Scilab Textbook Companion for

Engineering Physics
by H. K. Malik, A. Singh1

Created by
Prashant Singh
B.TECH.
Mechanical Engineering
Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology
College Teacher
Satya Pal Singh
Cross-Checked by
Dr. Sunil Singla

May 23, 2016

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description

Title: Engineering Physics

Author: H. K. Malik, A. Singh

Publisher: Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi

Edition: 1

Year: 2010

ISBN: 9780070671539

1
 Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

2
Contents

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 INTERFERENCE 5

2 DIFFRACTION 40

3 POLARISATION 68

4 LASERS AND HOLOGRAPHY 85

5 FIBRE OPTICS 91

6 ELECTRON OPTICS 100

7 WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS 107

8 SOUND WAVES AND ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS 115

9 DIELECTRICS 123

10 ELECTROMAGNETISM 128

11 THEORY OF RELATIVITY 137

12 APPLIED NUCLEAR PHYSICS 157

13 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 182

14 DEVELOPMENT OF QUANTUM MECHANICS 198

3
15 QUANTUM MECHANICS 229

16 FREE ELECTRON THEORY 245

17 BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS 253

18 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 257

19 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 270

20 X RAY 275

22 NANOPHYSICS 287

4
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1 Calculation of time Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Exa 1.2 Calculation No of oscillations of . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Exa 1.3 Calculation of Coherence time and Line width and Fre-
quency stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 1.4 Calculation of Coherence length . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 1.5 Calculation of The ratio of coherence length of mercury
vapour lamp to the coherence length of He Ne laser . . 7
Exa 1.6 Calculation of Coherence length of laser . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.7 Calculation of Coherence length of monochromatic light
and band width and line width . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.8 Calculation of Coherence time of red cadmium line and
Spectral line width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.9 Calculation of Ratio of maximum intensity with mini-
mum intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.10 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 1.11 Calculation of Fringe width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 1.12 Calculation of Fringe width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 1.13 Calculation of Thickness of glass . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 1.14 Calculation of Distance between coherent sources . . . 13
Exa 1.15 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Exa 1.16 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 1.17 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 1.18 Calculation of No of fringes observed in field of view in
second case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Exa 1.19 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film . . . . . . . 17
Exa 1.20 Calculation of Thickness of oil film . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 1.21 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film for bright
fringe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5
Exa 1.22 Calculation of Thickness of oil film . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 1.23 Calculation of No of dark bands seen between wave-
lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 1.24 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film for bright
fringe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 1.25 Calculation of Thickness of the film . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 1.26 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film for bright
fringe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exa 1.27 Calculation of Thickness of the film . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exa 1.28 Calculation of Thickness of wire . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 1.29 Calculation of Fringe width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 1.30 Calculation of Fringe width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exa 1.31 Calculation of Fringe width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 1.32 Calculation of Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 1.33 Calculation of Angle of wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 1.34 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 1.35 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exa 1.36 Calculation of Diameter of 7th bright ring . . . . . . . 28
Exa 1.37 Calculation of Diameter of dark ring . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 1.38 Calculation of Diameter of nth dark ring . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 1.39 Calculation of Refractive index of liquid . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 1.40 Calculation of Refractive index of liquid . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 1.41 Calculation of Refractive index of liquid . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 1.42 Calculation of The radius of smallest dark ring . . . . 31
Exa 1.43 Calculation of the ratio refractive index of media . . . 32
Exa 1.44 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 1.45 Calculation of Refractive index of liquid . . . . . . . . 33
Exa 1.46 Calculation of Distance between 5th and 15th dark ring 34
Exa 1.47 Calculation of Refractive index of mica . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 1.48 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 1.49 Calculation of Thickness of the plate . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 1.50 Calculation of The path difference . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exa 1.51 Calculation of Wavelength of monochromatic light . . 37
Exa 1.52 Calculation of The distance through which the movable
mirror is move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Exa 1.53 Calculation of Difference between two wavelengths . . 38
Exa 1.54 Calculation of Refractive index of gas . . . . . . . . . 38

6
Exa 2.1 Calculation of Radius of half period zone and Area of
half period zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 2.2 Calculation of Radius of half period zone . . . . . . . 41
Exa 2.3 Calculation of Radius of half period zone . . . . . . . 41
Exa 2.4 Calculation of No of half period zone . . . . . . . . . 42
Exa 2.5 Calculation of Distance of screen from opening . . . . 43
Exa 2.6 Calculation of Radius of first and second and third half
period zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exa 2.7 Calculation of Radius of half period zone . . . . . . . 44
Exa 2.8 Calculation of Focal length and Power and Diameter of
first zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 2.9 Calculation of Focal length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 2.10 Calculation of No of zone of Fresnel . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 2.11 Calculation of Distance of first image from zone plate 46
Exa 2.12 Calculation of Principal focal length of zone plate . . . 47
Exa 2.13 Calculation of Angular spread of the central maxima . 48
Exa 2.14 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 2.15 Calculation of Angular position of second and third min-
ima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 2.16 Calculation of Half angular width of the central bright
maxima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 2.17 Calculation of Slit width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 2.18 Calculation of Angular spread and linear width . . . . 51
Exa 2.20 Calculation of Angular width of the central maxima . 51
Exa 2.21 Calculation of Separation of dark band . . . . . . . . . 52
Exa 2.22 Calculation of Separation of dark band on either side of
the central maximum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 2.23 Calculation of Missing orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 2.24 Calculation of Wavelength of light and Missing order . 54
Exa 2.25 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Exa 2.26 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Exa 2.27 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Exa 2.28 Calculation of No of lines in per cm . . . . . . . . . . 56
Exa 2.29 Calculation of Angle of separation . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Exa 2.30 Calculation of Angle of separation . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 2.31 Calculation of No of lines per cm . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exa 2.32 Calculation of Difference in two wavelength . . . . . . 59
Exa 2.33 Calculation of Order of spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

7
Exa 2.34 Calculation of Order of spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exa 2.35 Calculation of Observed order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 2.36 Calculation of Dispersive power . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 2.37 Calculation of Minimum no of lines in grating . . . . . 62
Exa 2.38 Calculation of Minimum no of lines in grating . . . . . 63
Exa 2.39 Calculation of Grating space and Total width of ruled
surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Exa 2.40 Calculation of The separation of two points on moon . 64
Exa 2.41 Calculation of Diameter of telescope objective . . . . . 65
Exa 2.42 Calculation of Diameter of telescope objective . . . . . 65
Exa 2.43 Calculation of Max distance of pin holes from microscope 66
Exa 2.44 Calculation of The resolving limit of microscope . . . . 67
Exa 2.45 Calculation of Numerical aperture of objective . . . . 67
Exa 3.1 Calculation of Brewster angle and Angle of refraction . 68
Exa 3.2 Calculation of Angle of Brewster . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Exa 3.3 Calculation of difference between polarization angle . . 69
Exa 3.4 Calculation of Angle of minimum deviation . . . . . . 69
Exa 3.5 Calculation of Brewster angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Exa 3.6 Calculation of Angle of incidence and angle of refraction 71
Exa 3.7 Calculation of Ratio between transmitted intensity to
incident intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 3.8 Calculation of The angle between characteristics direc-
tions of the sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Exa 3.9 Calculation of Angle between the nicol prisms . . . . . 73
Exa 3.10 Calculation of Percentage reduction in intensity of light 73
Exa 3.11 Calculation of Angle between the Nicols . . . . . . . . 74
Exa 3.12 Calculation of Thickness of half wave plate of quartz . 75
Exa 3.13 Calculation of Thickness of quartz plate . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 3.14 Calculation of Thickness quartz plate . . . . . . . . . 76
Exa 3.15 Calculation of Thickness of calcite plate . . . . . . . . 77
Exa 3.16 Calculation of Thickness of quartz plate . . . . . . . . 77
Exa 3.17 Calculation of Thickness of quartz plate . . . . . . . . 78
Exa 3.18 Calculation of Thickness of quartz plate . . . . . . . . 78
Exa 3.19 Calculation of Thickness of quartz plate . . . . . . . . 79
Exa 3.20 Calculation of Concentration of sugar solution . . . . 79
Exa 3.21 Calculation of Specific rotation of sugar solution . . . 80
Exa 3.22 Calculation of Specific rotation of sugar solution . . . 81
Exa 3.23 Calculation of Concentration of sugar solution . . . . 81

8
Exa 3.24 Calculation of Concentration of sugar solution . . . . 82
Exa 3.25 Calculation of Specific rotation of sugar solution . . . 82
Exa 3.26 Calculation of Optical rotation of diluted solution . . . 83
Exa 4.1 Calculation of Ratio of population of upper level to the
lower energy level and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . 85
Exa 4.2 Calculation of Beam divergence angle . . . . . . . . . 86
Exa 4.3 Calculation of Total energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Exa 4.4 Calculation of Power per unit area delivered by the laser 88
Exa 4.5 Calculation of Power per unit area delivered by the laser 88
Exa 4.6 Calculation of Areal spread and Intensity . . . . . . . 89
Exa 4.7 Calculation of Degree of non monochromaticity . . . . 90
Exa 5.1 Calculation of Critical angle and Numerical aperture
and Maximum incidence angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Exa 5.2 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Maximum inci-
dence angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Exa 5.3 Calculation of Critical angle and Numerical aperture
and Acceptance angle and Fractional refractive index . 92
Exa 5.4 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Maximum inci-
dence angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Exa 5.5 Calculation of Refractive index for core Refractive index
for cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Exa 5.6 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Acceptance an-
gle and Number of reflections at maximum incidence
and Number of reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Exa 5.7 Calculation of The normalized frequency and number of
guided in the core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Exa 5.8 Calculation of Diameter of core and number of modes 96
Exa 5.9 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Number of modes 96
Exa 5.10 Calculation of Number of modes . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Exa 5.11 Calculation of Maximum diameter of core . . . . . . . 98
Exa 5.12 Calculation of Absorption coefficient . . . . . . . . . . 98
Exa 5.13 Calculation of Output power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Exa 6.1 Calculation of Energy gained by electron and Speed of
electron and Momentum of electron . . . . . . . . . . 100
Exa 6.2 Calculation of Momentum of acceleration . . . . . . . 101
Exa 6.4 Calculation of Radius of circle traced by the beam and
Speed of beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

9
Exa 6.5 Calculation of Ratio of the charge on an electron to the
mass of an electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Exa 6.6 Calculation of Lamoure radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Exa 6.7 Calculation of Lamoure radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Exa 6.8 Calculation of Area traced by the trajectory of helium
ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Exa 6.9 Calculation of The drift of the guiding center . . . . . 104
Exa 6.10 Calculation of Internal electric field . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Exa 6.12 Calculation of Ratio of the new focus length to the initial
focus length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Exa 7.1 Calculation of Amplitude and Mass of particle . . . . 107
Exa 7.2 Calculation of Maximum amplitude of velocity . . . . 108
Exa 7.3 3Calculation of Force constant and Time period . . . . 108
Exa 7.4 Calculation of Time taken by the particle . . . . . . . 109
Exa 7.5 Calculation of Maximum velocity and acceleration . . 109
Exa 7.6 Calculation of Maximum velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Exa 7.7 Calculation of natural frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Exa 7.8 Calculation of The time period of pendulum . . . . . . 111
Exa 7.9 Calculation of Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Exa 7.10 Calculation of Time period of pendulum . . . . . . . . 112
Exa 7.11 Calculation of Time period of motion . . . . . . . . . 112
Exa 7.12 Calculation of Time period of motion and Compression
of the spring due to the weight of the body . . . . . . 113
Exa 7.13 Calculation of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Exa 7.14 Calculation of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Exa 8.1 Calculation of Wavelength range of the sound wave . . 115
Exa 8.2 Calculation of Velocity of sound in the air . . . . . . . 116
Exa 8.3 Calculation of Ratio of two principal specific heats of air 116
Exa 8.4 Calculation of Coefficient of absorption to be provided
by the walls and floor and ceiling when the hall is fully
occupied and Reverberation time if only half uphol-
stered seats are occupied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Exa 8.5 Calculation of The total absorption constant . . . . . 118
Exa 8.6 Calculation of Reverberation time . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Exa 8.7 Calculation of Reverberation time . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Exa 8.8 Calculation of Reverberation time . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Exa 8.9 Calculation of Acoustic power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

10
Exa 9.1 Calculation of Polarization vector and Displacement vec-
tor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Exa 9.2 Calculation of The included charge density on the sur-
face of the dielectric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Exa 9.3 Calculation of Polarization vector and Displacement vec-
tor and Energy density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Exa 9.4 Calculation of Value of relative permittivity and Total
dipole moment of the slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Exa 9.5 Calculation of Induce dipole moment of each . . . . . 126
Exa 9.6 Calculation of Electric susceptibility at 0 degree centi-
grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Exa 10.15 Calculation of The total charge within volume . . . . . 128
Exa 10.16 Calculation of The total charge enclosed by closed surface 128
Exa 10.17 Calculation of Electric flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Exa 10.18 Calculation of Electric flux through each surface of the
cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Exa 10.19 Calculation of Electric field intensity . . . . . . . . . . 130
Exa 10.20 Calculation of Electric field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Exa 10.21 Calculation of Energy gained by alpha particle . . . . 131
Exa 10.22 Calculation of Potential and Potential energy and Po-
tential difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Exa 10.23 Calculation of Radius of equipotential surface . . . . . 133
Exa 10.24 Calculation of The value of poynting vector at the sur-
face of the sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Exa 10.28 Calculation of Magnitude of electric field vector and
Magnitude of magnetic field vector . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Exa 10.29 Calculation of Magnitude of electric field vector . . . . 134
Exa 10.31 Calculation of Average value of the intensity of electric
field of radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Exa 10.32 Calculation of Refractive index of distilled water and
Speed of light in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Exa 11.5 Calculation of Coordinate of the event in reference frame
using Galilean transformation and Coordinate of the
event in reference frame using Lorentz transformation 137
Exa 11.6 Calculation of Speed of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Exa 11.7 Calculation of Speed of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Exa 11.9 Calculation of Speed of electron and Mass of electron . 139
Exa 11.10 Calculation of Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

11
Exa 11.11 Calculation of Speed of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Exa 11.12 Calculation of Velocity of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Exa 11.13 Calculation of Kinetic energy of electron and Momen-
tum of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Exa 11.14 Calculation of Velocity of electron . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Exa 11.15 Calculation of Speed according to classical mechanics
and Speed according to relativistic mechanics . . . . . 142
Exa 11.17 Calculation of Velocity of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Exa 11.19 Calculation of Speed of electron and Mass of electron . 143
Exa 11.20 Calculation of Length of meter stick . . . . . . . . . . 144
Exa 11.21 Calculation of Velocity of a frame with respect to other
frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Exa 11.22 Calculation of Speed of clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Exa 11.23 Calculation of Distance travel by the beam . . . . . . 145
Exa 11.24 Calculation of Velocity of rocket with respect to earth 146
Exa 11.25 Calculation of Length as it appear to the observer . . 146
Exa 11.26 Calculation of Length as it appear to the observer . . 147
Exa 11.27 Calculation of Percentage length contraction . . . . . . 147
Exa 11.28 Calculation of Speed of the rod relative to observer . . 148
Exa 11.29 Calculation of Length of the rod in moving frame and
Orientation of the rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Exa 11.30 Calculation of half life of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Exa 11.31 Calculation of Time lost per day . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Exa 11.32 Calculation of Speed of rocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Exa 11.33 Calculation of Time taken by the rocket . . . . . . . . 151
Exa 11.34 Calculation of Proper life time of particle . . . . . . . 152
Exa 11.35 Calculation of Velocity of electrons beam with respect
to another electron beam according to Newtonian me-
chanics and Velocity of electrons beam measured by the
observer moving with other electron beam . . . . . . . 152
Exa 11.36 Calculation of Relative velocity of photons . . . . . . . 153
Exa 11.37 Calculation of Relativistic mass of proton . . . . . . . 153
Exa 11.38 Calculation of Fraction of total energy content . . . . 154
Exa 11.39 Calculation of Speed of the electron . . . . . . . . . . 155
Exa 11.40 Calculation of Rate of decrement of mass of the sun . 155
Exa 12.1 Calculation of Mass absorption coefficient of Al and Half
value thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Exa 12.2 Calculation of Mass attenuation coefficient of Al . . . 158

12
Exa 12.3 Calculation of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Exa 12.4 Calculation of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Exa 12.5 Calculation of Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Exa 12.6 Calculation of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Exa 12.7 Calculation of Half life time and Mean life time . . . . 161
Exa 12.8 Calculation of Half life of radioactive material . . . . . 161
Exa 12.9 Calculation of Decay constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Exa 12.10 Calculation of Activity of sample . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Exa 12.11 Calculation of Fraction of sample . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Exa 12.12 Calculation of Substance remained unchanged . . . . . 163
Exa 12.13 Calculation of Decay constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Exa 12.14 Calculation of Half life of sample . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Exa 12.15 Calculation of Fraction of radioactive isotope remained 165
Exa 12.16 Calculation of Mass of Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Exa 12.17 Calculation of Mass of Pb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Exa 12.18 Calculation of Mean life of radium and Half life of radium 167
Exa 12.19 Calculation of Activity of Sr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Exa 12.20 Calculation of Mass of radon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Exa 12.21 Calculation of Energy of gamma ray photon . . . . . . 169
Exa 12.22 Calculation of Q value of reaction . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Exa 12.23 Calculation of Heat produce by complete disintegration
and Energy released . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Exa 12.24 Calculation of Energy released by fission . . . . . . . . 170
Exa 12.25 Calculation of Amount of fuel required . . . . . . . . . 171
Exa 12.26 Calculation of Power output of reactor . . . . . . . . . 172
Exa 12.27 Calculation of Energy produce by each reaction . . . . 172
Exa 12.28 Calculation of Mass of deuterium . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Exa 12.29 Calculation of Number of revolution . . . . . . . . . . 173
Exa 12.30 Calculation of Value of magnetic induction needed to
accelerate deuteron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Exa 12.31 Calculation of Flux density of the magnetic field and
Velocity of the deuterons emerging out of the cyclotron 175
Exa 12.32 Calculation of Energy gained per turn and Final energy 175
Exa 12.33 Calculation of Magnitude of magnetic field . . . . . . 176
Exa 12.34 Calculation of The current produced . . . . . . . . . . 176
Exa 12.35 Calculation of Average current in the circuit . . . . . . 177
Exa 12.36 Calculation of Frequency of cyclotron and Larmour ra-
dius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

13
Exa 12.37 Calculation of Larmour radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Exa 12.38 Calculation of Magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Exa 12.39 Calculation of Larmour radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Exa 12.40 Calculation of Debye length and Plasma frequency . . 180
Exa 12.41 Calculation of Debye length and Plasma frequency . . 180
Exa 13.1 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane . . . . . . . . 182
Exa 13.2 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane . . . . . . . . 183
Exa 13.3 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane . . . . . . . . 183
Exa 13.4 Calculation of Spacing between the plane . . . . . . . 184
Exa 13.5 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane and Inter planer
distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Exa 13.6 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane . . . . . . . . 186
Exa 13.7 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane . . . . . . . . 187
Exa 13.8 Calculation of ratio of intercepts and The ratio of spac-
ing between two planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Exa 13.9 Calculation of Distance between two atoms . . . . . . 188
Exa 13.10 Calculation of primitive translation vector . . . . . . . 189
Exa 13.11 Calculation of Number of atom per unit cell . . . . . . 189
Exa 13.12 Calculation of Wavelength of x ray . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Exa 13.13 Calculation of Wavelength of x ray and Glancing angle 190
Exa 13.14 Calculation of Lattice constant of NaCl . . . . . . . . 191
Exa 13.15 Calculation of Angle of incidence of x ray on the plane 191
Exa 13.16 Calculation of Glancing angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Exa 13.17 Calculation of Wavelength of neutron beam and Speed
of neutron beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Exa 13.18 Calculation of Lattice parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Exa 13.19 Calculation of Inter planner distances . . . . . . . . . 194
Exa 13.20 Calculation of Inter planner distance . . . . . . . . . 195
Exa 13.21 Calculation of Potential energy of molecule . . . . . . 196
Exa 13.22 Calculation of Cohesive energy of Nacl . . . . . . . . . 196
Exa 13.23 Calculation of Ratio of number of Schottky defects to
total number of cation anion pairs . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Exa 1.1 Calculation of Frequency and Wavelength . . . . . . . 198
Exa 14.2 Calculation of Number of quanta . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Exa 14.3 Calculation of Energy of photon . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Exa 14.4 Calculation of Number of photons of green light . . . . 200
Exa 14.5 Calculation of Wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Exa 14.6 Calculation of Energy of an electron . . . . . . . . . . 201

14
Exa 14.7 Calculation of Energy received by the eye . . . . . . . 201
Exa 14.8 Calculation of Number of photons of yellow light . . . 202
Exa 14.9 Calculation of Work function and Stopping potential
and Maximum velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Exa 14.10 Calculation of Maximum energy of photoelectron . . . 203
Exa 14.11 Calculation of Work function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Exa 14.12 Calculation of Work function and Maximum energy and
Threshold frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Exa 14.13 Calculation of work function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Exa 14.14 Calculation of Work function and Maximum energy and
Threshold frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Exa 14.15 Calculation of Stopping potential and Maximum kinetic
energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Exa 14.16 Calculation of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Exa 14.17 Calculation of Energy of incident photon and Kinetic
energy of the emitted electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Exa 14.18 Calculation of Longest wavelength required for photoe-
mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Exa 14.19 Calculation of Threshold wavelength for photo emission 210
Exa 14.20 Calculation of Threshold wavelength and Incident elec-
tromagnetic wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Exa 14.21 Calculation of Maximum kinetic energy and Number of
electrons emitted per sec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Exa 14.22 Calculation of Value of Planck constant . . . . . . . . 212
Exa 14.23 Calculation of Compton shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Exa 14.24 Calculation of Compton shift and Energy of incident
beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Exa 14.25 Calculation of Wavelength of incident beam . . . . . . 214
Exa 14.26 Calculation of Compton shift and Kinetic energy . . . 214
Exa 14.27 Calculation of Maximum Compton shift and Kinetic en-
ergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Exa 14.28 Calculation of Wavelength of x ray and Maximum ki-
netic energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Exa 14.29 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . 217
Exa 14.30 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . 217
Exa 14.31 Calculation of Wavelength of thermal neutron . . . . . 218
Exa 14.32 Calculation of Wavelength of matter wave . . . . . . 218
Exa 14.33 Calculation of Potential difference . . . . . . . . . . . 219

15
Exa 14.34 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . 219
Exa 14.35 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . 220
Exa 14.36 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . 221
Exa 14.37 Calculation of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Exa 14.38 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . 222
Exa 14.39 Calculation of Ratio of deBroglie wavelengths . . . . . 223
Exa 14.40 Calculation of Ratio of deBroglie wavelengths . . . . . 223
Exa 14.41 Calculation of Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Exa 14.42 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . 225
Exa 14.43 Calculation of kinetic energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Exa 14.44 Calculation of deBrogli wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Exa 14.45 Calculation of Ratio of deBroglie wavelengths . . . . . 226
Exa 14.47 Calculation of Group velocity and Phase velocity . . . 227
Exa 15.1 Calculation of Percentage of uncertainty in momentum 229
Exa 15.3 Calculation of Percentage of uncertainty in momentum 230
Exa 15.4 Calculation of Uncertainty in position . . . . . . . . . 230
Exa 15.5 Calculation of Uncertainty in momentum . . . . . . . 231
Exa 15.6 Calculation of Uncertainty in position . . . . . . . . . 231
Exa 15.7 Calculation of Minimum energy of electron . . . . . . 232
Exa 15.8 Calculation of Uncertainty in determining the position
of electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Exa 15.9 Calculation of Uncertainty in determining the position 233
Exa 15.10 Calculation of Uncertainty in determining the position 234
Exa 15.11 Calculation of Minimum error in measurement of the
energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Exa 15.12 Calculation of Minimum uncertainty in frequency . . . 235
Exa 15.13 Calculation of Ratio of uncertainty in velocity of a pro-
ton and an electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Exa 15.14 Calculation of Energy of electron . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Exa 15.15 Calculation of Energy difference . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Exa 15.16 Calculation of Energy difference . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Exa 15.17 Calculation of Energy difference . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Exa 15.18 Calculation of Lowest energy of neutron confined in the
nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Exa 15.19 Calculation of Energy of electron and Momentum of
electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Exa 15.20 Calculation of Energy Eigen value of electron and de-
Broglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

16
Exa 15.21 Calculation of Energy Eigen values . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Exa 15.22 Calculation of Order of exited state . . . . . . . . . . 242
Exa 15.23 Calculation of Energy levels of electron and Energy lev-
els of marble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Exa 16.1 Calculation of Average energy of electron and Speed of
electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Exa 16.2 Calculation of Average energy of electron and Speed of
electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Exa 16.3 Calculation of Fermi energy and Speed of electron . . 246
Exa 16.4 Calculation of Fermi energy and Average energy . . . 247
Exa 16.5 Calculation of Fermi energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Exa 16.6 Calculation of Fermi energy and Fermi vector and Total
kinetic energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Exa 16.7 Calculation of Drift velocity of electron . . . . . . . . 249
Exa 16.8 Calculation of Current density and Drift velocity . . . 250
Exa 16.9 Calculation of Fermi Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Exa 16.10 Calculation of Energy difference . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Exa 17.1 Calculation of Electron momentum value at the sides of
first Brillion zone and Enrgy of free electron . . . . . . 253
Exa 17.2 Calculation of Position of Fermi level . . . . . . . . . . 254
Exa 17.3 Calculation of New position of Fermi level . . . . . . . 254
Exa 17.4 Calculation of Density of holes and electron . . . . . . 255
Exa 17.5 Calculation of Hall coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Exa 17.6 Calculation of Hall coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Exa 18.1 Calculation of Magnetic moment and Bohr magneton . 257
Exa 18.2 Calculation of Magnetization and Flux density and Rel-
ative permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Exa 18.3 Calculation of Percentage increase in magnetic induction 258
Exa 18.4 Calculation of Magnetization and Magnetic flux density 259
Exa 18.5 Calculation of Permeability of aluminium . . . . . . . 259
Exa 18.6 Calculation of Absolute permeability and Relative per-
meability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Exa 18.7 Calculation of Magnetic susceptibility and Relative per-
meability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Exa 18.8 Calculation of Diamagnetic susceptibility . . . . . . . 261
Exa 18.9 Calculation of Permeability and Susceptibility . . . . . 262
Exa 18.10 Calculation of Number of ampere turns . . . . . . . . 262
Exa 18.11 Calculation of Current through the winding . . . . . . 263

17
Exa 18.12 Calculation of Radius of atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Exa 18.13 Calculation of Susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Exa 18.14 Calculation of Magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Exa 18.15 Calculation of Total loss of energy . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Exa 18.16 Calculation of Current in solenoid . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Exa 18.17 Calculation of Number of turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Exa 18.18 Calculation of Permeability and Susceptibility . . . . . 267
Exa 18.19 Calculation of Relative permeability . . . . . . . . . . 268
Exa 18.20 Calculation of Energy loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Exa 18.21 Calculation of Hysteresis loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Exa 19.1 Calculation of Penetration depth . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Exa 19.2 Calculation of Transition temperature and Critical field
at temperate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Exa 19.3 Calculation of Critical current density . . . . . . . . . 271
Exa 19.4 Calculation of Critical temperature . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Exa 19.5 Calculation of Penetration depth . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Exa 19.6 Calculation of Critical temperature . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Exa 19.7 Calculation of Critical temperature . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Exa 19.8 Calculation of Energy gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Exa 20.1 Calculation of Max speed and Shortest wavelength . . 275
Exa 20.2 Calculation of Planck constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Exa 20.3 Calculation of Minimum wavelength . . . . . . . . . . 276
Exa 20.4 Calculation of Maximum speed of electron . . . . . . . 277
Exa 20.5 Calculation of Velocity of electron . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Exa 20.6 Calculation of Highest frequency and Minimum wave-
length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Exa 20.7 Calculation of Number of electrons striking the target
and Speed of electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Exa 20.8 Calculation of Number of electrons striking the anode
and Minimum wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Exa 20.9 Calculation of Number of electrons striking the anode 279
Exa 20.10 Calculation of Applied voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Exa 20.11 Calculation of Planck constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Exa 20.12 Calculation of Excitation potential . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Exa 20.13 Calculation of the value of the ratio of plank constant
and charge of electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Exa 20.14 Calculation of Wavelength of K line . . . . . . . . . . 282
Exa 20.15 Calculation of Wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

18
Exa 20.16 Calculation of Wavelength of xray . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Exa 20.17 Calculation of Ionization potential of K shell electron of
Cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Exa 20.18 Calculation of Frequency of k line . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Exa 20.19 Calculation of Energy and Wavelength of xray . . . . 285
Exa 22.1 of The ratio of the value of Nb divided by Ns of spherical
particle and nanoparticle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

19
 Chapter 1

INTERFERENCE

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Calculation of time Coherence

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 6.6 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 L = 1.32 e -5 // c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 0
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
7 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a e u s e d \n d e l t a L = c
d e l t a t \n )
8 coherence_time = L / (3 * 10 ^ 8) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
coherence time
9 printf ( \n C o h e r e n c e t i m e = %e s e c , coherence_time )

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Calculation No of oscillations of

1 clc

20
 2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.896 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 L = 2.945 e -2 // c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 0
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
7 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n d e l t a L = c
d e l t a t . \n )
8 coherence_time = L / (3 * 10 ^ 8) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
coherence time
9 n = L / lambda // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r number o f
oscillations
10 printf ( \n C o h e r e n c e t i m e = %e s e c . , coherence_time )
11 printf ( \n No . o f o s c i l l a t i o n s = %e . ,n )

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Calculation of Coherence time and Line width and
Frequency stability

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 6.058 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 L = 0.2 // c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 0
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
7 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n f = c / lambda . \n
)
8 line_width = ( lambda ^ 2) / L // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r l i n e
width
9 f_spread = (3 * 10 ^ 8) / L // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
frequency spread
10 f = (3 * 10 ^ 8) / lambda // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
frequency
11 f_stability = f_spread / f // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
frequency s t a b i l i t y

21
12 coherence_time = L / (3 * 10 ^ 8) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
coherence time
13 printf ( \n C o h e r e n c e t i m e = %e s e c , coherence_time )
14 printf ( \n L i n e w i d t h = %e m e t e r , line_width )
15 printf ( \n F r e q u e n c y s t a b i l i t y = %e , f_stability )

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Calculation of Coherence length

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda_D = 5.5 e -13 // D o p p l e r w i d t h o f o r a n g e light
i n meter
4 lambda = 6.058 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 1
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
7 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n d e l t a L = lambda
2/ d e l t a l a m b d a . \n )
8 coherence_length = ( lambda ^ 2) / lambda_D //
calculation for coherence l i g h t
9 printf ( \n C o h e r e n c e l e n g t h = %f m e t e r ,
coherence_length )

Scilab code Exa 1.5 Calculation of The ratio of coherence length of mer-
cury vapour lamp to the coherence length of He Ne laser

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda1 = 5.461 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t e m i t t e d by
m e r c u r y v a p o u r lamp i n m e t e r

22
 4 band_width1 = 6 e8 // band w i d t h f o r m e r c u r y v a p o u r
lamp i n Hz
5 lambda2 = 6.328 e -7 // t h e o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h o f
l i g h t f o r He Ne l a s e r
6 band_width2 = 1 e6 // band w i d t h f o r l a s e r i n Hz
7 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 1
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
9 delta_lambda1 = ( lambda1 ^2 * band_width1 ) / 3 e8 //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n two w a v e l e n g t h
f o r mercury vapour
10 delta_L1 = lambda1 ^2 / delta_lambda1 // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h f o r m e r c u r y v a p o u r lamp
11 delta_lambda2 = ( lambda2 ^2 * band_width2 ) / 3 e8 //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n two w a v e l e n g t h
f o r He Ne l a s e r
12 delta_L2 = lambda2 ^2 / delta_lambda2 // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h f o r He Ne l a s e r
13 R = delta_L1 / delta_L2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a t i o o f
c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h o f m e r c u r y v a p o u r lamp t o t h e
c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h o f He Ne l a s e r
14 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n d e l t a l a m b d a =
lambda 2 b a n d w i d t h / c , \n c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h =
lambda 2/ d e l t a l a m b d a . \ n )
15 printf ( \n The r a t i o o f c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h o f m e r c u r y
v a p o u r lamp t o t h e c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h o f He Ne
l a s e r = 1 : %d . ,1/ R )

Scilab code Exa 1.6 Calculation of Coherence length of laser

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 band_width = 3000 // band w i d t h o f l a s e r in hertz
4 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 2

23
 5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
6 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n d e l t a L = c
d e l t a t . \n )
7 coherence_length = (3 * 10 ^ 8) / band_width //
calculation for coherence length
8 printf ( \n C o h e r e n c e l e n g t h o f l a s e r = %e m e t e r . ,
coherence_length )

Scilab code Exa 1.7 Calculation of Coherence length of monochromatic

light and band width and line width

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 6.328 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f m o n o c h r o m a t i c
l i g h t i n meter
4 t = 1e -10 // c h o p p i n g t i m e i n s e c
5 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 2
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
7 coherence_length = (3 * 10 ^ 8) * t // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h o f monochromatic l i g h t
8 band_width = 1 / t // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r band w i d t h
9 line_width = (( lambda ^ 2) * band_width ) / (3 * 10 ^
8) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r l i n e w i d t h
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h
= ( 3 10 8 ) t . \n l i n e w i d t h = ( ( lambda
2 ) b a n d w i d t h ) / ( 3 10 8 ) . \n )
11 printf ( \n C o h e r e n c e l e n g t h o f m o n o c h r o m a t i c l i g h t =
%e m e t e r . \n band w i d t h = %e Hz . \n l i n e w i d t h =
%f A . , coherence_length , band_width , line_width
*1 e10 )

24
 Scilab code Exa 1.8 Calculation of Coherence time of red cadmium line
and Spectral line width

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 6.438 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f r e d cadmium l i n e
i n meter
4 L = 3.8 e -1 // c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 2
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
7 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n d e l t a L = c
d e l t a t . \n )
8 coherence_time = L / (3 * 10 ^ 8) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
coherence time
9 spectral_line_width = ( lambda ^ 2) / L //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r s p e c t r a l l i n e width
10 printf ( \n C o h e r e n c e t i m e o f r e d cadmium l i n e = %e
s e c . \n S p e c t r a l l i n e w i d t h = %e m e t e r . ,
coherence_time , spectral_line_width )

Scilab code Exa 1.9 Calculation of Ratio of maximum intensity with min-
imum intensity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 ratio = 16 // r a t i o o f i n t e n s i t i e s o f two waves
4 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 3
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )

25
 6 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n I = k a 2 . \n )
7 a1 = sqrt ( ratio ) // by t h e f o r m u l a a m p l i t u d e = s q r t (
intensity )
8 a2 = 1
9 R = (( a1 + a2 ) ^ 2) / (( a1 - a2 ) ^ 2) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r r a t i o o f maximum i n t e n s i t y w i t h minimum
intensity
10 printf ( \n R a t i o o f maximum i n t e n s i t y w i t h minimum
i n t e n s i t y = %f ,R )

Scilab code Exa 1.10 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 0.0001 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two s l i t s i n m e t e r
4 Beta = 0.005 // w i d t h o f t h e f r i n g e s f o r m e d i n m e t e r
5 D = 1 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s l i t and s c r e e n i n m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 3
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
8 lambda = ( Beta * d ) / D // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %e m e t e r
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda = ( Beta
d ) / D. \ n )
10 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t = %f A . , lambda *1 e10
)

Scilab code Exa 1.11 Calculation of Fringe width

1 clc

26
 2 // Given t h a t
3 alpha = %pi / 180 // a n g l e o f b i p r i s m i n r a d i a n
4 mu = 1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f b i p r i s m
5 a = 0.4 // d i s t a n c e o f b i p r i s m from s l i t i n m e t e r
6 b = 0.6 // d i s t a n c e o f b i p r i s m from s c r e e n i n m e t e r
7 lambda = 5.893 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
8 // Sample Problem 11 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 3
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 11 # \n )
10 D = a + b // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s l i t s
and s c r e e n
11 fringe_width = ( lambda * D ) / (2 * a * ( mu - 1) *
alpha ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r f r i n g e w i d t h
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \nD = a + b . \ n
f r i n g e w i d t h = ( lambda D) / ( 2 a (mu 1 )
alpha ) . \ n )
13 printf ( \n F r i n g e w i d t h = %e m e t e r . , fringe_width )

Scilab code Exa 1.12 Calculation of Fringe width

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d1 = 4.05 e -3 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s l i t s in f i r s t
p o s i t i o n i n meter
4 d2 = 2.90 e -3 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s l i t s i n s e c o n d
p o s i t i o n i n meter
5 lambda = 5.893 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
6 D = 1 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s l i t and s c r e e n
7 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )
9 d = sqrt ( d1 * d2 ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n
fringe
10 fringe_width = ( lambda * D ) / d // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
f r i n g e width

27
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n d = s q r t ( d1 d2 )
, \ n b e t a = lambda D/d \n )
12 printf ( \n F r i n g e w i d t h = %f mm , fringe_width *1000)

Scilab code Exa 1.13 Calculation of Thickness of glass

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 fringe_width = 3.42 e -4 // f r i n g e w i d t h i n m e t e r
4 mu = 1.542 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f g l a s s
5 Xn = 2.143 e -3 // s h i f t o f c e n t r a l f r i n g e i n m e t e r
6 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
7 // Sample Problem 13 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 13 # \n )
9 n = Xn / fringe_width // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r o r d e r o f
the f r i n g e
10 t = ( floor ( n ) * lambda ) / ( mu - 1) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r t h i c k n e s s of the g l a s s
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n (mu 1 ) t = n
lambda \n )
12 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f g l a s s s h e e t = %e m e t e r . ,t )

Scilab code Exa 1.14 Calculation of Distance between coherent sources

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 fringe_width = 9e -4 // f r i n g e w i d t h i n m e t e r
4 a = 0.1 // d i s t a n c e o f b i p r i s m from s l i t i n m e t e r
5 b = 0.9 // d i s t a n c e o f b i p r i s m from s c r e e n i n m e t e r

28
 6 lambda = 5.896 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
7 // Sample Problem 14 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 5
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 14 # \n )
9 D = a + b // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s l i t s
and s c r e e n
10 d = ( lambda * D ) / fringe_width // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
d i s t a n c e between c o h e r e n t s o u r c e s
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n D = a + b . \n d
= ( lambda D) / f r i n g e w i d t h . \ n )
12 printf ( \n D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c o h e r e n t s o u r c e s = %e
m e t e r . ,d )

Scilab code Exa 1.15 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1
2 clc
3 // Given t h a t
4 fringe_width = 1.35 e -2 // f r i n g e w i d t h i n m e t e r
5 a = 0.5 // d i s t a n c e o f b i p r i s m from s l i t s i n m e t e r
6 b = 0.5 // d i s t a n c e o f b i p r i s m from s c r e e n i n m e t e r
7 mu = 1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f b i p r i s m
8 alpha = %pi / 360 // a n g l e o f b i p r i s m i n r a d i a n
9 // Sample Problem 15 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 5
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 15 # \n )
11 D = a + b // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s l i t s
and s c r e e n
12 lambda = (2 * a * ( mu - 1) * alpha * fringe_width ) /
D // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %e
meter
13 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n D = a + b . \
nlambda = ( 2 a (mu 1 ) a l p h a
f r i n g e w i d t h ) / D. \ n )
14 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t = %f A . , lambda *1 e10

