1.

HUMAN DIVERSITY
A. Basic Theory

In humans, somatic cells each have 46 chromosomes. With light microscopy,

chromosome-chromosome mix can be distinguished from one another, out of sight of his
performance. Each chromosome has a line pattern/certain lines when given certain
substances. If the two chromosomes of each pair carries the genes that control the same
heritage character. For example, if a gene for eye color placed on a specific locus on
chromosome of homologous chromosomes, then it will also have the gene that determines
eye color on the equivalent locus. (Stansfield, 1983)

The occurrence of homologous chromosome pairs in the karyotype is a consequence

of our sexual origin. We inherit a chromosome of each pair of chromosomes from each
parent. Thus to-46 chromosomes in somatic cells is actually two sets each of which consists
of 23 chromosomes, one set of maternal and paternal one set.
No two human beings are exactly the same, individuals with each other have
similarities and differences, the nature of which is decreasing, in both qualitative as well as
quantitative properties.
The difference that exists between the individual one another determined by a factor
of genetic and environmental factors.Due to the influence of this environment, different. The
existence of a hereditary trait in the population, we can see the existence of a very varied
nature so unlikely views of equality.

Phenotypes

-------------
Genotype Environment

Inherited various properties in poligenik so that the variations are quite extensive as
skin color, height, intelligence (IQ), fingerprints, eye refraction, and others.
Properties in humans, is spread by the spread is typical for certain populations.
Phenotypes can be said to be a characteristic or characteristics that can be measured or the
real nature of the have by the organism. The characteristics that appear to the eye, such as
skin color or hair texture. Phenotypes can also be tested for identification, such as on the
determination of numbers respiratoryor serology tests on blood type. Phenotype is the result
of gene products are expressed in a particular environment. However, the gene has limitations
in it so that the environment can modify the phenotypes. (Susanto, 2011)
Genotype is the entire genes belonging to an individual. Genotypethe inexpressible,
show phenotypes in a given individual. Genotype involving the alleles at a single locus can
produce a homozygous genotype. Homozygous offspring can be produced from pure strains.
Fusion heterozygotes resulting from different alleles. (Campbell, 1999)

Genes are the commands that make humans, animals, plants and other living things work.
The gene is found in the cells that make up all living things. The gene consists of a chemical
substance called DNA. Something that is passed down from one generation to the next, in a
gene called the nature genetics. (Campbell, 1999)

We sometimes interpret the term ' mutant ' as something that has no clearshape
abnormalities. But actually we are all a kind of mutant. Mutation (random genetic accident) is
the main source of genetic disorders. In the absence of mutation, there will be no diversity,
and without diversity, there can be no evolution. If it weren't for mutations, the Earth still
filled with identical molecular mass population in ancient soup. (Fried, 2005)
Diversity is the basis of the characteristics of living things. The existence of the genetic
diversity of a species to the environment. Humans exhibit variation on some of the
characteristics that can be seen easily through the phenotype or appearance. Some of the traits
that appears does not undergo natural selection, so it stays there until now, and can be
determined by Genetics experts through several methods. (Suryo, 1996)
The discs usually use 6 genetic traits. Five traits of which can be seen from the appearance of
the existing (albeit, a thumb that can be skewed shows some variation, which may complicate
the observation, but with a good observation will definitely be known). The sixth observation
is observation of ABO blood type. Of the six traits will note the differences of each individual
that is in the class.
The six traits that will be observed are as follows:
1. Tip of the earlobe (lobes) and attached to the non-
2. The thumb that can be bent and not
3. The color of blue eyes and no blue
4. The hair is straight and not straight
5. The presence of hair in the middle section on the fingers and no hair
6. Blood Type: A, B, AB, and O
The tip of the ear and attaches hang is one example of nature genetics. The gene for the tip of
the ear hangs is dominant, while for the tip of the ear attaches is recessive. Curved thumb
include the nature of the dominant, whereas the straight thumb are recessive. (Suryo, 1996)
Eye color arising as a result of the reflection of light from the melanin granules contained in
the iris. The number of melanin granules formed is determined by genes. The person who has
genotype the bb only capable of forming a little melanin so that his eyes are blue. The people
of homozygousdominant BB is able to form melanin in large quantities so that her eyes are
colored dark brown to black. (Suryo, 1996)
Straight hair is recessive trait with genotypett. While curly hair is a dominant trait with
genotip TT. Curls have genotypeTt. Existence of hair in the middle segment fingers is a
dominant trait, whereas the absence of hair on the middle segment of finger fingers is a
recessive trait. (Suryo, 1996)
Around the 1900s k. Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping (agglutination) sometimes
occurs when a person's erythrocytes is mixed with the serum of the blood of others. But there
are also people who do not experience blood clotting when done mixing between blood and
blood serum. Based on the reaction of yesteryear, then divide into 3 Landsteiner group, is A,
B, and o. Fourth blood type rarely encountered, i.e. blood type AB was found by two student
Landsteiner in 1902 that is a. v. von Decastello and a. Sturli. (Suryo, 1996)
It is said that x aglutinogen or antigen carried by red blood cells can hold a certain reaction
with anti substance or antibody or aglutinin carried by blood serum. Known two kinds of
antigens, i.e. antigen-A and B-antigens.Anti substances differentiated top of anti-A and anti-
B. (Syamsuri, 2004)
 Table relationship between blood type (phenotype) of a person with a range of antigen
and anti
Blood type Antigens in erythrocytes Anti substance in the serum/blood
(phenotype) plasma
O - anti-A dan anti-B ( and )
A A anti-A ()
B B anti-B ()
AB A and B -

