Solutions to Alternating Current

Level 1 Questions
1. C
CurrentI=Iosint=>powerdissipatedP=I2R=Io2Rsin2t

2. C
Onecycleoccursover4.0s
t/s 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 Over1cycle,<I2>=(16.0+4.0+4.0+0)/4
I/A 4.0 -2.0 -2.0 0 =6.0
I2/A2 16.0 4.0 4.0 0 Hence,<P>=<I2>R=(6.0)x11=66W

3. D
Forsinusoidalcurrent,e.g.I=Iosint
<I>=0,<I2>=Io2
Hence<P>=<I2>R=Io2R=P ,wherepeakpower,P=Io2R
(n.b.PeakpowerPgiveninquestion.Normallywewritepeakpower,Po=IoVo=Io2R=Vo2/R

4. B
t/s 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 Over1cycle,<V2>=(1.0+4.0+4.0+4.0+1.0)/5
V/V -1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 -1.0 =14.0/5=2.8
V2/V2 1.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 1.0 Hence,Vrms= =1.7

5. B
RefertodefinitionofIrms.
Irms=2AandMeanpower<P>=Irms2R=22R
ForsteadycurrentI,powerP=I2R=22R(given)=>I=2A

6. B
Forhalfwaverectifiedsinefunction,<I2>=Io2&Irms=<I2>=Io
(ComparewithIo2,forafullsinewavefunction.Ifunconvinced,drawouttheI2functionforbothhalfandfullwave
andcomparetheareas)
Meanpower<P>=Irms2R=<I2>R=Io2R

7. C
ForDC,P=I2R=(102)R=100R
ForAC,<P>=Irms2R,whereIrms=

<P>=<I2>R=Io2R
=(102)R
=50R
=P, whereP=100RfortheDCcase.

8.
A 3.0VDC P=V2/R=(3.0)2/2=4.5W
B 4.5 V r.m.s 50 Hz AC <P> = (Vrms)2/R = (4.5)2/2 = 10.1 W
C 6.0Vpeak60HzAC <P>==(6.0/2)2/2=9.0W
D 6.0VDC,1internalresistance P=V2/R= 6.0 / 2 =42/2=8.0W

9. C
Theelectriccircuitisahalfwaverectifier.

10. B
Ps=Ppiftransformeris100%efficient (Pp:powersuppliedatprimarycoil,Ps:poweroutputatsecondarycoil)
Thus,5.00kW=(Irms)s(Vrms)s=(Irms)p(Vrms)p
5.00kW=(Irms)p400kV
Irms= =0.0125

Io=0.0177mA

11. A
Transformerinefficiencyduetoresistanceofwindings,hysteresislosses,eddycurrents,fluxleakage
N s Vs
valid for complete flux linkage, assuming inefficiency due to other energy loss mechanisms.
N p Vp
If less than 100% efficiency (due to other loss mechanisms), then
Ps < Pp
(Irms)s (Vrms)s < (Irms)p (Vrms)p
N s Vs I p
&
N p Vp I s

12. B
Transmissioncurrent.I=P/V
Transmissionlossincables,PL=I2R=(P/V)2R=P2R/V2
Percentagepowerloss=PL/Px100%= x100%

13. C
CurrentfromgeneratorI=P/V
Powerinputtofactory=Powerofgeneratorpowerlossincables
=PI2R=P(P/V)2R

14. C
Sincethetransformeris100%efficient,Powersatsecondarycoilinbothcasesarethesame.
IS2R=IR2(R)
=>IR=2IS=1.41IS

15. C
Maxallowablermscurrentintheprimary=2A
Idealtransformerimpliesthatthereisnoenergyorpowerloss.
Pp=PsVpIp=VsIs
(230)(2)=(12)IS
Maxallowablermscurrentinthesecondary,IS=38.3A
Ifeachbulb(connectedinparallel)draws3.0A,themaximumnumberofbulbspossibleis12.

16. C
R
X Y
Whendiodeisforwardbiased,thediodeisconducting,andshortcircuitsthe
resistoracrossXY.Hencep.d.acrossXYiszeroforhalfofacycle

R R

X Y
Whendiodeisreversebiased,itactslikeanopencircuit.Hencethecircuitis
equivalent to the one shown below. P.d. across XY is thus half of the p.d.
acrossthegenerator.
+

17. (a) Period=2cm5mscm1=10ms

1 1
Frequency 100 Hz
T 10 10 3
(b) TheareaunderonecycleoftheV2 vst graphis
0.752 2.5 0.52 7.5 3.28
3.28
Hence,themeansquaredvoltageis 0.328 V 2
10
Vrms 0.328 0.573 V
Vrms 2 0.5732
(c) MeanPower 6.56 104 W
R 500