29
 )
15 // Answer i n t h e book : 5 8 9 3 A
16 // Answer i n t h e program : 5 8 9 0 4 8 . 6 2 2 5 4 1 A

Scilab code Exa 1.16 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 a = 0.45 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s l i t and b i p r i s m i n
meter
4 b = 0.45 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s c r e e n and b i p r i s m i n
meter
5 alpha = %pi / 180 // a n g l e o f b i p r i s m i n r a d i a n
6 Mu = 1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f b i p r i s m
7 fringe_width = 1.56 e -4 // f r i n g e w i d t h i n m e t e r
8 // Sample Problem 16 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 5
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 16 # \n )
10 D = a + b // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s c r e e n
and s l i t
11 lambda = ( fringe_width * 2 * a * ( Mu - 1) * alpha ) /
D // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r w a v e l e n g t h
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda = ( 2 a (mu
1) a l p h a b e t a ) /D . \n )
13 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t = %f A . , lambda *1 e10
)

Scilab code Exa 1.17 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1 clc

30
 2 // Given That
3 D = 1.20 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s o u r c e and e y e p i e c e in
meter
4 Xn = 1.9 e -2 // d i s t a n c e move by e y e p i e c e f o r 20
f r i n g e i n meter
5 n = 20 // no . o f f r i n g e s
6 d = 6e -4 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s l i t s i n m e t e r
7 // Sample Problem 17 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 5
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 17 # \n )
9 lambda = ( Xn * d ) / ( D * n ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
wavelength
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n b e t a = lambda D/
d . )
11 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t = %f A . , lambda *1 e10
)

Scilab code Exa 1.18 Calculation of No of fringes observed in field of view

in second case

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda1 = 5.890 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f first l i g h t in
meter
4 lambda2 = 4.358 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f s e c o n d l i g h t i n
meter
5 n1 = 40 // no . o f f r i n g e s o b s e r v e d i n t h e f i e l d o f
in f i r s t case
6 // Sample Problem 18 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 6
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 18 # \n )
8 n2 = ( n1 * lambda1 ) / lambda2 // by u s i n g f o r m u l a n1
lambda1=n2 lambda2
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n n1 lambda1=n2
lambda2 . \n )

31
10 printf ( \n No . o f f r i n g e s o b s e r v e d i n f i e l d o f v i e w
i n s e c o n d c a s e = %d . , floor ( n2 ) )

Scilab code Exa 1.19 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 5.893 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 Mu = 1.42 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f s o a p f i l m
5 i = 0 // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
6 r = 0 // r e f r a c t e d a n g l e i n r a d i a n
7 // Sample Problem 19 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 6
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 19 # \n )
9 n = 1 // f o r s m a l l e s t t h i c k n e s s
10 t1 = ((2 * n - 1) * lambda ) / (4 * Mu * cos ( r ) ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r e a s t t h i c k n e s s o f soap f i l m f o r
bright fringe
11 t2 = ( n * lambda ) / (2 * Mu * cos ( r ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r e a s t t h i c k n e s s o f soap f i l m f o r dark f r i n g e
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h i c k n e s s f o r
b r i g h t f r i n g e = ( ( 2 n 1 ) lambda ) / ( 4 Mu
c o s ( r ) ) . \n t h i c k n e s s f o r d a r k f r i n g e = ( n
lambda ) / ( 2 Mu c o s ( r ) ) . \ n )
13 printf ( \n L e a s t t h i c k n e s s o f s o a p f i l m \n ( a ) For
b r i g h t f r i n g e = %e mm. \n ( b ) For d a r k f r i n g e =
%e mm. , t1 *1000 , t2 *1000)

Scilab code Exa 1.20 Calculation of Thickness of oil film

32
 1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 Mu_o = 1.4 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f o i l f i l m
5 Mu_w = 1.33 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f w a t e r
6 i = %pi / 6 // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
7 n = 6 // no . o f f r i n g e s s e e n
8 // Sample Problem 20 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 6
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 20 # \n )
10 r = asin ( sin ( i ) / Mu_o ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g l e o f
refraction
11 t = ( n * lambda ) / (2 * Mu_o * cos ( r ) ) //
calculation for thickness of film
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu = s i n ( i ) / s i n (
r ) , \ n 1mu t c o s ( r ) = n lambda . \n )
13 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f o i l f i l m = %e mm. ,t *1000)

Scilab code Exa 1.21 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film for bright
fringe

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 6e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 Mu = 1.463 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f s o a p f i l m
5 i = 0 // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
6 r = 0 // r e f r a c t e d a n g l e i n r a d i a n
7 // Sample Problem 21 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 21 # \n )
9 n = 1 // f o r s m a l l e s t t h i c k n e s s
10 t = ((2 * n - 1) * lambda ) / (4 * Mu * cos ( r ) ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r l e a s t t h i c k n e s s o f soap f i l m f o r
bright fringe
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t = ( ( 2 n 1 )

33
 lambda ) / ( 4 Mu c o s ( r ) ) . \ n )
12 printf ( \n L e a s t t h i c k n e s s o f s o a p f i l m f o r b r i g h t
f r i n g e = %e mm. ,t *1000)

Scilab code Exa 1.22 Calculation of Thickness of oil film

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t
4 Mu_o = 1.46 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f o i l f i l m
5 i = %pi / 6 // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
6 n = 8 // no . o f f r i n g e i s s e e n
7 // Sample Problem 22 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 22 # \n )
9 r = asin ( sin ( i ) / Mu_o ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g l e o f
refraction
10 t = ( n * lambda ) / (2 * Mu_o * cos ( r ) ) //
calculation for thickness of o i l film
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n r = a s i n ( s i n ( i )
/ Mu o . \ n t = ( n lambda ) / ( 2 Mu o c o s ( r ) )
. \ n)
12 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f o i l f i l m = %e mm. ,t *1000)

Scilab code Exa 1.23 Calculation of No of dark bands seen between wave-
lengths

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda1 = 4e -7 // max . wavelength o f l i g h t i n meter

34
 4 lambda2 = 5e -7 // min . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
5 Mu = 1.4 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f s o a p f i l m
6 i = %pi / 4 // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
7 t = 1e -5 // t h i c k n e s s o f o i l f i l m i n m e t e r
8 // Sample Problem 23 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 7
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 23 # \n )
10 r = asin ( sin ( i ) / Mu ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g l e o f
refraction
11 n1 = (2 * Mu * t * cos ( r ) ) / lambda1 // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r no . o f d a r k bands s e e n i n t h e c a s e o f max .
wavelength
12 n2 = (2 * t * Mu * cos ( r ) ) / lambda2 // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r no . o f d a r k s e e n i n t h e c a s e o f min .
wavelength
13 n = floor ( n1 ) - floor ( n2 ) // c l a c u l a t i o n f o r no . o f
d a r k bands s e e n b e t w e e n w a v e l e n g t h s
14 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n r = a s i n ( s i n ( i )
/ Mu) . \ n n = ( 2 Mu t c o s ( r ) ) / lambda . \ n )
15 printf ( \n No . o f d a r k bands s e e n b e t w e e n
w a v e l e n g t h s . = %d ,n )

Scilab code Exa 1.24 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film for bright
fringe

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 Mu = 1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f s o a p f i l m
5 r = %pi / 3 // r e f r a c t e d a n g l e i n r a d i a n
6 // Sample Problem 24 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 24 # \n )
8 n = 1 // f o r s m a l l e s t t h i c k n e s s
9 t = ( n * lambda ) / (2 * Mu * cos ( r ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n

35
 f o r l e a s t t h i c k n e s s o f soap f i l m f o r b r i g h t
fringe
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t = ( n lambda )
/ ( 2 Mu c o s ( r ) ) . \ n )
11 printf ( \n L e a s t t h i c k n e s s o f s o a p f i l m f o r b r i g h t
f r i n g e = %e m e t e r . ,t )

Scilab code Exa 1.25 Calculation of Thickness of the film

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda1 = 6.1 e -7 // max . wavelength of l i g h t in
meter
4 lambda2 = 6e -7 // min . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
5 Mu = 1.333 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f film
6 i = %pi / 4 // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
7 // Sample Problem 25 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 8
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 25 # \n )
9 r = asin ( sin ( i ) / Mu ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g l e o f
refraction
10 n = lambda2 / ( lambda1 - lambda2 ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
no . o f b r i g h t band
11 t = ( n * lambda1 ) / (2 * Mu * cos ( r ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r t h i c k n e s s of the f i l m
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a e u s e d \n r = a s i n ( s i n ( i )
/ Mu) . \ n n = lambda2 / ( lambda1 lambda2 ) . \ n t
= ( n lambda1 ) / ( 2 Mu c o s ( r ) ) . \ n )
13 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f t h e f i l m = %e m e t e r . ,t )

36
 Scilab code Exa 1.26 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film for bright
fringe

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 6e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 Mu = 1.463 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f s o a p f i l m
5 i = 0 // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
6 r = 0 // r e f r a c t e d a n g l e i n r a d i a n
7 // Sample Problem 26 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 9
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 26 # \n )
9 n = 1 // f o r s m a l l e s t t h i c k n e s s
10 t = ((2 * n - 1) * lambda ) / (4 * Mu * cos ( r ) ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h i c k n e s s o f soap f i l m
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n 2mu t c o s ( r ) =(2
n 1) lambda / 2 . \n )
12 printf ( \n L e a s t t h i c k n e s s o f s o a p f i l m f o r b r i g h t
f r i n g e = %e m e t e r . ,t )

Scilab code Exa 1.27 Calculation of Thickness of the film

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda1 = 6.1 e -7 // max . wavelength of l i g h t in
meter
4 lambda2 = 6e -7 // min . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
5 Mu = 4 / 3 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f f i l m
6 i = asin (4 / 5) // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
7 // Sample Problem 27 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 9
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 27 # \n )
9 r = asin ( sin ( i ) / Mu ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g l e o f
refraction
10 n = lambda2 / ( lambda1 - lambda2 ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r

37
 order of fringe
11 t = ( n * lambda1 ) / (2 * Mu * cos ( r ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
for thickness of film
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu = s i n ( i ) / s i n (
r ) , \ n 2mu t c o s ( r ) = n lambda . \n )
13 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f t h e f i l m = %e mm. ,t *1000)

Scilab code Exa 1.28 Calculation of Thickness of wire

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 5.893 e -7 // w a v e l e n t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 n = 20 // no . o f i n t e r f e r e n c e f r i n g e s a r e o b s e r v e d
5 Mu = 1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r
6 i = 0 // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
7 r = 0 // r e f r a c t e d a n g l e i n r a d i a n
8 // Sample Problem 28 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 0
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 28 # \n )
10 t = ( n * lambda ) / (2 * Mu ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
thickness of fringe
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n w = lambda / ( 2 mu
t h e t a ) . \ n)
12 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f w i r e = %e mm. ,t *1000)

Scilab code Exa 1.29 Calculation of Fringe width

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 6e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n meter

38
 4 Mu = 1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r f i l m
5 l = 6e -5 // d i a m e t e r o f w i r e i n m e t e r
6 L = 0.15 // d i s t a n c e o f w i r e from e d g e i n m e t e r
7 i = 0 // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
8 r = 0 // r e f r a c t e d a n g l e i n r a d i a n
9 // Sample Problem 29 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 0
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 29 # \n )
11 theta = l / L // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e t a
12 fringe_width = lambda / (2 * Mu * theta ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r f r i n g e width
13 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n w = lambda / ( 2 mu
t h e t a ) . \ n)
14 printf ( \n F r i n g e w i d t h = %f mm. , fringe_width *1000)

Scilab code Exa 1.30 Calculation of Fringe width

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 4.56 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 theta = 1.9 e -4 // a n g l e o f wedge i n r a d i a n
5 Mu = 1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r
6 // Sample Problem 30 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 1
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 30 # \n )
8 fringe_width = lambda / (2 * Mu * theta ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r f r i n g e width
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n w = lambda / ( 2 mu
alpha ) . \ n)
10 printf ( \n F r i n g e w i d t h = %f mm. , fringe_width *1000)

39
 Scilab code Exa 1.31 Calculation of Fringe width

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 6e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 Mu = 1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r f i l m
5 l = 3e -5 // d i a m e t e r o f w i r e i n m e t e r
6 L = 0.15 // d i s t a n c e o f w i r e from e d g e i n m e t e r
7 i = 0 // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
8 r = 0 // r e f r a c t e d a n g l e i n r a d i a n
9 // Sample Problem 31 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 1
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 31 # \n )
11 theta = l / L // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e t a
12 fringe_width = lambda / (2 * Mu * theta ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r f r i n g e width
13 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n w = lambda / ( 2
mu t h e t a ) . \ n )
14 printf ( \n F r i n g e w i d t h = %f mm. , fringe_width *1000)

Scilab code Exa 1.32 Calculation of Distance

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 5.890 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 theta = 1e -2 // a n g l e o f wedge i n r a d i a n
5 n = 12 // no . o f d a r k f r i n g e
6 Mu = 1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r
7 i = 0 // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
8 r = 0 // r e f r a c t e d a n g l e i n r a d i a n
9 // Sample Problem 32 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 1
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 32 # \n )
11 x = ( n * lambda ) / (2 * theta ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
distance

40
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n x = n lambda / ( 2
t h e t a ) . \ n)
13 printf ( \n D i s t a n c e = %f mm. ,x *1000)

Scilab code Exa 1.33 Calculation of Angle of wedge

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 5.5 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 w = 2e -5 // f r i n g e w i d t h i n m e t e r
5 Mu = 1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f f i l m
6 i = 0 // i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
7 r = 0 // r e f r a c t e d a n g l e i n r a d i a n
8 // Sample Problem 33 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 2
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 33 # \n )
10 theta = lambda / (2 * Mu * w ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e
angle of the f i l m
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n w = lambda / ( 2 mu
t h e t a ) . \ n)
12 printf ( \n A n g l e o f wedge = %f d e g r e e . , theta *
180/ %pi )

Scilab code Exa 1.34 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 d1 = 5.9 e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f 15 t h r i n g i n m e t e r
4 d2 = 3.36 e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f 5 t h r i n g i n m e t e r
5 R = 1 // r e d i u s o f t h e p l a n o c o n v e x l e n s i n m e t e r

41
 6 // Sample Problem 34 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 2
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 34 # \n )
8 p = 15 - 5
9 lambda = (( d1 ^2) - ( d2 ^2) ) / (4 * p * R ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r wavelength of l i g h t
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda = ( d12
d2 2 ) / ( 4 pR) . \ n )
11 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t = %f A . , lambda *1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 1.35 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1
2 clc
3 // Given That
4 d1 = 2e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f 10 t h r i n g i n m e t e r
5 d2 = 3e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f 20 t h r i n g i n m e t e r
6 f = 0.9 // f o c a l l e n g t h o f t h e p l a n o c o n v e x l e n s i n
meter
7 mu = 1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f l e n s
8 // Sample Problem 35 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 2
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 35 # \n )
10 p = 20 - 10
11 R = ( f * ( mu - 1) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a d i u s o f
convex s u r f a c e o f l e n s
12 lambda = (( d2 ^2) - ( d1 ^2) ) / (4 * p * R )
13 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda = ( ( d2 2 )
( d1 2 ) ) / ( 4 p R) . \ n )
14 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t = %f nm . , lambda *1 e9 )
15 // Answer i n t h e book : 2 7 7 7 nm
16 // Answer i n t h e program : 2 7 7 . 7 7 7 7 8 nm

42
 Scilab code Exa 1.36 Calculation of Diameter of 7th bright ring

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 5.896 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 f = 1 // f o c a l l e n g t h o f t h e p l a n o c o n v e x l e n s i n
meter
5 mu = 1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f l e n s
6 n = 7 // no . o f b r i g h t r i n g
7 // Sample Problem 36 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 3
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 36 # \n )
9 p = 20 - 10
10 R = ( f * ( mu - 1) ) * 2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a d i u s o f
lens
11 D = sqrt (4 * n * lambda * R ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
diameter o f 7 th r i n g
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n Dn2 = 4 n lambda
R . \n )
13 printf ( \n D i a m e t e r o f 7 t h b r i g h t r i n g = %e m e t e r . ,
D)

Scilab code Exa 1.37 Calculation of Diameter of dark ring

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda1 = 6e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f f i r s t l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 lambda2 = 4.8 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f s e c o n d l i g h t i n
meter

43
 5 r = 0.96 // r a d i u s of curvature of curved s u r f a c e of
l e n s i n meter
6 // Sample Problem 37 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 3
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 37 # \n )
8 n = lambda2 / ( lambda1 - lambda2 ) // c a l c u l a t i o n for
order of fringe
9 D = sqrt (4 * ( n + 1) * lambda2 * r ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f or diameter of ring
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n n 2 = 4 n lambda
R . \n )
11 printf ( \n D i a m e t e r o f ( n +1) t h d a r k r i n g o f lambda2
. = %e m e t e r . ,D )

Scilab code Exa 1.38 Calculation of Diameter of nth dark ring

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda1 = 6e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f f i r s t l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 lambda2 = 5.9 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f s e c o n d l i g h t i n
meter
5 r = 0.9 // r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e o f c u r v e d s u r f a c e o f
l e n s i n meter
6 // Sample Problem 38 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 4
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 38 # \n )
8 n = lambda2 / ( lambda1 - lambda2 ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
order of ring
9 D = sqrt (4 * ( n + 1) * lambda1 * r ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f or diameter of ring
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n n 2 = 4 n lambda
R. \ n)
11 printf ( \n D i a m e t e r o f nth d a r k r i n g o f lambda1 = %f
m e t e r . ,D )

44
 Scilab code Exa 1.39 Calculation of Refractive index of liquid

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 5.896 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 D = 4e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f 7 t h b r i g h t e r f r i n g e i n m
5 R = 1 // r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e i n m
6 // Sample Problem 39 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 4
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 39 # \n )
8 n = 7 // f o r s e v e n t h b r i g h t e r f r i n g e
9 mu = 2*(2* n -1) * lambda * R / D ^2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
r e f r a c t i v e index of l i q u i d
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu = 2 ( 2 n 1)
lambda R / D 2 . \ n )
11 printf ( \n R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f l i q u i d = %f . , mu )

Scilab code Exa 1.40 Calculation of Refractive index of liquid

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 D1 = 3e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f nth d a r k f r i n g e when l i q u i d
i s a b s e n t b e t w e e n t h e l e n s and t h e p l a t e i n m
4 D2 = 2.5 e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f nth d a r k f r i n g e when
l i q u i d i s i n t r o d u c e d b e t w e e n t h e l e n s and t h e
plate in m
5 c = 3 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n vacuum i n m/ s e d
6 // Sample Problem 40 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 4
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 40 # \n )

45
 8 mu = D1 ^2 / D2 ^2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
9 v = 3 e8 / mu // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu = D12 / D2
2 . \n v = 3 e 8 / mu . \n )
11 printf ( \n R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f l i q u i d = %f . \ n
v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n t h e l i q u i d = %e m/ s e c . ,mu , v
)

Scilab code Exa 1.41 Calculation of Refractive index of liquid

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 5.896 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 D = 5.1 e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f 16 t h b r i g h t e r f r i n g e i n m
5 R = 1 // r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e i n m
6 // Sample Problem 41 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 5
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 41 # \n )
8 n = 16 // f o r s i x t e e n t h b r i g h t e r f r i n g e
9 mu = 4* n * lambda * R / D ^2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
r e f r a c t i v e index of l i q u i d
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu = 4 n lambda
R / D 2 . \ n )
11 printf ( \n R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f l i q u i d = %f . , mu )

Scilab code Exa 1.42 Calculation of The radius of smallest dark ring

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda = 6.3 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n meter

46
4 mu = 1.63 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f l i q u i d
5 R = 0.9 // t h e r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e o f c o n v e x l e n s in
meter
6 // Sample Problem 42 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 5
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 42 # \n )
8 r = sqrt ( lambda * R / mu ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e r a d i u s
o f s m a l l e s t dark r i n g
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n r = s q r t ( n
lambda R/mu) . \n )
10 printf ( \n The r a d i u s o f s m a l l e s t d a r k r i n g = %f mm.
,r *1000)

Scilab code Exa 1.43 Calculation of the ratio refractive index of media

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 r = 10/7 // r a t i o o f nth r i n g d i a m e t e r f o r two media
4 // Sample Problem 43 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 5
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 43 # \n )
6 R = (1/ r ) ^2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e r a t i o o f
r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f media
7 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu1/mu2 = D2/D1 .
\n )
8 printf ( \n t h e r a t i o r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f media = %f
: 1 0 0 . ,R *100)

Scilab code Exa 1.44 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1 clc

47
2 // Given That
3 R = 0.9 // r a d i u s of curvature of the lower f a c e of
the l e n s i n meter
4 D = 4.8 e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f t h e 10 t h d a r k r i n g i n
meter
5 // Sample Problem 44 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 6
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 44 # \n )
7 n = 10 // f o r 10 t h d a r k r i n g
8 lambda = D ^2 / (4 * n * R ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
wavelength of l i g h t
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda = D2 /
( 4 n R) . \n )
10 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t = %f A . , lambda * 1
e10 )

Scilab code Exa 1.45 Calculation of Refractive index of liquid

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 r = 1/2 // r a t i o o f 5 t h r i n g d i a m e t e r when no l i q u i d
b e t w e e n p l a n e g l a s s p l a t e and c o n v e x l e n s and
when t h e l i q u i d b e t w e e n g l a s s p l a t e and c o n v e x
lens
4 // Sample Problem 45 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 6
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 45 # \n )
6 R = (1/ r ) ^2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f
liquid
7 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu1/mu2 = D2/D1 .
\n )
8 printf ( \n R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f l i q u i d = %f . ,R )

48
 Scilab code Exa 1.46 Calculation of Distance between 5th and 15th dark
ring

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 R = 1 // r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e o f l e n s o f both s i d e i n
meter
4 lambda = 5.4 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f m o n o c h r o m a t i c l i g h t
i n meter
5 // Sample Problem 46 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 6
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 46 # \n )
7 n1 = 5 // f o r 5 t h d a r k r i n g
8 n2 = 15 // f o r 10 t h d a r k r i n g
9 r1 = sqrt (( n1 * lambda ) /(1/ R + 1/ R ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r r a d i u s o f 5 th dark r i n g
10 r2 = sqrt (( n2 * lambda ) /(1/ R + 1/ R ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r r a d i u s o f 15 t h d a r k r i n g
11 d = r2 - r1 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n 5 t h
and 15 t h d a r k r i n g
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n r = s q r t ( ( n
lambda ) / ( 1 /R + 1/R) ) . \n )
13 printf ( \n D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n 5 t h and 15 t h d a r k r i n g =
%f cm . ,d * 100)

Scilab code Exa 1.47 Calculation of Refractive index of mica

1 clc
2 // Given That

49
3 x = 2.5 e -5 // d i s t a n c e moved by movable m i r r o r i n
meter
4 t = 5e -5 // t h i c k n e s s o f mica s h e e t i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 47 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 7
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 47 # \n )
7 mu = x / t + 1 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
o f mica
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu = x / t + 1 .
\n )
9 printf ( \n R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f mica = %f . , mu )

Scilab code Exa 1.48 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 x = 6e -5 // d i s t a n c e moved by movable m i r r o r i n
meter
4 N = 200 // no . o f f r i n g e s c r o s s e d t h e f i e l d o f v i e w
5 // Sample Problem 48 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 7
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 48 # \n )
7 lambda = (2 * x ) / N // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r w a v e l e n g t h
of light
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda = ( 2 X)
/ N . \n )
9 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t = %f A . , lambda * 1
e10 )

Scilab code Exa 1.49 Calculation of Thickness of the plate

50
 1 clc
2 // Given That
3 n = 50 // no . o f bands c r o s s e s the l i n e of
observation
4 lambda = 5.896 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n meter
5 mu = 1.4 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
6 // Sample Problem 49 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 7
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 49 # \n )
8 t = n * lambda / (2*( mu -1) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n for
t h i c k n e s s of the p l a t e
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t = n lambda
/ 2 (mu1) \n )
10 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f t h e p l a t e = %e m. ,t )

Scilab code Exa 1.50 Calculation of The path difference

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 n = 50 // no . o f bands c r o s s e s the l i n e of
observation
4 lambda1 = 5.896 e -7 // max . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n
meter
5 lambda2 = 5.89 e -7 // min . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n
meter
6 // Sample Problem 50 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 7
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 50 # \n )
8 x = lambda1 * lambda2 /( lambda1 - lambda2 ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r the path d i f f e r e n c e
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t = n lambda
/ 2 (mu1) \n )
10 printf ( \n The p a t h d i f f e r e n c e = %f mm. ,x *10^3)

51
 Scilab code Exa 1.51 Calculation of Wavelength of monochromatic light

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 x = 2.948 e -5 // d i s t a n c e moved by movable m i r r o r i n
meter
4 n = 100 // no . o f f r i n g e s c r o s s t h e f i e l d o f view
5 // Sample Problem 51 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 8
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 51 # \n )
7 lambda = 2* x / n // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r w a v e l e n g t h of
monochromatic l i g h t
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda = 2 x / n .
\n )
9 printf ( \n Wavelength o f m o n o c h r o m a t i c l i g h t = %f A .
, lambda * 1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 1.52 Calculation of The distance through which the mov-
able mirror is move

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 lambda1 = 5.896 e -7 // max . wavelength of l i g h t in
meter
4 lambda2 = 5.89 e -7 // min . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n
meter
5 // Sample Problem 52 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 8
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 52 # \n )

52
7 x = lambda1 * lambda2 /(2*( lambda1 - lambda2 ) ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r the path d i f f e r e n c e
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n x = lambda1
lambda2 / 2 ( lambda1 lambda2 ) . \ n )
9 printf ( \n The d i s t a n c e t h r o u g h which t h e movable
m i r r o r i s move = %f mm. ,x *10^3)

Scilab code Exa 1.53 Calculation of Difference between two wavelengths

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 x = 2.945 e -4 // d i s t a n c e moved by movable m i r r o r i n
meter
4 lambda = 5.893 e -7 // mean w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n
meter
5 // Sample Problem 53 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 8
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 53 # \n )
7 delta_lambda = lambda ^2 / (2* x ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n two w a v e l e n g t h s
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n d e l t a l a m b d a =
lambda 2 / ( 2 x ) . \n )
9 printf ( \n D i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n two w a v e l e n g t h s = %f A
. , delta_lambda *1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 1.54 Calculation of Refractive index of gas

1 clc
2 // Given That
3 n = 140 // no . of s h i f t in f r i n g e

53
 4 lambda = 5.46 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
5 t = 0.2 // l e n g t h o f t u b e i n m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 54 on p a g e no . 1 . 5 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 54 # \n )
8 mu = ( n * lambda ) /(2* t ) + 1 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
r e f r a c t i v e index of gas
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu = ( n lambda )
/ ( 2 t ) + 1 . \n )
10 printf ( \n R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f g a s = %f . , mu )

54
 Chapter 2

DIFFRACTION

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Calculation of Radius of half period zone and Area
of half period zone

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n meter
4 d = 1 // d i s t a n c e o f w a v e f r o n t r e c e i v e d on t h e
s c r e e n from t h e o p e n i n g i n m e t e r
5 n = 80 // no . o f h a l f p e r i o d z o n e
6 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 2 . 3 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
8 Rn = sqrt ( n * lambda * d ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a d i u s
o f nth h a l f p e r i o d z o n e
9 A = %pi * d * lambda // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a r e a o f h a l f
p e r i o d zone
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n Rn = s q r t ( nd lambda
) . \ n A = p i d lambda . \ n )
11 printf ( \n R a d i u s o f 80 t h h a l f p e r i o d z o n e = %f cm .
\n Area o f h a l f p e r i o d z o n e = %f s q u a r e cm . , Rn
*100 , A *10000)

55
 Scilab code Exa 2.2 Calculation of Radius of half period zone

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 6e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 f = 0.6 // f o c a l l e n g t h o f c o n v e x l e n s i n m e t e r
5 n = 1 // no . o f h a l f p e r i o d z o n e
6 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 2 . 3 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
8 Rn = sqrt ( n * lambda * f ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a d i u s
o f h a l f p e r i o d zone
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n f = Rn 2 / ( n lambda )
\n )
10 printf ( \n R a d i u s o f h a l f p e r i o d z o n e = %f mm , Rn
*1000)

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Calculation of Radius of half period zone

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 d = 0.3 // d i s t a n c e o f w a v e f r o n t r e c e i v e d on s c r e e n
from t h e o p e n i n g i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 2 . 3 8
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
7 n = 1 // no . o f h a l f p e r i o d z o n e
8 Rn = sqrt ( n * lambda * d ) // b e c a u s e a t maxima
i n t e n s i t y i s f o u r time the i n d i v i d u a l i n t e n s i t y

56
 of light
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n r = s q r t ( d lambda ) \
n)
10 printf ( \n R a d i u s o f 80 t h h a l f p e r i o d z o n e = %f mm.
, Rn *1000)

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Calculation of No of half period zone

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 6e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 d = 0.5 // d i s t a n c e o f o b s e r v a t i o n p o i n t from
c i r c u l a r opening i n meter
5 r1 = 2e -3 // r a d i u s o f c i r c u l a r o p e n i n g i n f i r s t
c a s e i n meter
6 r2 = 2e -2 // r a d i u s o f c i r c u l a r o p e n i n g i n s e c o n d
c a s e i n meter
7 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 2 . 3 9
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
9 n1 = ( r1 ^2) / ( d * lambda ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r no . o f
h a l f p e r i o d zone in f i r s t case
10 n2 = ( r2 ^2) / ( d * lambda ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r no . o f
h a l f p e r i o d zone in second case
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n n = ( r 2 ) / ( d
lambda ) \n )
12 printf ( \n No . o f h a l f p e r i o d z o n e i n f i r s t c a s e =
%d \n no . o f h a l f p e r i o d z o n e i n s e c o n d c a s e = %d
,n1 , n2 )

57
 Scilab code Exa 2.5 Calculation of Distance of screen from opening

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 d = 1e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f t h e f i r s t r i n g o f z o n e p l a t e
i n meter
5 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 2 . 3 9
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
7 n = 1 // no . o f h a l f p e r i o d z o n e
8 D = ( d ^2) / (4 * lambda * n ) // c a l c u l a t i o n for
d i s t a n c e o f s c r e e n from o p e n i n g
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n D = ( d 2 ) / ( 4
lambda n ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n D i s t a n c e o f s c r e e n from o p e n i n g = %f
m e t e r ,D )

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Calculation of Radius of first and second and third
half period zone

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.893 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 f = 1 // f o c a l l e n g t h o f c o n v e x l e n s i n m e t e r
5 n1 = 1 // no . o f f i r s t h a l f p e r i o d z o n e
6 n2 = 3 // no . o f s e c o n d h a l f p e r i o d z o n e
7 n3 = 5 // no . o f t h i r d h a l f p e r i o d z o n e
8 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 0
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
10 R1 = sqrt ( n1 * lambda * f ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r R a d i u s
o f f i r s t h a l f p e r i o d zone
11 R2 = sqrt ( n2 * lambda * f ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r R a d i u s
o f second h a l f p e r i o d zone

58
12 R3 = sqrt ( n3 * lambda * f ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r Radius
o f t h i r d h a l f p e r i o d zone
13 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n R = s q r t ( f n lambda
) \n )
14 printf ( \n R a d i u s o f f i r s t , s e c o n d and t h i r d h a l f
p e r i o d z o n e = %e , %e and %e m e t e r . ,R1 , R2 , R3 )

Scilab code Exa 2.7 Calculation of Radius of half period zone

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 f = 0.2 // f o c a l l e n g t h o f c o n v e x l e n s i n m e t e r
5 n = 10 // no . o f h a l f p e r i o d z o n e
6 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
8 Rn = sqrt ( n * lambda * f ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a d i u s
o f 10 t h h a l f p e r i o d z o n e
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n Rn = s q r t ( n
lambda f ) . \ n )
10 printf ( \n R a d i u s o f 10 t h h a l f p e r i o d z o n e = %f mm.
, Rn *1000)

Scilab code Exa 2.8 Calculation of Focal length and Power and Diameter
of first zone

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n meter

59
4 d1 = 1 // d i s t a n c e o f w a v e f r o n t r e c i e v e d on t h e
s c r e e n from t h e o p e n i n g i n f i r s t s i d e i n m e t e r
5 d2 = 2 // d i s t a n c e o f w a v e f r o n t r e c i e v e d on t h e
s c r e e n from t h e o p e n i n g i n o t h e r s i d e i n m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
8 f = ( d1 * d2 ) / ( d1 + d2 )
9 p = 1 / f // b e a c a u s e z o n e p l a t e a c t a s a c o n v e x
lens
10 n = 1 // f o r f i r s t z o n e
11 Rn = sqrt ( n * lambda * f ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a d i u s
o f f i r s t zone
12 Dn = 2 * Rn // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i a m e t e r o f f i r s t
zone
13 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
14 printf ( \n F o c a l l e n g t h = %f m e t e r . \n Power = %f D .
\n D i a m e t e r o f f i r s t z o n e = %f mm. ,f ,p , Dn
*1000)

Scilab code Exa 2.9 Calculation of Focal length

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda1 = 6e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f f i r s t l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 lambda2 = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f s e c o n d l i g h t i n
meter
5 f1 = 1 // f o c a l l e n g t h i n f i r s t c a s e i n m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 1
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
8 f2 = ( lambda1 * f1 ) / lambda2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
f o c a l length in second case
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n f 2 = ( lambda1
f 1 ) / lambda2 )

60
10 printf ( \n F o c a l l e n g t h i n s e c o n d c a s e = %f m e t e r ,
f2 )

Scilab code Exa 2.10 Calculation of No of zone of Fresnel

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 4e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 u = 0.2 // d i s t a n c e o f o b j e c t from z o n e p l a t e i n
meter
5 v = 0.2 // d i s t a n c e o f b r i g h t e s t image from from
zone p l a t e i n meter
6 r = 0.01 // r a d i u s i n m e t e r
7 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 1
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
9 f = ( u * v ) / ( u + v ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r f o c a l
length
10 n = ( r ^2) / ( f * lambda ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r no . o f
zone o f F r e s n e l
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n f = ( u v ) / ( u
+ v ) . \n n = ( r 2 ) / ( f lambda ) . \ n )
12 printf ( \n No . o f z o n e o f F r e s n e l = %f ,n )

Scilab code Exa 2.11 Calculation of Distance of first image from zone
plate

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.893 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n meter

61
 4 d = 2.3 e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f t h e c e n t r a l zone o f zone
p l a t e i n meter
5 u = 6 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n p o i n t s o u r c e from z o n e
p l a t e i n meter
6 // Sample Problem 11 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 2
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 11 # \n )
8 n = 1 // f o r c e n t r a l z o n e
9 f = ( d ^2) / (4 * lambda * n ) // c a l c u l a t i o n for
focal length
10 disp ( f )
11 v = ( f * u ) / ( u - f ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i s t a n c e
o f f i r s t image from z o n e p l a t e
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n f = ( d 2 ) / ( 4
lambda n ) . \n v = ( f u ) / ( u f ) . \n )
13 printf ( \n D i s t a n c e o f f i r s t image from z o n e p l a t e =
%f m e t e r ,v )

Scilab code Exa 2.12 Calculation of Principal focal length of zone plate

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 R = 2 // r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e i n m e t e r
4 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 2
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )
6 f = R // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r p r i n c i p a l f o c a l length of
zone p l a t e
7 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n f = r 2 / lambda
. \n r = s q r t ( lambda R) . \n )
8 printf ( \n P r i n c i p a l f o c a l l e n g t h o f z o n e p l a t e = %f
m e t e r ,f )

62
 Scilab code Exa 2.13 Calculation of Angular spread of the central max-
ima

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 b = 1e -3 // s l i t w i d t h i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 13 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 2
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 13 # \n )
7 m = 1 // f o r f i r s t minima
8 theta = asin (( m * lambda ) / b ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
a n g u l a r s p r e a d o f t h e c e n t r a l maxima i n r a d i a n
9 theta_ = theta * (180 / %pi ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
a n g u l a r s p r e a d o f t h e c e n t r a l maxima i n d e g r e e
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = a s i n ( (m
lambda ) / b ) . \ n )
11 printf ( \n A n g u l a r s p r e a d o f t h e c e n t r a l maxima = %f
d e g r e e ,2 * theta_ )

Scilab code Exa 2.14 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 1.2 // d i s t a n c e o f s c r e e n from s l i t i n m e t e r
4 x = 3.7 e -3 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n f i r s t maxima t o
c e n t r a l maxima i n m e t e r
5 b = 2e -4 // s l i t w i d t h i n m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 14 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 3

63
 7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 14 # \n )
8 lambda = ( x * b ) / d // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r w a v e l e n g t h
of light
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda = ( x b )
/ d . \ n)
10 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t = %e m e t e r . , lambda )

Scilab code Exa 2.15 Calculation of Angular position of second and third
minima

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.5 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 b = 2.2 e -6 // s l i t w i d t h i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 15 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 3
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 15 # \n )
7 m2 = 2 // f o r s e c o n d minima
8 theta2 = asin (( m2 * lambda ) / b ) * (180 / %pi ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g u l a r p o s i t i o n o f s e c o n d minima
9 m3 = 3 // f o r t h i r d minima
10 theta3 = asin (( m3 * lambda ) / b ) * (180 / %pi ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g u l a r p o s i t i o n o f t h i r d minima
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = a s i n ( (m
lambda ) / b ) ( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n )
12 printf ( \n A n g u l a r p o s i t i o n o f s e c o n d and t h i r d
minima = %f , %f d e g r e e r e s p e c t i v e l y , theta2 ,
theta3 )

64
 Scilab code Exa 2.16 Calculation of Half angular width of the central
bright maxima

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 b = 1.2 e -6 // s l i t w i d t h i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 16 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 4
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 16 # \n )
7 m = 1 // f o r f i r s t minima
8 theta = asin (( m * lambda ) / b ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
h a l f a n g u l a r w i d t h o f t h e c e n t r a l b r i g h t maxima
in radian
9 theta_ = theta * (180 / %pi ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r h a l f
a n g u l a r w i d t h o f t h e c e n t r a l b r i g h t maxima i n
degree
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = a s i n ( (m
lambda ) / b ) . \ n )
11 printf ( \n H a l f a n g u l a r w i d t h o f t h e c e n t r a l b r i g h t
maxima = %f d e g r e e , theta_ )

Scilab code Exa 2.17 Calculation of Slit width

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 theta = %pi / 6 // h a l f a n g u l a r w i d t h o f c e n t r a l
maximum i n f i r s t c a s e i n r a d i a n
5 theta_ = %pi / 2 // h a l f a n g u l a r w i d t h o f c e n t r a l
maximum i n s e c o n d c a s e i n r a d i a n
6 // Sample Problem 17 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 4
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 17 # \n )
8 m = 1 // f o r f i r s t minima

65
 9 b1 = ( lambda * m ) / sin ( theta ) // c a l c u l a t i o n for
s l i t width i n f i r s t c a s e
10 b2 = ( lambda * m ) / sin ( theta_ ) // c a l c u l a t i o n for
s l i t width i n second c a s e
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n b = ( lambda m)
/ s i n ( t h e t a ) . \n )
12 printf ( \n S l i t w i d t h i n f i r s t c a s e = %e m e t e r . \n
S l i t w i d t h i n s e c o n d c a s e = %e m e t e r ,b1 , b2 )

