IJIRST International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 3 | Issue 10 | March 2017

ISSN (online): 2349-6010

Spreading-Sequence Design for Multirelay

Networks
Sruthi Maria Abraham Prof. Naveena Mariam Jose
PG Student Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Mount Zion College of Engineering, Kadammanitta Mount Zion College of Engineering, Kadammanitta
Pathanamthitta, Kerala Pathanamthitta, Kerala

Abstract
Multipath fading degrades the performance of wireless communication system significantly as data rate increases. In-order to
combat with multipath fading, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) have been used in existing systems. Another
effective method is a code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme. It has used extensively for relay network communication
systems. In this paper consists of uplink CDMA relay networks and downlink CDMA relay networks. The uplink CDMA relay
networks consist of multiple sources, multiple relays and a single destination. In downlink CDMA relay networks consist of a
single source, multiple relays and multiple destinations. The objective of the paper is to propose a unique, simple method of finding
optimum non-binary pseudo noise (PN) spreading and de-spreading sequences. This employs maximum signal to interference plus
noise ratio (SINR) criterion and channel state information (CSI). The use of SIC helps to reduce multi-user interference caused.
Effective encoding and decoding scheme is used compared to existing works. Also examines the sensitivity of the schemes to 1-
bit quantization, wideband jamming, mistiming alignment. Simulation results shows that the proposed method converges much
faster in finding optimum PN sequences compared to existing systems.
Keywords: Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Fully Connected (FC), Partially Connected, Relay Network, Signal-
To-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), CRAN, Spreading Sequence, Successive Interference Canceller (SIC), Turbo
Encoder and Decoder, LMS Filter
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION

Multipath fading is an important feature that should be taken under consideration while designing a radio communication system.
The signal reaches destination through direct and indirect paths as a result of reflections from objects that are adjacent to the main
path. Selective fading occurs when multipath fading affects different frequencies across the channel to varying degrees, which
means that the phases and amplitudes vary over the signal bandwidth. Maintaining the overall average amplitude of the received
signal will not overcome the effects of selective fading, some form of equalization may be required. Digital formats such as OFDM
are able to spread high rate data over a wideband channel consisting of large number of narrowband subcarriers. If only a portion
of data is lost by any nulls of a few narrowband subcarriers, it can be reconstituted by using forward error correction techniques
that mitigate selective multipath fading effects. Thats why OFDM has been used in existing systems.
Another effective method is a direct sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) scheme to combat multipath fading
which has not investigated for relay network communication systems. Also by employing CDMA, security can be enhanced if
spreading and de-spreading pseudo-noise (PN) sequences are not available to a jammer, but available to sources and destinations.
LTE-A is based on OFDM, but also includes CDMA in parts of the protocol.
Performance comparisons of OFDM and DS-CDMA in multipath channels have been extensively studied in previous works.
For example, Martoyo and Kaiser stated that a CDMA system using a rake receiver exhibits an inferior BER performance compared
with an OFDM system. But previous works have not proven that OFDM is superior than CDMA rake systems, because CDMA
rake systems show much better BER. Fifth generation (5G) networks are not necessarily based on OFDM. For example, sparse
code multiple access is a candidate for 5G. In addition, an IEEE 802.11ad standard uses a Golay code for the purpose of
synchronization, data spreading, channel estimation and gain-phase tracking. IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.11a employs a direct-
sequence spread spectrum. It is desirable to study efficient spreading and de-spreading sequence for future wireless communication
systems.
In-order to combat with deleterious effects of multiple access interference (MAI), a traditional approach in CDMA has been to
employ fixed orthogonal user sequences or signatures with low cross-correlation properties. However, the orthogonality of the
transmitted sequences can be usually destroyed when received at base station (BS) or destination due to multipath fading, ISI and
MAI Another approach is to construct an optimal transmitter user sequences based on any available channel state information
(CSI). Spread-spectrum relay channels with deterministic (fixed) or random spreading sequences have been examined. In a
distributed relay network, time synchronization among different nodes is important. In addition, PN code synchronization is also
critical. This paper assumes that time and PN code synchronizations are acquired. This paper also conjectures and assumes that the
conventional doubled-well PN code acquisition and early-late PN code tracking are effective for our non-binary complex PN codes.

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Fig. 1: Partially connected relay network

Fig. 2: Fully connected relay network

The objective of the paper is to propose a unique, simple method of finding optimum non-binary pseudo noise (PN) spreading
and de-spreading sequences for relay network communication systems under multipath fading. This employs maximum signal to
interference plus noise ratio (SINR) criterion and channel state information (CSI).
Relay coding strategies can be classified into three categories: amplify-and-forward (AF), decode-and-forward (DF), and
compress-and-forward (CF). DF shows the best BER performance, followed by CF and then AF at high signal to noise ratio. In
general, DF shows the best BER performance, followed by CF and then AF at a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Partially
connected networks are relay networks where there are no direct links between sources and destinations. This is because source-
destination distances are far away and the received signal strengths are too weak to use, compared with signal from relays. Also
the AF relay operates in half-duplex mode, ie, it does not transmit and receive simultaneously on same frequency and is assumed
that all channels undergo frequency selective fading. Fully connected networks are relay networks where there is a direct links
between sources and destinations.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

