Evolution

Part 1: Historical Perspective on the Theory of

Natural Selection

1. In the 1860s, what types of evidence were available

to indicate that evolution had occurred on Earth?

2. How did knowledge of mechanisms of artificial selection (used in developing various

strains of domesticated animals and plants) help Darwin understand how evolution
could occur?

3. Based on his studies, Darwin made a number of observations; they are listed in the chart.
Complete the chart by answering how Darwin made the observations.
Observation How did Darwin make this observation? That is,
what did he read or observe that gave him this
understanding?

a. All species populations have

the reproductive potential to
increase exponentially.

b. The number of individuals

in natural populations tends
to remain stable over time.

c. Environmental resources are

limited.

Adapted by D. Knuffke from a worksheet by Pearson Education, Inc. 2005 Pg. 1

 Observation How did Darwin make this observation? That is,
what did he read or observe that gave him this
understanding?

d. Individuals in a population
vary in their characteristics.

e. Much of this variation in

characteristics is heritable.

4. Based on these observations, Darwin made a number of inferences. Which of the

observations in question 3 allowed Darwin to make each inference?
Inference Observations that led to the inference

a. Production of more individuals than

the environment can support leads to a
struggle for existence such that only a
fraction of the offspring survive each
generation.

b. Survival for existence is not random.

Those individuals whose inherited traits
best fit them to their environment are
likely to leave more offspring than less fit
individuals.

c. The unequal ability of individuals to

survive and reproduce leads to a gradual
change in population, with favorable
characteristics accumulating over the
generations.

5. Based on these observations, what was Darwins definition of fitness?

Adapted by D. Knuffke from a worksheet by Pearson Education, Inc. 2005 Pg. 2

6. How did Darwin define evolution?

7. What is the unit of natural selection? What is selected? What evolves?

8. In a population of mice, some individuals have brown fur and some have black fur. At
present, both phenotypes are equally fit. What could happen to change the relative
fitness of the two phenotypes in the population?

9. Why is it incorrect to say: Vertebrates evolved eyes in order to see?

Part 2: Darwin vs. Lamarck

Read the following statements. For each one, decide if it is

more Lamarckian or more Darwinian. If the statement is
Lamarckian, change it to make it Darwinian.

Adapted by D. Knuffke from a worksheet by Pearson Education, Inc. 2005 Pg. 3

1. Many of the bacterial strains that infect humans today are resistant to a wide range of
antibiotics. These resistant strains were not so numerous or common prior to the use of
antibiotics. These strains must have evolved in response to the use of antibiotics.

2. Life arose in the aquatic environment and later invaded land. Once animals came onto
land, they had to evolve effective methods of support against gravity and locomotion in
order to survive.

3. A given phenotypic trait--for example height, speed, tooth structure--(and therefore the
genes that determine it) may have positive survival or selective value, negative survival
or selective value or neutral survival or selective value. Which of these it has depends on
the environmental conditions the organism encounters.

4. According to one theory, the dinosaurs became extinct because they couldnt evolve fast
enough to deal with climactic changes that affected their food and water supplies.

Adapted by D. Knuffke from a worksheet by Pearson Education, Inc. 2005 Pg. 4

5. The children of body builders tend to be much more athletic, on average, than other
children because the characteristics and abilities gained by their parents have been
passed on to the children.

6. The widespread use of DDT in the middle of the last century put pressure on insect
populations to evolve resistance to DDT. As a result, large populations of insects today
are resistant to DDT.

Part 3: How would you evaluate these explanations of Darwins ideas?

Here is a question from a test on evolution:

4 points:
In two or three sentences describe Darwins
theory of descent with modification and the
mechanism of natural selection that he proposed
to explain how this comes about.

Read the following responses and provide a grade.

For any grade less than full credit, please explain
why points were lost:

Student 1: Darwin saw that populations increased

faster than the ability of the land to support them
could increase, so that individuals must struggle
for limited resources. He proposed that
individuals with some inborn advantage over
others would have a better chance of surviving and
Adapted by D. Knuffke from a worksheet by Pearson Education, Inc. 2005 Pg. 5
reproducing offspring and so be naturally selected. As time passes, these advantageous
characteristics accumulate and change the species into a new species.

Grade:

Student 2: Darwins theory of evolution explains how new species arise from already
existing ones. In his mechanism of natural selection, organisms with favorable traits tend
to survive and reproduce more successfully, while those that lack the traits do no.
Beneficial traits are passed on to future generations in this manner, and a new species will
be created in the end.