Scilab code Exa 2.18 Calculation of Angular spread and linear width

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 d = 1 // d i s t a n c e o f s c r e e n from s l i t i n m e t e r
5 b = 1e -4 // s l i t w i d t h i n m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 18 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 4
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 18 # \n )
8 theta = ( asin ( lambda / b ) ) * (180 / %pi ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n for angular spread
9 x = (2 * d * lambda ) / b // c a l c u l a t i o n for linear
width
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = ( a s i n (
lambda / b ) ) ( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n x = ( 2 d lambda
) / b . \n )
11 printf ( \n A n g u l a r s p r e a d = %f d e g r e e \n L i n e a r w i d t h
= %e m e t e r , theta , x )

Scilab code Exa 2.20 Calculation of Angular width of the central maxima

66
 1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 6e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 b = 1.2 e -6 // s l i t w i d t h i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 20 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 6
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 20 # \n )
7 m = 1 // f o r f i r s t minima
8 theta = asin (( m * lambda ) / b ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
a n g u l a r w i d t h o f t h e c e n t r a l maxima i n r a d i a n
9 theta_ = theta * (180 / %pi ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
a n g u l a r w i d t h o f t h e c e n t r a l maxima i n d e g r e e
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = a s i n ( (m
lambda ) / b ) . \n )
11 printf ( \n A n g u l a r w i d t h o f t h e c e n t r a l maxima = %f
d e g r e e ,2 * theta_ )

Scilab code Exa 2.21 Calculation of Separation of dark band

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 4.890 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 b = 5e -3 // s l i t w i d t h i n m e t e r
5 f = 0.4 // f o c a l l e n g t h o f c o n v e x l e n s i n m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 21 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 6
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 21 # \n )
8 m = 1 // f o r f i r s t d a r k f r i n g e
9 x = ( f * m * lambda ) / b
10 n = 1 // f o r f i r s t s e c o n d a r y maxima
11 x_ = ((2 * n + 1) * lambda * f ) / (2 * b )
12 delta_x = x_ - x // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r s e p a r a t i o n o f
d a r k band
13 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n x = ( f m
lambda ) / b . \n d e l t a x = x x . \n )

67
14 printf ( \n S e p a r a t i o n o f d a r k band = %e m e t e r . ,
delta_x )

Scilab code Exa 2.22 Calculation of Separation of dark band on either

side of the central maximum

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.893 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 b = 5e -4 // s l i t w i d t h i n m e t e r
5 f = 1 // f o c a l l e n g t h o f c o n v e x l e n s i n m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 22 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 7
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 22 # \n )
8 x = (2 * lambda * f ) / b // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
S e p a r a t i o n o f d a r k band on e i t h e r s i d e o f t h e
c e n r a l maximum
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n . \n )
10 printf ( \n S e p a r a t i o n o f d a r k band on e i t h e r s i d e o f
t h e c e n t r a l maximum = %e m e t e r ,x )

Scilab code Exa 2.23 Calculation of Missing orders

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 4e -4 // s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n s l i t s i n m e t e r
4 b = 8e -5 // s l i t w i d t h i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 23 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 7
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 23 # \n )
7 r = ( b + d ) / b // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a t i o o f n w i t h m

68
 8 m1 = 1
9 n1 = r * m1 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r M i s s i n g o r d e r s
10 m2 = 2
11 n2 = r * m2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r M i s s i n g o r d e r s
12 m3 = 3
13 n3 = r * m3 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r M i s s i n g o r d e r s
14 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n r = ( b + d ) / b .
\n n = r m. \n )
15 printf ( \n M i s s i n g o r d e r s = %d , %d , %d , . . . . . . ,n1 , n2 ,
n3 )

Scilab code Exa 2.24 Calculation of Wavelength of light and Missing or-
der

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 4e -4 // s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n s l i t s i n m e t e r
4 b = 2e -4 // s l i t w i d t h i n m e t e r
5 fringe_width = 2.5 e -3 // f r i n g e w i d t h i n m e t e r
6 D = 1.6 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s c r e e n and s l i t s
7 // Sample Problem 24 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 24 # \n )
9 lambda = ( fringe_width * d ) / D // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
wavelength of l i g h t
10 r = ( b + d ) / b // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a t i o o f n w i t h m
11 m1 = 1
12 n1 = r * m1 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r m i s s i n g o r d e r
13 m2 = 2
14 n2 = r * m2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r m i s s i n g o r d e r
15 m3 = 3
16 n3 = r * m3 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r m i s s i n g o r d e r
17 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda = (
f r i n g e w i d t h d ) / D . \n r = ( b + d ) / b . \n n =

69
 r m. \n )
18 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t = %e m e t e r . \n
M i s s i n g o r d e r = %d , %d , %d . . . . , lambda , n1 , n2 , n3 )

Scilab code Exa 2.25 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 N = 425000 // no . of l i n e s in plane transmission
g r a t i n g per meter
4 theta = %pi / 6 // a n g l e a t which s e c o n d o r d e r
s p e c t r a l l i n e i s observed in radian
5 n = 2 // o r d e r o f s p e c t r a l l i n e
6 // Sample Problem 25 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 25 # \n )
8 lambda = sin ( theta ) / (2 * N ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
wavelength of l i g h t
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda = s i n (
t h e t a ) / ( 2 N) . \n )
10 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t = %e m e t e r . , lambda )

Scilab code Exa 2.26 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 N = 500000 // no . of l i n e s in plane transmission
g r a t i n g per meter
4 theta = %pi / 6 // a n g l e a t which s e c o n d o r d e r
s p e c t r a l l i n e i s observed in radian

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 5 n = 2 // o r d e r o f s p e c t r a l l i n e
6 // Sample Problem 26 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 26 # \n )
8 lambda = sin ( theta ) / (2 * N ) // c a l c u l a t i o n for
wavelength of l i g h t
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda = s i n (
t h e t a ) / ( 2 N) . \n )
10 printf ( \n w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %e m e t e r . , lambda )

Scilab code Exa 2.27 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1
2 clc
3 // Given t h a t
4 lambda2 = 5.461 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t in second
c a s e i n meter
5 n1 = 4 // no . o f o r d e r i n f i r s t c a s e
6 n2 = 3 // no . o f o r d e r i n s e c o n d c a s e
7 // Sample Problem 27 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 8
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 27 # \n )
9 lambda1 = ( n2 * lambda2 ) / n1 // c a l c u l a t i o n for
Wavelength o f l i g h t i n f i r s t c a s e
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda1 = ( n2
lambda2 ) / n1 . \n )
11 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t i n f i r s t c a s e = %d A
, ceil ( lambda1 *1 e10 ) )

Scilab code Exa 2.28 Calculation of No of lines in per cm

71
 1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 theta = %pi / 6 // a n g l e a t which s e c o n d o r d e r
s p e c t r a l l i n e i s observed in radian
5 n = 2 // o r d e r o f s p e c t r a l l i n e
6 // Sample Problem 28 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 9
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 28 # \n )
8 k = ( n * lambda ) / sin ( theta ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r ( b+
d)
9 N = 1 / k // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r no . o f l i n e s i n p e r cm
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n b+d = ( n
lambda ) / s i n ( t h e t a ) . \n N = 1 / k . \n )
11 printf ( \n No . o f l i n e s p e r cm = %f ,N / 100)

Scilab code Exa 2.29 Calculation of Angle of separation

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda1 = 5.048 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t in f i r s t
c a s e i n meter
4 lambda2 = 5.016 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n s e c o n d
c a s e i n meter
5 n = 2 // no . o f o r d e r i n f i r s t c a s e
6 N = 15000 // no . o f l i n e s i n g r a t i n g p e r i n c h
7 // Sample Problem 29 on p a g e no . 2 . 4 9
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 29 # \n )
9 k = 2.54 / 1500000 // i n m e t e r
10 theta1 = asin ( n * lambda1 / k ) * (180 / %pi ) //
calculation for angle in f i r s t case
11 theta2 = asin ( n * lambda2 / k ) * (180 / %pi ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r angle in second case
12 delta_theta = theta1 - theta2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r

72
 angle of separation
13 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = a s i n ( n
lambda / k ) ( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n )
14 printf ( \n A n g l e o f s e p a r a t i o n = %f d e g r e e ,
delta_theta )

Scilab code Exa 2.30 Calculation of Angle of separation

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda1 = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t in f i r s t
c a s e i n meter
4 lambda2 = 5.896 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t in second
c a s e i n meter
5 n = 2 // no . o f o r d e r i n f i r s t c a s e
6 N = 600000 // no . o f l i n e s i n g r a t i n g p e r m e t e r
7 // Sample Problem 30 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 0
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 30 # \n )
9 k = 1 / N // i n m e t e r
10 theta1 = asin ( n * lambda1 / k ) * (180 / %pi ) //
calculation for angle in f i r s t case
11 theta2 = asin ( n * lambda2 / k ) * (180 / %pi ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r angle in second case
12 delta_theta = theta2 - theta1 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
angle of separation
13 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a 1 = a s i n ( n
lambda1 / k ) ( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n )
14 printf ( \n A n g l e o f s e p a r a t i o n = %f d e g r e e ,
delta_theta )

73
 Scilab code Exa 2.31 Calculation of No of lines per cm

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda1 = 5.4 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t f o r nth
o r d e r i n meter
4 lambda2 = 4.05 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t f o r ( n+1) t h
o r d e r i n meter
5 theta = %pi / 6 // a n g l e o f d i f f r a c t i o n i n r a d i a n
6 // Sample Problem 31 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 31 # \n )
8 k = ( lambda1 * lambda2 ) / (( lambda1 - lambda2 ) * sin
( theta ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r b+d
9 N = (1 / k ) * (0.01) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r no . o f l i n e s
p e r cm
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n b+d = ( lambda1
lambda2 ) / ( ( lambda1 lambda2 ) s i n ( t h e t a ) ) . \
n N = ( 1 / k ) ( 0 . 0 1 ) . \n )
11 printf ( \n No . o f l i n e s p e r cm = %d ,N )

Scilab code Exa 2.32 Calculation of Difference in two wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d_theta = 0.01 // a n g u l a r s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n two
wavelengths in radian
4 theta = %pi / 6 // a n g l e o f d i f f r a c t i o n i n r a d i a n
5 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r

74
 6 // Sample Problem 32 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 1
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 32 # \n )
8 d_lambda = ( lambda * cos ( theta ) * d_theta ) / sin (
theta ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i f f e r e n c e i n two
waveligth
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n d lambda = ( lambda
c o s ( t h e t a ) d t h e t a ) / s i n ( t h e t a ) . \n\n )
10 printf ( \n D i f f e r e n c e i n two w a v e l e n g t h = %e m e t e r
, d_lambda )

Scilab code Exa 2.33 Calculation of Order of spectrum

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 N = 2620 // no . of l i n e s in plane transmission
gr a ti ng per inch
4 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f i n c i d e n t r a d i a t i o n i n
meter
5 // Sample Problem 33 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 1
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 33 # \n )
7 k = 2.54 / N * 1 / 100 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r b+d i n
meter
8 n = k / lambda // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r o r d e r o f s p e c t r u m
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n n = k / lambda
)
10 printf ( \n Order o f s p e c t r u m = %d ,n )

Scilab code Exa 2.34 Calculation of Order of spectrum

75
 1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 N = 500000 // no . of l i n e s in plane transmission
g r a t i n g per meter
4 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f i n c i d e n t r a d i a t i o n i n
meter
5 // Sample Problem 34 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 1
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 34 # \n )
7 k = 1 / N // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r b+d i n m e t e r
8 n = k / lambda // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r o r d e r o f s p e c t r u m
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n k = 1 / N . \n n
= k / lambda . \n )
10 printf ( \n Order o f s p e c t r u m = %d ,n )

Scilab code Exa 2.35 Calculation of Observed order

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 N = 400000 // no . of l i n e s in plane transmission
g r a t i n g per meter
4 lambda1 = 4e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n f i r s t c a s e
i n meter
5 lambda2 = 7e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n s e c o n d c a s e
i n meter
6 // Sample Problem 35 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 2
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 35 # \n )
8 n1 = 1 / ( N * lambda1 ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r O b s e r v e d
order in f i r s t case
9 n2 = 1 / ( N * lambda2 ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r O b s e r v e d
order in second case
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n n = 1 / (N lambda
) . \n )
11 printf ( \n O b s e r v e d o r d e r = %d , %d ,n1 , n2 )

76
 Scilab code Exa 2.36 Calculation of Dispersive power

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 N = 400000 // no . o f l i n e s i n g r a t i n g p e r m e t e r
4 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f i n c i d e n t r a d i a t i o n in
meter
5 n = 3 // no . o f o r d e r
6 // Sample Problem 36 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 2
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 36 # \n )
8 p = ( n * N ) / ( sqrt (1 - ( N * n * lambda ) ) ) //
d i s p e r s i v e power ( p ) = d ( t h e t a ) / d ( lambda )
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n p = ( n N) / (
s q r t ( 1 (N n lambda ) ) ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n D i s p e r s i v e power = %e r a d /m ,p )

Scilab code Exa 2.37 Calculation of Minimum no of lines in grating

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 2 // no . o f o r d e r
4 lambda1 = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t in f i r s t
c a s e i n meter
5 lambda2 = 5.896 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n s e c o n d
c a s e i n meter
6 // Sample Problem 37 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 2
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 37 # \n )

77
 8 N = lambda1 / ( n * ( lambda2 - lambda1 ) ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r minimum no . o f l i n e s i n g r a t i n g
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n N = lambda1 / ( n
( lambda2 lambda1 ) ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n Minimum no . o f l i n e s i n g r a t i n g = %f , ,N )

Scilab code Exa 2.38 Calculation of Minimum no of lines in grating

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 1 // no . o f o r d e r
4 lambda1 = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t in f i r s t
c a s e i n meter
5 lambda2 = 5.896 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n s e c o n d
c a s e i n meter
6 // Sample Problem 38 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 3
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 38 # \n )
8 N = lambda1 / ( n * ( lambda2 - lambda1 ) ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r minimum no . o f l i n e s i n g r a t i n g
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n lambda / d ( lambda )=n
N . \n )
10 printf ( \n Minimum no . o f l i n e s i n g r a t i n g = %f , ,N )

Scilab code Exa 2.39 Calculation of Grating space and Total width of
ruled surface

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 3 // no . o f o r d e r

78
 4 theta = %pi / 6 // v i e w a n g l e o f t h i r d o r d e r i n
radian
5 lambda1 = 5.89 e -7 // min . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n
meter
6 lambda2 = 5.896 e -7 // max . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n
meter
7 // Sample Problem 39 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 3
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 39 # \n )
9 mean_lambda = ( lambda1 + lambda2 ) / 2 // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r mean w a v e l e n g t h
10 s = ( n * mean_lambda ) / sin ( theta ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r g r a t i n g s p a c e b+d
11 N = lambda1 / ( n * ( lambda2 - lambda1 ) ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r minimum no . o f l i n e s i n g r a t i n g
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mean lambda = (
lambda1 + lambda2 ) / 2 . \n s = ( n mean lambda )
/ s i n ( t h e t a ) . \n N = lambda1 / ( n ( lambda2
lambda1 ) ) . \n )
13 printf ( \n G r a t i n g s p a c e = %e m e t e r . \n T o t a l w i d t h
o f r u l e d s u r f a c e = %e m e t e r . ,s , s * N )

Scilab code Exa 2.40 Calculation of The separation of two points on moon

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.5 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 a = 5 // d i a m e t e r o f o b j e c t i v e l e n s o f t e l e s c o p ein
meter
5 R = 3.8 e8 // d i s t a n c e o f moon i n m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 40 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 3
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 40 # \n )
8 theta = (1.22 * lambda ) / a // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g l e
9 x = ( R * theta ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f

79
 two p o i n t s on moon
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = ( 1 . 2 2
lambda ) / a . \n x = (R t h e t a ) . \n )
11 printf ( \n The s e p a r a t i o n o f two p o i n t s on moon = %f
m e t e r ,x )

Scilab code Exa 2.41 Calculation of Diameter of telescope objective

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 theta = (1 e -3) * ( %pi / 180) // s e p a r a t i o n a n g l e o f
stars in radian
5 // Sample Problem 41 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 4
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 41 # \n )
7 a = (1.22 * lambda ) / theta // c a l c u l a t i o n for
diameter of t e l e s c o p e o b j e c t i v e
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n a = ( 1 . 2 2
lambda ) / t h e t a . \n )
9 printf ( \n D i a m e t e r o f t e l e s c o p e o b j e c t i v e = %f
m e t e r ,a )

Scilab code Exa 2.42 Calculation of Diameter of telescope objective

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 6e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 theta = 2.44 e -6 // s e p a r a t i o n a n g l e o f s t a r s i n
radian

80
 5 // Sample Problem 42 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 4
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 42 # \n )
7 a = (1.22 * lambda ) / theta // c a l c u l a t i o n for
diameter of t e l e s c o p e o b j e c t i v e
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n a = ( 1 . 2 2
lambda ) / t h e t a . \n )
9 printf ( \n D i a m e t e r o f t e l e s c o p e o b j e c t i v e = %f
m e t e r ,a )

Scilab code Exa 2.43 Calculation of Max distance of pin holes from mi-
croscope

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.5 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 a = 0.004 // d i a m e t e r o f o b j e c t i v e l e n s o f t e l e s c o p e
i n meter
5 x = 1.5 e -3 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two p i n h o l e s i n
meter
6 // Sample Problem 43 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 4
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 43 # \n )
8 theta = (1.22 * lambda ) / a // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g l e
9 R = x / theta // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r max . d i s t a n c e o f
p i n h o l e s from m i c r o s c o p e
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = ( 1 . 2 2
lambda ) / a . \n R = x / t h e t a . \n )
11 printf ( \n Max . d i s t a n c e o f p i n h o l e s from
m i c r o s c o p e = %f m e t e r ,R )

81
 Scilab code Exa 2.44 Calculation of The resolving limit of microscope

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.5 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 theta = %pi / 6 // semi a n g l e o f c o n e i n r a d i a n
5 // Sample Problem 44 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 5
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 44 # \n )
7 d = (1.22 * lambda ) / (2 * sin ( theta ) ) //
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r the r e s o l v i n g l i m i t of microscope
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n d s i n ( t h e t a )= 1 . 2 2
lamda . \n )
9 printf ( \n The r e s o l v i n g l i m i t o f m i c r o s c o p e = %e
m e t e r ,d )

Scilab code Exa 2.45 Calculation of Numerical aperture of objective

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.461 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 d = 4e -7 // s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n o b j e c t s i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 45 on p a g e no . 2 . 5 5
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 45 # \n )
7 NA = (1.22 * lambda ) / (2 * d ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
numerical aperture of objective
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n NA = ( 1 . 2 2
lambda ) / ( 2 d ) . \n )
9 printf ( \n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e o f o b j e c t i v e = %f , NA )

82
 Chapter 3

POLARISATION

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Calculation of Brewster angle and Angle of refraction

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 mu = 1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f g l a s s
4 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 3
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
6 Ip = atan ( mu ) * (180 / %pi ) // by b r e w s t e r s law
7 r = 90 - Ip // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g l e o f r e f r a c t i o n
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu=t a n ( I p ) \n )
9 printf ( \n B r e w s t e r a n g l e = %f d e g r e e \n A n g l e o f
r e f r a c t i o n = %f d e g r e e ,Ip , r )

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Calculation of Angle of Brewster

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t

83
 3 mu = 1.33 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f g l a s s
4 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 4
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
6 Ip = atan ( mu ) * (180 / %pi ) // by B r e w s t e r s law
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu=t a n ( I p ) \n )
8 printf ( \n A n g l e o f b r e w s t e r = %f d e g r e e , Ip )

Scilab code Exa 3.3 Calculation of difference between polarization angle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 mu_w = 1.33 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x of water
4 mu_g = 1.54 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x of glass
5 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 3.24
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
7 Ip_1 = atan ( mu_g / mu_w ) * (180 / %pi ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r p o l a r i z i n g angle f o r water
8 Ip_2 = atan ( mu_w / mu_g ) * (180 / %pi ) //
calculation for polarizing angle for glass
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu=t a n ( I p ) \n )
10 printf ( \n P o l a r i z i n g a n g l e f o r w a t e r t o g l a s s = %f
degree , \ n P o l a r i z i n g angle f o r g l a s s to water =
%f d e g r e e , Ip_1 , Ip_2 )
11 printf ( \n So p o l a r i z i n g a n g l e i s g r e a t e r f o r a beam
i n c i d e n t from w a t e r t o g l a s s )

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Calculation of Angle of minimum deviation

1 clc

84
2 // Given t h a t
3 Ip = %pi / 3 // p o l a r i z i n g angle of piece of glass
for green l i g h t in radian
4 a = %pi / 3 // a n g l e o f p r i s m i n r a d i a n
5 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 4
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
7 mu = tan ( Ip ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
8 delta_m = 2 * ( asin ( mu * sin ( a / 2) ) - ( a / 2) ) *
(180 / %pi ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g l e o f minimum
deviation
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu = t a n ( I p ) . \n
d e l t a m = 2 ( a s i n (mu s i n ( a / 2 ) ) ( a / 2 ) )
( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n A n g l e o f minimum d e v i a t i o n = %f d e g r e e ,
delta_m )

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Calculation of Brewster angle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 mu_w = 1.33 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f w a t e r
4 mu_g = 1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f g l a s s
5 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 5
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
7 Ip = atan ( mu_g / mu_w ) * (180 / %pi ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r Brewster angle
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n I p = a t a n ( mu g /
mu w ) ( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n )
9 printf ( \n B r e w s t e r a n g l e = %f d e g r e e , Ip )

85
 Scilab code Exa 3.6 Calculation of Angle of incidence and angle of refrac-
tion

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 mu = 1.732 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f g l a s s
4 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 5
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
6 Ip = atan ( mu ) * (180 / %pi ) // by B r e w s t e r s law
7 r = 90 - Ip // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g l e o f r e f r a c t i o n
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu=t a n ( I p ) \n )
9 printf ( \n A n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e = %f d e g r e e \n A n g l e o f
r e f r a c t i o n = %f d e g r e e ,Ip , r )

Scilab code Exa 3.7 Calculation of Ratio between transmitted intensity

to incident intensity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 alpha = %pi / 3 // a n g l e b e t w e e n p o l a r i z e r and
analyzer
4 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 5
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
6 r = ( cos ( alpha ) ) ^2 // where r = t r a n s m i t t e d
intensity / incident intensity
7 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n r = ( c o s ( a l p h a ) )
2 . \n )

86
 8 printf ( \n R a t i o b e t w e e n t r a n s m i t t e d i n t e n s i t y t o
i n c i d e n t i n t e n s i t y = %f ,r )

Scilab code Exa 3.8 Calculation of The angle between characteristics di-
rections of the sheet

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r1 = 1/3 // r a t i o of intensity of transmitted light
t o t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t r a n s m i t t e d beam i n f i r s t
case
4 r2 = 1/3 // r a t i o o f i n t e n s i t y o f t r a n s m i t t e d l i g h t
t o t h e i n t e n s i t y o f i n c i d e n t beam i n s e c o n d c a s e
5 p = 50 // p e r c e n t a g e r e d u c t i o n i n i n t e n s i t y o f
u n p o l a r i z e d l i g h t by t h e s h e e t
6 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 5
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
8 theta1 = acosd ( sqrt ( r1 ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e
a n g l e between c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i r e c t i o n s o f the
sheet in f i r s t case
9 theta2 = acosd ( sqrt (2* r2 ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e
a n g l e between c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i r e c t i o n s o f the
sheet in second case
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = a c o s d (
s q r t ( r ) ) . \n )
11 printf ( \n The a n g l e b e t w e e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e s h e e t i n f i r s t c a s e = %f d e g r e e
. \n t h e a n g l e b e t w e e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i r e c t i o n s
o f t h e s h e e t i n s e c o n d c a s e = %f d e g r e e . , theta1
, theta2 )

87
 Scilab code Exa 3.9 Calculation of Angle between the nicol prisms

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 3 / 4 // r a t i o of intensity of transmitted light
to the i n t e n s i t y of i n c i d e n t l i g h t
4 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 6
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
6 theta = acos ( sqrt ( r ) ) * (180 / %pi ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r a n g l e between the n i c o l prisms
7 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = a c o s (
s q r t ( r ) ) ( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n )
8 printf ( \n A n g l e b e t w e e n t h e n i c o l p r i s m s = %f
d e g r e e , theta )

Scilab code Exa 3.10 Calculation of Percentage reduction in intensity of

light

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 theta1 = %pi / 6 // a n g l e b e t w e e n N i c o l e p r i s m s i n
f i r s t case in radian
4 theta2 = %pi / 4 // a n g l e b e t w e e n N i c o l e p r i s m s i n
second case in radian
5 theta3 = %pi / 3 // a n g l e b e t w e e n N i c o l e p r i s m s i n
third case in radian
6 theta4 = %pi / 2 // a n g l e b e t w e e n N i c o l e p r i s m s i n
fourth case in radian

88
 7 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 6
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
9 I1 = (1 - ( cos ( theta1 ) ) ^2) * 100
10 I2 = (1 - ( cos ( theta2 ) ) ^2) * 100
11 I3 = (1 - ( cos ( theta3 ) ) ^2) * 100
12 I4 = (1 - ( cos ( theta4 ) ) ^2) * 100
13 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r p e r c e n t a g e r e d u c t i o n i n
intensity of ligth
14 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n I = ( 1 ( c o s (
t h e t a ) ) 2 ) 1 0 0 . \n )
15 printf ( \n P e r c e n t a g e r e d u c t i o n i n i n t e n s i t y o f
l i g t h \n ( i ) %f p e r \n ( i i ) %f p e r \n ( i i i ) %f p e r \n ( i v )
%f p e r ,I1 , I2 , I3 , I4 )

Scilab code Exa 3.11 Calculation of Angle between the Nicols

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 i1 = 1 / 2 // r e d u c e d i n t e n s i t y r a t i o i n f i r s t c a s e
4 i2 = 1 / 4 // r e d u c e d i n t e n s i t y r a t i o i n s e c o n d c a s e
5 // Sample Problem 11 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 7
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 11 # \n )
7 theta1 = acos ( sqrt ( i1 ) ) * (180 / %pi ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r a n g l e between n i c o l s i n f i r s t c a s e
8 theta2 = acos ( sqrt ( i2 ) ) * (180 / %pi ) // c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r a n g l e between n i c o l s i n second c a s e
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n I= I c o s ( t h e t a ) 2\ n
)
10 printf ( \n A n g l e b e t w e e n t h e N i c o l s i n f i r s t c a s e =
%f d e g r e e \n And i n s e c o n d c a s e = %f d e g r e e ,
theta1 , theta2 )

89
 Scilab code Exa 3.12 Calculation of Thickness of half wave plate of quartz

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n meter
4 mu_e = 1.553 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r extraordinary
light
5 mu_o = 1.544 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a r y l i g h t
6 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 7
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )
8 t = lambda / (2 * ( mu_e - mu_o ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
t h i c k n e s s o f h a l f wave p l a t e o f q u a r t z
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t = lambda / ( 2
( mu e mu o ) ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f h a l f wave p l a t e o f q u a r t z =
%e m e t e r ,t )

Scilab code Exa 3.13 Calculation of Thickness of quartz plate

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.893 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 mu_e = 1.533 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r e x t r a o r d i n a r y
light
5 mu_o = 1.554 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a r y l i g h t
6 // Sample Problem 13 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 7
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 13 # \n )

90
 8 t = lambda / (4 * ( mu_o - mu_e ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n for
thickness of quartz plate
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t = lambda / ( 4
( mu o mu e ) ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f q u a r t z p l a t e = %e m e t e r ,t )

Scilab code Exa 3.14 Calculation of Thickness quartz plate

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 mu_e1 = 1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r e x t r a o r d i n a r y
l i g h t in f i r s t case
5 mu_o1 = 1.55 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a r y l i g h t
in f i r s t case
6 mu_e2 = 1.57 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r e x t r a o r d i n a r y
l i g h t in second case
7 mu_o2 = 1.55 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a r y l i g h t
in second case
8 // Sample Problem 14 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 8
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 14 # \n )
10 t1 = lambda / (4 * ( mu_o1 - mu_e1 ) )
11 t2 = lambda / (4 * ( mu_e2 - mu_o2 ) )
12 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h i c k n e s s o f p l a t e o f q u a r t z
13 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t = lambda / ( 4
( mu o mu e ) ) )
14 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f p l a t e o f q u a r t z i n f i r s t
c a s e = %e meter , \ n And t h i c k n e s s o f p l a t e o f
q u a r t z i n s e c o n d c a s e = %e m e t e r ,t1 , t2 )

91
 Scilab code Exa 3.15 Calculation of Thickness of calcite plate

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 mu_e = 1.486 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r e x t r a o r d i n a r y
light
5 mu_o = 1.658 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a r y l i g h t
6 // Sample Problem 15 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 15 # \n )
8 t = lambda / (4 * ( mu_o - mu_e ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
thickness of c a l c i t e plate
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t = lambda / ( 4
( mu o mu e ) ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f c a l c i t e p l a t e = %e m e t e r ,t
)

Scilab code Exa 3.16 Calculation of Thickness of quartz plate

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 mu_e = 1.5533 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r e x t r a o r d i n a r y
light
5 mu_o = 1.5442 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a r y l i g h t
6 // Sample Problem 16 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 16 # \n )

92
 8 t = lambda / (4 * ( mu_e - mu_o ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n for
thickness of quartz plate
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t = lambda / ( 4
( mu e mu o ) ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f q u a r t z p l a t e = %e m e t e r ,t )

Scilab code Exa 3.17 Calculation of Thickness of quartz plate

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 mu_e = 1.54 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r e x t r a o r d i n a r y
light
5 mu_o = 1.55 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a r y l i g h t
6 // Sample Problem 17 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 17 # \n )
8 t = lambda / (4 * ( mu_o - mu_e ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
thickness of quartz plate
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t = lambda / ( 4
( mu o mu e ) ) )
10 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f q u a r t z p l a t e = %e m e t e r ,t )

Scilab code Exa 3.18 Calculation of Thickness of quartz plate

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 mu_e = 1.553 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r e x t r a o r d i n a r y
light

93
 5 mu_o = 1.544 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a r y l i g h t
6 // Sample Problem 18 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 18 # \n )
8 t = lambda / (4 * ( mu_e - mu_o ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
thickness of quartz plate
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t = lambda / ( 4
( mu e mu o ) ) . \ n )
10 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f q u a r t z p l a t e = %e m e t e r ,t )

Scilab code Exa 3.19 Calculation of Thickness of quartz plate

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 mu_e = 1.5442 // r e f r a c t i v e index f o r extraordinary
light
4 mu_o = 1.5533 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a r y l i g h t
5 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f p l a n e p o l a r i z e d l i g h t
i n meter
6 // Sample Problem 19 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 9
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 19 # \n )
8 t = lambda / (2 * ( mu_o - mu_e ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
thickness of quartz plate
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t=lambda / 4 ( mu o
mu e ) \n )
10 printf ( \n T h i c k n e s s o f q u a r t z p l a t e = %e m e t e r ,t )

Scilab code Exa 3.20 Calculation of Concentration of sugar solution

1 clc

94
 2 // Given t h a t
3 theta = 10 // r o t a t i o n o f p l a n e o f p o l a r i z a t i o n i n
degree
4 s = 60 // s p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n i n
degree per decimeter per unit concentration
5 l = 2.5 // l e n g t h o f P o l a r i m e t e r i n d e c i m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 20 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 9
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 20 # \n )
8 c = theta / ( s * l ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n
of sugar s o l u t i o n
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n c = t h e t a / ( s
l ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n = %f gm/
c c ,c )

Scilab code Exa 3.21 Calculation of Specific rotation of sugar solution

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 theta = 26.4 // r o t a t i o n of plane of p o l a r i z a t i o n in
degree
4 c = 0.2 // c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n i n gm/ c c
5 l = 2 // l e n g t h o f p o l a r i z i n g t u b e i n d e c i m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 21 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 9
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 21 # \n )
8 s = theta / ( l * c ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r s p e c i f i c
rotation of sugar s o l u t i o n
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n s = ( 1 0 t h e t a ) / ( l c
) \n )
10 printf ( \n S p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n = %f
d e g r e e / (dmc c ) ,s )

95
 Scilab code Exa 3.22 Calculation of Specific rotation of sugar solution

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 theta = 6.5 // r o t a t i o n of plane of p o l a r i z a t i o n in
degree
4 c = 0.05 // c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n i n gm/ c c
5 l = 2 // l e n g t h o f p o l a r i z i n g t u b e i n d e c i m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 22 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 9
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 22 # \n )
8 s = theta / ( l * c ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r s p e c i f i c
rotation of sugar s o l u t i o n
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n s = t h e t a / ( l
c ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n S p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n = %f
d e g r e e / (dmc c ) ,s )

Scilab code Exa 3.23 Calculation of Concentration of sugar solution

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 w = 80 // w e i g h t o f i m p u r e s u g a r i n gm
4 theta = 9.9 // r o t a t i o n o f p l a n e o f p o l a r i z a t i o n in
degree
5 s = 66 // s p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n i n
degree per decimeter per unit concentration
6 l = 2 // l e n g t h o f P o l a r i m e t e r i n d e c i m e t e r
7 // Sample Problem 23 on p a g e no . 3 . 3 0

96
 8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 23 # \n )
9 c = theta / ( s * l ) * (1000) // i n gm/ l
10 per_c = ( c * 100) / w // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
concentration of sugar s o l u t i o n
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n c = t h e t a / ( s
l ) ( 1 0 0 0 ) . \n p e r c = ( c 1 0 0 ) / w . \n )
12 printf ( \n C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n = %f
p e r c e n t , per_c )

Scilab code Exa 3.24 Calculation of Concentration of sugar solution

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 theta = 11 // r o t a t i o n of plane of p o l a r i z a t i o n in
degree
4 s = 66 // s p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n i n
degree per decimeter per unit concentration
5 l = 2 // l e n g t h o f P o l a r i m e t e r i n d e c i m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 24 on p a g e no . 3 . 2 9
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 24 # \n )
8 c = theta / ( s * l ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n
of sugar s o l u t i o n
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n c = t h e t a / ( s
l ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n = %f gm/
c c ,c )

Scilab code Exa 3.25 Calculation of Specific rotation of sugar solution

97
 1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 theta = 26.4 // r o t a t i o n of plane of p o l a r i z a t i o n in
degree
4 c = 0.2 // c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n i n gm/ c c
5 l = 2 // l e n g t h o f p o l a r i z i n g t u b e i n d e c i m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 25 on p a g e no . 3 . 3 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 25 # \n )
8 s = theta / ( l * c ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r s p e c i f i c
rotation of sugar s o l u t i o n
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n s = t h e t a / ( l
c ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n S p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n = %f
d e g r e e / (dmc c ) ,s )

Scilab code Exa 3.26 Calculation of Optical rotation of diluted solution

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 theta = 13 // r o t a t i o n of plane of p o l a r i z a t i o n in
degree
4 r = (1 / 3) // r a t i o of the f i n a l concentration to
the i n i t i a l s o l u t i o n
5 l = 2 // l e n g t h o f P o l a r i m e t e r i n d e c i m e t e r
6 l_ = 3 // l e n g t h o f s e c o n d p o l a r i z i n g t u b e i n
decimeter
7 // Sample Problem 26 on p a g e no . 3 . 3 0
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 26 # \n )
9 theta_ = ( l_ * r * theta ) / l // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
optical rotation of diluted solution
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n s=t h e t a / ( l c ) \n )
11 printf ( \ n O p t i c a l r o t a t i o n o f d i l u t e d s o l u t i o n = %f
d e g r e e , theta_ )

98
99
 Chapter 4

LASERS AND
HOLOGRAPHY

Scilab code Exa 4.1 Calculation of Ratio of population of upper level to

the lower energy level and Temperature

1
2 clc
3 // Given t h a t
4 lambda = 5.5 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
5 c = 3 e +8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 h = 6.63 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n j / s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on e l e c t r o n i n coulomb
8 k = 8.62 e -5 // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t i n eV/K
9 T = 300 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n
10 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 4 . 2 4
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
12 delta_E = ( h * c ) / ( lambda * e ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
energy d i f f e r e n c e
13 r = exp ( - delta_E / ( k * T ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a t i o
o f p o p u l a t i o n o f upper l e v e l to the lower energy
level

100
14 T_ = ( delta_E / ( k * 0.693) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n for
temperature f o r the second condition
15 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n d e l t a E = ( h c
) / ( lambda e ) . \n r = exp ( d e l t a E / ( k T) ) .
\n T = ( d e l t a E / ( k 0 . 6 9 3 ) ) . \n )
16 printf ( \n R a t i o o f p o p u l a t i o n o f u p p e r l e v e l t o t h e
l o w e r e n e r g y l e v e l = %e . \n T e m p e r a t u r e f o r t h e
s e c o n d c o n d i t i o n = %f K . ,r , T_ )
17 // Answer i n t h e book : 1 . 3 X 10 38 and 3 7 8 0 0 K
18 // Answer i n t h e program : 1 . 1 0 0 5 2 4 X 10 38 and
3 7 8 3 6 . 5 5 7 3 0 1 K

Scilab code Exa 4.2 Calculation of Beam divergence angle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda1 = 6.328 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t in f i r s t
c a s e i n meter
4 lambda2 =2 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n s e c o n d c a s e
i n meter
5 r1 = 2.3 e -4 // t h e r a d i u s o f i n t e r n a l beam o f l a s e r
i n f i r s t c a s e i n meter
6 r2 = 2.4 e -3 // t h e r a d i u s o f i n t e r n a l beam o f l a s e r
i n second c a s e i n meter
7 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 4 . 2 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
9 theta1 = lambda1 / ( %pi * r1 ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
beam d i v e r g e n c e a n g l e i n f i r s t c a s e
10 theta2 = lambda2 / ( %pi * r2 ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
beam d i v e r g e n c e a n g l e i n s e c o n d c a s e
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = lambda /
( p i r ) . \n )
12 printf ( \n Beam d i v e r g e n c e a n g l e i n f i r s t c a s e = %e

101
 r a d i a n . \n Beam d i v e r g e n c e a n g l e i n s e c o n d c a s e =
%e r a d i a n . , theta1 , theta2 )

Scilab code Exa 4.3 Calculation of Total energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 6e -2 // l e n g t h o f l a s e r i n m e t e r
4 D = 1e -2 // d i a m e t e r o f l a s e r i n m e t e r
5 lambda = 6.944 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
6 d = 3700 // d e n s i t y o f aluminium o x i d e i n kg / m e t e r
cube
7 Na = 6 e +23 // Avogadro number
8 M = 0.102 // m o l a r mass o f aluminium o x i d e i n kg /
meter cube
9 h = 4.1 e -15 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n eVs e c
10 c = 3 e +8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m e t e r / s e c
11 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 4 . 2 5
12 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
13 v = ( %pi * ( D ^2) * l ) / 4 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r volume
14 N = (2 * Na * d * v ) / M // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r no . o f
aluminium i o n s
15 N_ = N / 3500 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e no . o f chromium
ions
16 E = ( h * c ) / lambda // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e e n e r g y
o f s t i m u l a t e d e m i s s i o n photon
17 Et = N_ * E * (1.6 e -19) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t o t a l
energy
18 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n v = ( p i (D 2 )
l ) / 4 . \n N = ( 2 Na d v ) / M. \n N = N
/ 3 5 0 0 . \n E = ( h c ) / lambda . \n Et = N E
( 1 . 6 e 19) . \n )
19 printf ( \n T o t a l e n e r g y = %f J , ceil ( Et ) )

