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A survey on power- efficient Forward

Error Correction scheme for Wireless
Sensor Networks
Bidyarani Langpoklakpam1, Rajeev Ranjan2
Dept of Computer Science & Engineering
School of Computing & Information
REVA University

Abstract
In this recent year, wireless sensor network are Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a

widely being used due to its attractive features. networkcomposed of a group of sensor nodes

Reliable network in wireless sensor network is which is enable of sensing environmental and

very important for a broad range of network. monitor physical phenomena. The WSN is a

Since wireless sensor network consist of a large promising technique to build information and

number of small sensors which has limited .communication systems where many sensing

battery, power consumption is an issue. The devices are involved such as in the Internet of

network lifetime depends on the usage of power things. Usually, in sensor networks, each sensor

resources. In this paper, we proposed forward node is equipped with a limited battery, highly

error correction (FEC) which is error controlling constraint energy and inexpensive. Hence, the

method that adds redundancy to the transmitted energy efficiency in sensor networks is an

data so that the receiver can get errorless data. extremely important issue for constructing WSNs.

The results provides high reliability in wireless One way to conserve energy in WSN is to avoid

sensor network. retransmission due to error and instead use error

controlling scheme for error correction . Forward
Keywords : Forward error correction, hamming error correction are used which is technique used
code, convolutional code. for controlling errors in data transmission over a
noisy channel.
I INTRODUCTION

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Volume 1, Issue 6, June 2017

International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017

Convolutional codes are used extensively to

achieve reliable data transfer in numerous
applications, such as digital Video like CD,
DVD, wireless and satellite communication.

Hamming codes: Hamming codes are error

correcting methods which is based on fixed
length blocks of bits.

Hamming codes
Fig. 1 An overview of forward error correction in
wireless communication Example
100101
In this paper, forward error correction technique
is presented. This results in decreasing power
consumption and complexity in order to expand
lifetime of the network without performance loss.
The rest of this paper is followed as in section II ,
All bit must position in terms of power of
analysis of forward error correction, section III as
2(i.e:1,2,4,8,..Etc)
Literature survey and section IV , conclusion.

II FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION P1: check 1 bit, skip 1 bit, check 1bit. Skip 1 bit,
etc (P1, D3, D5, D7, D9). Since total number of
How it works: The sender encodes the message 1s is odd , P1 is filled with 1 to make it even.
in a redundant way by using an error-correcting
code (ECC). The redundancy allows the receiver
to detect a errors that may occur anywhere in the
message, and often to correct these errors without
retransmission. FEC is an integral part of the
initial analog-to-digital conversion in the
receiver. P2: check 2 bit, skip 2 bit, check 2bit, skip 2 bit,
etc (P2, D3, D6, D7). Since total number of 1s
Types of FEC: Two types of forward error
is even , P2 is filled with 0.
correction are used- Block code and
Convolutional code. Block codeswork on fixed
length blocks of bits or symbols of
size such as hamming code , CRC etc.

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P4:check 4 bit, skip 4 bit, check 2bit, skip 2 bit, P2: check 2 bit, skip 2 bit..
etc (P2,D3,D6,D7). Since total number of 1s is
odd , P4 is filled with 1 to make it even.

P4: check 4 bit, skip 4 bit..

Sender sends the binary code to receiver.

P1, P2 and P4 are incorrect so sum of all

incorrect P1+P2+P3=7th bit.

Error detection and correction

P1: check 1 bit , skip 1 bit.. same as above. Convolutional code- convolutional codes are
unlike block codes. In convolutional code,
encoders are with memory. An (n, k, K) code are
used where k is the number of input bits, n is the
number of output bits and k is the constraint
length.

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The code rate is K/n since the K bits enter the Forward Error Correction and
encoder and n bits leaves the encoder. For Automatic Repeat request to improve
example, the reliability in the wireless
Consider a rate of 2/3 convulational encoder and communications.
the generators are :
In this article, the author focus on the
G1=[1011] , G2=[1101] , G3 =[1010].
combination of ARQ (Automatic repeat request)
In octal form, (13,15, 12).
and FEC (forward error correction) to improve
the reliability of data transmission in wireless
communications. ARQ corrects minor errors
without retransmission and FEC corrects major
errors via a request for retransmission.

(b) An energy efficient decoding scheme for

wireless body area sensor network

The author focus on reducing of total power

Benefits of FEC: FEC detects the number of consumption by reducing the decoding power
errors occurs in the message and correct the consumption. LDPC (low density parity check
errors . FEC reduces the power consumption in code ) is considered to reduce energy dissipation
wireless communications systems. FEC also in decoder and to extend the lifetime of the
increases throughput, robustness and extend the network.
lifetime of the network. FEC allows to complete
(c) Windowed decoding in user oriented
the task at the given period of time. Low average
FEC for Wireless sensor networks using
computation without performance loss.
matched filter receiver

In this paper, forward error correction is preferred

III LITERATURE SURVEY over backward error correction as it avoids

retransmission of data which results in reduction
With regard to the above-mentioned issues,
in decoding delay. The authors propose an FEC
forward error correction techniques have been
decoder employing widowed decoding technique
proposed. In this section, a review of some of
for couple codes. This reduces the complexity
these solutions has been done.
and increases the speed with lower complexity.

(d) Power allocation in an symmetric

(a) The powerful combined effect of wireless sensor network

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The author proposed a power allocation scheme rate, and amount of transmit energy in wireless
and a sensor scheduling scheme for asymmetric sensor network . By using the Lyapunov
sensor networks where multiple sensors observe a optimization technique , this paper present a
common binary source and transmit their revenue-cost (RC) function which combines the
corrupted observations to a data fusion node. The optimization of the Quality of information and
power allocation scheme is based on convex energy to proposed the CSTPC algorithm that can
optimization, of which objective is to maximize calculate the worst-case delay.
the mutual information between the source and its
estimate.

(e) Modeling the Wireless Sensor Networks

Using the Error Control Scheme

To improve the reliability of multi-hop data Table 1.Comparative survey on forward

transmission in WSNs, two types of error error correction in WSN's
correction scheme are used - error control at the
end node and error control at the intermediate
nodes of the route. This paper focus on choosing
an appropriate error control scheme to increase
the reliability in wireless communication.

(f) Error control in wireless sensor network:

A cross Layer Analysis

This paper shows a comparison of forward error

correction, automatic Repeat Request and hybrid
automatic Repeat Request schemes. This paper
focus on reducing transmitted power in multi-hop
network.

(g) Energy-aware quality of information

maximization for wireless sensor
networks

This paper investigate the energy-aware quality

of information (QoI) maximization problem by
optimizing the sensor selection, packet-dropped

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[4] Ahmad, Ashfaq, et al. "An advanced

energy consumption model for
IV CONCLUSION
terrestrial wireless sensor

In this paper, we focus on power consumption networks." Wireless Communications

problem. To overcome the problem, error and Mobile Computing Conference
controlling scheme must be used to avoid (IWCMC), 2016 International. IEEE,
unreliable networks .With the help of forward 2016.
error correction we can reduce high complexity, [5] Cheng, Long, et al. "Achieving
decoding delay and high energy consumption . In Efficient Reliable Flooding in
this work , a reliable network framework is Low-Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor
presented to achieve energy efficient in low Networks." IEEE/ACM Transactions on
power WSN,s and prolong the lifetime of Networking 24.6 (2016): 3676-3689.
wireless sensor network. [6] Bana, Suman, and Silki Baghla.
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Processing, Communications and

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