Grade:

Student 3: Descent with modification using natural selection was Darwins attempt at
explaining evolution. An organism is modified by its surrounding, activities, and lifestyle.
These modifications, by natural selection, make the organism better suited to its life.

Grade:

Student 4: Darwins theory states that organisms can become modified by environmental
conditions or use or disuse features and that the modifications can be passed down to
succeeding generations. He proposes that nature selects for a characteristic trait that is
beneficial to the surivial of the organisms and that organisms would pass on this trait.

Grade:

Part 4: Hardy-Weinberg Practice

Use your understanding of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem to answer the questions.

Adapted by D. Knuffke from a worksheet by Pearson Education, Inc. 2005 Pg. 6

Remember: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1; p + q = 1

1. Assume a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a given genetic autosomal

trait. What proportion of individuals in the population are heterozygous for the gene if
the frequency of the recessive allele in the gene pool is 1%?

2. About one child in 2,500 is born with phenylketonuria or PKU (an inability to metabolize
the amino acid phenylalanine). This is known to be a recessive trait.
a. If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this trait, what is the
frequency of the PKU allele?

b. What proportion of the population are carriers of the PKU allele (that is, what
proportion are heterozygous)?

3. In purebred Holstein cattle, about one calf in 100 is spotted red rather than black. The
trait is autosomal and red is a recessive to black.
a. What is the frequency of the red alleles in the population?

b. What is the frequency of black homozygous cattle in the population?

c. What is the frequency of black heterozygous cattle in the population?

Adapted by D. Knuffke from a worksheet by Pearson Education, Inc. 2005 Pg. 7

Part 5: What effects can selection have on populations?

1. What effects can natural selection have on

populations? For example, what types of selection can
occur in a population, and how are these defined?

2. Examine the scenarios on the following pages. For each scenario:

a. Decide whether or not natural selection is operating. In doing this, indicate whether
there is variability in the population(s). If no, what does this imply about evolution?
If yes, what is the nature of the variation? For example, what characteristics must the
variation have for selection to operate on it?

b. Is there any indication that members of the population(s) differ in fitness? If no, what
does this imply about the operation of natural selection? If yes, describe the
difference in fitness.

c. Given our answers to parts a and b, what trends should characterize the future
behavior or composition of the population(s)?

Be sure to indicate any assumptions that you make in answering the questions.

Scenario I: A particular species of mouse feeds on the seeds of a single species of cherry
tree. When the mice eat a seed, they digest it completely. The mice choose seeds of
intermediate and large sizes, leaving the small seeds of the cherry tree uneaten.

a.

b.

c.

Adapted by D. Knuffke from a worksheet by Pearson Education, Inc. 2005 Pg. 8

Scenario II: After a severe spring ice storm, about half of the finches (small birds) in a
population are found dead. Examination of the dead birds indicates that they vary in age
from young to old. About 60% of the dead are new fledglings (just left the next); about 20%
are over 3 years of age (old for this species).

a.

b.

c.

Part 6: What factors affect speciation?

1. How does the existence of an archipelago (a small chain of islands) promote speciation?
Explain or provide an example?

2. Are speciation events that occurred on these islands more likely to have been allopatric
or sympatric? Explain.

3. Is the type of speciation seen on islands more likely to be the result of anagenesis or
cladogenesis? Explain.

4. Hybrids formed by mating two different species are often incapable of reproducing
successfully with each other or with the members of their parent populations. Explain
why this is the case (Hint: Think chromosomes).

Adapted by D. Knuffke from a worksheet by Pearson Education, Inc. 2005 Pg. 9

5. Because most hybrids cant reproduce, their genes (and the genes of their parents) are
removed from the population. Only the genes of individuals who breed with members
of their own species remain in the population. This implies that there is a strong
selective advantage for genes that enable individual organisms to recognize members of
their own species. Today a wide range of reproductive isolating mechanisms has been
identified. Each of the following scenarios describes a reproductive isolating mechanism.
Indicate whether each is a pre-zygotic or post-zygotic isolating mechanism. Explain your
answers.

a. Crickets use species-specific chirp patterns to identify a mate of their own species.

b. Two species of butterfly mate where their ranges overlap and produce fertile
offspring, but the hybrids are less viable than the parental forms.

c. Two species of a plant cannot interbreed because their flowers differ in size and shape
and require pollination by different species of bee.

d. Two species of firefly occupy the same prairie and have similar flash patterns, but one
is active for a half-hour around sunset while the other doesnt become active until an
hour after sunset.

Adapted by D. Knuffke from a worksheet by Pearson Education, Inc. 2005 Pg. 10