102
 Scilab code Exa 4.4 Calculation of Power per unit area delivered by the
laser

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 p = 4e -3 // e n e r g y o f l a s e r p u l s e i n m e t e r
4 r = 1.5 e -5 // r a d i u s o f s p o t i n m e t e r
5 t = 1e -9 // p u l s e l e n g t h i n t i m e i n s e c
6 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 4 . 2 6
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
8 p_ = p / t // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r power i n w a t t
9 I = p_ / ( %pi * r ^2) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r power p e r
u n i t a r e a d e l i v e r e d by t h e l a s e r
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n I=P/ a \n )
11 printf ( \ nPower p e r u n i t a r e a d e l i v e r e d by t h e l a s e r
= %e w a t t / s q u a r e m e t e r ,I )

Scilab code Exa 4.5 Calculation of Power per unit area delivered by the
laser

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 D = 5e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f l a s e r i n m e t e r
4 lambda = 7.2 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
5 d = 4 e8 // d i s t a n c e a t moon from e a r t h i n m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 4 . 2 6
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )

103
 8 r = ( D / 2) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a d i u s
9 theta = (0.637 * lambda ) / r // c a l c u l a t i o n for
angular spread
10 areal_spread = ( d * theta ) ^2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
areal spread
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = ( 0 . 6 3 7
lambda ) / r . \n a r e a l s p r e a d = ( d t h e t a ) 2 . \n
)
12 printf ( \n A n g u l a r s p r e a d = %e r a d i a n , \ n A r e a l
s p r e a d = %e s q u a r e m e t e r , theta , areal_spread )

Scilab code Exa 4.6 Calculation of Areal spread and Intensity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 D = 5e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f l a s e r i n m e t e r
4 lambda = 6.943 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
5 f =0.1 // f o c a l l e n g t h i n m e t e r
6 P = 0.1 // power o f l a s e r i n w a t t
7 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 4 . 2 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
9 r = ( D / 2) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
10 theta = (0.637 * lambda ) / r // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
angular spread
11 areal_spread = ( f * theta ) ^2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a r e a l
spread
12 I = P / areal_spread // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r i n t e n s i t y
13 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a = 0 . 6 3 7 lambda /
r , \ n a r e a l s p r e a d = ( t h e t a D) 2 , \ n I=P/A\n )
14 printf ( \n A r e a l s p r e a d = %e s q u a r e meter , \ n
I n t e n s i t y = %e w a t t / s q u a r e m e t e r , areal_spread , I )

104
 Scilab code Exa 4.7 Calculation of Degree of non monochromaticity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 tou = 1e -10 // c o h e r e n c e t i m e i n s e c
4 lambda = 5.4 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
5 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 4 . 2 8
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
7 delta_v = 1 / tou
8 v_ = (3 e +8) / lambda // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r f r e q u e n c y
9 d = delta_v / v_ // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d e g r e e o f non
monochromaticity
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n d e l t a v = 1 /
t o u . \n v = ( 3 e +8) / lambda . \n d = d e l t a v / v
. \n )
11 printf ( \n D e g r e e o f nonm o n o c h r o m a t i c i t y = %f ,d )

105
 Chapter 5

FIBRE OPTICS

Scilab code Exa 5.1 Calculation of Critical angle and Numerical aperture
and Maximum incidence angle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 mu1 = 1.52 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o r e
4 mu2 = 1.41 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c l a d d i n g
5 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 5 . 1 5
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
7 theta_c = asin ( mu2 / mu1 ) * (180 / %pi )
8 NA = sqrt ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^2)
9 theta_0 = asin ( NA ) * (180 / %pi )
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a c = a s i n (
mu2 / mu1 ) ( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n NA = s q r t ( mu12 mu2
2 ) . \n t h e t a 0 = a s i n (NA) ( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n )
11 printf ( \n C r i t i c a l a n g l e = %f d e g r e e . \n N u m e r i c a l
a p e r t u r e = %f , \ n Maximum i n c i d e n c e a n g l e = %f
d e g r e e . , theta_c , NA , theta_0 )

106
 Scilab code Exa 5.2 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Maximum in-
cidence angle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 mu1 = 1.6 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o r e
4 mu2 = 1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c l a d d i n g
5 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 5 . 1 6
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
7 NA = sqrt ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^2) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r n u m e r i c a l
aperture
8 theta_0 = asin ( NA ) * (180 / %pi ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
maximum i n c i d e n c e a n g l e
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n NA=a q r t ( mu12mu2
2 ) , \ n s i n ( t h e t a )=NA. \n )
10 printf ( \n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e = %f . \ n Maximum
i n c i d e n c e a n g l e = %f d e g r e e . ,NA , theta_0 )

Scilab code Exa 5.3 Calculation of Critical angle and Numerical aperture
and Acceptance angle and Fractional refractive index

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 mu_0 = 1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r
4 mu1 = 1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o r e
5 mu2 = 1.48 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c l a d d i n g
6 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 5 . 1 6
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )

107
 8 theta_c = asin ( mu2 / mu1 ) * (180 / %pi )
9 delta_mu = ( mu1 - mu2 ) / mu1
10 NA = sqrt ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^2)
11 theta_0 = asin ( NA ) * (180 / %pi )
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t h e t a c = a s i n (
mu2 / mu1 ) ( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n d e l t a m u = ( mu1 mu2
) / mu1 . \n NA = s q r t ( mu12 mu2 2 ) . \n t h e t a 0
= a s i n (NA) ( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n )
13 printf ( \n C r i t i c a l a n g l e = %f d e g r e e . \n N u m e r i c a l
a p e r t u r e = %f . \n A c c e p t a n c e a n g l e = %f d e g r e e . \ n
F r a c t i o n a l r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x = %f . , theta_c , NA ,
theta_0 , delta_mu )

Scilab code Exa 5.4 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Maximum in-
cidence angle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 mu1 = 1.62 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o r e
4 mu2 = 1.52 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c l a d d i n g
5 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 5 . 1 7
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
7 NA = sqrt ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^2)
8 theta_0 = asin ( NA ) * (180 / %pi )
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n NA = s q r t ( mu12
mu2 2 ) . \n t h e t a 0 = a s i n (NA) ( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n
)
10 printf ( \n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e = %f . \n Maximum
i n c i d e n c e a n g l e = %f d e g r e e . ,NA , theta_0 )

108
 Scilab code Exa 5.5 Calculation of Refractive index for core Refractive
index for cladding

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 NA = 0.22 // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
4 delta_mu = 0.012 // f r a c t i o n a l r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
5 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 5 . 1 7
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
7 mu1 = sqrt ( NA ^2 / (1 - (1 - delta_mu ) ^2) )
8 mu2 = (1 - delta_mu ) * mu1
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n mu1 = s q r t (NA2
/ ( 1 ( 1 d e l t a m u ) 2 ) ) . \n mu2 = ( 1 d e l t a m u
) mu1 . \n )
10 printf ( \n R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o r e = %f . \ n
R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c l a d d i n g = %f . ,mu1 , mu2 )

Scilab code Exa 5.6 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Acceptance

angle and Number of reflections at maximum incidence and Number of re-
flections

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 0.0064 // d i a m e t e r o f f i b e r i n cm
4 mu1 = 1.53 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o r e
5 mu2 = 1.39 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c l a d
6 L = 90 // l e n g t h o f f i b e r i n cm
7 mu_0 = 1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r

109
 8 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 5 . 1 7
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
10 NA = sqrt ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^2)
11 theta_0 = asin ( NA ) * (180 / %pi )
12 N1 = L / ( d * sqrt (( mu1 / ( mu_0 * sin ( theta_0 * ( %pi
/ 180) ) ) ) ^2 - 1) )
13 N2 = L / ( d * sqrt (( mu1 / ( mu_0 * sin ( theta_0 * ( %pi
/ 360) ) ) ) ^2 - 1) )
14 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n NA = s q r t ( mu12
mu2 2 ) . \n t h e t a 0 = a s i n (NA) ( 1 8 0 / p i ) . \n
N = L / ( d s q r t ( ( mu / ( mu 0 s i n ( t h e t a 0 ( p i
/ 1 8 0 ) ) ) ) 2 1 ) ) . \n )
15 printf ( \n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e = %f . \ n A c c e p t a n c e
a n g l e = %f d e g r e e . \n Number o f r e f l e c t i o n s a t
maximum i n c i d e n c e = %f . \n Number o f r e f l e c t i o n s
i n s e c o n d c a s e = %f . ,NA , theta_0 , N1 , N2 )

Scilab code Exa 5.7 Calculation of The normalized frequency and number
of guided in the core

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 0.05 // d i a m e t e r o f f i b e r i n mm
4 NA = 0.22 // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
5 lambda = 8.5 e -4 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n mm
6 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 5 . 1 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
8 Vn = ( %pi * d * NA ) / lambda
9 Mm = 0.5 * ( Vn ) ^2
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n Vn = ( p i d
NA) / lambda . \n Mm = 0 . 5 ( Vn ) 2 . \n )
11 printf ( \n The n o r m a l i z e d f r e q u e n c y = %f , \ n number
o f g u i d e d i n t h e c o r e = %f ,Vn , Mm )

110
 Scilab code Exa 5.8 Calculation of Diameter of core and number of modes

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 1.25 e -6 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 mu1 = 1.465 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o r e
5 mu2 = 1.460 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c l a d d i n g
6 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 5 . 1 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
8 NA = sqrt ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^2)
9 k = (2.4 * lambda ) / ( %pi * NA )
10 Mm = 0.5 * (( %pi * 50 e -6 * NA ) / lambda ) ^2
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n NA = s q r t ( mu12
mu2 2 ) . \n k = ( 2 . 4 lambda ) / ( p i NA) . \n
Mm = 0 . 5 ( ( p i 50 e 6 NA) / lambda ) 2 . \n )
12 printf ( \n D i a m e t e r o f c o r e < %e meter , \ n number o f
modes = %d ,k , Mm )

Scilab code Exa 5.9 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Number of

modes

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 0.85 e -6 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 mu1 = 1.461 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o r e
5 mu2 = 1.456 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c l a d
6 d = 4e -5 // d i a m e t e r o f c o r e i n m e t e r

111
 7 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 5 . 1 9
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
9 NA = sqrt ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^2)
10 Mm = 0.5 * (( %pi * d * NA ) / lambda ) ^2
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n NA = s q r t ( mu12
mu2 2 ) . \n Mm = 0 . 5 ( ( p i d NA) / lambda )
2 . \n )
12 printf ( \n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e = %f . \ n Number o f
modes = %d . ,NA , Mm )

Scilab code Exa 5.10 Calculation of Number of modes

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 mu1 = 3.6 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o r e
4 mu2 = 3.55 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c l a d d i n g
5 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 5 . 1 9
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
7 NA = sqrt ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^2) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r n u m e r i c a l
aperture
8 Mm1 = 0.5 * ( %pi * 5 * NA ) ^2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r no . o f
modes i n f i r s t c a s e
9 Mm2 = 0.5 * ( %pi * 50 * NA ) ^2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r no .
o f modes i n s e c o n d c a s e
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n Mm=1/2( p i dNA/
lambda ) 2 . NA=s q r t ( mu12mu2 2 ) . \n )
11 printf ( \n Number o f modes i n f i r s t c a s e = %d . \n
Number o f modes i n s e c o n d c a s e = %d . ,Mm1 , Mm2 )

112
 Scilab code Exa 5.11 Calculation of Maximum diameter of core

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 1.25 e -6 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 mu1 = 1.46 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o r e
5 mu2 = 1.457 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c l a d d i n g
6 // Sample Problem 11 on p a g e no . 5 . 2 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 11 # \n )
8 NA = sqrt ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^2) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r n u m e r i c a l
aperture
9 k = (2.4 * lambda ) / ( %pi * NA )
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n d<8 lambda / ( p i
NA) \n )
11 printf ( \n Maximum d i a m e t e r o f c o r e = %f m i c r o m e t e r
,k *1 e6 )

Scilab code Exa 5.12 Calculation of Absorption coefficient

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 L = 0.1 // l e n g t h o f f i b e r i n km
4 p = 5e -6 // power o f s i g n a l i n w a t t
5 p_ = 1e -6 // power o f s i g n a l i n s i d e t h e f i b e r i n
watt
6 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 5 . 2 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )
8 alpha = (10 * log10 ( p / p_ ) ) / L // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
absorption c o e f f i c i e n t
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n a l p h a =10/L l o g (
Pi /Po ) . \ n )
10 printf ( \n A b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t = %f dB/km . ,
alpha )

113
 Scilab code Exa 5.13 Calculation of Output power

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 L = 3 // l e n g t h o f o p t i c a l f i b e r i n km
4 l = 6 // l o s s e s i n dB
5 p = 5e -3 // i n p u t power i n w a t t
6 // Sample Problem 13 on p a g e no . 5 . 2 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 13 # \n )
8 alpha = ( l * 3) / L
9 p_ = p / ( exp ((2.303 * alpha * L ) / 10) )
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n a l p h a = ( l 3 )
/ L . \n p = p / ( exp ( ( 2 . 3 0 3 a l p h a L ) / 1 0 ) ) .
\n )
11 printf ( \n Output power = %f mW. , p_ *1 e3 )

114
 Chapter 6

ELECTRON OPTICS

Scilab code Exa 6.1 Calculation of Energy gained by electron and Speed
of electron and Momentum of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 500 // v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e e l e c t r o d e i n eV
4 m = 9e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n coulomb
6 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 6 . 2 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
8 E = e * V
9 v = sqrt ((2 * e * V ) / m )
10 p = m * v
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n E = e V . \n v
= s q r t ( ( 2 e V) / m) . \n p = m v . \n )
12 printf ( \n Energy g a i n e d by e l e c t r o n = %e J , \ n Speed
o f e l e c t r o n = %e m e t e r / s e c , \ n Momentum o f
e l e c t r o n = %e kgm e t e r / s e c ,E ,v , p )

115
 Scilab code Exa 6.2 Calculation of Momentum of acceleration

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 2.5 e6 // s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n i n m e t e r / s e c
4 B = 2e -4 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e s l a
5 r = 1.76 e11 // r a t i o o f c h a r g e on e l e c t r o n t o t h e
mass o f e l e c t r o n i n C/ kg
6 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 6 . 2 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
8 a = (B * r * v)
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n a = (B r v ) .
\n )
10 printf ( \n Momentum o f a c c e l e r a t i o n = %e m e t e r /
s q u a r e s e c . ,a )

Scilab code Exa 6.4 Calculation of Radius of circle traced by the beam
and Speed of beam

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 5.2 e6 // s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n i n m e t e r / s e c
4 B = 1.3 e -4 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e s l a
5 r = 1.76 e11 // r a t i o o f c h a r g e on e l e c t r o n t o t h e
mass o f e l e c t r o n i n C/ kg
6 E = 3.2 e -12 // e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n beam i n J
7 M = 9e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 6 . 2 2

116
 9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
10 R = v / ( r * B )
11 v_ = sqrt ((2 * E ) / M )
12 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n R = v / ( r B) .
\n v = s q r t ( ( 2 E) / M ) . \n )
13 printf ( \n R a d i u s o f c i r c l e t r a c e d by t h e beam = %f
cm . \n Speed o f beam i n s e c o n d c a s e = %e m e t e r /
s e c . \ n Speed o f beam i n s e c o n d c a s e i s g r e a t e r
t h a n s p e e d o f l i g h t s o we c a n n o t u s e a b o v e
f o r m u l a . ,R *100 , v_ )

Scilab code Exa 6.5 Calculation of Ratio of the charge on an electron to

the mass of an electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 2.500 e3 // v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e e l e c t r o d e i n V
4 E = 3.6 e4 // s t r e n g t h o f e l e c t r i c f i e l d i n V/m
5 B = 1.2 e -3 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e s l a
6 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 6 . 2 2
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
8 r = ( E / B ) ^2 / (2 * V ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a t i o o f
t h e c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n t o t h e mass o f an
electron
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n e /m=(E/B) 2 / ( 2
V) . \n )
10 printf ( \n R a t i o o f t h e c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n t o t h e
mass o f an e l e c t r o n = %e C/ kg . ,r )

117
 Scilab code Exa 6.6 Calculation of Lamoure radius

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 M = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
4 E = 1.6 e -15 // e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n J
5 B = 5e -5 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e s l a
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n coulomb
7 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 6 . 2 3
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
9 v = sqrt ((2 * E ) / M )
10 r = (M * v) / (e * B)
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n v = s q r t ( ( 2 E)
/ M) . \n r = (M v ) / ( e B) . \n )
12 printf ( \n Larmoure r a d i u s = %f m e t e r ,r )

Scilab code Exa 6.7 Calculation of Lamoure radius

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 Mp = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
4 v = 3 e5 // s p e e d o f p r o t o n i n m e t e r / s e c
5 B = 5e -9 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e s l a
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on a p r o t o n i n coulomb
7 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 6 . 2 3
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
9 r = ( Mp * v ) / ( e * B ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r Larmour
radius
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n r=m v / ( e B) . \n
)
11 printf ( \n Larmour r a d i u s = %e m e t e r ,r )

118
 Scilab code Exa 6.8 Calculation of Area traced by the trajectory of he-
lium ion

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 M = 6.68 e -27 // mass o f h e l i u m i o n i n kg
4 E = 1.6 e -16 // e n e r g y o f h e l i u m i o n i n J
5 B = 5e -2 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e s l a
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on h e l i u m i o n i n coulomb
7 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 6 . 2 3
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
9 v = sqrt ((2 * E ) / M ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r v e l o c i t y
10 r = ( M * v ) / ( e * B ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r Larmour
radius
11 A = %pi * r ^2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a r e a t r a c e d by t h e
t r a j e c t o r y of helium ion
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n E=1/2m v 2 , \ n Rl=m
v / ( e B) , \ n A=p i r 2\ n )
13 printf ( \n Area t r a c e d by t h e t r a j e c t o r y o f h e l i u m
i o n = %f s q u a r e m e t e r ,A )

Scilab code Exa 6.9 Calculation of The drift of the guiding center

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 100 // s t r e n g t h o f e l e c t r i c f i e l d i n V/m
4 B = 1e -3 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e s l a
5 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 6 . 2 4

119
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
7 v = E / B
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n v = E / B . )
9 printf ( \n The d r i f t o f t h e g u i d i n g c e n t e r = %e m/
s e c ,v )

Scilab code Exa 6.10 Calculation of Internal electric field

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 1 e6 // v e l o c i t y o f i o n beam i n m/ s e c
4 B = 1 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e s l a
5 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 6 . 2 4
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
7 E = B * v
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n E = B v . \n )
9 printf ( \n I n t e r n a l e l e c t r i c f i e l d = %e V/m ,E )

Scilab code Exa 6.12 Calculation of Ratio of the new focus length to the
initial focus length

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 1.1 // r a t i o o f new number o f t u r n s t o t h e
i n i t i a l number o f t u r n s
4 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 6 . 2 4
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )
6 r_ = (1 / r ) ^2

120
7 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n r = ( 1 / r ) 2 .
\n )
8 printf ( \n R a t i o o f t h e new f o c u s l e n g t h t o t h e
i n i t i a l f o c u s l e n g t h = %f , r_ )

121
 Chapter 7

WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS

Scilab code Exa 7.1 Calculation of Amplitude and Mass of particle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 1.024 e -3 // t o t a l e n e r g y o f p a r t i c l e i n J
4 T = 2 * %pi // t i m e p e r i o d o f S . H .M. i n s e c
5 x = 0.08 * sqrt (2) // d i s t a n c e o f p a r t i l e i n m e t e r
6 t = %pi / 4 // t i m e i n s e c o n d
7 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 2
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
9 A = x / sin ((2 * %pi * t ) / T )
10 M = ( E * T ^2) / (2 * %pi ^2 * A ^2)
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n A = x / s i n ( ( 2
p i t ) / T) . \n M = (E T 2 ) / ( 2 p i 2 A
2 ) . \n )
12 printf ( \n A m p l i t u d e = %f meter , \ n Mass o f p a r t i c l e
= %f g ,A , M /1 e -3)

122
 Scilab code Exa 7.2 Calculation of Maximum amplitude of velocity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 A = 0.05 // a m p l i t u d e i n m e t e r
4 T = 10 // t i m e p e r i o d o f S . H .M. i n s e c
5 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 2
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
7 v = ( A * 2 * %pi ) / T
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n v = (A 2 p i )
/ T )
9 printf ( \n Maximum a m p l i t u d e o f v e l o c i t y = %f m e t e r /
s e c ,v )

Scilab code Exa 7.3 3Calculation of Force constant and Time period

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 9 // t o t a l e n e r g y o f p a r t i c l e i n J
4 U = 5 // p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y i n J
5 A = 1 // a m p l i t u d e i n m e t e r
6 m = 2 // mass o f h a r m o n i c o s c i l l a t o r i n kg
7 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 3
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
9 kE = E - U // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r k i n e t i c e n e r g y
10 k = (2 * kE ) / A ^2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r f o r c e c o n s t a n t
11 T = (2 * %pi ) * sqrt ( m / k ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t i m e
period

123
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n k . E.= 1/ 2 k A 2 , \ n T
=2 p i s q r t (m/ k ) \n )
13 printf ( \n F o r c e c o n s t a n t = %f J /m, \ n Time p e r i o d =
%f s e c ,k , T )

Scilab code Exa 7.4 Calculation of Time taken by the particle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 A = 0.06 // a m p l i t u d e i n m e t e r
4 T = 6 // t i m e p e r i o d o f S . H .M. i n s e c
5 x = 0.03 // p o s i t i o n o f p a r t i c l e i n m e t e r
6 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 3
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
8 delta = asin (1) // by t h e f o r m u l a x=A s i n ( wt+d e l t a )
and ( a t t = 0 , x=A)
9 t = x / ( A * sin (((2 * %pi ) / T ) + delta ) )
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n x=A s i n ( wt+d e l t a )
. \n )
11 printf ( \n Time t a k e n by t h e p a r t i c l e = %f s e c ,t )

Scilab code Exa 7.5 Calculation of Maximum velocity and acceleration

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 A = 0.05 // a m p l i t u d e i n m e t e r
4 T = 10 * %pi // t i m e p e r i o d o f s . h .m. in sec
5 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 4
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )

124
7 v = A * (2 * %pi / T )
8 a = A * (2 * %pi / T ) ^2
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n v = A ( 2 p i
/ T) . \n a = A ( 2 p i / T) 2 . \n )
10 printf ( \n Maximum v e l o c i t y = %e m e t e r / s e c , \ n
a c c e l e r a t i o n = %e m/ s e c 2 ,v , a )

Scilab code Exa 7.6 Calculation of Maximum velocity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 A = 0.06 // a m p l i t u d e i n m e t e r
4 T = 10 * %pi // t i m e p e r i o d o f s . h .m. i n s e c
5 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 4
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
7 v = A * (2 * %pi / T )
8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n v = A ( 2 p i
/ T) )
9 printf ( \n Maximum v e l o c i t y = %e m e t e r / s e c ,v )

Scilab code Exa 7.7 Calculation of natural frequency

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 k = 16 // s t i f f n e s s c o n s t a n t o f s p r i n g n/m
4 m = 1 // mass o f p a r t i c l e i n kg
5 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 4
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
7 n = sqrt ( k / m ) / (2 * %pi )

125
 8 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n n = s q r t ( k / m)
/ (2 p i ) . \ n)
9 printf ( \n n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y = %f Hz . ,n )

Scilab code Exa 7.8 Calculation of The time period of pendulum

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 1 // l e n g t h o f pendulum i n m e t e r
4 m = 2 // mass o f p a r t i c l e i n kg
5 g = 9.8 // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y i n m/ s e c 2
6 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 5
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
8 T = 2 * %pi * sqrt ( l / g )
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n T = 2 p i
s q r t ( l / g ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n The t i m e p e r i o d o f pendulum = %f s e c . ,T )

Scilab code Exa 7.9 Calculation of Frequency

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 m = 100 // mass o f p a r t i c l e i n gm
4 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 5
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
6 n = (1 / (2 * %pi ) ) * sqrt (10 / m ) // by u s i n g g i v e n
formula
7 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n n = ( 1 / ( 2 p i
) ) s q r t ( 1 0 / m) . \n )

126
 8 printf ( \n F r e q u e n c y = %f Hz . ,n )

Scilab code Exa 7.10 Calculation of Time period of pendulum

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 f = 3 // a c c e l e r a t i o n o f pendulum i n m/ s e c 2
4 l = 1 // l e n g t h o f pendulum i n m e t e r
5 g = 9.8 // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y i n m/ s e c 2
6 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 5
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
8 T = 2 * %pi * sqrt ( l / ( g + f ) )
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n T = 2 p i
s q r t ( l / ( g + f ) ) . \n )
10 printf ( \n Time p e r i o d o f pendulum = %f s e c . ,T )

Scilab code Exa 7.11 Calculation of Time period of motion

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 x = 0.3 // s t r e t c h i n s p r i n g i n m e t e r
4 m1 = 6 // mass o f f i r s t body i n kg
5 m2 = 1 // mass o f s e c o n d body i n kg
6 g = 9.8 // g r a v i t a t i o n a l a c c e le r a t i on of earth in m
/ s e c 2
7 // Sample Problem 11 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 6
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 11 # \n )
9 k = ( m1 * g ) / x
10 T = (2 * %pi ) * sqrt ( m2 / k )

127
11 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n k = (m1 g ) / x
. \n T = ( 2 p i ) s q r t (m2 / k ) . \ n )
12 printf ( \n Time p e r i o d o f m o t i o n = %f s e c . ,T )

Scilab code Exa 7.12 Calculation of Time period of motion and Compres-
sion of the spring due to the weight of the body

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 x = 0.1 // c o m p r e s s i o n i n s p r i n g i n m
4 F = 10 // r e s t o r i n g f o r c e i n N
5 m = 4 // mass o f body i n kg
6 g = 9.8 // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y i n m/ s e c 2
7 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 6
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )
9 k = F / x
10 F_ = m * g
11 x_ = F_ / k
12 T = (2 * %pi ) * sqrt ( m / k )
13 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n k = F / x . \n F
= m g . \n x = F / k . \n T = ( 2 p i ) s q r t (
m / k ) . \n )
14 printf ( \n Time p e r i o d o f m o t i o n = %f s e c . \n
C o m p r e s s i o n o f t h e s p r i n g due t o t h e w e i g h t o f
t h e body = %f m. ,T , x_ )

Scilab code Exa 7.13 Calculation of Time

1 clc

128
 2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 50 // r e l a x a t i o n t i m e i n s e c
4 r = 1 / exp (1) // f a l l s i n a m p l i t u d e and e n e r g y
5 // Sample Problem 13 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 6
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 13 # \n )
7 s = 1 / (2 * t )
8 T = 1 / s // by u s i n g f o r m u l a A=A exp ( s t ) and u s i n g
r=A/ A
9 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n s = 1 / ( 2 t ) .
\n T = 1 / s . \n )
10 printf ( \n Time = %f s e c ,T )

Scilab code Exa 7.14 Calculation of Time

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 260 // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
4 Q = 2000 // q u a l i t y f a c t o r
5 r = 1 / ( exp (1) ^2) // d e c r e a s e i n a m p l i t u d e
6 // Sample Problem 14 on p a g e no . 7 . 2 7
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 14 # \n )
8 tou = Q / (2 * %pi * n )
9 t = 2 * tou // by u s i n g f o r m u l a A=A exp ( s t ) and
u s i n g r=A/ A
10 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n t o u = Q / ( 2
p i n ) . \n t = 2 t o u . \n )
11 printf ( \n Time = %f s e c . ,t )

129
 Chapter 8

SOUND WAVES AND

ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS

Scilab code Exa 8.1 Calculation of Wavelength range of the sound wave

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 34500 // s p e e d o f sound i n cm/ s e c
4 f = 20 // l o w e r l i m i t o f f r e q u e n c y f o r human h e a r i n g
e a r i n Hz
5 f_ = 20000 // u p p e r l i m i t o f f r e q u e n c y f o r human
h e a r i n g e a r i n Hz
6 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 8 . 1 7
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( V = f lambda \n \n )
10 lambda = v / f
11 lambda_ = v / f_
12 printf ( \n Wavelength r a n g e o f t h e sound wave i s %f
cm t o %f cm . , lambda_ , lambda )

130
 Scilab code Exa 8.2 Calculation of Velocity of sound in the air

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 T = 373 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n
4 d = 1.293 e -3 // d e n s i t y o f a i r a t S . T . P . i n gm/cm3
5 d_ = 13.6 // d e n s i t y o f m e r c u r y i n gm/cm3
6 s = 0.2417 // s p e c i f i c h e a t o f a i r a t c o n s t a n t
pressure
7 s_ = 0.1715 // s p e c i f i c h e a t o f a i r a t c o n s t a n t
volume
8 g = 980 // g r a v i t a t i o n a l c o n s t a n t i d y n e s /cm3
9 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 8 . 1 8
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( nu = ( gammap / r h o ) 1 / 2 \n gamma = C p / C v
\n p =r h o g h \n )
13 p = 76 * d_ * g
14 gama = s / s_
15 v = sqrt ( gama * ( p / d ) )
16 v_ = v * sqrt ( T / 273)
17 printf ( \n V e l o c i t y o f sound i n t h e a i r i n %f cm/ s e c
. , v_ )

Scilab code Exa 8.3 Calculation of Ratio of two principal specific heats of
air

1 clc

131
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 512 // f r e q u e n c y o f t u n i n g f o r k i n Hz
4 T = 290 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n
5 lambda = 66.5 // w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e g a s e m i t t e d by
t u n i n g f o r k i n cm
6 d = 1.293 e -3 // d e n s i t y o f a i r a t S . T . P . i n gm/cm3
7 d_ = 13.6 // d e n s i t y o f m e r c u r y i n gm/cm3
8 g = 980 // g r a v i t a t i o n a l c o n s t a n t i d y n e s /cm3
9 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 8 . 1 8
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( nu = ( gammap / r h o ) 1 / 2 \n p =r h o g h \n\n
)
13 p = 76 * d_ * g // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r p r e s s u r e
14 v_ = n * lambda // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r v e l o c i t y o f sound
i n a i r a t t e m p e r a t u r e 17 c
15 v = v_ * sqrt (273 / T ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r v e l o c i t y o f
sound i n a i r a t temp 0 c
16 gama = v ^2 * ( d / p ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a t i o o f two
s p e c i f i c heat
17
18 printf ( \n R a t i o o f two p r i n c i p a l s p e c i f i c heats of
a i r i s %f , gama )

Scilab code Exa 8.4 Calculation of Coefficient of absorption to be pro-

vided by the walls and floor and ceiling when the hall is fully occupied and
Reverberation time if only half upholstered seats are occupied

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 A = 15 * 30 // a r e a o f t h e f l o o r i n s q u a r e m e t e r
4 h = 6 // h e i g h t o f h a l l i n m e t e r
5 N = 500 // no . o f p e o p l e

132
 6 t = 1.36 // optimum t i m e f o r o r c h e s t r a l m u s i c i n s e c
7 k = 0.44 // a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t p e r p e r s o n
8 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 8 . 1 9
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( T = 0 . 1 6 1 V/ a S \n )
12 aS = 0.161 * (( A * h ) / t )
13 a = N * k
14 a_ = aS - a
15 w = a_ + ( N / 2) * k + ( N / 2) * 0.02
16 t = (0.161 * ( A * h ) ) / w
17 printf ( \n C o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n t o be p r o v i d e d
by t h e w a l l s , f l o o r and c e i l i n g when t h e h a l l i s
f u l l y o c c u p i e d i s %f S I u n i t . \ n R e v e r b e r a t i o n
time i f only h a l f u p h o l s t e r e d s e a t s are occupied
i s %f s e c . ,a_ , t )

Scilab code Exa 8.5 Calculation of The total absorption constant

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 8000 // volume o f h a l l i n m e t e r 3
4 t = 1.8 // r e v e r b e r a t i o n t i m e i n s e c
5 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 8 . 1 9
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( T = 0 . 1 6 1 V/ a S \n )
9 aS = (0.161 * V ) / t // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e t o t a l
absorption constant
10 printf ( \n The t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n c o n s t a n t = %f O .W. U .
, aS )

133
 Scilab code Exa 8.6 Calculation of Reverberation time

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 1700 // volume i n m e t e r 3
4 a1 = 98 // a r e a o f p l a s t e r e d w a l l i n m2
5 a2 = 144 // a r e a o f p l a s t e r e d c e i l i n g i n m2
6 a3 = 15 // a r e a o f wooden d o o r i n m2
7 a4 = 88 // a r e a o f c u s h i o n e d c h a i r s i n m2
8 a5 = 150 // a r e a o f a u d i e n c e ( e a c h p e r s o n ) i n m2
9 k1 = 0.03 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r p l a s t e r e d
w a l l i n O .W. U .
10 k2 = 0.04 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r p l a s t e r e d
c e i l i n g i n O .W. U .
11 k3 = 0.06 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r wooden
d o o r i n O.W. U .
12 k4 = 1 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r c u s h i o n e d
c h a i r i n O .W. U .
13 k5 = 4.7 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r a u d i e n c e (
e a c h p e r s o n ) i n O .W. U .
14 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 8 . 2 0
15 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
16 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
17 printf ( T = 0 . 1 6 1 V/ a S \n )
18 A1 = a1 * k1 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e a b s o r p t i o n by t h e
plaster wall
19 A2 = a2 * k2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e a b s o r p t i o n by t h e
plastered ceiling
20 A3 = a3 * k3 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r wooden d o o r
21 A4 = a4 * k4 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r c u s h i o n e d c h a i r s
22 A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t o t a l
absorption

134
23 T = 0.161 * ( V / A ) // c a l c u l a t i o n for reverberation
time
24
25 printf ( \n R e v e r b e r a t i o n t i m e i s %f s e c . ,T )

Scilab code Exa 8.7 Calculation of Reverberation time

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 1400 // volume o f h a l l i n m e t e r 3
4 C = 110 // s e a t i n g c a p a c i t y o f h a l l
5 a1 = 98 // a r e a o f p l a s t e r e d w a l l i n m2
6 a2 = 144 // a r e a o f p l a s t e r e d c e i l i n g i n m2
7 a3 = 15 // a r e a o f wooden d o o r i n m2
8 a4 = 88 // a r e a o f c u s h i o n e d c h a i r s i n m2
9 a5 = 150 // a r e a o f a u d i e n c e ( e a c h p e r s o n ) i n m2
10 k1 = 0.03 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r p l a s t e r e d
w a l l i n O .W. U .
11 k2 = 0.04 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r p l a s t e r e d
c e i l i n g i n O .W. U .
12 k3 = 0.06 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r wooden
d o o r i n O.W. U .
13 k4 = 1 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r c u s h i o n e d
c h a i r i n O .W. U .
14 k5 = 4.7 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r a u d i e n c e (
e a c h p e r s o n ) i n O .W. U .
15 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 8 . 2 0
16 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
17 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
18 printf ( T = 0 . 1 6 1 V/ a S \n )
19 A1 = a1 * k1 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e a b s o r p t i o n by t h e
plaster wall
20 A2 = a2 * k2 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e a b s o r p t i o n by t h e

135
 plastered ceiling
21 A3 = a3 * k3 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r wooden d o o r
22 A4 = a4 * k4 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r c u s h i o n e d c h a i r s
23 A5 = C * k5 // t h e a b s o r p t i o n due t o p e r s o n s
24 A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t o t a l
absorption
25 T = (0.161 * V ) / A // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e
r e v e r b e r a t i o n time
26 printf ( \n R e v e r b e r a t i o n t i m e i s %f s e c . ,T )

Scilab code Exa 8.8 Calculation of Reverberation time

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 980 // volume i n m e t e r 3
4 a1 = 150 // a r e a o f w a l l i n m2
5 a2 = 95 // a r e a o f c e i l i n g i n m2
6 a3 = 90 // a r e a o f f l o o r i n m2
7 k1 = 0.03 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r w a l l i n O
.W. U .
8 k2 = 0.80 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r c e i l i n g
i n O .W. U .
9 k3 = 0.06 // c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r f l o o r i n
O .W. U .
10 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 8 . 2 1
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
13 printf ( T = 0 . 1 6 1 V/ a S \n )
14 A1 = a1 * k1
15 A2 = a2 * k2
16 A3 = a3 * k3
17 A = A1 + A2 + A3
18 T = 0.161 * ( V / A )

136
19 printf ( \n R e v e r b e r a t i o n t i m e = %f s e c ,T )

Scilab code Exa 8.9 Calculation of Acoustic power

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 980 // volume i n m e t e r 3
4 a = 1.58 // a r e a o f window i n m2
5 I_ = 1e -12 // s t a n d a r d i n t e n s i t y l e v e l o f sound wave
i n W/m2
6 l = 60 // i n t e n s i t y l e v e l i n dB
7 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 8 . 2 1
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
9 I = I_ * 10^( l / 10) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r i n t e n s i t y
10 AP = I * a // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a c o u s t i c power
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n I n t e n s i t y l e v e l =10
l o g ( I / I ) , \nAP=I A\n )
12 printf ( \n A c o u s t i c power = %e w a t t . , AP )

137
 Chapter 9

DIELECTRICS

Scilab code Exa 9.1 Calculation of Polarization vector and Displacement

vector

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 10^6 // e l e c t r i c f i e l d i n s i d e t h e p l a t e s i n V/m
4 d = 0.02 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s i n m e t e r
5 k = 3 // d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f s l a b
6 e_ = 8.85 e -12 // e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f a i r i n C
2/Nm2
7 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 9 . 1 1
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( D = e E+p . \n D=e k E . \ n\n )
11 D = e_ * k * E
12 P = D - e_ * E
13 printf ( P o l a r i z a t i o n v e c t o r i s %e C/m 2 . \n
D i s p l a c e m e n t v e c t o r i s %e C/m2 ,P , D )

138
 Scilab code Exa 9.2 Calculation of The included charge density on the
surface of the dielectric

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E1 = 3*10^5 // e l e c t r i c i n t e n s i t y when space between
p l a t e s e v a c u a t e d i n V/m
4 E2 = 1*10^5 // e l e c t r i c i n t e n s i t y when space between
p l a t e s i s f i l l e d with d i e l e c t r i c in V/m
5 e_ = 8.85 e -12 // e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t y of air in C
2/Nm2
6 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 9 . 1 1
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( E = E P/ e . \ n\n )
10 sigma = e_ *( E1 - E2 )
11 printf ( The i n c l u d e d c h a r g e d e n s i t y on the s u r f a c e
o f t h e d i e l e c t r i c i s %e C/m2 , sigma )

Scilab code Exa 9.3 Calculation of Polarization vector and Displacement

vector and Energy density

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 1*10^5 // e l e c t r i c f i e l d strength i n s i d e the
p l a t e s i n V/m
4 d = 6 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s i n mm
5 k = 2.8 // d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f s l a b

139
 6 e_ = 8.85 e -12 // electric permittivity of air in C
2/Nm2
7 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 9 . 1 1
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( P = e ( k 1) E . \ n\n )
11 P = e_ *( k -1) * E
12 D = e_ * k * E
13 energy_density = 1/2 * k * e_ * E ^2
14 printf ( P o l a r i z a t i o n v e c t o r i s %e C/m 2 . \n
D i s p l a c e m e n t v e c t o r i s %eC/m 2 . \n Energy d e n s i t y
i s %f J /m 3 . ,P ,D , energy_density )