18. (a)Refertolecturenotes
(b)(i)Voutput/Vinput=Ns/Np=>Voutput=Vinput[Ns/Np]=6x(30)=180V
(ii)Meaninputpower<P>=54/2=27W
(<P>=PmaxforfullwavesinusoidalAC)
(iii)Meaninputpower<P>=IinputVinput=Iinput(6)=27
Iinput=27/6=4.5A
(iv)Meanoutputpower<P>=IoutputVoutput=Ioutput(180)=27
Ioutput=27/180=0.15A

19. ai) Period =(8x0.005)/3=0.013s

aii) =2/T=480s1
I0=V0/R=3.0/78=0.038A
I=0.038sin(480t)
b) AverageP=IoVo/2=(3.0x0.0385)/2
=0.058W
ci) ItsroleistoconvertanACsupplytoDC/restricttheflowofcurrentinonlyonedirection.
cii)

P/W
0.115

0
0.007 0.013 0.020 t/s

Level2Questions
20. B
Np/Ns=10:1;Vp=20VandIp=3A
SinceVs/Vp=Ns/Np=>Vs=[Ns/Np]Vp=(1/10)(20)=2V
Inputpower=IpVp=(3)(20)=60W
OutputPower=0.9xInputpower=0.9(60)=54W
Powerloss=(6054)=6W
OutputPower=IsVs=54=>Is(2)=54=>Is=54/2=27A

21. B
Ps=0.89Pp
44.0=0.89x220xIp Ip=0.22A

22. A
Forthesinusoidalvoltage,<V2>= ,Vrms=

ThusmeanpowerP=(Vrms)2/R=(Vp2)/R=Vp2/R
Forthewaverectifiedsquarewaveform,<V2>= ,Vrms=

2
ThusmeanpowerP=Vp /R=P,sameasabove.

23. D
AssumeVpremainsthesame.
AssumingthesameVp,thenVs= =2Vs
2
2
2


Initially,Ps=Pp VsIs=VpIp(1)
After,Ps=Pp VsIs=VpIp
(2Vs)(2Is)=VpIp(2)
Solving(1)and(2)>Ip=4Ip


24. B
V2/V2

Vo2

t/s
2 2 2 2
<V >=Vo (comparewith<V >=Vo forfullsinusoidalACfunction,sinceonlyhalfthearea)
Vrms= x100=50.0V

25. B
Whenthebottomdiodeisforwardbiased,

equivalentto

Thetotalcircuitresistanceis200andthecurrentI=V/200.
SinceVissinusoidal,sowillIwithImax=Vmax/200

Whenthetopdiodeisforwardbiased,

equivalentto

Thetotalcircuitresistanceis1200andcurrentI=V/1200.
ImaxforthishalfofthecyclewillbeImax=Vmax/1200

26. (a)(i)PeriodT=20ms=>frequencyf=1/T=1/20x103=50Hz
(ii)ForsinusoidalAC,Vrms=Vo/2=28.3/2=20.0V
(b)(i)Vp/Vs=Np/Ns=>220/20=Np/Ns=11
(ii)Np/Ns=11=>Np=11Ns=11(400)=4400turns
(c)(i)OutputPower=V2/R=>10=202/Ri.e.R=40.0
(ii)InputPower=10=IpVp=>10=Ip(220)=>Ip=0.045A
(iii)BasicAssumption:resistanceofsecondarycoilisnegligiblecomparedtotheloadresistance.

27. (a)Therootmeansquarevalueofanalternatingcurrentisthatequivalentconstantdirectcurrentthatwill
dissipatethesamepowerinagivenresistiveload.
P/W
(b)(i)

40

0 t/s
2 2
Meanpower<P>=Vrms /R=Vo /R=20sinceVrms=Vo/2
ButMaxpowerinput=Vo2/R=20x2=40W
(ii)Foridealtransformer,Np/Ns=Is/Ip=50/1
InputPower=OutputPower
IpVp=IsVs=>Vs=(Ip/Is)Vp=(1/50)[240/2]=3.4V

28. (a)(i)Therootmeansquarevalueofanalternatingcurrentisthatequivalentconstantdirectcurrentthatwill
dissipatethesamepowerinagivenresistiveload.

(ii)Alternatingcurrentsareusedbecausetheoutputvoltagefromthetransmissioncablecanbeeasilystepped
upanddownusingtransformers.
Thepowerlossincableduetoresistanceofthecablecanbereducedwhenthevoltageissteppedupsothatthe
transmissioncurrentissmall.

2 2
(b)(i) VPT /V

576

144

0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 t/ms

Vrms=[(144+576+144)/3]=288=17.0V

(ii)1. PotentialdifferenceacrossPandpositiveterminalofbattery=1216=4V
Sonocurrentflows.Therefore,p.dacrossR=0
2. PotentialdifferenceacrossPandpositiveterminalofbattery=2416=8V
Socurrentflowsinthecircuit.Therefore,p.dacrossR=8V

V/V
(iii)
8.0

0 .2.0 4.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 t/ms