B. The Purpose Of Practical

1. To know the nature of the variation in human beings in particular physical properties.
2. To know the deployment properties and see the nature of the equation in the population of
most classes.

C.Work Procedur

1. These activities are carried out in groups, each group consists of 4-5 people laboured
there are students of sons and daughters.
2. Do depiction on the properties that appear on each Member of the group, at least 8
properties. (see tabel 1)
3. Write down the results depiction in table 2 are available, please specify also possible
genotype of the nature given the nature of the dominant andrecessive.
4. create disc genetics based on results recorded in the table. Try the nature of each
individual Member of the Group was given a different color. If the group consists of 5
members means there are five colors in the genetic disc.
5. specify the index number of each Member of the group.
Tabel 1

No Personality / Description
. characteristics

1 The earlobe Free/earlobe dominant hanging against the inherent (2

phenotype)

Hollow cheeks Cheek notched a dominant against not grooved cheek

(2 phenotype)

Widow's peak Dominant against the regular/straight (2 phenotype)

Curly hair Dominant against the regular/straight (2 phenotype)

The thumb can be skewed Dominant against which cannot be skewed up to the
wrist (2 phenotype)

The tongue Can be rolled up against the dominant cannot

scrolling
Eyelashes
Eyelashes long dominant against a short (2
phenotype)
Thumb
Form a dominant corner against which do not form an
angle (2 phenotype)
Hair color
Black dominant against the Browns (2 dominant)
Blood type
Goals. A and B was dominant against O, while the
goals. A and B are not dominant neighbor (4
Sole of the foot phenotype)

Leper's dominant against the curved (2 phenotype)

D. Result Observations

Tabel 2

No The characteristics Name of student

. of the observed Anil Eka Bela Ayu Aprilio
1. The earlobe B. bb bb B. bb
2. Hollow cheeks pp pp P. P. pp
3. Widow's peak ww ww W. ww W.
4. The tongue M. mm mm mm mm
5. Blood type B O O B O
6.
7.

To fill this table characteristics compared with a group of friends, and do not need to compare
with other groups.
Based obtained do not indicate the nature or characteristics of the one superior to the other
properties.

Discs Of Genetics
E. Discussion

Discussion

Human genetic variation is the diversity of genes that indicate the total amount of
gene characteristics that can be observed in humans. Every human being has a different gene.
There will be no two humans are genetically the same despite their identical twin/twin
monozygotic. The presence of these gene differences occur either at the level of species or
population levels. The difference in genes at the level of species can be seen in the existence
of variations of phenotype in each individual. With the help of discs of genetics, we can see
the existence of human gene diversity through the display of phenotype.
In this teaching, the observed phenotype variation of 5 people practice include
arrangement of the earlobe, cheek Dent, widow's peak, the tongue, and blood type. In the
preparation of the disc practice genetics, divided into two groups based on characteristics of
the first circle, i.e. the Group of earlobe is free and the group leaves the ear is attached. Free
earlobes group retrieved 2 practice whilst the earlobe attaches retrieved 3 practice. Then each
group was divided again with the characteristics on the circle into two i.e. There are dimples
and no dimples, the results obtained, namely group there are dimples with a 2 practice and
there is no dimple with 3 practice. The next grouping based there is widow's peak on the third
circle, 2 practice there are widow's peak and 3 practice no widow's peak. Further
differentiating characteristic of the tongue can be rolled up or not, 1 practice can roll up
tongue and 4 practice can not be rolled up tongue. The last match with each blood type
practice, the blood group O 3 practice, and blood group B 2practice.
 Based on the genetic sequence, discs practice women of practice who have the closest
kinship to the most distant namely Eka (a unique index 64)-Bela (a unique index 40)-
Ayu( 14) a unique index. Group practice female, kinship grouping i.e. Anil (103 unique
index) and Aprilio (a unique index 73).

F. Conclusion

Based on observations in our genetics, group members found the similarities and differences
of variety especially nature i.e. the physical properties are visible. Every practice has the
characteristic physical properties are different. Although there are similarities, there are
definitely differences. The difference that exists between individuals of the same genotype
the pun possibilities can have different phenotypes. These differences cause variations in the
nature of human diversity that enrich.