Scilab code Exa 9.4 Calculation of Value of relative permittivity and To-
tal dipole moment of the slab

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 D = 5e -4 // e l e c t r i c d i s p l a c e m e n t v e c t o r i n C/m2
4 P = 4e -4 // e l e c t r i c p o l a r i z a t i o n v e c t o r i n C/m2
5 v = 0.5 // volume o f t h e s l a b i n m3
6 e_ = 8.85 e -12 // e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f a i r i n C
2/Nm2
7 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 9 . 1 2
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( D= e E . \ n\n )
11 E = (D - P ) / e_
12 k = D /( e_ * E )
13 p = P*v
14 energy_density = 1/2 * k * e_ * E ^2
15 printf ( V a l u e o f r e l a t i v e p e r m i t t i v i t y i s %d . \n
T o t a l d i p o l e moment o f t h e s l a b i s %e Cm. ,k , p )

140
 Scilab code Exa 9.5 Calculation of Induce dipole moment of each

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 3 e4 // e x t e r n a l f i e l d i n V/m
4 k = 1.00074 // d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f g a s a t N . T . P .
5 e_ = 8.85 e -12 // e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f a i r i n C
2/Nm2
6 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 9 . 1 2
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( P=x e E . \ n\n )
10 x = k -1
11 P = x * e_ * E
12 N = 6.023 e23 /22.4 e -3
13 p = P/N
14 printf ( I n d u c e d i p o l e moment o f e a c h i s %e Cm ,p )

Scilab code Exa 9.6 Calculation of Electric susceptibility at 0 degree centi-

grade

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 3 e4 // e x t e r n a l f i e l d i n V/m
4 k = 1.000041 // d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f g a s a t 0
degree centigrate
5 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 9 . 1

141
 6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( P=x e E . \ n\n )
9 x = k -1
10 printf ( E l e c t r i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y a t 0 d e g r e e
c e n t i g r a t e i s %e . ,x )

142
 Chapter 10

ELECTROMAGNETISM

Scilab code Exa 10.15 Calculation of The total charge within volume

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 2000 // f l u x l i n e s e n t e r i n g i v e n volume i n Vm
4 n_ = 4000 // f l u x l i n e s d i v e r g e from g i v e n volume i n
Vm
5 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // p e r m i t t i v i t y o f space
6 // Sample Problem 15 on p a g e no . 10.42
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 15 # \n )
8 fi = n_ - n
9 q = e0 * fi
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n f i = q/ e )
11 disp (q , The t o t a l c h a r g e w i t h i n volume ( i n C) = )

Scilab code Exa 10.16 Calculation of The total charge enclosed by closed
surface

143
1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 20000 // f l u x l i n e s e n t e r i n g i n g i v e n volume i n
Vm
4 n_ = 45000 // f l u x l i n e s e n t e r i n g o u t from g i v e n
volume i n Vm
5 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
6 // Sample Problem 16 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 2
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 16 # \n )
8 fi = n_ - n
9 q = e0 * fi
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n f i = q / e . \n )
11 printf ( The t o t a l c h a r g e e n c l o s e d by c l o s e d s u r f a c e
i s %e C . ,q )

Scilab code Exa 10.17 Calculation of Electric flux

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 q = 13.5 e -6 // c h a r g e e n c l o s e d a t t h e c e n t r e o f cube
in C
4 l = 6 // l e n g t h o f t h e s i d e o f c u b e i n cm
5 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
6 // Sample Problem 17 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 3
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 17 # \n )
8 fi = q / e0
9 fi_ = fi / 6
10 q = e0 * fi
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n f i =q / e . \ n )
12 printf ( E l e c t r i c f l u x t h r o u g h t h e w h o l e volume o f
t h e c u b e i s %e Nm2/C . \ n E l e c t r i c f l u x t h r o u g h
one f a c e o f t h e c u b e i s %e Nm2/C . ,fi , fi_ )

144
 Scilab code Exa 10.18 Calculation of Electric flux through each surface
of the cube

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 q = 11 // c h a r g e e n c l o s e d a t t h e c e n t r e o f c u b e i n C
4 l = 5 // l e n g t h o f t h e s i d e o f c u b e i n cm
5 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
6 // Sample Problem 18 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 3
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 18 # \n )
8 fi_ = ( q / e0 ) / 6
9 printf ( \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n f i =q / e \n )
10 printf ( E l e c t r i c f l u x t h r o u g h e a c h s u r f a c e o f t h e
c u b e = %e Nm2/C . , fi_ )

Scilab code Exa 10.19 Calculation of Electric field intensity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 q = 1e -8 // c h a r g e u n i f o r m l y s p r e a d o v e r metallic
sphere in C
4 r = .1 // r a d i u s o f s p h e r e i n m
5 d = 7 // d i s t a n c e o f a p o i n t from c e n t r e o f t h e
s p h e r e i n cm
6 d_ = .5 // d i s t a n c e o f a n o t h e r p o i n t from c e n t r e o f
the sphere in m
7 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
8 // Sample Problem 19 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 3

145
 9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 19 # \n )
10 E1 = (1 / (4 * %pi * e0 ) * ( q / r ^2) )
11 E2 = 0 // b e c a u s e s p h e r e i s m e t a l l i c
12 E3 = (1 / (4 * %pi * e0 ) * ( q / d_ ^2) )
13 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n E = ( 1 / ( 4 p i
e 0 ) ( q / r 2 ) ) . \n )
14 printf ( E l e c t r i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y \n ( 1 ) On t h e
s u r f a c e o f t h e s p h e r e = %e N/C, \ n ( 2 ) At f i r s t
p o i n t = %d N/C, \ n ( 3 ) At s e c o n d p o i n t = %e N/C ,
E1 , E2 , E3 )

Scilab code Exa 10.20 Calculation of Electric field

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 q = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on a p r o t o n i n C
4 d = 1e -10 // d i s t a n c e o f a p o i n t from p r o t o n i n m
5 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
6 // Sample Problem 20 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 4
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 20 # \n )
8 E = (1 / (4 * %pi * e0 ) ) * ( q / d ^2)
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n E = ( 1 / ( 4 p i
e0 ) ) ( q / d 2) . \ n)
10 printf ( E l e c t r i c f i e l d = %e V/m. ,E )

Scilab code Exa 10.21 Calculation of Energy gained by alpha particle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t

146
 3 v = 1000 // p o t e n t i a l t h r o u g h which a l p h a particle
accelerated in V
4 q = 3.2 e -19 // c h a r g e on an a l p h a p a r t i c l e i n C
5 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
6 // Sample Problem 21 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 4
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 21 # \n )
8 E = q * v
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n E = q v . \ n )
10 printf ( Energy g a i n e d by a l p h a p a r t i c l e = %e J . ,E )

Scilab code Exa 10.22 Calculation of Potential and Potential energy and
Potential difference

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 q = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on a p r o t o n i n C
4 d = 1e -10 // d i s t a n c e o f a p o i n t from p r o t o n i n m
5 d_ = 2e -11 // d i s t a n c e o f a n o t h e r p o i n t from p r o t o n
in m
6 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
7 // Sample Problem 22 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 22 # \n )
9 v = (1 / (4 * %pi * e0 ) ) * ( q / d ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
p o t e n t i a l at f i r s t point
10 E = -q * v // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r e n e r g y a t f i r s t p o i n t i n
J
11 delta_v = (1 / (4 * %pi * e0 ) ) * q * ((1 / d_ ) - (1
/ d ) ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e
between p o i n t s
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n V= ( 1 / ( 4 p i e ) ) q / r
, \ n E= (1/(4 p i e ) ) q 2/ r . \ n )
13 printf ( P o t e n t i a l e n e r g y a t f i r s t p o i n t = %f eV . \ n
P o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p o i n t s = %f V . ,E /q ,

147
 delta_v )

Scilab code Exa 10.23 Calculation of Radius of equipotential surface

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 q = 1.5 e -6 // c h a r g e i n C
4 v = 30 // p o t e n t i a l o f a s u r f a c e i n V
5 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
6 // Sample Problem 23 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 5
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 23 # \n )
8 r = (1 / (4 * %pi * e0 ) ) * ( q / v )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n v = ( 1 / ( 4 p i e ) ( q
/ r ) ) . \ n)
10 printf ( R a d i u s o f e q u i p o t e n t i a l s u r f a c e = %d m. ,
ceil ( r ) )

Scilab code Exa 10.24 Calculation of The value of poynting vector at the
surface of the sun

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 p = 3.8 e26 // power r a d i a t e d by sun i n W
4 r = 7 e8 // r a d i u s o f sun i n m
5 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
6 // Sample Problem 24 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 5
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 24 # \n )
8 s = p / (4 * %pi * r ^2)

148
 9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n s = p / ( 4 p i r
2) . \ n)
10 printf ( The v a l u e o f p o y n t i n g v e c t o r a t t h e s u r f a c e
o f t h e sun = %e W/m 2 . ,s )

Scilab code Exa 10.28 Calculation of Magnitude of electric field vector

and Magnitude of magnetic field vector

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 s = 2 // e n e r g y r e c e i v e d by t h e e a r t h i n c a l /cm 2 .
min
4 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
5 mu0 = 1.2567 e -6 // m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m e t e r / s e c
7 // Sample Problem 28 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 28 # \n )
9 r = sqrt ( mu0 / e0 )
10 P = s *4.2/(60*1 e -4)
11 E = sqrt ( P * r )
12 H = E/r
13 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n P = EH. \ n )
14 printf ( Magnitude o f e l e c t r i c f i e l d v e c t o r = %f v /m
. \ n Magnitude o f m a g n e t i c f i e l d v e c t o r = %f A/m.
,E * sqrt (2) ,H * sqrt (2) )

Scilab code Exa 10.29 Calculation of Magnitude of electric field vector

1 clc

149
 2 // Given t h a t
3 H = 1 // m a g n i t u d e o f m a g n e t i c f i e l d v e c t o r A/m
4 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
5 mu0 = 1.2567 e -6 // m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m e t e r / s e c
7 // Sample Problem 29 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 8
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 29 # \n )
9 r = sqrt ( mu0 / e0 ) // r a t i o o f E , H
10 E = H * r
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n H / E =s q r t ( e /mu )
. \ n)
12 printf ( Magnitude o f e l e c t r i c f i e l d v e c t o r = %f v /m
. ,E )

Scilab code Exa 10.31 Calculation of Average value of the intensity of

electric field of radiation

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 p = 1000 // power o f lamp i n W
4 d = 2 // d i s t a n c e o f a p o i n t from lamp i n m e t e r
5 e0 = 8.85 e -12 // e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
6 mu0 = 1.2567 e -6 // m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f s p a c e
7 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m e t e r / s e c
8 // Sample Problem 31 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 8
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 31 # \n )
10 s = p / (4 * %pi * d ^2) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
11 r = sqrt ( mu0 / e0 ) // r a t i o o f E , H
12 E = sqrt ( s * r ) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a v e r a g e v a l u e o f
intensity of e l e c t r i c f i e l d of radiation
13 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n E / H =s q r t ( mu / e )
, \ nP=EH. \ n )
14 printf ( A v e r a g e v a l u e o f t h e i n t e n s i t y o f e l e c t r i c

150
 f i e l d o f r a d i a t i o n = %f v /m. ,E )

Scilab code Exa 10.32 Calculation of Refractive index of distilled water

and Speed of light in water

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 k = 81 // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t t i v i t y o f w a t e r
4 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m e t e r / s e c
5 // Sample Problem 32 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 9
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 32 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( mu = ( mu e p s i l o n / ( mu 0 / p s i l o n 0 ) ) 1 / 2
\n \n )
9 mu = sqrt ( k )
10 v = c / mu
11 printf ( R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o fd i s t i l l e d w a t e r i s %d
. \ n Speed o f l i g h t i n w a t e r i s %e m/ s e c . ,mu , v )

151
 Chapter 11

THEORY OF RELATIVITY

Scilab code Exa 11.5 Calculation of Coordinate of the event in reference

frame using Galilean transformation and Coordinate of the event in reference
frame using Lorentz transformation

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 x = 100 // i n m e t e r
4 y = 10 // i n m e t e r
5 z = 5 // i n m e t e r
6 t = 1e -4 // i n s e c
7 // c o o r d i n a t e s o f p o i n t i n f r a m e F
8 v = 2.7 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f f r a m e F w . r . t . f r a m e F i n
m/ s e d
9 c =3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
10 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 1 9
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
12 // a c c o r d i n g t o G a l i l e a n t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
13 x__ = x - v * t
14 y__ = y
15 z__ = z
16 t__ = t

152
17 // a c c o r d i n g t o L o r e n t z t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
18 x_ = (x - v * t ) / sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2)
19 y_ = y
20 z_ = z
21 t_ =( t -( v * x / c ^2) ) / sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2)
22 printf ( \n C o o r d i n a t e o f t h e e v e n t i n r e f e r e n c e
f r a m e F u s i n g ( a ) G a l i l e a n t r a n s f o r m a t i o n x=%f m,
y=%f m, z = %f m, t = %e s e c . \n ( b ) L o r e n t z
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n x=%f m, y =%f m, z = %f m, t=%e s e c
. ,x__ , y__ , z__ , t__ , x_ , y_ , z_ , t_ )

Scilab code Exa 11.6 Calculation of Speed of particle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 4 // r a t i o o f mass o f p a r t i c l e t o t h e r e s t mass
4 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 0
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( m = m 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
8 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - (1 / r ) ^2)
9 printf ( \n Speed o f p a r t i c l e i s %e m e t e r / s e c . ,v )

Scilab code Exa 11.7 Calculation of Speed of particle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 1.2 // r a t i o o f mass o f p a r t i c l e t o t h e r e s t
mass

153
4 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 0
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( m = m 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
8 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - (1 / r ) ^2)
9 printf ( \n Speed o f p a r t i c l e i s %f c . ,v /3 e8 )

Scilab code Exa 11.9 Calculation of Speed of electron and Mass of elec-
tron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 2 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n Mev
4 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 0
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( m = m 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n KE = m c 2
m 0 c 2 \n )
8 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - (1 / (1 + (1.6 e -19 * 2 e6 ) / (9.1 e
-31 * 3 e8 ^2) ) ) ^2)
9 m = (9.1 e -31) / sqrt (1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^2)
10 printf ( \n Speed o f e l e c t r o n i s %f c . \ n Mass o f
e l e c t r o n i s %e kg . ,v /3 e8 , m )

Scilab code Exa 11.10 Calculation of Velocity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 u = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f s i g n a l i n meter / s e c

154
4 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 1
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( u x = u x + v / (1+ v u x / c 2 ) . \n )
8 u_ = ( u + 3 e8 ) / (1 + ( u * 3 e8 ) / 3 e8 ^2)
9 printf ( \n V e l o c i t y i s %d c , h e n c e we can s a y t h a t
no s i g n a l can t r a v e l f a s t e r t h a n l i g h t . , u_ /3 e8 )

Scilab code Exa 11.11 Calculation of Speed of particle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 2.25 // r a t i o o f mass o f p a r t i c l e t o t h e r e s t
mass
4 // Sample Problem 11 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 2
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 11 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( m = m 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
8 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - (1 / r ) ^2)
9 printf ( \n Speed o f p a r t i c l e i s %e m e t e r / s e c . ,v )

Scilab code Exa 11.12 Calculation of Velocity of particle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 2 // r a t i oo f k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f body t o i t s r e s t
mass
4 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 2
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )

155
 6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( m = m 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n KE = (mm 0 ) c
2 \n )
8 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - (1 / ( r + 1) ) ^2)
9 printf ( \n V e l o c i t y o f p a r t i c l e i s %f c . ,v /3 e8 )

Scilab code Exa 11.13 Calculation of Kinetic energy of electron and Mo-
mentum of particle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 11 // r a t i o o f mass o f p a r t i c l e t o t h e r e s t mass
of electron
4 // Sample Problem 13 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 2
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 13 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( m = m 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n KE = (mm 0 ) c
2 \n )
8 KE = ( r - 1) * 9.1 e -31 * 3 e8 ^2 / (1.6 e -19)
9 m = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - (1 / r ) ^2) * 9.1 e -31 * 11
10 printf ( \n K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i s %f MeV . \ n
Momentum o f p a r t i c l e i s %e Ns e c . , KE /1 e6 , m )

Scilab code Exa 11.14 Calculation of Velocity of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 m = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
4 m_ = 9.1 e -31 // r e s t mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg

156
 5 // Sample Problem 14 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 3
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 14 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( m = m 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
9 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - ( m_ / m ) ^2)
10 printf ( \n V e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n i s %f m e t e r / s e c . ,v )

Scilab code Exa 11.15 Calculation of Speed according to classical me-

chanics and Speed according to relativistic mechanics

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 0.1 // k i n e t i c s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n i n Mev
4 // Sample Problem 15 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 3
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 15 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( m = m 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n KE = (mm 0 ) c
2 \n KE = 1/2 m v 2 \n )
8 v_ = sqrt (2 * ( E * 1.6 e -13) / 9.1 e -31)
9 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - (1 / (1 + (1.6 e -13 * E ) / (9.1 e
-31 * 3 e8 ^2) ) ) ^2)
10 printf ( \n Speed a c c o r d i n g t o c l a s s i c a l m e c h a n i c s i s
%e m e t e r / s e c . \ n Speed a c c o r d i n g t o r e l a t i v i s t i c
m e c h a n i c s i s %e m e t e r / s e c . ,v_ , v )

Scilab code Exa 11.17 Calculation of Velocity of particle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t

157
 3 r1 = 3 // r a t i o o f k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f body t o i t s
r e s t mass i n f i r s t c a s e
4 r2 = 1 // r a t i o o f k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f body t o i t s
r e s t mass i n s e c o n d c a s e
5 // Sample Problem 17 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 4
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 17 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( m = m 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n KE = (mm 0 ) c
2 \n )
9 v1 = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - (1 / ( r1 + 1) ) ^2)
10 v2 = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - (1 / ( r2 + 1) ) ^2)
11 printf ( \n V e l o c i t y o f p a r t i c l e i f k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s
%d t i m e s o f r e s t mass e n e r g y i s %e m e t e r / s e c . \ n
V e l o c i t y o f p a r t i c l e i f k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s %d
t i m e s o f r e s t mass e n e r g y i s %e m e t e r / s e c . \ n ,r1
, v1 , r2 , v2 )

Scilab code Exa 11.19 Calculation of Speed of electron and Mass of elec-
tron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 1.5 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n Mev
4 // Sample Problem 19 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 5
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 19 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( m = m 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n KE = (mm 0 ) c
2 \n )
8 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - (1 / (1 + (1.6 e -19 * 2 e6 ) / (9.1 e
-31 * 3 e8 ^2) ) ) ^2)
9 m = ( E * 1.6 e -13 / (3 e8 ) ^2) + 9.1 e -31
10 printf ( \n Speed o f e l e c t r o n i s %e m e t e r / s e c . \ n Mass
o f e l e c t r o n i s %e kg . ,v , m )

158
 Scilab code Exa 11.20 Calculation of Length of meter stick

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 3 / 2 // r a t i o o f mass o f m e t r e s t i c k t o t h e
r e s t mass o f m e t r e s t i c k
4 // Sample Problem 20 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 6
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 20 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( m = m 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n l = l 0 /((1 v
2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
8 l = 1 * (1 / r )
9 printf ( \n Length o f m e t e r s t i c k i s %f m e t e r i f mass
i s %f t i m e s o f i t s r e s t mass . ,l , r )

Scilab code Exa 11.21 Calculation of Velocity of a frame with respect to

other frame

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 1 / 2 // r a t i o of area of c i r c u l a r lamina in
frame S to the r a t i o o f area o f c i r c u l a r lamina
in frame S
4 // Sample Problem 21 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 6
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 21 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( d = d 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )

159
8 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - r ^2)
9 printf ( \n V e l o c i t y o f f r a m e S w . r . t . f r a m e S i s %e
m e t e r / s e c . ,v )

Scilab code Exa 11.22 Calculation of Speed of clock

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 1 // l o s e i n t i m e i n an h o u r i n m i n u t e
4 // Sample Problem 22 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 7
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 22 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( t = t 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
8 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - ((60 - t ) / 60) ^2)
9 printf ( \n Speed o f c l o c k i s %e m e t e r / s e c . ,v )

Scilab code Exa 11.23 Calculation of Distance travel by the beam

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t_ = 2.5 e -8 // p r o p e r l i f e o f p i+ mesons i n s e c
4 v = 2.4 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f beam o f mesons i n m/ s e c
5 r = 1 / exp (2) // r a t i o o f f i n a l f l u x t o i n i t i a l
f l u x o f t h e meson beam
6 // Sample Problem 23 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 7
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 23 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( t = t 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n N = N 0 e ( t /
t a u ) \n )

160
10 t = t_ / sqrt (1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^2)
11 T = t * log (1 / r )
12 d = T * v
13 printf ( \n D i s t a n c e t r a v e l by t h e beam i s %f m e t e r .
,d )

Scilab code Exa 11.24 Calculation of Velocity of rocket with respect to

earth

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 1.8 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f s p a c e s h i p away from t h e
e a r t h i n m/ s e c
4 v1 = 2.1 e8 // v e l o c i t y of rocket w. r . t . space ship
away from t h e e a r t h i n f i r s t c a s e i n m/ s e c
5 v2 = -2.1 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f r o c k e t w . r . t . s p a c e s h i p
away from t h e e a r t h i n s e c o n d c a s e i n m/ s e c
6 // Sample Problem 24 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 7
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 24 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( u x = u x + v / (1+ v u x / c 2 ) \n )
10 u1 = ( v1 + v ) / (1 + (( v1 * v ) / (3 e8 ) ^2) )
11 u2 = ( v2 + v ) / (1 + (( v2 * v ) / (3 e8 ) ^2) )
12 printf ( \n V e l o c i t y o f r o c k e t w . r . t . e a r t h i n f i r s t
c a s e = %f c away from t h e e a r t h . \ n V e l o c i t y o f
r o c k e t w . r . t . e a r t h i n s e c o n d c a s e = %f c away
from t h e e a r t h , u1 /3 e8 , u2 /3 e8 )

Scilab code Exa 11.25 Calculation of Length as it appear to the observer

161
 1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 1 // l e n g t h o f t h e r o d i n m e t e r
4 v = 1.8 e8 // s p e e d o f r o d a l o n g i t s l e n g t h i n m e t e r /
sec
5 // Sample Problem 25 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 8
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 25 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( l = l 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
9 L = l * sqrt (1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^2)
10 printf ( \n Length a s i t a p p e a r t o t h e o b s e r v e r i s %f
m e t e r . ,L )

Scilab code Exa 11.26 Calculation of Length as it appear to the observer

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 2 // l e n g t h o f t h e r o d i n m e t e r
4 v = 2.7 e8 // s p e e d o f r o d a l o n g i t s l e n g t h i n m e t e r /
sec
5 // Sample Problem 26 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 8
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 26 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( l = l 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
9 L = l * sqrt (1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^2)
10 printf ( \n Length a s i t a p p e a r t o t h e o b s e r v e r i s %f
m e t e r . ,L )

Scilab code Exa 11.27 Calculation of Percentage length contraction

162
1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 100 // c o n s i d e r t h e l e n g t h o f t h e r o d i n m e t e r
4 v = 2.4 e8 // s p e e d o f r o d i n m e t e r / s e c
5 theta = %pi / 3 // d i r e c t i o n o f v e l o c i t y o f r o d
along i t s length in radian
6 // Sample Problem 27 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 27 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( l = l 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n l 2 = l x 2 +
l y 2 \n )
10 Lx = l * cos ( theta )
11 Ly = l * sin ( theta )
12 L_x = Lx * sqrt (1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^2)
13 L_y = Ly
14 L = sqrt ( L_x ^2 + L_y ^2)
15 p_l = (( l - L ) / l ) * 100
16 printf ( \n P e r c e n t a g e l e n g t h c o n t r a c t i o n i s %f
p e r c e n t . , p_l )

Scilab code Exa 11.28 Calculation of Speed of the rod relative to observer

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 0.5 // r a t i o o f l e n g t h o f r o d when i t i s i n
m o t i o n t o t h e l e n g t h o f t h e r o d when i t i s i n
rest
4 // Sample Problem 28 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 9
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 28 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( l = l 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
8 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - r ^2)
9 printf ( \n Speed o f t h e r o d r e l a t i v e t o o b s e r v e r i s

163
 %f c . ,v /3 e8 )

Scilab code Exa 11.29 Calculation of Length of the rod in moving frame
and Orientation of the rod

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 5 // l e n g t h o f t h e r o d i n m e t e r
4 v = 1.8 e8 // s p e e d o f r o d i n m e t e r / s e c
5 theta = %pi / 6 // d i r e c t i o n o f v e l o c i t y o f rod
along i t s length in radian
6 // Sample Problem 29 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 3 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 29 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( l = l 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n l 2 = l x 2 +
l y 2 \n )
10 Lx = l * cos ( theta )
11 Ly = l * sin ( theta )
12 L_x = Lx * sqrt (1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^2)
13 L_y = Ly
14 L = sqrt ( L_x ^2 + L_y ^2)
15 orientation = atan ( L_y / L_x ) * (180 / %pi )
16 printf ( \n Length o f t h e r o d i n moving f r a m e i s %f
m e t e r . \ n O r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e r o d i s %f d e g r e e . ,L ,
orientation )

Scilab code Exa 11.30 Calculation of half life of particle

1 clc

164
 2 // Given t h a t
3 T = 17.8 e -9 // h a l f l i f e o f p r t i c l e a t r e s t i n s e c
4 v = 2.4 e8 // s p e e d o f p a r t i c l e i n m e t e r / s e c
5 // Sample Problem 30 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 3 0
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 30 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( t = t 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
9 t = T / ( sqrt (1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^2) )
10 printf ( \n New h a l f l i f e o f p a r t i c l e i s %f n a n o s e c .
,t /1 e -9)

Scilab code Exa 11.31 Calculation of Time lost per day

1
2 clc
3 // Given t h a t
4 T = 24 // no . o f h o u r s i n a day
5 v = 1 e8 // s p e e d o f s p a c e s h i p i n m e t e r / s e c
6 // Sample Problem 31 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 3 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 31 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( t = t 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
10 t = T * ( sqrt (1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^2) )
11 T_ = T - t
12 m =( T_ -1) *60
13 s =( m -22) *60
14 printf ( \n Time l o s t p e r day i s %d h o u r s %d m i n u t e
%d s e c . ,T_ ,m , s )
15 // Answer i n t h e book : 1 h r 22 min 12 s e c
16 // Answer i n t h e program : 1 . 3 7 2 5 8 3 e +00 h o u r s

165
 Scilab code Exa 11.32 Calculation of Speed of rocket

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 T = 4 // no . o f y e a r when r o c k e t i s moving
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o one y e a r
4 // Sample Problem 32 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 3 0
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 32 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( t = t 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
8 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (1 - (1 / T ) ^2)
9 printf ( \n Speed o f r o c k e t i s %f c . ,v /3 e8 )

Scilab code Exa 11.33 Calculation of Time taken by the rocket

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 4 // d i s t a n c e o f s t a r from t h e e a r t h i n l i g h t
years
4 v = 3 e8 * sqrt (0.9999) // s p e e d o f r o c k e t i n meter /
sec
5 // Sample Problem 33 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 3 1
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 33 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( t = t 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
9 t = (2 * d * 3 e8 ) / v
10 T_ = t * sqrt (1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^2)
11 printf ( \n Time t a k e n by t h e r o c k e t i s %f y e a r . , T_ )

166
 Scilab code Exa 11.34 Calculation of Proper life time of particle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 2e -7 // l i f e t i m e o f p a r t i c l e when i t i s moving
in sec
4 v = 2.8 e8 // s p e e d o f p a r t i c l e i n m e t e r / s e c
5 // Sample Problem 34 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 3 1
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 34 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( t = t 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 ) \n )
9 T_ = t * sqrt (1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^2)
10 printf ( \n P r o p e r l i f e t i m e o f p a r t i c l e i s %e s e c . ,
T_ )

Scilab code Exa 11.35 Calculation of Velocity of electrons beam with re-
spect to another electron beam according to Newtonian mechanics and Ve-
locity of electrons beam measured by the observer moving with other electron
beam

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v1 = 2.7 e8 // v e l o c i t y of f i r s t e l e c t r o n beam i n
meter / s e c
4 v2 = -2.7 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f s e c o n d e l e c t r o n beam i n
meter / s e c
5 // Sample Problem 35 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 3 1

167
 6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 35 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( u x = u x + v / (1+ v u x / c 2 ) \n )
9 u = v1 - v2
10 u_ = ( v1 - v2 ) / (1 - ( v1 * v2 ) / (3 e8 ) ^2)
11 printf ( \n V e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n s beam w . r . t . a n o t h e r
e l e c t r o n beam a c c o r d i n g t o Newtonian m e c h a n i c s
i s %f c . \ n V e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n s beam m e a s u r e d by
t h e o b s e r v e r moving w i t h o t h e r e l e c t r o n beam =
%f c . ,u /3 e8 , u_ /3 e8 )

Scilab code Exa 11.36 Calculation of Relative velocity of photons

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 c = 3 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f p h o t o n i n m e t e r / s e c
4 // Sample Problem 36 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 3 2
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 36 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( u x = u x + v / (1+ v u x / c 2 ) \n )
8 u = ( c + c ) / ( 1 + ( c / 3 e8 ) ^2)
9 printf ( \n R e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y o f p h o t o n s i s %e m e t e r /
s e c . ,u )

Scilab code Exa 11.37 Calculation of Relativistic mass of proton

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t

168
 3 E = 900 // t o t a l r e l a t i v i s t i c energy of proton in
Mev
4 m = 1.63 -27 // r e s t mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
5 c = 3 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f p h o t o n i n m e t e r / s e c
6 // Sample Problem 37 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 3 2
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 37 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( E = m c 2 \n )
10 m_ = ( E * 1.6 e -13) / ( c ) ^2
11 printf ( \n R e l a t i v i s t i c mass o f p r o t o n i s %e kg , \ n
Here r e l a t i v i s t i c mass i s same a s r e s t mass \n
h e n c e p r o t o n i s a t r e s t and s p e e d and k i n e t i c
e n e r g y o f p r o t o n w i l l be z e r o , m_ )

Scilab code Exa 11.38 Calculation of Fraction of total energy content

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 5.4 e6 // e n e r g y l i b e r a t e s during dynamite
e x p l o s i o n i n J / kg
4 c = 3 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f p h o t o n i n m e t e r / s e c
5 // Sample Problem 38 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 3 2
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 38 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( E = m c 2 \n )
9 E_ = 1 * c ^2 // e n e r g y l i b e r a t e d by 1 kg c o n t e n t i n
J
10 f = E / E_
11 printf ( \n F r a c t i o n o f t o t a l e n e r g y c o n t e n t i n i t i s
%e p e r kg . ,f )

169
 Scilab code Exa 11.39 Calculation of Speed of the electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 k = 1.02 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n Mev
4 E_ = 0.51 // r e s t mass e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n Mev
5 c = 3 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f p h o t o n i n m e t e r / s e c
6 // Sample Problem 39 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 3 2
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 39 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( E = KE + m c 2 \n m = m 0 /((1 v 2/ c 2 ) 1 / 2 )
\n )
10 E = k + E_
11 v = c * sqrt (1 - ( E_ / E ) ^2)
12 printf ( \n Speed o f t h e e l e c t r o n i s %e m e t e r / s e c . ,v
)

Scilab code Exa 11.40 Calculation of Rate of decrement of mass of the

sun

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 1400 // s o l a r e n e r g y r e c e i v e s by t h e e a r t h i n W/
square meter
4 d = 1.5 e11 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n e a r t h and t h e sun i n
meter
5 c = 3 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f p h o t o n i n m e t e r / s e c
6 // Sample Problem 40 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 3 3

170
 7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 40 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( E = m c 2 \n )
10 E_ = 4 * %pi * d ^2 * E
11 m = E_ / c ^2
12 printf ( \n Rate o f d e c r e m e n t o f mass o f t h e sun i s
%e kg / s e c . ,m )

171
 Chapter 12

APPLIED NUCLEAR
PHYSICS

Scilab code Exa 12.1 Calculation of Mass absorption coefficient of Al and

Half value thickness

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 1.14 // e n e r g y o f gamma r a d i a t i o n i n Mev
4 l = 0.2 // l e n g t h o f aluminium i n m e t e r
5 p = 0.03 // r e d u c e i n i n t e n s i t y i n beam
6 d = 2700 // d e n s i t y o f aluminium i n kg /m3
7 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 1
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( I = I 0 e (mu x ) \n )
11 mu = (1 / l ) * log (1 / p )
12 k = mu / d
13 x = 0.693 / mu
14 printf ( \n Mass a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i e c i e n t o f Al f o r
t h i s r a d i a t i o n i s %f m2/ kg . \ n H a l f v a l u e
t h i c k n e s s i s %f m e t e r . ,k , x )

172
 Scilab code Exa 12.2 Calculation of Mass attenuation coefficient of Al

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 1.1 // e n e r g y o f gamma r a d i a t i o n i n Mev
4 l = 0.25 // l e n g t h o f aluminium i n m e t e r
5 p = 0.02 // r e d u c e i n i n t e n s i t y i n beam
6 d = 2700 // d e n s i t y o f aluminium i n kg /m3
7 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 2
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( I = I 0 e (mu x ) \n )
11 mu = (1 / l ) * log (1 / p )
12 k = mu / d
13 x = 0.693 / mu
14 printf ( \n Mass a t t e n u a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f Al f o r
t h i s r a d i a t i o n i s %e m2/ kg . \ n H a l f v a l u e
t h i c k n e s s i s %f m e t e r . ,k , x )

Scilab code Exa 12.3 Calculation of Time

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 15 // h a l f l i f e f o r Na ( 2 3 ) i n h o u r s
4 r = 93.75 // p e r c e n t a g e f r a c t i o n o f s a m p l e which
decayed
5 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 2

173
 6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n N =N 0 e ( lambda t ) \n )
9 lambda = 0.693 / t
10 T = (1 / lambda ) * ( log (100 / (100 - r ) ) )
11 printf ( \n Time t a k e n f o r 9 3 . 7 5 p e r d e c a y o f s a m p l e
i s %d h o u r s . ,T )

Scilab code Exa 12.4 Calculation of Time

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 4 // h a l f l i f e o f r a d i o a c t i v e e l e m e n t i n y e a r s
4 r = 1 / 64 // r a t i o o f mass o f e l e m e n t p r e s e n t i n
s p e c i m e n t o t h e i n i t i a l mass o f e l e m e n t
5 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 3
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n N =N 0 e ( lambda t ) \n )
9 lambda = 0.693 / t
10 T = (1 / lambda ) * log (1 / r )
11 printf ( \n Time a f t e r which e l e m e n t p r e s e n t i n
specimen r ed u c e to 1/64 o f i t s o r i g i n a l v a l u e i s
%d y e a r s . ,T )

Scilab code Exa 12.5 Calculation of Period

174
1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 15 // h a l f l i f e o f r a d i o a c t i v e e l e m e n t i n y e a r s
4 r = 0.025 // r a t i o o f mass o f e l e m e n t p r e s e n t i n
s p e c i m e n t o t h e i n t i a l mass o f e l e m e n t
5 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 3
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n N =N 0 e ( lambda t ) \n )
9 lambda = 0.693 / t
10 T = (1 / lambda ) * log (1 / r )
11 printf ( \n P e r i o d i n which 2 . 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e
i n i t i a l q u a n t i t y l e f t o v e r i s %f y e a r s . ,T )

Scilab code Exa 12.6 Calculation of Time

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 3.8 // h a l f l i f e f o r radon i n days
4 r = 60 // p e r c e n t a g e f r a c t i o n o f s a m p l e which
decayed
5 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 3
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n N =N 0 e ( lambda t ) \n )
9 lambda = 0.693 / t
10 T = (1 / lambda ) * ( log (100 / (100 - r ) ) )
11 printf ( \n Time t a k e n f o r 60 p e r c e n t d e c a y o f s a m p l e
i s %f d a y s . ,T )

175
 Scilab code Exa 12.7 Calculation of Half life time and Mean life time

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 4.28 e -4 // d e c a y c o n s t a n t i n p e r y e a r
4 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 4
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n t a u = 1/ lambda \n )
8 T = 0.693 / lambda
9 t = 1 / lambda
10 printf ( \n H a l f l i f e t i m e i s %f y e a r s . \ n Mean l i f e
t i m e i s %f y e a r s . ,T , t )

Scilab code Exa 12.8 Calculation of Half life of radioactive material

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 30 // t i m e i n y e a r s
4 r = 1 / 64 // r a t i o o f f i n a l mass o f e l e m e n t t o t h e
i n t i a l mass o f e l e m e n t
5 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 4
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n N =N 0 e ( lambda t ) \n )
9 lambda = log (1 / r ) / t

176
10 T = 0.693 / lambda
11 printf ( \n H a l f l i f e o f r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l i s %d
y e a r s . , ceil ( T ) )

Scilab code Exa 12.9 Calculation of Decay constant

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 2.1 // h a l f l i f e i n m i n u t e
4 r = 60 // p e r c e n t a g e f r a c t i o n o f s a m p l e which
decayed
5 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 4
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n )
9 lambda = 0.693 / t
10 printf ( \n Decay c o n s t a n t i s %f p e r m i n u t e . , lambda )

Scilab code Exa 12.10 Calculation of Activity of sample

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 2.7 // h a l f l i f e o f Au ( 1 9 8 ) i n d a y s
4 m = 1e -6 // mass o f s a m p l e i n gm
5 T = 8 * 86400 // t i m e i n s e c o n d s
6 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 5
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )

177
9 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n A =lambda N ( A c t i v i t y o f s a m p l e ) \n )
10 lambda = 0.693 / ( t * 86400)
11 N = ( m * 6.023 e23 ) / 198 // by t h e f o r m u l a (N = mass
Avogadro number / m o l a r mass )
12 A_ = lambda * N
13 A = A_ * (1 / exp ( lambda * T ) )
14 printf ( \n A c t i v i t y o f s a m p l e i s %e d e c a y s / s e c . ,A )

Scilab code Exa 12.11 Calculation of Fraction of sample

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 3 // no . o f h a l f l i v e s
4 // Sample Problem 11 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 5
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 11 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( N = 2( n ) . . . . . . f r a c t i o n a f t e r n h a l f
l i v e s . \ n)
8 f = (1 / 2) ^ n
9 printf ( \n F r a c t i o n o f s a m p l e l e f t a f t e r %d h a l f
l i v e s i s %f . ,n , f )

Scilab code Exa 12.12 Calculation of Substance remained unchanged

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 2 // l i f e p e r i o d of radioactive substance in
years

178
 4 T = 4 // t i m e i n y e a r s
5 m = 10 // mass o f s u b s t a n c e i n mg
6 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 5
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( N = N 0 / 2 ( n ) . . . . . . f r a c t i o n after n half
l i v e s . \ n)
10 N = m / T // i n mg
11 printf ( \n S u b s t a n c e r e m a i n e d unchanged a f t e r 4
y e a r s i s %f mg . ,N )

