Transmission line

Different types of transmission line

Transmission line per unit length parameters
Telegrapher equation
Power Flow

Lecture-2 Prepared by Dr. P.K. Saha 1

Lecture-2 Prepared by Dr. P.K. Saha 2
Propagation of voltage signal is modeled as a transmission line
(TL). Voltage and current can propagate along a TL as waves

Types of TL
Two wire (ex. Telephone line, power line etc)
Propagating modes TEM
External interference and crosstalk problem
Co-axial (ex. TV cable, input/output cables for HF precision instrument)
Propagating mode TEM
Little external interference is coupled in the line
Parallel plate
Propagating mode is TEM
Microstrip, stripline, coplanar waveguide etc
Propagating mode is higher, no external interference, low loss
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 Transmission line analysis

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 R= series resistance perunit length for both conductors
L=Series inductance perunit length for both conductors
G= Shunt conductance perunit length (Due to dielectric
loss in the material between the conductors
C=Shunt capacitance per unit length (Due to the close
proximity of the two conductors)

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 Transmission line Parameters
Parameters Two wire Co-axial Parallel plate Unit
/m
R R Rs 1 1
s + 2 Rs
2 a b
a w
H/m
b
L d
ln
2 a
+ ( )
d
2a
1
2

ln
2 a
d
w
2 S/m
G
ln d +
2a
( )
d
2a
1
2

b
ln
a
w
d
2 F/m

( ) w
C
ln d + 1 b
2
d ln
2a 2a a d
a=radius of the wire a=outer radius of inner conductor w = width of each plate
d=spacing between two wire b=inner radius of outer conductor d=spacing between two
plate
f c
Where, Rs =
c
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 Telegrapher equation for lossy transmission line

Applying KCL,
Applying KVL, v( z + z , t )
i ( z , t ) = Gzv( z + z , t ) + Cz + i ( z + z , t )
t
i ( z , t )
v( z , t ) = Rzi ( z , t ) + Lz + v ( z + z , t ) v( z + z , t )
t i ( z + z , t ) i ( z , t ) = Gzv( z + z , t ) Cz
t
i ( z , t )
v( z + z , t ) v( z , t ) = Rzi ( z , t ) Lz (2)
t
(1)
Divide (1) by z and taking limit z 0 Divide (2) by z and taking limit z 0

v( z , t ) i ( z , t ) i ( z , t ) v( z , t )
= Ri ( z , t ) L = Gv( z , t ) C
t t t t

These equations are the time domain form of Transmission

line or telegrapher equations
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 Telegrapher equation for ideal transmission line

i(z,t) i(z+z, t)
V(z,t)

(1)

(2)

(3)

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 For sinusoidal steady state condition with cosine based phasor
telegrapher equations for lossy line can be written as

dV ( z )
= ( R + jL ) I ( z )
dz (3)
dI ( z )
= (G + jC )V ( z )
dz (4)

For lossless line

dV ( z )
= jLI ( z )
dz
dI ( z )
= jCV ( z )
dz

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Differentiating (3) respect to z Differentiating (4) respect to z
and then substituting dI(z)/dz and then substituting dv(z)/dz
from 4 from 3
d 2V ( z ) dI ( z )
= ( R + j L ) d 2 I ( z) dV ( z )
dz 2 dz = ( G + j C )
dz 2 dz
d 2V ( z )
= ( R + jL){ (G + jC )V ( z )} d 2 I ( z)
dz 2
2
= (G + jC ){ ( R + jL) I ( z )}
dz
d 2V ( z )
= ( R + jL)(G + jC )V ( z ) d 2 I ( z)
dz 2 = ( R + jL)(G + jC ) I ( z )
dz 2
d 2V ( z )
= 2V ( z ) d 2 I ( z)
dz 2
2
= 2 I ( z)
dz
d 2V ( z )
2V ( z ) = 0 d 2 I ( z)
dz 2
2
2 I ( z) = 0
dz

Where is the propagation constant For lossless line

and = ( R + jL)(G + jC ) = j LC
=Attenuation constant =Attenuation constant=0
=+j
=Phase constant
Lecture-2 Prepared by Dr. P.K. Saha 11
 Wave propagation on Transmission line

d 2V ( z )
2
2
V ( z) = 0
dz
d 2 I ( z)
2
2
I ( z) = 0
dz
Traveling wave solution
V ( z ) = V0+ e z + V0 e +z (5)
I ( z ) = I 0+ e z + I 0 e +z (6)
e-z represent wave propagation in the +z direction (Forward wave/incident wave)
ez represent wave propagation in the -z direction(Backward wave/reflected wave)

Differentiating 5 w.r.to z
dV ( z )
= V0+ e z + V0 ez (7)
dz

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 Divide (7) by (R+jL) gives
I ( z) =

R + jL
[V + z
0 e V0 e +z ]
I ( z) = [
1 + z
V0 e V0 e +z ] (8) I ( z ) = I 0+ e z + I 0 e +z
Z0 (6)
Where Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line
R + j L
Z0 =
For lossless line Z0 =
L
R + j L C
Z0 =
G + jC

Comparing 6 and 8
+ V0+
I =
0
Z0
V0
I =
0
Z0

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 Characteristic Impedance

The ratio of the voltage amplitude to current amplitude at any

point z for an infinitely long line for each of the travelling wave
is independent of z is called characteristic impedance Z0.

Phase velocity is defined as

1
up = =
LC

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Problem-1
Determine the capacitance and inductance per unit length of a
lossless co-axial transmission line with inner and outer radius
of 1 mm and 4.75 mm respectively. The insulating material
that separates the conductors is polythylene with a permittivity
of 3.50 . Also find the characteristic impedance of line, phase
velocity of the line and the delay on the transmission line if the
co-axial line length is 10 m.

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