Known 164 Most Remote Nozzle 110, 184
Pumps - Coefficients Unknown 162 Operating Point 15
System Libraries 166 Specification 114
System Library 157 NPSH 200
License 6 NPSHA 200
Line thickness 177 NPSHR 200
Lines per page 179 Numerical errors 232
Linings
Library
Modelling
165
186
-O-
Local user library 157 Opening a file 20
Options Menu
-M- Calculation options 25
Defaults Options 25, 182
Maintenance Area Sprinkler System 85 Display options 25
Mass balance 184 Module options 25
Mass Flow 172 Output tables options 25
Menu Style Pipe type option 25
PIPENET Menu Style 28 Title option 25
Windows Menu Style 28 Units option 25
Mirror 22 Options toolbar 30
Module options 169 Orifice plates
BS 1042 199
Moody diagram 188
Chinese Standard (GB) 199
Most Remote Nozzle 110, 184
Crane 199
Moving around the network 100
Heriot-Watt 199
Multiple Components
Modelling 199
Add Nozzles 27
Add pipes 27, 131 Outlets 36
Overboard dump valves
-N- Modelling 197
Specifications 197
Overview Window 19
Network
Navigating 100
Network representation 35 -P-
Network topology 37
NFPA Pan 93, 101
NFPA 2013 169 Paste in column 22
NFPA pre - 1996 169 Path
NFPA Submittal Report 26, 213 Make a path 27
Rules 242 Path Construction 126
Non-return valves Physical constants 238
Modelling 196 Pipe types

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 269 Spray/Sprinkler Module

Pipe types Sensor 200

Creating a pipe type 176 Variable speed pump 200
Deleting a pipe type 176 Pumps - coefficients unknown
Editing a pipe type 176 Adding a pump 162
No pipe type 176 Deleting a pump 162
Pipes Editing a pump 162
Add multiple pipes 27, 131
Chinese Standard (GB)
Coulson-Richardson 186
186 -R-
Hazen-Williams 186 Reference node
Hydrostatic Pressure Loss 189 Height 179
Modelling 186 Specification 179
Pipe component tools 98 Results
Pipe grouping 38 Display Options 177
Pipe Sizing 26
Roughness 235
Schedules 24, 160
Polygon tool
Prerequisites
94
6
-S-
Pressures in a ring main 77 Save as 20
Printing Saving a file 20
Data Grid 104
Schedules
Data Window 104 Adding a schedule 160
Print preview 20, 98 ANSI B36.10 Schedule 40 251
Print setup 98 ANSI B36.10 Schedule 80 252
Printing the Schematic 20 BS 1211 Class C (cast Iron) 253
Schematic 98 BS 1387 Heavy 249
Tabular View 104 BS 1387 Medium 250
Product modules 3 BS 3505 Class D (uPVC) 248
Properties Window 15 Copper/Nickel (90/10) 14 bar g 254
Scroll buttons 16 Copper/Nickel (90/10) 20 bar g 255
Pump Library Deleteing a schedule 160
Coefficients Known 164 Editing a schedule 160
Coefficients Unknown 162 Library 24
Cubic pump curve 200 Schematic
Cubic spline 200 Export 100
Degeneration factor 200 Overview window 19
Quadratic pump curve 200 Printing 98
Smooth pump curve 200 Schematic Diagrams 35
Pumps Schematic Window 14, 91
Cavitation 200 Underlay 91
Library 24, 200 View Schematic Overview 23
Modelling 200 View Schematic Window 23
NPSH 200 Schmatic
NPSHA 200 Export 226, 256
NPSHR 200
Security key 6
On/Off 200 Problems 7
Operating Point 15
Selection
Pump setting 200

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 Index 270

Selection Toolbar 32, 72

Selecting several components 92 Tees 210
Selection tool 92 Temporary path 179
Simple colouring rules 26, 120 Text tool
Simple three pipe system 37 Adding Text 96
Small Sprinkler System 52 Moving and editing text 96
Spec. for calculation 26 Title 169
Specific component errors 231 Tool tips 177
Specifications 109 Tools menu 27
Adding specificationd 111 Transitional flow 188
Calculation 179 Turbulent flow 188
Checking specifications 111
Checks
Nozzles
116
114
-U-
Overboard Dump Valves 197
Undefined components 46
Removing specifications 111
Underlay
Specification rules 110 .DXF 91
Spray Diagrams 151 .EMF 91
Spray Options 169 .WMF 91
Spray tables 181 Undo/Redo 22
Spray Toolbar 29 Units
Status Bar Changing units 172
View 23 Display precisions 172
Status checking Mass flow 172
Status Dialog 116 Unit conversion tool 172
Sub-Networks Units 172
Creating Sub-Networks 134 Volumetric flow 172
Support 3 Update key 28
Surface roughness 235 Updating a license
System Libraries 24 Remote Update 6
System library 157
-V-
-T-
Velocity pressure 169, 189
Tables 181 Version numbers 28
Tabular view 15 View Menu 23
Add to report 104 View Palette 23
Cell shading 104 View Toolbar 23
Editing a cell 104 Volumetric Flow 172
Printing the grid 104
Selecting a row
Sorting in the grid
104
104
-W-
Tags Water Properties 234
Labels 72
Waypoints 97
Removing Tags 27 Adding Waypoints 92
Tagging 123
Welcome 2
Tagging Selected Items 27
Window menu 28

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 271 Spray/Sprinkler Module

-Z-
Zoom 93, 101

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