Scilab code Exa 12.13 Calculation of Decay constant

1
2 clc
3 // Given t h a t
4 m = 1 // i n i t i a l mass o f radium i n gm
5 m_ = 0.0021 // f i n a l mass o f radium i n gm
6 t = 5 // t i m e f o r d e c a y from m t o m i n y e a r s
7 // Sample Problem 13 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 6
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 13 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n N =N 0 e ( lambda t ) \n )
11 lambda = log ( m / (1 - m_ ) ) / t
12 T = 0.693 / lambda
13 T_ = 1 / lambda
14 printf ( \n Decay c o n s t a n t i s %f p e r y e a r . \ n H a l f
l i f e o f s a m p l e i s %f y e a r s . \ n A v e r a g e l i f e o f
s a m p l e i s %f y e a r s . , lambda ,T , T_ )
15 // Answer i n t h e book : 2 5 0 0 y e a r s
16 // Answer i n t h e program : 2 3 7 8 . 4 5 1 4 0 5 y e a r s

179
 Scilab code Exa 12.14 Calculation of Half life of sample

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 10 // t i m e i n d a y s
4 r = 15 // p e r c e n t a g e f r a c t i o n o f s a m p l e which r e m a i n
5 // Sample Problem 14 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 6
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 14 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n N =N 0 e ( lambda t ) \n )
9 lambda = log (100 / 15) / t
10 T = 0.693 / lambda
11 printf ( \n H a l f l i f e o f s a m p l e i s %f d a y s . ,T )

Scilab code Exa 12.15 Calculation of Fraction of radioactive isotope re-

mained

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 12.3 // h a l f l i f e i n y e a r
4 T = 50 // t i m e i n y e a r
5 // Sample Problem 15 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 6
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 15 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n N =N 0 e ( lambda t ) \n )
9 lambda = 0.693 / t

180
10 f = 1 / exp ( lambda * T )
11 printf ( \n F r a c t i o n o f r a d i o a c t i v e i s o t o p e remained
i s %f . ,f )

Scilab code Exa 12.16 Calculation of Mass of Pb

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 R = 1 // r a d i o a c t i v i t y o f Pb ( 2 1 4 ) i n c u r i e
4 t = 26.8 // h a l f l i f e i n m i n u t e
5 // Sample Problem 16 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 7
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 16 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n A =N lambda ( A c t i v i t y o f s a m p l e ) \n )
9 lambda = 0.693 / ( t * 60)
10 R = 1 * 3.7 e10 // i n d i s i n t e g r a t i o n p e r s e c
11 m = ( R * 214) / (6.023 e23 * lambda )
12 printf ( \n Mass o f Pb ( 2 1 4 ) i s %e gm . ,m )

Scilab code Exa 12.17 Calculation of Mass of Pb

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 R = 1 e6 // r a d i o a c t i v i t y o f Pb ( 2 1 4 ) i n
d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s per sec
4 t = 26.8 // h a l f l i f e i n m i n u t e
5 // Sample Problem 17 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 7
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 17 # \n )

181
 7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n A =N lambda ( A c t i v i t y o f s a m p l e ) \n )
9 lambda = 0.693 / ( t * 60)
10 m = ( R * 214) / (6.023 e23 * lambda )
11 printf ( \n Mass o f Pb ( 2 1 4 ) i s %e gm . ,m )

Scilab code Exa 12.18 Calculation of Mean life of radium and Half life of
radium

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 m = 1 // mass o f Ra ( 2 2 6 ) i n gm
4 R = 1 // r a d i o a c t i v i t y o f Ra ( 2 2 6 ) i n c u r i e
5 // Sample Problem 18 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 7
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 18 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n t a u = 1/ lambda \n A =N lambda ( Activity
o f s a m p l e ) \n )
9 r = R * 3.7 e10 // i n d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s p e r s e c
10 N = 6.023 e23 * m / 226
11 lambda = r * 226 / 6.023 e23
12 T = 1 / lambda
13 T_ = 0.693 / lambda
14 printf ( \n Mean l i f e o f radium i s %e y e a r . \ n H a l f
l i f e o f radium i s %e y e a r . ,T , T_ )

Scilab code Exa 12.19 Calculation of Activity of Sr

182
 1
2 clc
3 // Given t h a t
4 m = 0.0001 // mass o f S r ( 9 0 ) i n gm
5 t = 28 // h a l f l i f e o f S r ( 9 0 ) i n y e a r
6 t_ = 9 // t i m e i n s e c
7 // Sample Problem 19 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 8
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 19 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( lambda = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t )
\n d e l N = N 0 lambda t ( d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f
s a m p l e ) \n )
11 lambda = 0.693 / ( t * 86400 * 365)
12 N_ = 6.023 e23 * m / 90
13 n = N_ * lambda * t_
14 printf ( \n A c t i v i t y o f S r i s %e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n / s e c .
,n )
15 // Answer i n t h e book : 5 . 2 5 X 1 0 8
16 // Answer i n t h e program : 4 . 7 2 6 9 5 5 e +09

Scilab code Exa 12.20 Calculation of Mass of radon

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 1600 // t h e h a l f l i f e o f radium ( 2 2 6 ) i n y e a r
4 t1 = 3.8 // t h e h a l f l i f e o f r a d o n ( 2 2 2 ) i n d a y s
5 m = 1 // mass o f Ra ( 2 2 6 ) i n gm
6 // Sample Problem 20 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 20 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( N 1 l a m b d a 1 = N 2 l a m b d a 2 \n )
10 m_ = (222 * t1 * m ) / (226 * 365 * t ) // by t h e
f o r m u l a N1 t = N2 t 1

183
11 printf ( \n Mass o f r a d o n i s %e gm . , m_ )

Scilab code Exa 12.21 Calculation of Energy of gamma ray photon

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 m1 = 4.002603 // mass o f He ( 4 ) i n a .m. u .
4 m2 = 3.016056 // mass o f H( 3 ) i n a .m. u .
5 m3 = 1.007276 // mass o f H( 1 ) i n a .m. u .
6 // Sample Problem 21 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 9
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 21 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d law u s e d \n )
9 printf ( Law o f c o n s e r v a t i o n o f Energy \n )
10 k = m2 + m3 - m1
11 E = k * 931
12 printf ( \n Energy o f gamma r a y p h o t o n i s %f MeV . ,E )

Scilab code Exa 12.22 Calculation of Q value of reaction

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 3 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f p r o t o n i n Mev
4 m1 = 1.007276 // mass o f H( 1 ) i n a .m. u .
5 m2 = 3.016056 // mass o f H( 3 ) i n a .m. u .
6 m3 = 1.008665 // mass o f n e u t r o n i n a .m. u .
7 m4 = 3.016036 // mass o f He ( 3 ) i n a .m. u .
8 // Sample Problem 22 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 3 9
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 22 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d law u s e d \n )

184
11 printf ( Law o f c o n s e r v a t i o n o f Energy \n )
12 k = m1 + m2 - m3 - m4
13 E = k * 931.5
14 printf ( \n Q v a l u e o f r e a c t i o n i s %f MeV . ,E )

Scilab code Exa 12.23 Calculation of Heat produce by complete disinte-

gration and Energy released

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 200 // e n e r g y r e l e a s e d p e r f i s s i o n i n Mev
4 m = 0.01 // mass o f U( 2 3 5 ) i n gm
5 n = 235 // a t o m i c no o f s a m p l e
6 N_0 =6.023 e23 // Avogadro c o n s t a n t
7 // Sample Problem 23 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 0
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 23 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E t o t a l = E N 0 / n \n )
11 E_ = E * 1.6 e -13
12 k = E_ * N_0 * m / n
13 H = k / 4.168
14 printf ( \n Heat p r o d u c e by c o m p l e t e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n
i s %e c a l . \ n Energy r e l e a s e d i s %e J . ,H , E_ )

Scilab code Exa 12.24 Calculation of Energy released by fission

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 200 // e n e r g y r e l e a s e d p e r f i s s i o n i n Mev

185
 4 m = 1 // mass o f U( 2 3 5 ) i n kg
5 // Sample Problem 24 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 0
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 24 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( E t o t a l = E N 0 / n \n )
9 E_ = E * 1.6 e -13
10 k = E_ * 6.023 e26 * m / 235
11 printf ( \n Energy r e l e a s e d by f i s s i o n o f 1 kg o f U
( 2 3 5 ) i s %e J . ,k )

Scilab code Exa 12.25 Calculation of Amount of fuel required

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 P = 1 e9 // power r e q u i r e d f o r e n l i g h t e n the c i t y in
watt
4 e = 30 // p e r c e n t a g e e f f i c i e n c y o f n u c l e a r r e a c t o r
5 E = 3.2 e -11 // e n e r g y r e l e a s e d p e r f i s s i o n i n J
6 // Sample Problem 25 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 25 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( E t o t a l = E N 0 / n \n )
10 E_ = E * 30 / 100
11 N = P / E_
12 N_ = N * 24 * 3600
13 m = N_ * 235 / 6.023 e26
14 printf ( \n Amount o f f u e l r e q u i r e d p e r day i s %f kg .
,m )

186
 Scilab code Exa 12.26 Calculation of Power output of reactor

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 200 // e n e r g y r e l e a s e d p e r f i s s i o n o f U( 2 3 5 ) i n
Mev
4 m = 3.7 // mass o f U( 2 3 5 ) consumed i n a day i n kg
5 e = 20 // p e r c e n t a g e e f f i c i e n c y o f r e a c t o r
6 // Sample Problem 26 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 1
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 26 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( E t o t a l = E N 0 / n \n )
10 E_ = E * 1.6 e -13
11 N = m * 6.023 e26 / 235
12 H = E_ * e / 100
13 k = H * N / (24 * 3600)
14 printf ( \n Power o u t p u t o f r e a c t o r i s %f GW. ,k * 1e
-9)

Scilab code Exa 12.27 Calculation of Energy produce by each reaction

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 m1 = 4.00260 // mass o f He ( 4 ) i n a .m. u .
4 m2 = 0.00055 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n a .m. u .
5 m3 = 12 // mass o f C ( 1 2 ) i n a .m. u .
6 // Sample Problem 27 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 27 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( d e l E = d e l m c 2 \n )
10 delta_m = 3 * m1 - m3
11 E = delta_m * 931
12 printf ( \n Energy p r o d u c e by e a c h r e a c t i o n i s %f MeV

187
 . ,E )

Scilab code Exa 12.28 Calculation of Mass of deuterium

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 P = 5 e7 // power i n w a t t
4 e = 33 // p e r c e n t a g e e f f i c i e n c y o f n u c l e a r r e a c t o r
5 m1 = 2.01478 // mass o f H( 2 ) i n a .m. u .
6 m2 = 4.00388 // mass o f He ( 4 ) i n a .m. u .
7 // Sample Problem 28 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 2
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 28 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( d e l E = d e l m c 2 \n e f f i c i e n c y = o u t p u t /
i n p u t \n )
11 m = (2 * m1 ) - m2
12 E = m * 931 * 1.6 e -13
13 E_O = E * e /(2 * 100)
14 N = P / E_O
15 k = N * m1 / 6.023 e26
16 M = k * 24 * 3600
17 printf ( \n Mass o f d e u t e r i u m consumed p e r day i s %f
kg . ,M )

Scilab code Exa 12.29 Calculation of Number of revolution

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 1.8 // d i a m e t e r i n m e t e r

188
 4 B = 0.8 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e s l a
5 m = 6.68 e -27 // mass o f He ( 4 ) i n kg
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n Coulomb
7 // Sample Problem 29 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 3
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 29 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E = B2 q 2 r 2 / ( 2 m) \n f = B q / ( 2 p i m) \
n)
11 r = d / 2
12 E = ( B ^2 * (2 * e ) ^2 * r ^2) / (2 * m * 1.6 e -19 *
10^6)
13 f = B * 2 * e / (2 * %pi * m )
14 N = f / 2
15 printf ( \n Energy i s %f MeV . \ n Number o f r e v o l u t i o n
made by p a r t i c l e t o o b t a i n a b o v e e n e r g y i s %e
p e r s e c ,E , N )

Scilab code Exa 12.30 Calculation of Value of magnetic induction needed

to accelerate deuteron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 f = 12 e6 // o s c i l l a t o r f r e q u e n c y o f c y c l o t r o n i n Hz
4 r = 0.53 // r a d i u s o f d e e i n m e t e r
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n Coulomb
6 // Sample Problem 30 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 3
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 30 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( f = B q / ( 2 p i m) \n )
10 B = (2 * %pi * f * 2 * 1.67 e -27) / e
11 printf ( \n V a l u e o f m a g n e t i c i n d u c t i o n n e e d e d t o
a c c e l e r a t e d e u t e r o n i n i t i s %f T . ,B )

189
 Scilab code Exa 12.31 Calculation of Flux density of the magnetic field
and Velocity of the deuterons emerging out of the cyclotron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 f = 10 e6 // f r e q u e n c y o f a p p l i e d Emf i n Hz
4 r = 0.32 // r a d i u s i n m e t e r
5 m = 3.32 e -27 // mass o f d e u t e r o n i n kg
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n Coulomb
7 // Sample Problem 31 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 31 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( q v B = m v 2/ r \n f = B q / ( 2 p i m) \n )
11 B = (2 * %pi * f * m ) / e
12 v = (e * B * r) / m
13 printf ( \n Flux d e n s i t y o f t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d i s %f
T. \ n V e l o c i t y o f the de u t e ro n s emerging out o f
t h e c y c l o t r o n i s %e m/ s e c . ,B , v )

Scilab code Exa 12.32 Calculation of Energy gained per turn and Final
energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 f = 60 // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
4 d = 1.6 // d i a m e t e r i n m e t e r
5 B = 0.5 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d a t t h e o r b i t i n t e s l a
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n Coulomb

190
 7 // Sample Problem 32 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 32 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E = 3 e 8 r B / 1 e 6 \n )
11 r = d / 2
12 w = 2 * %pi * f
13 E = 4 * e * w * r ^2 * B
14 E_ = 3 e8 * r * B / 1 e6
15 printf ( \n Energy g a i n e d p e r t u r n i s %f eV . \ n F i n a l
e n e r g y i s %d MeV . ,E / e , E_ )

Scilab code Exa 12.33 Calculation of Magnitude of magnetic field

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 70 // e n e r g y o f b e t a t r o n s y n c h r o t r o n i n Mev
4 r = 0.28 // r a d i u s i n m e t e r
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 // Sample Problem 33 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 5
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 33 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( E = c e r B \n )
10 E_ = E * 1.6 e -13
11 B = E_ / (3 e8 * e * r )
12 printf ( \n Magnitude o f m a g n e t i c f i e l d i s %f T . ,B )

Scilab code Exa 12.34 Calculation of The current produced

1 clc

191
 2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 4.18 // e n e r g y o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e i n Mev
4 n = 12 // no . o f p a r t i c l e e n t e r t h e chamber p e r s e c
5 E_ = 40 // r e q u i r e d e n e r g y o f an i o n p a i r i n ev
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 // Sample Problem 34 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 5
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 34 # \n )
9 R = n * E * 10^6 // i n eV
10 N = R / E_
11 i = N * e
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n N = R / E . \ n )
13 printf ( \n The c u r r e n t p r o d u c e d = %e Amp ,i )

Scilab code Exa 12.35 Calculation of Average current in the circuit

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 10^8 // no . o f e l e c t r o n p e r d i s c h a r g e c o u n t e d by
GM c o u n t e r
4 r = 500 // c o u n t i n g r a t e i n c o u n t s p e r m i n u t e s
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 // Sample Problem 35 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 6
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 35 # \n )
8 N = r / 60
9 i = N * n * e
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n i = N n e . \n
)
11 printf ( \n A v e r a g e c u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t = %e Amp ,
i)

192
 Scilab code Exa 12.36 Calculation of Frequency of cyclotron and Lar-
mour radius

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 10 // e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n kev
4 B = 5e -5 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d o f e a r t h i n t e s l a
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 // Sample Problem 36 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 6
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 36 # \n )
8 f = e * B / 9.1 e -31
9 E_ = E * 1.6 e -16
10 v = sqrt ((2 * E_ ) / 9.1 e -31)
11 r = v / f
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n f = e B / 9 . 1 e 31
. \n )
13 printf ( \n F r e q u e n c y o f c y c l o t r o n = %e p e r s e c , \ n
Larmour r a d i u s = %f m e t e r ,f , r )

Scilab code Exa 12.37 Calculation of Larmour radius

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 B = 5e -9 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e s l a
4 v = 3 e5 // v e l o c i t y o f p r o t o n s t r e a m i n m/ s e c
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 // Sample Problem 37 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 6
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 37 # \n )

193
 8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( E = 1/2 m v 2 \n )
10 r = (1.67 e -27 * v ) / ( e * B )
11 printf ( \n Larmour r a d i u s i s %e m e t e r . ,r )

Scilab code Exa 12.38 Calculation of Magnetic field

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 1 // e n e r g y o f He+ i n kev
4 r = 0.188 // Larmour r a d i u s i n m e t e r
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 // Sample Problem 38 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 6
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 38 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( E = 1/2 m v 2 \n E = q B v \n )
10 E_ = E * 1.6 e -16
11 v = sqrt ((2 * E_ ) / (4 * 1.67 e -27) )
12 B = (4 * 1.67 e -27 * v ) / ( e * r )
13 printf ( \n M a g n e t i c f i e l d i s %e t e s l a . ,B )

Scilab code Exa 12.39 Calculation of Larmour radius

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 3.5 // e n e r g y o f He++ a s h p a r t i c l e i n Mev
4 B = 8 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e s l a
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 // Sample Problem 39 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 7

194
 7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 39 # \n )
8 E_ = E * 1.6 e -13
9 v = sqrt (2 * E_ / (4 * 1.67 e -27) )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = 1/2 m v 2 \n E = q B v \n )
12 r = (4 * 1.67 e -27 * v ) / (2 * e * B )
13 printf ( \n Larmour r a d i u s i s %e m e t e r . ,r )

Scilab code Exa 12.40 Calculation of Debye length and Plasma frequency

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 1 e12 // e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y i n number p e r m3
4 E = 0.1 // t h e r m a l e n e r g y i n eV
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 // Sample Problem 40 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 7
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 40 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( l d e b y e = ( e p s i l o n 0 KT/ ( n e 2 ) ) 1 / 2 \n f
= omega / ( 2 p i ) \n )
10 lambda = sqrt ((8.85 e -12 * E * e ) / ( d * e * e ) )
11 omega = sqrt ( d * e ^2 / (9.1 e -31 * 8.85 e -12) )
12 f = omega / (2 * %pi )
13 printf ( \n Debye l e n g t h i s %e m e t e r . \ n Plasma
f r e q u e n c y i s %f MHz . , lambda , f / 1 e6 )

Scilab code Exa 12.41 Calculation of Debye length and Plasma frequency

1 clc

195
 2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 1 e16 // d e n s i t y i n p e r m3
4 E = 2 // t h e r m a l e n e r g y i n eV
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 // Sample Problem 41 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 41 # \n )
8 lambda = sqrt ((8.85 e -12 * E * e ) / ( d * e * e ) )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( l d e b y e = ( e p s i l o n 0 KT/ ( n e 2 ) ) 1 / 2 \n f
= omega / ( 2 p i ) \n )
11 omega = sqrt ( d * e ^2 / (9.1 e -31 * 8.85 e -12) )
12 f = omega / (2 * %pi )
13 printf ( \n Debye l e n g t h i s %e m e t e r . \ n Plasma
f r e q u e n c y i s %e Hz . , lambda , f )

196
 Chapter 13

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

Scilab code Exa 13.1 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 x = 2 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r a
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
4 y = 3 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r b
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
5 z = 1 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r c
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
6 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 4
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( x = a / x \n y = b / y \n z = c / z \n )
10 x_ = 6 / x
11 y_ = 6 / y
12 z_ = 6 / z
13 printf ( \n M i l l e r i n d i c e s o f t h e p l a n e a r e (%d %d %d
) ,x_ , y_ , z_ )

197
 Scilab code Exa 13.2 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 x = 1 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r a
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
4 y = 2 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r b
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
5 z = -3 / 2 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g
vector c of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
6 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 4
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( x = a / x \n y = b / y \n z = c / z \n )
10 x_ = 6 / x
11 y_ = 6 / y
12 z_ = 6 / z
13 printf ( \n M i l l e r i n d i c e s o f t h e p l a n e a r e (%d %d %d
) ,x_ , y_ , z_ )

Scilab code Exa 13.3 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 x1 = 3 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by the plane along vector a
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes in first case
4 y1 = 3 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by the plane along vector b
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes in first case

198
5 z1 = 2 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r c
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes in f i r s t case
6 x2 = 1 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r a
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes in second case
7 y2 = 2 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r b
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes in second case
8 k2 = 0 // r a c i p r o c a l o f i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e
along vector c of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes in second
case
9 x3 = 1 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r a
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes in third case
10 y3 = 1/2 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r
b of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes in third case
11 z3 = 1 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r c
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes in third case
12 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 4
13 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
14 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
15 printf ( x = a / x \n y = b / y \n z = c / z \n )
16 x_1 = 6 / x1
17 y_1 = 6 / y1
18 z_1 = 6 / z1
19 x_2 = 2 / x2
20 y_2 = 2 / y2
21 z_2 = 2* k2
22 x_3 = 1 / x3
23 y_3 = 1 / y3
24 z_3 = 1 / z3
25 printf ( \n M i l l e r i n d i c e s o f t h e p l a n e ( i ) I n f i r s t
c a s e a r e (%d %d %d) , ( i i ) I n s e c o n d c a s e a r e (%d
%d %d) , ( i i i ) I n t h e t h i r d c a s e a r e (%d %d %d) . ,
x_1 , y_1 , z_1 , x_2 , y_2 , z_2 , x_3 , y_3 , z_3 )

199
 Scilab code Exa 13.4 Calculation of Spacing between the plane

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 x1 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on x a x i s f o r f i r s t p l a n e
4 y1 = 0 // c o o r d i n a t e on y a x i s f o r f i r s t p l a n e
5 z1 = 0 // c o o r d i n a t e on z a x i s f o r f i r s t p l a n e
6 x2 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on x a x i s f o r s e c o n d p l a n e
7 y2 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on y a x i s f o r s e c o n d p l a n e
8 z2 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on z a x i s f o r s e c o n d p l a n e
9 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 5
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( d = 1 / ( x1 2 + y1 2 + z 1 2 ) 1 / 2 \n )
13 d1 = 1 / sqrt ( x1 ^2 + y1 ^2 + z1 ^2)
14 d2 = 1 / sqrt ( x2 ^2 + y2 ^2 + z2 ^2)
15 printf ( \n S p a c i n g b e t w e e n t h e p l a n e i n f i r s t c a s e
i s a / %d . \ n S p a c i n g b e t w e e n t h e p l a n e i n s e c o n d
c a s e i s a / %f . ,d1 , d2 )

Scilab code Exa 13.5 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane and Inter
planer distance

1
2 clc
3 // Given t h a t
4 x = 1 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r a
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
5 y = 2 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r b
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
6 k = 0 // r a c i p r o c a l o f i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e
along vector c of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
7 a = 5 // l e n g t h o f v e c t o r a o f c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c a x e s

200
 i n angstrom
8 b = 5 // l e n g t h o f v e c t o r b o f c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c a x e s
i n angstrom
9 c = 5 // l e n g t h o f v e c t o r c o f c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c a x e s
i n angstrom
10 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 6
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
13 printf ( d = 1 / ( x1 2 + y1 2 + z 1 2 ) 1 / 2 \n )
14 x_ = 2 / x
15 y_ = 2 / y
16 z_ = 2 * k
17 d = a / sqrt ( x_ ^2 + y_ ^2 + z_ ^2)
18 D = d ^2
19 printf ( \n M i l l e r i n d i c e s o f t h e p l a n e a r e (%d %d %d
) . \ n I n t e r p l a n a r d i s t a n c e i s s q r t (%d) a n g s t r o m .
,x_ , y_ , z_ , D )

Scilab code Exa 13.6 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 x = 2 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g v e c t o r a
of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
4 y = 2 / 3 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o n g
vector b of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
5 k = 0 // r a c i p r o c a l o f i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e
along vector c of c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
6 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 6
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( x = a / x \n y = b / y \n z = c / z \n )
10 x_ = 2 / x

201
11 y_ = 2 / y
12 z_ = 2 * k
13 printf ( \n M i l l e r i n d i c e s o f t h e p l a n e a r e (%d %d %d
) ,x_ , y_ , z_ )

Scilab code Exa 13.7 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 x1 = 2 // c o o r d i n a t e on x a x i s
4 y1 = 3 // c o o r d i n a t e on y a x i s
5 z1 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on z a x i s
6 r = 0.175 // a t o m i c r a d i u s o f f c c s t r u c t u r e i n nm
7 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( d = 1 / ( x1 2 + y1 2 + z 1 2 ) 1 / 2 \n )
11 a = (4 * r ) / sqrt (2)
12 d = a / sqrt ( x1 ^2 + y1 ^2 + z1 ^2)
13 printf ( \n I n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g i s %f nm . ,d )

Scilab code Exa 13.8 Calculation of ratio of intercepts and The ratio of
spacing between two planes

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 x1 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on x a x i s i n f i r s t c a s e
4 y1 = 2 // c o o r d i n a t e on y a x i s i n f i r s t c a s e
5 z1 = 3 // c o o r d i n a t e on z a x i s i n f i r s t c a s e

202
 6 x2 = 1
7 y2 = 1
8 z2 = 0
9 // c o o r d i n a t e o f f i r s t p l a n e i n s e c o n d c a s e
10 x3 = 1
11 y3 = 1
12 z3 = 1
13 // c o o r d i n a t e o f s e c o n d p l a n e i n s e c o n d c a s e
14 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 7
15 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
16 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
17 printf ( d = 1 / ( x1 2 + y1 2 + z 1 2 ) 1 / 2 \n )
18 x_ =6/ x1
19 y_ =6/ y1
20 z_ =6/ z1
21 d1 = 1 / sqrt ( x2 ^2 + y2 ^2 + z2 ^2)
22 d2 = 1/ sqrt ( x3 ^2 + y3 ^2 + z3 ^2)
23 d = d1 / d2
24 printf ( \n The r a t i o o f i n t e r c e p t s o f t h r e e a x e s by
t h e p o i n t a r e %d : %d : %d . \n The r a t i o o f
s p a c i n g b e t w e e n two p l a n e s i s %f . ,x_ , y_ , z_ , d )

Scilab code Exa 13.9 Calculation of Distance between two atoms

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 a = 5 // t h e l a t t i c e constant of the s t r u c t u r e in
angstrom
4 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 8
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( d = a s q r t ( 3 ) /4 \n )
8 d = ( sqrt (3) / 4) * a

203
 9 printf ( \n D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two atoms i s %f Angstrom
. ,d )

Scilab code Exa 13.10 Calculation of primitive translation vector

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 a = 3.56 // t h e l e n g t h o f c u b e e d g e i n a n g s t r o m
4 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 8
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( d = a / s q r t ( 2 ) \n )
8 d = a / sqrt (2)
9 printf ( \n P e r m i t i v e t r a n s l a t i o n v e c t o r i s %f
Angstrom . ,d )

Scilab code Exa 13.11 Calculation of Number of atom per unit cell

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 w = 207.2 // a t o m i c w e i g h t o f Pb
4 d = 11.36 e3 // d e n s i t y o f Pb i n kg /m3
5 a = 3.2 e -10 // l e n g t h o f c u b e e d g e i n m e t e r
6 N = 6.023 e26 // Avogadro s no . i n p e r kg mole
7 // Sample Problem 11 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 8
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 11 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( n = ( a 3 d N) / w \n )
11 n = ( a ^3 * d * N ) / w

204
12 printf ( \n Number o f atom p e r u n i t c e l l i s %d . ,n )

Scilab code Exa 13.12 Calculation of Wavelength of x ray

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 w = 60.2 // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t
4 d = 6250 // d e n s i t y i n kg /m3
5 N = 6.023 e +26 // Avogadro s no . i n p e r kg mole
6 n = 4 // f o r f c c l a t t i c e
7 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 8
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( a = ( ( ( 4 w) / (N d ) ) ( 1 / 3 ) ) \n )
11 a = (((4 * w ) / ( N * d ) ) ^(1 / 3) ) * 1 e10
12 printf ( \n L a t t i c e c o n s t a n t i s %f a n g s t r o m . ,a )

Scilab code Exa 13.13 Calculation of Wavelength of x ray and Glancing

angle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 x1 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on x a x i s o f p l a n e
4 y1 = 0 // c o o r d i n a t e on y a x i s o f p l a n e
5 z1 = 0 // c o o r d i n a t e on z a x i s o f p l a n e
6 d = 2.82 // t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n s u c c e s s i v e p l a n e i n
angstrom
7 theta = 8.8 // g l a n c i n g a n g l e i n d e g r e e
8 // Sample Problem 13 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 9

205
 9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 13 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( n lambda = 2 d s i n ( t h e t a ) \n )
12 n = 1
13 lambda = 2 * d * sind ( theta ) / n
14 printf ( \n Wavelength o f xr a y i s %f a n g s t r o m . ,
lambda )

Scilab code Exa 13.14 Calculation of Lattice constant of NaCl

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 2.51 // t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t p l a n e i n
angstrom
4 theta = 9 // g l a n c i n g a n g l e i n d e g r e e
5 // Sample Problem 14 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 9
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 14 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( n lambda = 2 d s i n ( t h e t a ) \n )
9 n = 1 // f o r n=1
10 lambda = 2 * d * sind ( theta ) / n
11 n = 2 // f o r n=2
12 theta = asind ( lambda / d )
13 printf ( \n Wavelength o f xr a y i s %f a n g s t r o m . \ n
G l a n c i n g a n g l e f o r s e c o n d o r d e r d i f f r a c t i o n i s %f
d e g r e e . , lambda , theta )

Scilab code Exa 13.15 Calculation of Angle of incidence of x ray on the

plane

206
 1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 1.5 // w a v e l e n g t h o f xr a y i n a n g s t r o m
4 theta = 60 // g l a n c i n g a n g l e i n d e g r e e
5 // Sample Problem 15 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 2 9
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 15 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( n lambda = 2 d s i n ( t h e t a ) \n )
9 n = 1 // f o r f i r s t o r d e r
10 d = ( n * lambda ) / (2 * sind ( theta ) )
11 printf ( \n L a t t i c e c o n s t a n t o f NaCl i s %f a n g s t r o m .
,d )

Scilab code Exa 13.16 Calculation of Glancing angle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 1.4 // w a v e l e n g t h o f xr a y i n a n g s t r o m
4 x1 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on x a x i s o f p l a n e
5 y1 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on y a x i s o f p l a n e
6 z1 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on z a x i s o f p l a n e
7 a = 5 // l a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r o f o f c r y s t a l i n a n g s t r o m
8 // Sample Problem 16 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 3 0
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 16 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( d = a / ( x1 2 + y1 2 + z 1 2 ) 1 / 2 \n )
12 n = 1 // f o r f i r s t o r d e r
13 d = a / sqrt ( x1 ^2 + y1 ^2 + z1 ^2)
14 theta = asind (( n * lambda ) / (2 * d ) )
15 printf ( \n A n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e o f xr a y on t h e p l a n e
i s %f d e g r e e . , theta )

207
 Scilab code Exa 13.17 Calculation of Wavelength of neutron beam and
Speed of neutron beam

1
2 clc
3 // Given t h a t
4 lambda = 0.710 // w a v e l e n g t h o f xr a y i n a n g s t r o m
5 x1 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on x a x i s o f p l a n e
6 y1 = 0 // c o o r d i n a t e on y a x i s o f p l a n e
7 z1 = 0 // c o o r d i n a t e on z a x i s o f p l a n e
8 a = 2.814 // l a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r o f o f c r y s t a l i n
angstrom
9 // Sample Problem 17 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 3 0
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 17 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( n lambda = 2 d s i n ( t h e t a ) \n )
13 n = 2 // f o r s e c o n d o r d e r
14 d = a / sqrt ( x1 ^2 + y1 ^2 + z1 ^2)
15 theta = asind (( n * lambda ) / (2 * d ) )
16 printf ( \n G l a n c i n g a n g l e i s %f d e g r e e . , theta )

Scilab code Exa 13.18 Calculation of Lattice parameter

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 1 // o r d e r o f b r a g r e f l e c t i o n
4 d = 3.84 e -10 // t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n s u c c e s s i v e plane
in m

208
 5 theta = 30 // g l a n c i n g a n g l e i n d e g r e e
6 // Sample Problem 18 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 3 0
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 18 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( n lambda = 2 d s i n ( t h e t a ) \n lambda = h
/ (m v ) \n )
10 lambda = 2 * d * sind ( theta ) / n
11 v = 6.62 e -34 / (1.67 e -27 * lambda )
12 printf ( \n Wavelength o f n e u t r o n beam i s %f a n g s t r o m
. \ n Speed o f n e u t r o n beam i s %e m e t e r / s e c . ,
lambda * 10^10 , v )

Scilab code Exa 13.19 Calculation of Inter planner distances

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 120 // v o l t a g e a t which e l e c t r o n is accelerated
in v
4 n = 1 // o r d e r o f Bragg r e f l e c t i o n
5 x1 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on x a x i s o f p l a n e
6 y1 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on y a x i s o f p l a n e
7 z1 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on z a x i s o f p l a n e
8 theta = 22 // a n g l e a t which maximum r e f l e c t i o n i s
obtain in degree
9 n = 1 // o r d e r o f r e f l e c t i o n
10 // Sample Problem 19 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 3 1
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 19 # \n )
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
13 printf ( n lambda = 2 d s i n ( t h e t a ) \n lambda = h
/ ( 2 m e V) 1 / 2 \n )
14 lambda = 6.62 e -34 / sqrt (2 * 9.1 e -31 * 1.6 e -19 * v )
15 d = ( n * lambda ) / (2 * sind ( theta ) )
16 a = d * sqrt (3)

209
17 printf ( \n L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r i s %f a n g s t r o m . ,a *
10^10)

Scilab code Exa 13.20 Calculation of Inter planner distance

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 1.24 e -10 // w a v e l e n g t h o f Xr a y i n A
4 x1 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on x a x i s o f f i r s t p l a n e
5 y1 = 0 // c o o r d i n a t e on y a x i s o f f i r s t p l a n e
6 z1 = 0 // c o o r d i n a t e on z a x i s o f f i r s t p l a n e
7 x2 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on x a x i s o f s e c o n d p l a n e
8 y2 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on y a x i s o f s e c o n d p l a n e
9 z2 = 0 // c o o r d i n a t e on z a x i s o f s e c o n d p l a n e
10 x3 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on x a x i s o f t h i r d p l a n e
11 y3 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on y a x i s o f t h i r d p l a n e
12 z3 = 1 // c o o r d i n a t e on z a x i s o f t h i r d p l a n e
13 M = 74.5 // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f KCl
14 d = 1980 // d e n s i t y o f KCl i n kg /m3
15 N = 6.023 e +26 // Avogadro s No p e r Kg mole
16 // Sample Problem 20 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 3 1
17 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 20 # \n )
18 printf ( \n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d a r e D = 1/ s q r t ( x
2+y2+ z 2 ) and a 3 = nM/ (Nd ) )
19 a = (4* M / ( N * d ) ) ^(1/3)
20 D1 = a / sqrt ( x1 ^2 + y1 ^2 + z1 ^2)
21 D2 = a / sqrt ( x2 ^2 + y2 ^2 + z2 ^2)
22 D3 = a / sqrt ( x3 ^2 + y3 ^2 + z3 ^2)
23 printf ( \n I n t e r p l a n n e r d i s t a n c e s a r e \n ( 1 ) i n
f i r s t c a s e %f A, \n ( 2 ) i n s e c o n d c a s e %f A , \ n
( 3 ) i n t h i r d c a s e %f A , D1 *10^10 , D2 *10^10 , D3
*10^10)

210
 Scilab code Exa 13.21 Calculation of Potential energy of molecule

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 0.15 e -9 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n K(+) and Cl ( ) i n m
4 // Sample Problem 21 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 3 2
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 21 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( v = 1.6 e 19 / ( 4 p i 8 . 8 5 e 12 d ) \n )
8 v = -1.6 e -19 / (4 * %pi * 8.85 e -12 * d )
9 printf ( \n P o t e n t i a l e n e r g y o f m o l e c u l e i s %f eV . ,v
)

Scilab code Exa 13.22 Calculation of Cohesive energy of Nacl

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 0.32 e -9 // e q u i l i b r i u m s e p a r a t i o n i n m
4 alpha = 1.748
5 n = 9
6 e = 4 // i o n i z a t i o n e n e r g y i n eV
7 a = -2.16 // e l e c t r o n a f f i n i t y i n eV
8 // Sample Problem 22 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 3 2
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 22 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = (( a l p h a 1 . 6 e 19) / ( 4 p i 8 . 8 5 e
12 d ) ) ( 1 ( 1 / n ) ) \n )

211
12 E = -(( alpha * 1.6 e -19) / (4 * %pi * 8.85 e -12 * d ) )
* (1 - (1 / n ) )
13 printf ( \n C o h e s i v e e n e r g y o f N a c l i s %f eV . ,E )

Scilab code Exa 13.23 Calculation of Ratio of number of Schottky defects

to total number of cation anion pairs

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 2.02 // a v e r a g e e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e a
S c h o t t k y d e f e c t a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n eV
4 k = 1.38 e -23 // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t i n J / k
5 T = 300 // room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
6 // Sample Problem 23 on p a g e no . 1 3 . 3 3
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 23 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( r = exp ( (E 1 . 6 e 19) / ( 2 k T) ) \n )
10 r = exp ( -( E * 1.6 e -19) / (2 * k * T ) )
11 printf ( \n R a t i o o f number o f S c h o t t k y d e f e c t s t o
t o t a l number o f c a t i o n a n i o n p a i r s i s %e . ,r )

212
 Chapter 14

DEVELOPMENT OF
QUANTUM MECHANICS

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Calculation of Frequency and Wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 75 // e n e r g y o f p h o t o n i n eV
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n J
7 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 0
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E = h c / lambda \n )
11 f = E * e / h
12 lambda = c / f
13 printf ( \n F r e q u e n c y i s %e Hz . \ n Wavelength i s %f
Angstrom . ,f , lambda * 10^10)

213
 Scilab code Exa 14.2 Calculation of Number of quanta

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 P = 2 e5 // r a d i a t e d power i n W
4 f = 98 e6 // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 0
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = hmu \n )
12 E = h * f
13 n = P / E
14 printf ( \n Number o f q u a n t a e m i t t e d p e r s e c i s %e .
,n )

Scilab code Exa 14.3 Calculation of Energy of photon

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 4e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f spectral l i n e in
meter
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 0

214
 8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E = h c / lambda \n )
11 E = ( h * c ) / lambda
12 printf ( \n Energy o f p h o t o n i s %e J . ,E )

Scilab code Exa 14.4 Calculation of Number of photons of green light

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f g r e e n l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 P = 1 // e n e r g y i n e r g
8 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 1
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = h c / lambda \n )
12 E = (( h * c ) / lambda ) * (10^7)
13 n = P / E
14 printf ( \n Number o f p h o t o n s o f g r e e n l i g h t e m i t t e d
i s %e . ,n )

Scilab code Exa 14.5 Calculation of Wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 5e -19 // e n e r g y o f p h o t o n i n J

215
 4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 1
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E = h c / lambda \n )
11 lambda = c * h / E
12 printf ( \n Wavelength i s %f Angstrom . , lambda *
10^10)

Scilab code Exa 14.6 Calculation of Energy of an electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 4.35 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f g r e e n l i g h t in
meter
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 P = 1 // e n e r g y i n e r g
8 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 1
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = h c / lambda \n )
12 E = (( h * c ) / lambda )
13 printf ( \n Energy o f an e l e c t r o n i s %e J . ,E )

Scilab code Exa 14.7 Calculation of Energy received by the eye

216
 1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.6 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 n = 120 // no . o f p h o t o n s p e r s e c o n d
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 2
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = h c / lambda \n )
12 E = (( h * c ) / lambda )
13 p = E * n
14 printf ( \n Energy r e c e i v e d by t h e e y e p e r s e c o n d i s
%e W. ,p )

Scilab code Exa 14.8 Calculation of Number of photons of yellow light

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.5 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 E = 1.5 // e n e r g y i n J
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 2
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = h c / lambda \n )
12 E_ = (( h * c ) / lambda )
13 n = E / E_
14 printf ( \n Number o f p h o t o n s o f y e l l o w l i g h t = %e .
,n )

217
 Scilab code Exa 14.9 Calculation of Work function and Stopping poten-
tial and Maximum velocity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 4.35 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 lambda_ = 5.42 e -7 // t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h o f
p h o t o e l e c t r o n i n meter
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 2
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( 1/2 m v 2 = eV \n E = h c / lambda \n )
13 w = (( h * c ) / lambda_ )
14 v = sqrt (((2 * h * c ) / m ) * (1 / lambda - 1 /
lambda_ ) )
15 V = m * v ^2 / (2 * e )
16 printf ( \n Work f u n c t i o n i s %e J . \ n S t o p p i n g
p o t e n t i a l i s %f V. \ n Maximum v e l o c i t y i s %e m/ s e c
. ,w ,V , v )

Scilab code Exa 14.10 Calculation of Maximum energy of photoelectron

1 clc

218
 2 // Given t h a t
3 f = 1.2 e15 // f r e q u e n c y o f l i g h t i n Hz
4 f_ = 1.1 e +15 // t h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c y o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n
e m i s s i o n i n c o p p e r i n Hz
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 3
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( 1/2 m v 2 = h (mu mu 0 ) \n )
12 E = h * ( f - f_ ) / e
13 printf ( \n Maximum e n e r g y o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n i s %f eV .
,E )

Scilab code Exa 14.11 Calculation of Work function

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 6.2 e -7 // t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h o f
p h o t o e l e c t r o n i n f i r s t c a s e i n meter
4 lambda_ = 5e -7 // t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h o f
p h o t o e l e c t r o n i n second c a s e i n meter
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 // Sample Problem 11 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 3
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 11 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = h c / lambda \n )
12 w = (( h * c ) / lambda ) * (1 / e )
13 w_ = (( h * c ) / lambda_ ) * (1 / e )
14 printf ( \n Work f u n c t i o n f o r w a v e l e n g t h %e a n g s t r o m

219
 i s %f eV . \ n Work f u n c t i o n f o r w a v e l e n g t h %e
a n g s t r o m i s %f eV , lambda ,w , lambda_ , w_ )

Scilab code Exa 14.12 Calculation of Work function and Maximum en-
ergy and Threshold frequency

1
2 clc
3 // Given t h a t
4 lambda = 3.132 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
5 V = 1.98 // s t o p p i n g p o t e n t i a l i n V
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
7 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
8 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
9 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
10 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 4
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
13 printf ( 1/2 m v 2 = h (mu mu 0 ) \n )
14 E = e * V
15 lambda_ = 1 / ((1 / lambda ) - ( E / ( h * c ) ) )
16 f = c / lambda_
17 w = (( h * c ) / lambda_ )
18 printf ( \n Work f u n c t i o n i s %e J . \ n Maximum e n e r g y
i s %e J . \ n T h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c y i s %e Hz . ,w ,E , f )

Scilab code Exa 14.13 Calculation of work function

1 clc

220
2 // Given t h a t
3 w = 4.8 // work f u n c t i o n i n eV
4 lambda1 = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f incident radiation
i n f i r s t c a s e i n meter
5 lambda2 = 2e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f i n c i d e n t r a d i a t i o n
i n second c a s e i n meter
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
7 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
8 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
9 // Sample Problem 13 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 4
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 13 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( E k = h c / lambda \n )
13 E_k1 = h * c / lambda1
14 E_k2 = h * c / lambda2
15 printf ( \n From t h e a b o v e i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e
energy c o r r e s p o n d i n g to wavelength 5000 A i s i . e .
%f f o u n d t o be l e s s t h a n t h e work f u n c t i o n i . e .
4 . 8 eV . So i t w i l l n o t be a b l e t o l i b e r a t e an
e l e c t r o n . \ n As t h e e n e r g y t o w a v e l e n g t h 2 0 0 0 A i .
e . %f i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e work f u n c t i o n . So i t i s
s u f f i c i e n t t o l i b e r a t e e l e c t r o n s . , E_k1 /e , E_k2 /
e)

Scilab code Exa 14.14 Calculation of Work function and Maximum en-
ergy and Threshold frequency

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.893 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 V = 0.36 // s t o p p i n g p o t e n t i a l f o r e m i t t e d e l e c t r o n
i n eV
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c

221
 6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 14 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 5
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 14 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( E k = hmu p h i \n )
13 E = h * c / lambda
14 w = (( h * c ) / lambda ) * (1 / e ) - V
15 f = w * e / h
16 printf ( \n Maximum e n e r g y i s %f eV . \ n Work f u n c t i o n
i s %f eV . \ n T h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c y i s %e Hz . ,E /e ,w
,f)

Scilab code Exa 14.15 Calculation of Stopping potential and Maximum

kinetic energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.89 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 lambda_ = 7.32 e -7 // t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h o f
p h o t o e l e c t r o n i n meter
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 15 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 5
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 15 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( E = ( h c ) ( 1 / lambda1 1 / lambda2 ) \
n)
13 E = ( h * c ) * (1 / lambda - 1 / lambda_ )
14 V = E / e

222
15 printf ( \n S t o p p i n g p o t e n t i a l i s %f V. \ n Maximum
k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s %e J . ,V , E )

Scilab code Exa 14.16 Calculation of Wavelength of light

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 1.5 // maximum e n e r g y i n eV
4 lambda_ = 2.3 e -7 // t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h o f
p h o t o e l e c t r o n i n meter
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 16 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 6
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 16 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( E = ( h c ) ( 1 / lambda1 1 / lambda2 ) \
n)
13 lambda = 1 / (( E * e / ( h * c ) ) + (1 / lambda_ ) )
14 printf ( \n Wavelength o f l i g h t i s %f Angstrom . ,
lambda * 1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 14.17 Calculation of Energy of incident photon and Ki-
netic energy of the emitted electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 1.5 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n i n meter

223
 4 w = 4.53 // work f u n c t i o n o f t u n g s t e n i n eV
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 // Sample Problem 17 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 6
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 17 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = ( h c ) / lambda = 1/2 m v 2 \n )
12 E = (( h * c ) / lambda ) * (1 / e )
13 k = E - w
14 printf ( \n Energy o f i n c i d e n t p h o t o n i s %f eV , which
i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e work f u n c t i o n \n So i t c a u s e s
p h o t o e l e c t r i c emission .\ n Kinetic energy of the
e m i t t e d e l e c t r o n i s %f eV . ,E , k )

Scilab code Exa 14.18 Calculation of Longest wavelength required for pho-
toemission

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 w = 2.3 // work f u n c t i o n o f sodium i n eV
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 // Sample Problem 18 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 6
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 18 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E = ( h c ) / lambda \n )
11 lambda = (( h * c ) / w ) * (1 / e )
12 printf ( \n L o n g e s t w a v e l e n g t h r e q u i r e d f o r
p h o t o e m i s s i o n i s %f Angstrom , lambda * 1 e10 )

224
 Scilab code Exa 14.19 Calculation of Threshold wavelength for photo emis-
sion

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 w = 2 // work f u n c t i o n o f sodium i n eV
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 // Sample Problem 19 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 19 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E = ( h c ) / lambda \n )
11 lambda = (( h * c ) / w ) * (1 / e )
12 printf ( \n T h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h f o r p h o t o e m i s s i o n
i s %d Angstrom . , lambda * 1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 14.20 Calculation of Threshold wavelength and Incident

electromagnetic wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 k = 4 // maximum k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n eV
4 w = 2.2 // work f u n c t i o n o f sodium i n eV
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 // Sample Problem 20 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 7

225
 9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 20 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = ( h c ) ( 1 / lambda1 1 / lambda2 ) \
n E = ( h c ) / lambda \n )
12 lambda_ = (( h * c ) / ( w * e ) )
13 lambda = (1 / (((( k * e ) / ( h * c ) ) ) + (1 / lambda_
)))
14 printf ( \n T h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h i s %d Angstrom . \ n
I n c i d e n t e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c w a v e l e n g t h i s %f
Angstrom , lambda_ * 1 e10 , lambda * 1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 14.21 Calculation of Maximum kinetic energy and Num-
ber of electrons emitted per sec

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 3.5 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 i = 1 // i n t e n s i t y i n W/m2
5 p = 0.5 // p e r c e n t o f i n c i d e n t p h o t o n p r o d u c e
electron
6 a = 1 // s u r f a c e a r e a o f p o t a s s i u m i n cm2
7 w = 2.1 // work f u n c t i o n o f p o t a s s i u m i n eV
8 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
9 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
10 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
11 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
12 // Sample Problem 21 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 8
13 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 21 # \n )
14 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
15 printf ( 1/2 m v 2 = ( h c ) / lambda \n )
16 E = ((( h * c ) / lambda ) * (1 / e ) - w ) * e
17 E_ = ( p * a * 1e -4) / 100 // i n W/cm2
18 n = E_ / E

226
19 printf ( \n Maximum k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s %e J . \ n Number
o f e l e c t r o n s e m i t t e d p e r s e c from 1cm2 a r e a i s
%e . ,E , n )

Scilab code Exa 14.22 Calculation of Value of Planck constant

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5.896 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f first l i g h t in
meter
4 lambda_ = 2.83 e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h o f s e c o n d l i g h t i n
meter
5 V1 = 0.12 // s t o p p i n g p o t e n t i a l f o r e m i t t e d
electrons for f i r s t l i g h t in V
6 V2 = 2.2 // s t o p p i n g p o t e n t i a l f o r e m i t t e d e l e c t r o n s
f o r second l i g h t in V
7 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
8 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
9 // Sample Problem 22 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 8
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 22 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( E = ( h c ) ( 1 / lambda1 1 / lambda2 )
\n )
13 h = ( e * ( V2 - V1 ) / c ) / (1 / lambda_ - 1 / lambda )
14 printf ( \n V a l u e o f P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i s %e Js e c . ,h )

Scilab code Exa 14.23 Calculation of Compton shift

1 clc

227
 2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 1e -10 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 theta = 90 // a n g l e a t which s c a t t e r e d r a d i a t i o n i s
viewed in degree
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 23 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 9
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 23 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( d e l t a l a m b d a = ( h / (m c ) ( 1 c o s (
t h e t a ) ) ) \n )
13 delta_lambda = ( h * (1 - cosd ( theta ) ) ) / ( m * c )
14 printf ( \n Compton s h i f t i s %f Angstrom ,
delta_lambda * 1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 14.24 Calculation of Compton shift and Energy of inci-
dent beam

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 1e -10 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 theta = 90 // a n g l e i n d e g r e e
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 24 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2 9
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 24 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( d e l t a l a m b d a = ( h / (m c ) ( 1 c o s (
t h e t a ) ) ) \n )

228
13 delta_lambda = ( h * (1 - cosd ( theta ) ) ) / ( m * c )
14 E = ( h * c ) / delta_lambda
15 printf ( \n Compton s h i f t i s %f Angstrom . \ n Energy o f
i n c i d e n t beam i s %f MeV . , delta_lambda * 1 e10 , E
/ 1.6 e -13)

Scilab code Exa 14.25 Calculation of Wavelength of incident beam

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 4 // e n r g y o f r e c o i l e l e c t r o n i n KeV
4 theta = 180 // s c a t t e r e d a n g l e o f p h o t o n i n d e g r e e
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 25 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 0
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 25 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( 1/2 m v 2 = h c ( 1 / lambda1 1/ lambda2 ) \n )
13 p = sqrt (2 * E * 10^3 * e * m )
14 lambda = (2 * h * c ) / ( p * c + E * 10^3 * e )
15 printf ( \n Wavelength o f i n c i d e n t beam i s %f
Angstrom . , lambda * 1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 14.26 Calculation of Compton shift and Kinetic energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t

229
 3 lambda = 1e -10 // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 theta = 90 // a n g l e i n d e g r e e
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 26 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 1
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 26 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( d e l t a l a m b d a = ( h / (m c ) ( 1 c o s (
t h e t a ) ) ) \n E = h c ( 1 / lambda1 1/ lambda2 ) \n )
13 delta_lambda = ( h * (1 - cosd ( theta ) ) ) / ( m * c )
14 E = ( h * c ) * ((1 / lambda ) - (1 / ( lambda +
delta_lambda ) ) )
15 printf ( \n Compton s h i f t i s %e m. \ n K i n e t i c e n e r g y
i s %f eV . , delta_lambda , E / 1.6 e -19)

Scilab code Exa 14.27 Calculation of Maximum Compton shift and Ki-
netic energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 0.144 e -10 // w a v e l e n g t h o f xr a y i n m e t e r
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 // Sample Problem 27 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 1
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 27 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( d e l t a l a m b d a = ( h / (m c ) ( 1 c o s (
t h e t a ) ) ) \n E = h c ( 1 / lambda1 1/ lambda2 ) \n )
12 theta = 180 // f o r maximum s h i f t

230
13 delta_lambda = ( h * (1 - cosd ( theta ) ) ) / ( m * c )
14 E = ( h * c ) * ((1 / lambda ) - (1 / ( lambda +
delta_lambda ) ) )
15 printf ( \n Maximum Compton s h i f t i s %f A. \ n K i n e t i c
e n e r g y i s %f KeV . , delta_lambda * 1 e10 , E / 1.6 e
-16)

Scilab code Exa 14.28 Calculation of Wavelength of x ray and Maximum

kinetic energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 0.2 e -10 // w a v e l e n g t h o f xr a y i n m e t e r
4 theta = 45 // s c a t t e r e d a n g l e i n d e g r e e
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 28 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 2
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 28 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( d e l t a l a m b d a = ( h / (m c ) ( 1 c o s (
t h e t a ) ) ) \n E = h c ( 1 / lambda1 1/ lambda2 ) \n )
13 delta_lambda = ( h * (1 - cosd ( theta ) ) ) / ( m * c )
14 E = ( h * c ) * ((1 / lambda ) - (1 / ( lambda +
delta_lambda ) ) )
15 theta_ = 180 // f o r maximum
16 delta_lambda_ = ( h * (1 - cosd ( theta_ ) ) ) / ( m * c )
17 lambda_ = lambda + delta_lambda_
18 E_k = h * c *(1/ lambda - 1/ lambda_ )
19 printf ( \n Wavelength o f xr a y i s %f A. \ n Maximum
k i n e t i c e n e r g y %e J . , lambda_ * 1 e10 , E_k )

231
 Scilab code Exa 14.29 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
4 v = 96 // s p e e d o f a u t o m o b i l e i n km/ h r
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 2 e3 // mass o f a u t o m o b i l e i n kg
7 // Sample Problem 29 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 3
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 29 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( lambda = h / (m v ) \n )
11 v_ = v * (5 / 18)
12 lambda = h / ( m * v_ )
13 printf ( \n deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h i s %e m. , lambda )

Scilab code Exa 14.30 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 50 // p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e c e i n v o l t
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 // Sample Problem 30 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 3
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 30 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )

232
11 printf ( lambda = h / (m v ) \n 1/2 m v 2 = eV \n )
12 lambda = h / sqrt (2 * m * v * e )
13 printf ( \n deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h i s %f Angstrom . ,
lambda * 1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 14.31 Calculation of Wavelength of thermal neutron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 300 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
4 k = 1.37 e -23 // Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t i n J /K
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 m = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f n e u t r o n i n kg
8 // Sample Problem 31 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 3
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 31 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( lambda = h / (m v ) \n 1 /2 m v 2 = 3 /2 k T \n
)
12 lambda = h / sqrt (3 * m * k * t )
13 printf ( \n Wavelength o f t h e r m a l n e u t r o n i s %f
Angstrom . , lambda * 1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 14.32 Calculation of Wavelength of matter wave

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 2 e8 // s p e e d o f p r o t o n i n m/ s e c
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c

233
 5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
7 // Sample Problem 32 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 32 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( lambda = h / (m v ) \n )
11 lambda = h / ( m * v )
12 printf ( \n Wavelength o f m a t t e r wave a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
p r o t o n i s %e m , lambda )

Scilab code Exa 14.33 Calculation of Potential difference

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 0.1 e -10 // DE B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h a s s o c i a t e d
with e l e c t r o n in M
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
7 // Sample Problem 33 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 33 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( lambda = h / (m v ) \n 1 /2 m v 2 = qV \n )
11 V = h ^2 / (2 * m * e * lambda ^2)
12 printf ( \n P o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e i s %f KV. ,V *
10^ -3)

Scilab code Exa 14.34 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength

234
 1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 200 // p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e c e i n v o l t
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 q = 3.2 e -19 // c h a r g e on an a l p h a p a r t i c l e i n C
7 m = 4 * 1.67 e -27 // mass o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e i n kg
8 // Sample Problem 34 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 4
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 34 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d e r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( lambda = h / (m v ) \n 1 /2 m v 2 = qV \n )
12 lambda = h / sqrt (2 * m * v * q )
13 printf ( \n deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h = %e m. , lambda )

Scilab code Exa 14.35 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 400 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
4 k = 1.38 e -23 // Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t i n J /K
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 m = 4 * 1.67 e -27 // mass o f h e l i u m atom i n kg
8 // Sample Problem 35 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 4
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 35 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( lambda = h / (m v ) \n 1 /2 m v 2 = 3 /2 k T \n
)
12 lambda = h / sqrt (3 * m * k * t )
13 printf ( \n deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h = %f Angstrom . ,
lambda * 1 e10 )

235
 Scilab code Exa 14.36 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 2000 // v e l o c i t y o f n e u t r o n i n m/ s e c
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f n e u t r o n i n kg
7 // Sample Problem 36 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 5
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 36 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( lambda = h / (m v ) \n )
11 lambda = h / ( m * v )
12 printf ( \n deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h i s %f Angstrom . ,
lambda * 1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 14.37 Calculation of Energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 1e -10 // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
7 m_ = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f n e u t r o n i n kg
8 // Sample Problem 37 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 5
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 37 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )

236
11 printf ( lambda = h / (m v ) \n )
12 v = h / ( m * lambda )
13 E = h ^2 / (2 * m * lambda ^2)
14 E_ = h ^2 / (2 * m_ * lambda ^2)
15 printf ( \n Energy f o r e l e c t r o n i s %f eV . \ n Energy
f o r n e u t r o n i s %f eV . ,E / e , E_ / e )

Scilab code Exa 14.38 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E1 = 500 // k i n e t i c energy of e l e c t r o n in f i r s t case
i n eV
4 E2 = 50 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n s e c o n d c a s e
i n eV
5 E3 = 1 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n t h i r d c a s e
i n eV
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 38 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 6
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 38 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( lambda = h / ( 2 mE) 1 / 2 . \ n )
13 lambda1 = h / sqrt (2 * m * E1 * e )
14 lambda2 = h / sqrt (2 * m * E2 * e )
15 lambda3 = h / sqrt (2 * m * E3 * e )
16 printf ( \n deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n ( 1 )
I n f i r s t c a s e i s %f A . \n ( 2 ) I n s e c o n d c a s e i s
%f A . \n ( 3 ) I n t h i r d i s %f A . , lambda1 *1 e10 ,
lambda2 *1 e10 , lambda3 *1 e10 )

237
 Scilab code Exa 14.39 Calculation of Ratio of deBroglie wavelengths

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E1 = 1 // k i n e t i c energy of neutron in f i r s t case in
eV
4 E2 = 510 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f n e u t r o n i n s e c o n d c a s e
i n eV
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 m = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f n e u t r o n i n kg
8 // Sample Problem 39 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 6
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 39 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( lambda = h / ( 2 mE) 1 / 2 \ n )
12 lambda1 = h / sqrt (2 * m * E1 * e )
13 lambda2 = h / sqrt (2 * m * E2 * e )
14 r = lambda1 / lambda2
15 printf ( \n R a t i o o f deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h s i s %f . ,
r)

Scilab code Exa 14.40 Calculation of Ratio of deBroglie wavelengths

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 20 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f p r o t o n i n MeV
4 E2 = 510 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f n e u t r o n i n s e c o n d c a s e
i n eV

238
 5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 m = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
8 m_ = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 40 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 7
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 40 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( lambda = h / ( 2 mE) 1 / 2 \ n )
13 lambda1 = h / sqrt (2 * m * 10^6 * E * e )
14 lambda2 = h / sqrt (2 * m_ * E * 10^6 * e )
15 r = lambda2 / lambda1
16 printf ( \n R a t i o o f deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h s i s %f . ,r
)

Scilab code Exa 14.41 Calculation of Velocity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 1 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f p r o t o n i n MeV
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
7 // Sample Problem 41 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 41 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E = 1/2 m v 2 \n )
11 v = sqrt (2 * E * 1.6 e -13 / m )
12 printf ( \n V e l o c i t y i s %e m/ s e c . \ n From t h e a b o v e
r e s u l t i t i s c l e a r that the v e l o c i t y of proton i s
n e a r l y one t w e n t i e t h o f t h e v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t .
So t h e r e l a t i v i s t i c c a l c u l a t i o n a r e n o t r e q u i r e d .
,v )

239
 Scilab code Exa 14.42 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 1 / 20 // r a t i o of v e l o c i t y of proton to the
velocity of light
4 c = 3 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 m = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
8 // Sample Problem 42 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 8
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 42 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( lambda = h / (m v ) \n )
12 v = r * c
13 lambda = h / ( m * v )
14 printf ( \n deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h i s %e m. , lambda )

Scilab code Exa 14.43 Calculation of kinetic energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 5e -7 // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
4 c = 3 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 m = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
8 m_ = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg

240
 9 // Sample Problem 43 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 8
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 43 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( lambda = h / ( 2 mE) 1 / 2 \ n )
13 E1 = h ^2 / (2 * m * lambda ^2)
14 E2 = h ^2 / (2 * m_ * lambda ^2)
15 disp ( E1 , k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f p r o t o n ( i n J ) = )
16 disp ( E2 , k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n ( i n J ) = )

Scilab code Exa 14.44 Calculation of deBrogli wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 1 // no . o f Bohr s o r b i t o f h y d r o g e n atom
4 c = 3 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 // Sample Problem 44 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 8
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 44 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = ( 1 3 . 6 / n 2 ) \n )
12 E = (13.6 / n ^2) * e
13 lambda = h / sqrt (2 * m * E )
14 printf ( \n deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h i s %f Angstrom . ,
lambda *1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 14.45 Calculation of Ratio of deBroglie wavelengths

241
 1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 300 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
4 k = 1.376 e -23 // Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t i n J /K
5 c = 3 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m_ = 4 * 1.67 e -27 // mass o f h e l i u m atom i n kg
9 m = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f h y d r o g e n atom i n kg
10 // Sample Problem 45 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 9
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 45 # \n )
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
13 printf ( lambda = h / ( 3 m k T) 1 / 2 \ n )
14 lambda1 = h / sqrt (3 * m * k * t )
15 lambda2 = h / sqrt (3 * m_ * k * t )
16 r = lambda1 / lambda2
17 printf ( \n R a t i o o f deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h s i s %d . ,
r)

Scilab code Exa 14.47 Calculation of Group velocity and Phase velocity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 1.2 e -10 // DE B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h i n m
4 c = 3 e8 // v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 // Sample Problem 47 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 4 0
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 47 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( lambda = h / (m v ) \n )
12 v1 = h / ( m * lambda )

242
13 v2 = h / (2 * m * lambda )
14 printf ( \n Group v e l o c i t y i s %e m/ s e c . \ n Phase
v e l o c i t y i s %e m/ s e c . ,v1 , v2 )

243
 Chapter 15

QUANTUM MECHANICS

Scilab code Exa 15.1 Calculation of Percentage of uncertainty in momen-

tum

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 1000 // e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n eV
4 delta_x = 1e -10 // e r r o r i n p o s i t i o n i n m
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
7 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 4
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( p = ( 2 m E e ) ( 1 / 2 ) \n )
12 p = sqrt (2 * m * E * e )
13 delta_p = h / (4 * %pi * delta_x )
14 P = ( delta_p / p ) * 100
15 printf ( \n P e r c e n t a g e o f u n c e r t a i n t y i n momentum i s
%f . ,P )

244
 Scilab code Exa 15.3 Calculation of Percentage of uncertainty in momen-
tum

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 500 // e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n eV
4 delta_x = 2e -10 // e r r o r i n p o s i t i o n i n m
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
7 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 5
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( p = ( 2 m E e ) ( 1 / 2 ) \n )
12 p = sqrt (2 * m * E * e )
13 delta_p = h / (4 * %pi * delta_x )
14 P = ( delta_p / p ) * 100
15 printf ( \n P e r c e n t a g e o f u n c e r t a i n t y i n momentum i s
%f . ,P )

Scilab code Exa 15.4 Calculation of Uncertainty in position

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 delta_lambda = 1e -6 // a c c u r a c y i n w a v e l e n g t h o f its
one p a r t
4 lambda = 1e -10 // w a v e l e n g t h o f xr a y i n m
5 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c

245
 6 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 5
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( d e l x d e l p = h / ( 4 p i ) \n )
10 delta_x = lambda / (4 * %pi * delta_lambda )
11 printf ( \n U n c e r t a i n t y i n p o s i t i o n i s %f m i c r o m e t e r .
, delta_x *10^6)

Scilab code Exa 15.5 Calculation of Uncertainty in momentum

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 delta_x = 1e -10 // e r r o r i n p o s i t i o n i n m
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
7 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 6
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( d e l x d e l p = h / ( 4 p i ) \n )
11 delta_p = h / (4 * %pi * delta_x )
12 printf ( \n U n c e r t a i n t y i n momentum i s %e kg m/ s e c . ,
delta_p )

Scilab code Exa 15.6 Calculation of Uncertainty in position

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 M = 5.4 e -26 // momentum o f e l e c t r o n i n kgm/ s e c

246
 4 p = 0.05 // p e r c e n t a g e a c c u r a c y i n momentum
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
7 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 6
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( d e l x d e l p = h / ( 4 p i ) \n )
12 delta_m = p * M / 100
13 delta_x = h / (4 * %pi * delta_m )
14 printf ( \n U n c e r t a i n t y i n p o s i t i o n i s %f m i c r o m e t r e .
, delta_x * 10^6)

Scilab code Exa 15.7 Calculation of Minimum energy of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 0.53 e -10 // r a d i u s o f h y d r o g e n atom i n m
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
7 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( d e l x d e l p = h / ( 4 p i ) \n p = ( 2 m E
e ) ( 1 / 2 ) \n )
11 delta_M = h / (4 * %pi * r )
12 delta_k = delta_M ^2 / (2 * m )
13 printf ( \n Minimum e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i s %e J . ,
delta_k )

247
 Scilab code Exa 15.8 Calculation of Uncertainty in determining the posi-
tion of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 5 e3 // s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n i n m/ s e c
4 a = 0.003 // p e r c e n t a g e a c c u r a c y i n measurement o f
speed
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
7 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 7
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( d e l x d e l p = h / ( 4 p i ) \n )
12 delta_v = v * a / 100
13 delta_p = m * delta_v
14 delta_x = h / (4 * %pi * delta_p )
15 printf ( \n U n c e r t a i n t y i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p o s i t i o n
o f e l e c t r o n i s %e m. , delta_x )

Scilab code Exa 15.9 Calculation of Uncertainty in determining the posi-

tion

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 6.6 e4 // s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n i n m/ s e c

248
 4 a = 0.01 // p e r c e n t a g e a c c u r a c y i n measurement o f
speed
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
7 h = 6.6 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 7
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( d e l x d e l p = h / ( 4 p i ) \n )
12 delta_v = v * a / 100
13 delta_p = m * delta_v
14 delta_x = h / (4 * %pi * delta_p )
15 printf ( \n U n c e r t a i n t y i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p o s i t i o n
i s %e m. , delta_x )

Scilab code Exa 15.10 Calculation of Uncertainty in determining the po-

sition

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 v = 3 e7 // s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n i n m/ s e c
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
7 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
8 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 8
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( d e l x d e l p = h / ( 4 p i ) \n m = m 0 /(1 ( v 2/ c
2 ) ) 1 / 2 \n )
12 delta_p = m * v / sqrt (1 - ( v / c ) ^2)
13 delta_x = h / (4 * %pi * delta_p )
14 printf ( \n U n c e r t a i n t y i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p o s i t i o n

249
 i s %e m. , delta_x )

Scilab code Exa 15.11 Calculation of Minimum error in measurement of

the energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 2.5 e -14 // l i f e t i m e o f h y d r o g e n atom i n e x i t e d
state in sec
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 // Sample Problem 11 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 8
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 11 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( d e l E d e l t = h / ( 4 p i ) \n )
9 delta_E = h / (4 * %pi * t )
10 printf ( \n Minimum e r r o r i n measurement o f t h e
e n e r g y i s %e J . , delta_E )

Scilab code Exa 15.12 Calculation of Minimum uncertainty in frequency

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 10^ -8 // l i f e t i m e o f atom i n e x i t e d s t a t e i n
sec
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
5 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 8
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( d e l E d e l t = h / ( 4 p i ) \n )

250
 9 delta_f = 1 / (4 * %pi * t )
10 printf ( \n Minimum u n c e r t a i n t y i n f r e q u e n c y i s %e Hz
. , delta_f )

Scilab code Exa 15.13 Calculation of Ratio of uncertainty in velocity of

a proton and an electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 delta_x = 20 e -10 // u n c e r t a i n t y i n p o s i t i o n i n m
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6 m_ = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
7 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
8 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
9 // Sample Problem 13 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 9
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 13 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( d e l x d e l p = h / ( 4 p i ) \n )
13 delta_v1 = h / (4 * %pi * m * delta_x )
14 delta_v2 = h / (4 * %pi * m_ * delta_x )
15 r = delta_v2 / delta_v1
16 printf ( \n R a t i o o f u n c e r t a i n t y i n v e l o c i t y o f a
p r o t o n and an e l e c t r o n i s %e . ,r )

Scilab code Exa 15.14 Calculation of Energy of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t

251
 3 delta_x = 1e -10 // w i d t h o f box i n m
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 // Sample Problem 14 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 2 9
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 14 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = ( n 2 h 2 ) / ( 8 m L 2 ) ) \n )
12 n = 1 // f o r n=1
13 E = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * delta_x ^2)
14 n = 2 // f o r n=2
15 E_ = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * delta_x ^2)
16 printf ( \n Energy o f e l e c t r o n \n For ( n=1) e n e r g y
i s %e J . \ n For ( n=2) e n e r g y i s %e J . ,E , E_ )

Scilab code Exa 15.15 Calculation of Energy difference

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 1e -10 // w i d t h o f box i n m
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 // Sample Problem 15 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 3 0
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 15 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = ( n 2 h 2 ) / ( 8 m L 2 ) ) \n )
12 n = 1 // f o r n=1
13 E = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
14 n = 2 // f o r n=2
15 E_ = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)

252
16 d = E_ - E
17 printf ( \n Energy d i f f e r e n c e i s %e J . ,d )

Scilab code Exa 15.16 Calculation of Energy difference

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 3e -10 // w i d t h o f box i n m
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 // Sample Problem 16 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 3 0
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 16 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d Formula u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = ( n 2 h 2 ) / ( 8 m L 2 ) ) \n )
12 n = 1 // For n=1
13 E = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
14 n = 2 // For n=2
15 E_ = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
16 n = 3 // For n=3
17 E__ = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
18 printf ( \n Energy o f e l e c t r o n \n For ( n=1) i s %e J
. \ n For ( n=2) i s %e J . \ n For ( n=3) i s %e J . ,E , E_
, E__ )

Scilab code Exa 15.17 Calculation of Energy difference

1 clc

253
 2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 2.5 e -10 // w i d t h o f box i n m
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 // Sample Problem 17 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 3 0
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 17 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = ( n 2 h 2 ) / ( 8 m L 2 ) ) \n )
12 n = 1 // f o r n=1
13 E = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
14 n = 2 // f o r n=2
15 E_ = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
16 printf ( \n Energy o f e l e c t r o n \n For ( n=1) i s %e J
. \ n For ( n=2) i s %e J . ,E , E_ )

Scilab code Exa 15.18 Calculation of Lowest energy of neutron confined

in the nucleus

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 1e -14 // w i d t h o f box i n m
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 1.67 e -27 // mass o f n e u t r o n i n kg
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 // Sample Problem 18 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 3 1
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 18 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = ( n 2 h 2 ) / ( 8 m L 2 ) ) \n )
12 n = 1 // f o r n=1
13 E = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)

254
14 printf ( \n Lowest e n e r g y o f n e u t r o n c o n f i n e d i n t h e
n u c l e u s i s %e J . ,E )

Scilab code Exa 15.19 Calculation of Energy of electron and Momentum

of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 1e -10 // w i d t h o f box i n m
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 h = 6.63 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 // Sample Problem 19 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 3 1
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 19 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = ( n 2 h 2 ) / ( 8 m L 2 ) ) \n p n = n
h / ( 2 p i ) \n )
12 n = 1 // f o r n=1
13 p1 = ( n * h ) / (2 * l )
14 E = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
15 n = 2 // f o r n=2
16 p2 = ( n * h ) / (2 * l )
17 E_ = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
18 printf ( \n Energy o f e l e c t r o n \n For ( n=1) i s %e J
. \ n For ( n=2) i s %e J . \ n Momentum o f e l e c t r o n \n
For ( n=1) i s %e kgm/ s e c . \ n For ( n=2) i s %e kgm
/ s e c . ,E , E_ , p1 , p2 )

255
 Scilab code Exa 15.20 Calculation of Energy Eigen value of electron and
deBroglie wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 1e -10 // l e n g t h o f box i n m
4 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
7 // Sample Problem 20 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 3 2
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 20 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E = ( n 2 h 2 ) / ( 8 m L 2 ) ) \n p n = n
h / ( 2 p i ) \n )
11 n = 1 // f o r n=1
12 E1 = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
13 lambda1 =2* l
14 n = 2 // f o r n=2
15 E2 = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
16 lambda2 =2* l /2
17 n = 3 // f o r n=3
18 E3 = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
19 lambda3 =2* l /3
20 printf ( \n Energy E i g e n v a l u e o f e l e c t r o n \n For ( n
=1) i s %e J . \ n For ( n=2) i s %e J . \ n For ( n=3) i s
%e J . \ ndeB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n \n For
( n=1) i s %f A. \ n For ( n=2) i s %f A . \n For ( n=3)
i s %f A ,E1 , E2 , E3 , lambda1 *1 e10 , lambda2 *1 e10 ,
lambda3 *1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 15.21 Calculation of Energy Eigen values

1 clc

256
2 // Given t h a t
3 E1 = 3.2 e -18 // minimum e n e r g y possible for a
p a r t i c l e e n t r a p p e d i n a one d i m e n s i o n a l box i n J
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 // Sample Problem 21 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 3 2
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 21 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( E = ( n 2 h 2 ) / ( 8 m L 2 ) ) \n )
12 E1 = E1 / e // i n eV
13 n = 2 // f o r n=2
14 E2 = n ^2 * E1
15 n = 3 // f o r n=3
16 E3 = n ^2 * E1
17 n = 4 // f o r n=4
18 E4 = n ^2 * E1
19 printf ( \n Energy E i g e n v a l u e s \n For ( n=2) f o r %f
eV . \ n For ( n=3) i s %f eV . \ n For ( n=4) i s %f eV . ,
E2 , E3 , E4 )

Scilab code Exa 15.22 Calculation of Order of exited state

1
2 clc
3 // Given t h a t
4 l = 4e -10 // w i d t h o f box i n m
5 E = 9.664 e -17 // e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n J
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
9 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c

257
10 // Sample Problem 22 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 3 3
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 22 # \n )
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
13 printf ( E = ( n 2 h 2 ) / ( 8 m L 2 ) ) \n p n = n
h / ( 2 p i ) \n )
14 n = 1 // f o r n=1
15 E1 = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
16 N = sqrt ( E / E1 )
17 p = (( N ) * h ) / (2 * l )
18 printf ( \n Order o f e x i t e d s t a t e i s %d . \ n Momentum
o f e l e c t r o n i s %e kgm/ s e c . ,N , p )

Scilab code Exa 15.23 Calculation of Energy levels of electron and En-
ergy levels of marble

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 10 e -10 // w i d t h o f box c o n t a i n i n g e l e c t r o n i n m
4 E = 9.664 e -17 // e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n J
5 M = 0.001 // mass o f g l a s s m a r b l e i n kg
6 l_ = 0.2 // w i d t h o f box c o n t a i n i n g m a r b l e i n m
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
10 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
11 // Sample Problem 23 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 3 3
12 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 23 # \n )
13 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
14 printf ( E = ( n 2 h 2 ) / ( 8 m L 2 ) ) \n p n = n
h / ( 2 p i ) \n )
15 // For e l e c t r o n
16 n = 1 // f o r n=1
17 E1 = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)

258
18 E2 = 2^2* E1
19 E3 = 3^2 * E1
20 // For g l a s s m a r b l e
21 E1_ = h ^2/(8* M * l_ ^2)
22 E2_ = 2^2 * E1_
23 E3_ = 3^2 * E1_
24 printf ( \n Energy l e v e l s o f e l e c t r o n \n For ( n=1) i s
%e J . \ n For ( n=2) i s %e J . \ n For ( n=3) i s %e J . \
n Energy l e v e l s o f m a r b l e \n For ( n=1) i s %e J . \ n
For ( n=2) i s %e J . \ n For ( n=3) i s %e J . ,E1 , E2 ,
E3 , E1_ , E2_ , E3_ )
25 printf ( \n I t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e l e v e l s i n c a s e o f
m a r b l e a r e v e r y s m a l l and a r e n e a r l y z e r o . So i t
i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o m e a s u r e them e x p e r i m e n t a l l y . )

259
 Chapter 16

FREE ELECTRON THEORY

Scilab code Exa 16.1 Calculation of Average energy of electron and Speed
of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 0 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
4 E = 10 // Fermi e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n eV
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
7 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 1 6 . 1 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( 1/2 m v 2 = E 0 \n )
11 E_ = E * 3 / 5
12 v = sqrt (2 * E_ * e / m )
13 printf ( \n A v e r a g e e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i s %f eV . \ n
Speed o f e l e c t r o n i s %e m/ s e c . ,E_ , v )

260
 Scilab code Exa 16.2 Calculation of Average energy of electron and Speed
of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 t = 0 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
4 E = 7.9 // Fermi e n e r g y i n eV
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
7 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 1 6 . 1 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( 1/2 m v 2 = E 0 \n )
11 E_ = E * 3 / 5
12 v = sqrt (2 * E_ * e / m )
13 printf ( \n A v e r a g e e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i s %f eV . \ n
Speed o f e l e c t r o n i s %e m/ s e c . ,E_ , v )

Scilab code Exa 16.3 Calculation of Fermi energy and Speed of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 2.5 e28 // no . o f f r e e e l e c t r o n i n p e r m e t e r c u b e
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
7 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 1 6 . 1 5
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )

261
 9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( 1/2 m v 2 = E 0 \n )
11 printf ( E 0 = ( h 2 / ( 8 p i 2 m) ) ( 3 p i 2 n )
( 2 / 3 ) ( 1 / e ) \n )
12 E = ( h ^2 / (8 * %pi ^2 * m ) ) * (3 * %pi ^2 * n ) ^(2/3)
* (1 / e )
13 v = ( h / (2 * %pi * m ) ) * (3 * %pi ^2 * n ) ^(1/3)
14 printf ( \n Fermi e n e r g y i s %f eV . \ n Speed o f
e l e c t r o n i s %e m/ s e c . ,E , v )

Scilab code Exa 16.4 Calculation of Fermi energy and Average energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 8940 // d e n s i t y o f c o p p e r i n kg /m3
4 w = 63.55 // a t o m i c w e i g h t o f c o p p e r
5 t = 0 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
6 N = 6.02 e26 // Avogadro no . i n p e r kg
7 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
9 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
10 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 1 6 . 1 5
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
13 printf ( 1/2 m v 2 = E 0 \n )
14 printf ( E = ( h 2 / ( 8 p i 2 m) ) ( 3 p i 2 N/V
) ( 2 / 3 ) \n )
15 V = w / d
16 n = N / V
17 E = ( h ^2 / (8 * %pi ^2 * m ) ) * (3 * %pi ^2 * n ) ^(2/3)
* (1 / e )
18 E_ = 3 * E / 5
19 printf ( \n Fermi e n e r g y i s %f eV . \ n A v e r a g e e n e r g y

262
 i s %f eV . ,E , E_ )

Scilab code Exa 16.5 Calculation of Fermi energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 10.5 e6 // d e n s i t y o f s i l v e r i n g /m3
4 w = 108 // a t o m i c w e i g h t o f s i l v e r
5 t = 0 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
6 N = 6.02 e23 // Avogadro no . i n p e r kg
7 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
9 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
10 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 1 6 . 1 6
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
13 printf ( E = ( h 2 / ( 8 p i 2 m) ) ( 3 p i 2 N/V
) ( 2 / 3 ) \n )
14 V = w / d
15 n = N / V
16 E = ( h ^2 / (8 * %pi ^2 * m ) ) * (3 * %pi ^2 * n ) ^(2/3)
* (1 / e )
17 printf ( \n Fermi e n e r g y i s %f eV . ,E )

Scilab code Exa 16.6 Calculation of Fermi energy and Fermi vector and
Total kinetic energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t

263
 3 a = 4e -10 // l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t i n mr
4 t = 0 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
5 N = 6.02 e23 // Avogadro no . i n p e r kg
6 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
7 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
8 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
9 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 1 6 . 1 6
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( E = ( h 2 / ( 8 p i 2 m) ) ( 3 p i 2 N/V
) ( 2 / 3 ) \n )
13 V = a ^3
14 n = 4 / V
15 E = ( h ^2 / (8 * %pi ^2 * m ) ) * (3 * %pi ^2 * n ) ^(2/3)
* (1 / e )
16 k = (3 * %pi ^2 * n ) ^(1/3)
17 KE = (3 * E / 5) * ( n )
18 printf ( \n Fermi e n e r g y i s %f eV . \ n Fermi v e c t o r i s
%e p e r m. \ n T o t a l k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s %e eV . ,E ,k ,
KE )

Scilab code Exa 16.7 Calculation of Drift velocity of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 0.9 e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f aluminium i n m
4 i = 6 // c u r r e n t i n amp
5 n = 4.5 e28 // no . o f e l e c t r o n a v a i l a b l e f o r
c o n d u c t i o n p e r m e t e r 3
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 1 6 . 1 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )

264
10 printf ( J = I A \n v d = J / ne \n )
11 J = i * 4 / ( %pi * ( d ) ^2)
12 v = J / ( n * e )
13 printf ( \n D r i f t v e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n i s %e m/ s e c . ,
v)

Scilab code Exa 16.8 Calculation of Current density and Drift velocity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 8.92 e3 // d e n s i t y o f c o p p e r i n kg /m3
4 i = 5 // c u r r e n t i n amp
5 w = 63.5 // a t o m i c w e i g h t o f c o p p e r
6 r = 0.7 e -3 // r a d i u s i n m e t e r
7 N = 6.02 e28 // Avogadro no .
8 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
9 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 1 6 . 1 7
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( J = I A \n v d = J / ne \n )
13 V = (w / d)
14 n = N / V
15 J = i / ( %pi * r ^2)
16 v = J / (n * e)
17 printf ( \n C u r r e n t d e n s i t y = %e amp/m 2 . \ n D r i f t
v e l o c i t y i s %e m/ s e c . ,J , v )

Scilab code Exa 16.9 Calculation of Fermi Energy

265
 1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d1 = 0.534*10^3 // d e n s i y o f L i i n kg /m3
4 d2 = 0.971*10^3 // d e n s i y o f Na i n kg /m3
5 d3 = 0.86*10^3 // d e n s i y o f K i n kg /m3
6 w1 = 6.939 // a t o m i c w e i g h t o f L i
7 w2 = 22.99 // a t o m i c w e i g h t o f Na
8 w3 = 39.202 // a t o m i c w e i g h t o f K
9 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e c
10 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
11 NA = 6.023 e26 // Avogadro no .
12 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
13 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 1 6 . 1 7
14 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
15 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
16 printf ( E = h 2 / ( 8 m p i 2 ) ( 3 p i 2N/V) 2 / 3
\n )
17 // For L i
18 n1 = NA * d1 / w1
19 E1 = h ^2/(8* %pi ^2* m ) *(3* %pi ^2* n1 ) ^(2/3)
20 // For Na
21 n2 = NA * d2 / w2
22 E2 = h ^2/(8* %pi ^2* m ) *(3* %pi ^2* n2 ) ^(2/3)
23 // For K
24 n3 = NA * d3 / w3
25 E3 = h ^2/(8* %pi ^2* m ) *(3* %pi ^2* n3 ) ^(2/3)
26 printf ( \n Fermi Energy \n For L i i s %f eV . \ n For Na
i s %f eV . \n For K i s %f eV , E1 /e , E2 /e , E3 / e )

Scilab code Exa 16.10 Calculation of Energy difference

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t

266
 3 l = 1e -10 // l e n g t h o f box i n m
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n Js e c
7 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 1 6 . 1 8
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E = ( n 2 h 2 ) / ( 8 m l 2 ) \n )
11 n = 1 // f o r n=1
12 E = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
13 n = 2 // f o r n=2
14 E_ = ( n ^2 * h ^2) / (8 * m * l ^2)
15 d = ( E_ - E ) * (1 / e )
16 printf ( \n Energy d i f f e r e n c e i s %f eV . ,d )

267
 Chapter 17

BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS

Scilab code Exa 17.1 Calculation of Electron momentum value at the sides
of first Brillion zone and Enrgy of free electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 a = 3e -10 // s i d e o f s q u a r e l a t t i c e i n m
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e c
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
7 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 1 7 . 1 8
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E = P2 / ( 2 m) \n P = h c u t k \n )
11 p = ( h / (2 * a ) )
12 E = ( p ^2 / (2 * m ) ) * (1 / e )
13 printf ( \n E l e c t r o n momentum v a l u e a t t h e s i d e s o f
f i r s t B r i l l o i n z o n e i s %e kgm/ s e c . \ n Enrgy o f
f r e e e l e c t r o n i s %f eV . ,p , E )

268
 Scilab code Exa 17.2 Calculation of Position of Fermi level

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 5 e22 // no . o f atoms p e r m3
4 t = 300 // room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
5 k = 1.37 e -23 // Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t i n J /K
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 1 7 . 1 9
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( n c = 2 ( 2 p i m k T/ h 2 ) ( 3 / 2 ) e ( E f E c )
/kT \n )
13 d = ( k * t ) * log ( n * h ^3 / (2 * (2 * %pi * m * k *
t ) ^(3/2) ) )
14 printf ( \n P o s i t i o n o f f e r m i l e v e l i s %f eV . ,-d / e )

Scilab code Exa 17.3 Calculation of New position of Fermi level

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 0.3 // Fermi e n e r g y i n eV
4 T = 330 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
5 t = 300 // room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
6 k = 1.37 e -23 // Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t i n J /K
7 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e c

269
 8 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
9 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
10 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 1 7 . 1 9
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
13 printf ( n c = n d e ( E f E c ) /kT \n )
14 d = ( T / t ) * ( E )
15 printf ( \n New p o s i t i o n o f f e r m i l e v e l i s %f eV . ,d )

Scilab code Exa 17.4 Calculation of Density of holes and electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 E = 0.7 // band gap f o r s e m i c o n d u c t o r i n eV
4 t = 300 // room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
5 k = 1.38 e -23 // Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t i n J /K
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e c
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
9 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 1 7 . 2 0
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( n c = 2 ( 2 p i m k T/ h 2 ) ( 3 / 2 ) e ( E f E c )
/kT \n )
13 n = 2 * ((2 * %pi * k * t * m ) / h ^2) ^(3/2) * exp ( -(
E * e / (2 * k * t ) ) )
14 printf ( \n D e n s i t y o f h o l e s and e l e c t r o n i s %e p e r m
3 . ,n )

270
 Scilab code Exa 17.5 Calculation of Hall coefficient

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 5 e28 // no . o f atoms i n p e r m3
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 1 7 . 2 0
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( R h = 1 / ( n e ) \n )
9 R = -(1 / ( n * e ) )
10 printf ( \n H a l l c o e f f i c i e n t i s %e m3/C . ,R )

Scilab code Exa 17.6 Calculation of Hall coefficient

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 a = 4.28 e -10 // c e l l s i d e o f Na i n m
4 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
5 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 1 7 . 2 0
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( R h = 1 / ( n e ) \n )
9 n = (2 / a ^3)
10 R = -(1 / ( n * e ) )
11 printf ( \n H a l l c o e f f i c i e n t i s %e m3/C . ,R )

271
 Chapter 18

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
OF SOLIDS

Scilab code Exa 18.1 Calculation of Magnetic moment and Bohr magne-
ton

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 0.53 e -10 // r a d i u s o f o r b i t i n m
4 f = 6.6 e15 // f r e q u e n c y o f r e v o l u t i o n i n Hz
5 h = 6.6 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e c
6 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
7 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 1
9 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
10 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
11 printf ( M = I a \n )
12 M = e * f * %pi * r ^2
13 mu = ( e * h ) / (4 * %pi * m )
14 printf ( \n M a g n e t i c moment i s %e Am 2 . \ n Bohr
magneton i s %e J /T . ,M , mu )

272
 Scilab code Exa 18.2 Calculation of Magnetization and Flux density and
Relative permeability

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 X = -4.2 e -6 // m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
4 H = 1.19 e5 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n A/m
5 mu_ = 4 * %pi * 1e -7 // m a g n e t i c p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
space
6 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 1
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( I = c a i H \n )
10 I = X * H
11 B = mu_ * ( H + I )
12 mur = (1 + I / H )
13 printf ( \n M a g n e t i s a t i o n i s %f A/m. \ n Flux d e n s i t y
i s %f T . \ n R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y i s %f . ,I ,B , mur
)

Scilab code Exa 18.3 Calculation of Percentage increase in magnetic in-

duction

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 X = 1.2 e -5 // m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f magnesium
4 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 2
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )

273
 6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( B = mu 0 H \n )
8 p = 100 * X
9 printf ( \n P e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n m a g n e t i c i n d u c t i o n
i s %f p e r c e n t . ,p )

Scilab code Exa 18.4 Calculation of Magnetization and Magnetic flux den-
sity

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 X = -0.4 e -5 // m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f m a t e r i a l
4 H = 1 e4 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n A/m
5 mu_ = 4 * %pi * 1e -7 // m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f
space
6 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 2
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( I = Chi H \n )
10 I = X * H
11 B = mu_ * ( H + I )
12 printf ( \n M a g n e t i s a t i o n i s %f A/m. \ n M a g n e t i c f l u x
d e n s i t y i s %f T . ,I , B )

Scilab code Exa 18.5 Calculation of Permeability of aluminium

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 X = 2.3 e -5 // m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f aluminium

274
 4 mu_ = 4 * %pi * 1e -7 // m a g n e t i c p e r m e a b i l i t y of
space
5 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 3
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( mu r = 1 + Chi \n )
9 mur = 1 + X
10 mu = mu_ * mur
11 printf ( \n P e r m e a b i l i t y o f aluminium i s %e N/A 2 . ,
mu )

Scilab code Exa 18.6 Calculation of Absolute permeability and Relative

permeability

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 X = 9.4 e -2 // m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
4 mu_ = 4 * %pi * 1e -7 // m a g n e t i c p e r m e a b i l i t y of
space
5 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 3
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( mu r = 1 + Chi \n )
9 mu_r = 1 + X
10 mu = mu_ * mu_r
11 printf ( \n A b s o l u t e p e r m e a b i l i t y i s %e N/A 2 . \ n
R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y i s %f . ,mu , mu_r )

275
 Scilab code Exa 18.7 Calculation of Magnetic susceptibility and Relative
permeability

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 mu = 0.126 // maximum v a l u e o f t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y in N
/A2
4 mu_ = 4 * %pi * 1e -7 // m a g n e t i c p e r m e a b i l i t y of
space
5 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 3
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( mu r = 1 + Chi \n )
9 mu_r = mu / mu_
10 X = mu_r - 1
11 printf ( \n M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y i s %f . \ n
R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y i s %e ,X , mu_r )

Scilab code Exa 18.8 Calculation of Diamagnetic susceptibility

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 r = 0.6 e -10 // r a d i u s o f t h e atom
4 N = 28 e26 // no . o f e l e c t r o n i n p e r m3
5 mu_ = 4 * %pi * 1e -7 // m a g n e t i c p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
space
6 Z = 2 // a t o m i c no . o f h e l i u m
7 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
9 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 4
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( Chi = mu 0 Z e 2 NR2 / ( 6 m) \n )

276
13 Chi = -( mu_ * Z * N * r ^2 * e ^2) / (6 * m )
14 printf ( \n D i a m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y i s %e . , Chi )

Scilab code Exa 18.9 Calculation of Permeability and Susceptibility

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 H = 1 e3 // m a g n e t i s a t i o n f i e l d i n A/m
4 phi = 2e -5 // m a g n e t i c f l u x i n Weber
5 a = 0.2 e -4 // a r e a o f c r o s s s e c t i o n i n m2
6 mu_ = 4 * %pi * 1e -7 // m a g n e t i c p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
space
7 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( mu r = 1 + Chi \n )
11 B = phi / a
12 mu = B / H
13 X = mu / mu_ - 1
14 printf ( \n P e r m e a b i l i t y i s %e N/A 2 . \ n
S u s c e p t i b i l i t y i s %f . ,mu , X )

Scilab code Exa 18.10 Calculation of Number of ampere turns

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 1 // l e n g t h o f i r o n r o d i n m
4 a = 4e -4 // a r e a i n m2
5 mu = 50 e -4 // p e r m e a b i l i t y o f i r o n i n H/m

277
 6 Phi = 4e -4 // m a g n e t i c f l u x i n Weber
7 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( B = muN I \n )
11 B = Phi / a
12 NI = B / mu
13 printf ( \n Number o f ampere t u r n s i s %d A/m. , NI )

Scilab code Exa 18.11 Calculation of Current through the winding

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 n = 200 // no . o f t u r n s
4 l = 0.5 // t h e mean l e n g t h o f i r o n w i r e i n m
5 phi = 4e -4 // m a g n e t i c f l u x i n Weber
6 a = 4e -4 // a r e a o f c r o s s s e c t i o n i n m2
7 mu = 6.5 e -4 // p e r m e a b i l i t y o f i r o n i n wb/Am
8 mu_ = 4 * %pi * 1e -7 // m a g n e t i c p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
space
9 // Sample Problem 11 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 5
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 11 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( B = muN I \n )
13 B = phi / a
14 N = n / l
15 I = B / ( mu * N )
16 printf ( \n C u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e w i n d i n g i s %f A . ,I )

278
 Scilab code Exa 18.12 Calculation of Radius of atom

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 X = -5.6 e -6 // m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f m a t e r i a l
4 a = 2.55 e -10 // l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t i n m
5 H = 1 e4 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n A/m
6 mu_ = 4 * %pi * 1e -7 // m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f
space
7 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e i n an e l e c t r o n i n C
9 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 5
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( Chi = mu 0 Z e 2 NR2 / ( 6 m) \n )
13 N = 2 / a ^3
14 z = 1
15 R = (( - X * 6 * m ) / ( mu_ * z * e ^2 * N ) ) ^(1/2)
16 printf ( \n R a d i u s o f atom i s %f A . ,R * 1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 18.13 Calculation of Susceptibility

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 N = 6.5 e25 // no . o f atom p e r m3
4 T = 300 // room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
5 mu_ = 4 * %pi * 1e -7 // m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f
space
6 k = 1.38 e -23 // Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t i n J /K
7 m = 9.1 e -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e i n an e l e c t r o n i n C
9 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e c
10 // Sample Problem 13 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 5

279
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 13 # \n )
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
13 printf ( Chi = mu 0 NM2 / ( 3 k t ) \n )
14 M = ( e * h ) / (4 * %pi * m )
15 X = ( mu_ * N * M ^2) / (3 * k * T )
16 printf ( \n S u s c e p t i b i l i t y i s %e ,X )

Scilab code Exa 18.14 Calculation of Magnetization

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 w = 168.5 // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t
4 d = 4370 // d e n s i t y o f m a t e r i a l i n kg /m3
5 H = 2 e5 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n A/m
6 T = 300 // room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
7 mu_ = 4 * %pi * 1e -7 // m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f
space ]
8 NA = 6.02 e26 // Avogadro no . i n p e r kg
9 mu_b = 9.24 e -24 // Bohr magnetons i n Am2
10 k = 1.38 e -23 // Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t i n J /K
11 // Sample Problem 14 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 6
12 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 14 # \n )
13 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
14 printf ( Chi = mu 0 NM2 / ( 3 k t ) \n )
15 N = d * NA / w
16 X = ( mu_ * N * (2 * mu_b ) ^2) / (3 * k * T )
17 I = X * H
18 printf ( \n M a g n e t i s a t i o n i s %f A/m ,I )

280
 Scilab code Exa 18.15 Calculation of Total loss of energy

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 A = 2500 // a r e a o f h y s t e r e s i s l o o p
4 m = 10000 // w e i g h t i n kg
5 d = 7.5 // d e n s i t y o f m a t e r i a l i n g /cm3
6 f = 50 // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
7 // Sample Problem 15 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 6
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 15 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( M = Vd \n )
11 E = f * A * 3600
12 V = m / d
13 L = E * V
14 printf ( \n T o t a l l o s s o f e n e r g y p e r h o u r i s %e e r g s .
,L )

Scilab code Exa 18.16 Calculation of Current in solenoid

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 H = 5 e3 // c o e r c i v i t y i n A/m
4 l = 0.10 // l e n g t h o f s o l e n o i d i n m
5 n = 50 // no . o f t u r n s
6 // Sample Problem 16 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 7
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 16 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( H=N i \n )
10 N = n / l
11 i = H / N
12 printf ( \n C u r r e n t i n s o l e n o i d s h o u l d be %d A . ,i )

281
 Scilab code Exa 18.17 Calculation of Number of turns

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 l = 0.50 // l e n g t h o f i r o n r o d i n m
4 a = 4e -4 // a r e a o f c r o s s s e c t i o n o f r o d i n m2
5 mu = 65 e -4 // p e r m e a b i l i t y o f i r o n i n H/m
6 fi = 4e -5 // f l u x i n weber
7 // Sample Problem 17 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 17 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( N =H l \n )
11 B = fi / a
12 H = B / mu
13 N = H * l
14 printf ( \n Number o f t u r n s a r e %f ,N )

Scilab code Exa 18.18 Calculation of Permeability and Susceptibility

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 H = 600 // m a g n e t i c f l u x i n A/m
4 a = 0.2 e -4 // a r e a o f c r o s s s e c t i o n o f r o d i n m2
5 phi = 2.4 e -5 // f l u x i n weber
6 mu_ = 4* %pi * 1e -7 // p e r m e a b i l i t y o f s p a c e i n N/A2
7 // Sample Problem 18 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 18 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )

282
10 printf ( mu r = 1 + Chi \n )
11 B = phi / a
12 mu = B / H
13 X = mu / mu_ - 1
14 printf ( \n P e r m e a b i l i t y i s %f N/A 2 . \ n
S u s c e p t i b i l i t y i s %f . ,mu , X )

Scilab code Exa 18.19 Calculation of Relative permeability

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 X = 9.5 e -9 // s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f medium
4 mu_ = 4* %pi * 1e -7 // p e r m e a b i l i t y o f s p a c e i n N/A2
5 // Sample Problem 19 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 8
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 19 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( mu r = 1 + Chi \n )
9 mu = mu_ * (1 + X )
10 mu_r = mu / mu_
11 printf ( \n R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y i s 1 + %e , mu_r -1)

Scilab code Exa 18.20 Calculation of Energy loss

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 a = 250 // a r e a o f t h e BH l o o p i n J /m3
4 f = 50 // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
5 d = 7.5 e3 // d e n s i t y o f i r o n i n kg /m3
6 m = 100 // mass o f c o r e i n kg

283
 7 // Sample Problem 20 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 8
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 20 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( M = Vd \n )
11 V = m / d
12 n = 3600 * f
13 A = a * V * n
14 printf ( \n Energy l o s s p e r h o u r i s %e J . ,A )

Scilab code Exa 18.21 Calculation of Hysteresis loss

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 B_max = 1.375 // maximum v a l u e o f B i n Wb/m2
4 a = 0.513 // a r e a o f t h e l o o p i n cm2
5 k = 1000 // v a l u e o f 1 cm on x a x i s i n A/m
6 k_ = 1 // v a l u e o f 1 cm on y a x i s i n Wb/m2
7 B = 1.375 // a l t e r n a t i n g m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y i n Wb
/m2
8 v = 1e -3 // volume o f s p e c i m e n i n m3
9 f = 50 // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
10 // Sample Problem 21 on p a g e no . 1 8 . 2 8
11 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 21 # \n )
12 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n K = a k k . \ n )
13 K = a * k * k_
14 L = K * v * f
15 printf ( \n H y s t e r e s i s l o s s p e r s e c i s %f W ,L )

284
 Chapter 19

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

Scilab code Exa 19.1 Calculation of Penetration depth

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 T_c = 7.2 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
4 T = 5.1 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
5 lambda_ = 380 // p e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h a t 0 K i n A
6 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 1 9 . 1 3
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( lambda = l a m b d a 0 ( 1 (T / T c ) 4 )
( 1/2) \n )
10 lambda = lambda_ * (1 - ( T / T_c ) ^4) ^( -1/2)
11 printf ( \n P e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h i s %f Angstrom . , lambda
)

285
 Scilab code Exa 19.2 Calculation of Transition temperature and Critical
field at temperate

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 Hc1 = 1.41 e5 // f i r s t c r i t i c a l f i e l d a t 1 4 . 1K
4 Hc2 = 4.205 e5 // s e c o n d c r i t i c a l f i e l d a t 1 2 . 9K
5 T1 = 14.11 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
6 T2 = 12.9 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
7 T = 4.2 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
8 lambda_ = 380 // p e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h a t 0 K i n A
9 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 1 9 . 1 3
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( H = H 0 ( 1 (T / T c ) 2 ) \n )
13 Tc = sqrt (( Hc2 * T1 ^2 - Hc1 * T2 ^2) / ( Hc2 - Hc1 ) )
14 H_ = Hc1 / (1 - ( T1 / Tc ) ^2)
15 Hc = H_ * (1 - ( T / Tc ) ^2)
16 printf ( \n T r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i s %f K. \ n
C r i t i c a l f i e l d a t t e m p e r a t e a t 4 . 2 k i s %e A/m. ,
Tc , Hc )

Scilab code Exa 19.3 Calculation of Critical current density

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 1e -3 // d i a m e t e r o f w i r e i n m
4 T1 = 4.2 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
5 T2 = 7.18 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
6 H_ = 6.51 e4 // c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d a t 0 K
7 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 1 9 . 1 4
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )

286
10 printf ( H = H 0 ( 1 (T / T c ) 2 ) \n I = 2 p i r H
\n )
11 r = d / 2
12 Hc = H_ * (1 - ( T1 / T2 ) ^2)
13 Jc = (2 * %pi * r * Hc ) / ( %pi * r ^2)
14 printf ( \n C r i t i c a l c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i s %e A/m2 , Jc )

Scilab code Exa 19.4 Calculation of Critical temperature

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 w = 199.5 // i s o t o p i c mass o f Hg
4 Tc = 4.186 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
5 w_ = 203.4 // i n c r e a s e d i s o t o p e mass o f Hg
6 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 1 9 . 1 5
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( T c M ( 1 / 2 ) = c o n s t a n t \n )
10 Tc_ = Tc * ( w / w_ ) ^(1/2)
11 printf ( \n C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i s %f K . , Tc_ )

Scilab code Exa 19.5 Calculation of Penetration depth

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 T_c = 4.2 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
4 T = 2.9 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
5 lambda = 57 // p e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h a t 2 . 9 K i n nm
6 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 1 9 . 1 5

287
 7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( l a m b d a 0 = lambda ( 1 (T / T c ) 4 ) ( 1 / 2 )
\n )
10 lambda_ = lambda * (1 - ( T / T_c ) ^4) ^(1/2)
11 printf ( \n P e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h a t 0 K i s %f nm . ,
lambda_ )

Scilab code Exa 19.6 Calculation of Critical temperature

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 T1 = 2.18 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n f i r s t c a s e i n K
4 lambda1 = 16 // p e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h a t 2 . 1 8 K i n nm
5 T2 = 8.1 // t e m p e r a t u r e i n s e c o n d c a s e i n K
6 lambda2 = 96 // p e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h a t 8 . 1 K i n nm
7 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 1 9 . 1 5
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( lambda = l a m b d a 0 ( 1 (T / T c ) 4 )
( 1/2) \n )
11 Tc = ((( lambda2 ^2 * T2 ^4) - ( T1 ^4 * lambda1 ^2) ) / (
lambda2 ^2 - lambda1 ^2) ) ^(1/4)
12 printf ( \n C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i s %f K . , Tc )

Scilab code Exa 19.7 Calculation of Critical temperature

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t

288
 3 w = 26.91 // i s o t o p i c mass o f s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g s a m p l e
4 Tc = 1.19 // f i r s t c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
5 w_ = 32.13 // i n c r e a s e d i s o t o p e mass o f
s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g sample
6 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 1 9 . 1 6
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( T c M ( 1 / 2 ) = c o n s t a n t \n )
10 Tc_ = Tc * ( w / w_ ) ^(1/2)
11 printf ( \n C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i s %f K . , Tc_ )

Scilab code Exa 19.8 Calculation of Energy gap

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 k = 1.38 e -23 // Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t i n J /K
4 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e c
5 Tc = 4.2 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f Hg i n K
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 1 9 . 1 6
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( E = 3 k Tc \n )
11 E = 3 * k * Tc
12 lambda = h * c / E
13 printf ( \n Energy gap i s %e eV . \ n Wavelength o f
p h o t o n i s %e m. \ n From t h e v a l u e o f a b o v e lambda
i t i s c l e a r that these photons are in the very
s h o r t w a v e l e n g t h p a r t o f t h e m i c r o w a v e r e g i o n . ,E
/1.6 e -19 , lambda )

289
 Chapter 20

X RAY

Scilab code Exa 20.1 Calculation of Max speed and Shortest wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V1 = 40 e3 // v o l t a g e i n f i r s t c a s e i n V
4 V2 = 20 e3 // v o l t a g e i n s e c o n d c a s e i n V
5 V3 = 100 e3 // v o l t a g e i n s e c o n d i n V
6 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 7
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( 1/ 2m v 2 = eV \n )
10 v1 = 0.593 e6 * sqrt ( V1 )
11 lambda1 = 12400 / V1
12 v2 = 0.593 e6 * sqrt ( V2 )
13 lambda2 = 12400 / V2
14 v3 = 0.593 e6 * sqrt ( V3 )
15 lambda3 = 12400 / V3
16 printf ( \n Max . s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n s a t %d V o l t s i s %e
m/ s e c . \ n Max . s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n s a t %d V o l t s i s
%e m/ s e c . / s e c . \ n Max . s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n s a t %d
V o l t s i s %e m/ s e c . \n S h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h o f x

290
 r a y = %f Angstrom . \ n S h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h o f xr a y
= %f Angstrom . \ n S h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h o f xr a y =
%f Angstrom . ,V1 , v1 , V2 , v2 , V3 , v3 , lambda1 , lambda2 ,
lambda3 )

Scilab code Exa 20.2 Calculation of Planck constant

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 30 e3 // v o l t a g e i n V
4 lambda_min = 0.414 e -10 // s h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h i n m
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 // Sample Problem 2 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 7
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 2 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( h c / lambda = eV \n )
11 h = ( e * V * lambda_min ) / c
12 printf ( \n P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i s %e J s e c . ,h )

Scilab code Exa 20.3 Calculation of Minimum wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 25 e3 // v o l t a g e i n V
4 // Sample Problem 3 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 8
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 3 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( Lambda min = 1 2 4 0 0 /V \n )

291
 8 lambda_min = 12400 / V
9 printf ( \n Minimum w a v e l e n g t h o f xr a y i s %f
Angstrom . , lambda_min )

Scilab code Exa 20.4 Calculation of Maximum speed of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 13.6 e3 // v o l t a g e i n V
4 // Sample Problem 4 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 8
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 4 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( 1/ 2m v 2 = eV \n )
8 v = 0.593 e6 * sqrt ( V )
9 printf ( \n Maximum s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n i s %e m/ s e c . ,v
)

Scilab code Exa 20.5 Calculation of Velocity of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 10 e3 // v o l t a g e i n V
4 i = 2e -3 // c u r r e n t i n amp
5 // Sample Problem 5 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 8
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 5 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( 1/ 2m v 2 = eV \n )
9 v = 0.593 e6 * sqrt ( V )
10 printf ( \n V e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n i s %e m/ s e c . ,v )

292
 Scilab code Exa 20.6 Calculation of Highest frequency and Minimum wave-
length

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 9.8 e3 // v o l t a g e i n V
4 i = 2e -3 // c u r r e n t i n amp
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 // Sample Problem 6 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 8
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 6 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( h c / lambda = eV \n )
10 lambda = 12400 / V
11 f = c / lambda
12 printf ( \n H i g h e s t f r e q u e n c y i s %e Hz . \ n Minimum
w a v e l e n g t h i s %f Angstrom . ,f , lambda )

Scilab code Exa 20.7 Calculation of Number of electrons striking the tar-
get and Speed of electrons

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 12.4 e3 // v o l t a g e i n V
4 i = 2e -3 // c u r r e n t i n amp
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 // Sample Problem 7 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 9
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 7 # \n )

293
 8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( I = ne \n 1 /2 m v 2 = eV \n )
10 n = i / e
11 v = 0.593 e6 * sqrt ( V )
12 printf ( \n Number o f e l e c t r o n s s t r i k i n g the t a r g e t
p e r s e c i s %e . \ n Speed o f e l e c t r o n s i s %e m/ s e c .
,n , v )

Scilab code Exa 20.8 Calculation of Number of electrons striking the an-
ode and Minimum wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 10 e3 // v o l t a g e i n V
4 i = 15 e -3 // c u r r e n t i n amp
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 // Sample Problem 8 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 9
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 8 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( I = ne \n 1 /2 m v 2 = eV \n )
10 n = i / e
11 lambda = 12400 / V
12 printf ( \n Number o f e l e c t r o n s s t r i k i n g t h e anode
p e r s e c i s %e . \ n Minimum w a v e l e n g t h p r o d u c e d is
%f Angstrom . ,n , lambda )

Scilab code Exa 20.9 Calculation of Number of electrons striking the an-
ode

294
 1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V = 50 e3 // v o l t a g e i n V
4 i = 1e -3 // c u r r e n t i n amp
5 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
6 // Sample Problem 9 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 9
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 9 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( I = ne \n )
10 n = i / e
11 printf ( \n Number o f e l e c t r o n s s t r i k i n g t h e anode
p e r s e c i s %e . ,n )

Scilab code Exa 20.10 Calculation of Applied voltage

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda1 = 40 e -12 // minimum w a v e l e n g t h i n f i r s t case
in m
4 lambda2 = 1e -10 // minimum w a v e l e n g t h i n s e c o n d c a s e
in m
5 // Sample Problem 10 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 1 0
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 10 # \n )
7 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
8 printf ( lambda min = 1 2 4 0 0 /V \n )
9 V1 = 12400 e -10 / lambda1
10 V2 = 12400 e -10 / lambda2
11 printf ( \n A p p l i e d v o l t a g e t o g e t w a v e l e n g t h o f %e
m e t e r i s %f KV. \n A p p l i e d v o l t a g e t o g e t
w a v e l e n g t h o f %e m e t e r i s %f KV. , lambda1 , V1
/10^3 , lambda2 , V2 /10^3)

295
 Scilab code Exa 20.11 Calculation of Planck constant

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 V1 = 44 e3 // v o l t a g e i n f i r s t c a s e i n V
4 V2 = 50 e3 // v o l t a g e i n s e c o n d c a s e i n V
5 lambda1 = 0.284 e -10 // s h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h i n first
case in m
6 lambda2 = 0.248 e -10 // s h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h i n s e c o n d
case in m
7 e = 1.6 e -19 // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
8 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
9 // Sample Problem 11 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 1 0
10 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 11 # \n )
11 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
12 printf ( h c /Lambda = eV \n )
13 h1 = e * V1 * lambda1 / c
14 h2 = e * V2 * lambda2 / c
15 printf ( \n P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i s %e J s e c i f s h o r t e s t
w a v e l e n g t h i s %e m . \ n P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i s %e J s e c
i f s h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h i s %e m. ,h1 , lambda1 , h2 ,
lambda2 )

Scilab code Exa 20.12 Calculation of Excitation potential

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t

296
 3 lambda = 1e -11 // Ka b s o r p t i o n l i m i t f o r uranium i n
m
4 // Sample Problem 12 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 1 0
5 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 12 # \n )
6 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
7 printf ( lambda min = 1 2 4 0 0 /V \n )
8 V = 12400 e -10 / lambda
9 printf ( \n E x c i t a t i o n p o t e n t i a l i s %d kV . ,V /10^3)

Scilab code Exa 20.13 Calculation of the value of the ratio of plank con-
stant and charge of electron

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 lambda = 1.4 e -11 // Ka b s o r p t i o n e d g e f o r l e a d i n m
4 V = 88.6 e3 // minimum v o l t a g e r e q u i r e d f o r p r o d u c i n g
k l i n e s i n V
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 // Sample Problem 13 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 1 1
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 13 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( h c /Lambda = eV \n )
10 r = V * lambda / c
11 printf ( \n The v a l u e o f t h e r a t i o o f h/ e = %e J s e c /C
. ,r )

Scilab code Exa 20.14 Calculation of Wavelength of K line

1 clc

297
 2 // Given t h a t
3 Z = 92 // a t o m i c no . o f atom
4 Rh = 1.1 e5 // Rydberg c o n s t a n t i n cm1
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 // Sample Problem 14 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 1 1
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 14 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( M o s e l e y Law \n )
10 lambda = 1 / ( Rh *( Z -1) ^2 * (1 - (1 / 2^2) ) )
11 printf ( \n Wavelength o f K l i n e = %f A , lambda *1 e8 )

Scilab code Exa 20.15 Calculation of Wavelength

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 Z = 42 // a t o m i c no . o f Mo
4 lambda = 0.71 e -10 // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
5 Z_ = 29 // a t o m i c no . o f Cu
6 // Sample Problem 15 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 1 1
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 15 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( nu = a ( Zb ) 2 . . . . . . . . M o s e l e y law \n )
10 lambda_ = (Z -1) ^2 * lambda / ( Z_ -1) ^2
11 printf ( \n Wavelength o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g r a d i a t i o n
o f Cu i s %f Angstrom . , lambda_ *1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 20.16 Calculation of Wavelength of xray

1 clc

298
 2 // Given t h a t
3 Z = 79 // a t o m i c no . o f e l e m e n t
4 b = 1 // a c o n s t a n t
5 a = 2.468 e15 // a c o n s t a n t i n p e r s e c
6 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
7 // Sample Problem 16 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 1 2
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 16 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( nu = a ( Zb ) 2 . . . . . . . . M o s e l e y law \n )
11 f = a * ( Z - b ) ^2
12 lambda = c / f
13 printf ( \n Wavelength o f xr a y i s %f Angstrom . ,
lambda *1 e10 )

Scilab code Exa 20.17 Calculation of Ionization potential of K shell elec-

tron of Cu

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 Z = 29 // a t o m i c no . o f Cu
4 R = 1.097 e7 // Rydberg c o n s t a n t i n m1
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e c
7 // Sample Problem 17 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 1 2
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 17 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( nu = a ( Zb ) 2 . . . . . . . . M o s e l e y law \n )
11 f = 3/4 * ( R * c ) * (Z -1) ^2
12 E = h * f / 1.6 e -16
13 E_L = 0.931 // l e t E L = 0 . 9 3 1 KeV
14 E_ = E + E_L
15 printf ( \n I o n i z a t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f K s h e l l e l e c t r o n
o f Cu i s %f keV . , E_ )

299
 Scilab code Exa 20.18 Calculation of Frequency of k line

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 Z = 79 // a t o m i c no . o f a n t i c a t h o d e
4 R = 1.097 e7 // Rydberg c o n s t a n t i n m1
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 // Sample Problem 18 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 1 3
7 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 18 # \n )
8 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
9 printf ( nu = a ( Zb ) 2 . . . . . . . . M o s e l e y law \n )
10 f = 3/4 * ( R * c ) * (Z -1) ^2
11 printf ( \n F r e q u e n c y o f k l i n e i s %e Hz . ,f )

Scilab code Exa 20.19 Calculation of Energy and Wavelength of xray

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 Z = 27 // a t o m i c no . o f Co
4 R = 1.097 e7 // Rydberg c o n s t a n t i n m1
5 c = 3 e8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
6 h = 6.62 e -34 // P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e c
7 // Sample Problem 19 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 1 3
8 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 19 # \n )
9 printf ( S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \n )
10 printf ( nu = a ( Zb ) 2 . . . . . . . . M o s e l e y law \n )
11 f = 3/4 * ( R * c ) * (Z -1) ^2

300
12 E = h * f
13 lambda = c / f
14 printf ( \n Energy i s %f keV . \ n Wavelength o f xr a y
i s %f Angstrom . ,E / 1.6 e -16 , lambda *1 e10 )

301
 Chapter 22

NANOPHYSICS

Scilab code Exa 22.1 of The ratio of the value of Nb divided by Ns of

spherical particle and nanoparticle

1 clc
2 // Given t h a t
3 d = 12 e -6 // d i a m e t e r i n m
4 d_ = 90 e -9 // d i a m e t e r o f n a n o p a r t i c l e i n m
5 // Sample Problem 1 on p a g e no . 2 2 . 1 3
6 printf ( \n # PROBLEM 1 # \n )
7 r = d / 2
8 r_ = d_ / 2
9 k = r / 3
10 k_ = r_ / 3
11 R = k_ / k
12 printf ( \n The r a t i o o f t h e v a l u e o f Nb/ Ns o f
s p h e r i c a l p a r t i c l e and n a n o p a r t i c l e = %e . ,R )

302