Spreading Sequences for DS-CDMA Systems

In this paper, proposes a frequency domain approach to design a set of spreading sequences for a DS-CDMA system in the presence
of frequency selective fading. A number of parameters involved in the design of optimal spreading sequences can be made smaller
when they are analysed in the frequency domain, than when they are analysed in the time domain. Further, it is shown that for
multipath channels, designing a set of spreading sequences in the frequency domain reduces to assigning a spreading sequence for
each user with a spectrum whose spectral lines are located at the strongest spectral components of the users channels spectrum
while keeping the cross correlation at a very low value for spreading sequences with overlapping spectra. Also show that by
designing spreading sequences in the frequency domain, the performance of some existing algorithms for the design of spreading
sequences can be improved and/or the computational complexities can be reduced. Also show that the proposed idea can be
extended to the design of spreading sequences where the chips of the spreading sequences are derived from a constant amplitude
alphabet.
A new way of designing spreading sequences by analysing their frequency domain characteristics. Shows that for frequency
selective channels, designing of spreading sequences subjected to maximizing SINR is similar to designing spreading sequences
by concentrating their spectra at the spectral peaks of the channels responses while avoiding the overlapping of spectra of the
sequences if possible. Further show that, it is possible to represent each users spreading sequence with fewer parameters in the
frequency domain, than that of in the time domain. This allows the reduction in the computational complexity and the feedback
bandwidth required and improves the performance of some existing algorithms. A disadvantage of this is that the peak to average
power ratio (PAPR) is unbounded.
Spreading code adaptation for DS-CDMA with multipath
Here examines joint transmitter and receiver adaptation in a peer-to-peer Direct Sequence (DS) - Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) system with multipath. The multipath channel is modelled as frequency-selective, slow fading, and each user adapts
independently to minimize the Mean Squared Error (MSE) at the receiver. Transmitter adaptation serves to pre-equalize the
channel, and to avoid multiple-access interference from other users. A class of adaptive algorithms are presented which jointly
optimize the transmitter and receiver with limited side information. Also compares the performance with that obtained when

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transmitters and receivers are jointly adapted to minimize the sum MSE over all users, which would be appropriate for the reverse
lank of a cellular system.
Joint transmitter/receiver adaptation can offer significantly better performance than adapting the receiver (or transmitter) alone.
A transmitter adaptation algorithm was presented in which the number of coefficients to be adapted can vary, which allows a trade-
off between performance and available feedback bandwidth. Here present algorithms for joint transmitter-receiver adaptation in
the presence of multipath.

III. PROPOSED SYSTEM

In order to combat with multipath fading effects, an effective method is used i.e., code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme.
CDMA is applicable for general relay system. CDMA relay networks considers uplink CDMA relay networks and downlink
CDMA relay networks.
Uplink CDMA relay networks consists of multiple sources, multiple relays and single destination. Downlink CDMA relay
networks consists of combined source, multiple relays and multiple destinations.

Fig. 3. Uplink CDMA Relay Network

Fig. 4: Downlink CDMA Relay Network

Block diagram of uplink and downlink are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 respectively. Assumes channel state information (CSI) is
known at a central station such as a cloud radio access network (CRAN), which computes optimum PN sequences and forwards it
to both sources and destinations.
The main contributions of this paper are summarized as follows:
1) Optimum PN sequences are found by employing Cholesky Decomposition and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD).
Compared with previous methods, this method is simple, efficient, unique and is applicable to a general relay system model.
2) Better performance of DS-CDMA systems with optimized relaying adaptive PN sequences compared to non-adaptive PN
sequences.
3) PN sequences employ CSI available not to a jammer, but to sources and destination.
4) DS-CDMA relay network is secure, compared with existing systems with fixed-PN sequences.
5) This method converges faster in finding optimum PN sequences than to existing schemes under same environment.
Partially Connected Relay Networks
Partial connectivity (PC) relay networks where there are no direct links between the sources and the destinations because their
distances are far away, and the received signal strengths are too weak to use, compared with signals from relays. A single-layer

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relay network is defined as one layer of relays between sources and destinations. Fig. 5 shows an uplink single-layer relay network
with M number of sources, K number of relays, and one destination.

Fig. 5: Uplink single-layer relay network with M sources, K relays, and one destination.

Here, the sources, relays, and destination can represent the mobiles, relays, and BS, respectively, in the uplink of a cellular
system. Hij is defined as the channel matrix from source i to relay j, and Gj is defined as the channel matrix from relay j to the
destination, where i denotes the source index (i = 1, . . . , M), and j is the relay index (j = 1, . . . , K). Note that even if a single
antenna is employed at each transmitter, an N N matrix is needed to describe the channel from a transmitter to a receiver due to
the time spreading of N chips per symbol.
The received signal at relay Rj from the M sources is
(1)
A downlink relay network with one combined source, K number of relays, and M number of destinations is shown in Fig. 6.
Define Hj as the channel matrix from the source to relay Rj, Gji as the channel matrix from relay Rj to destination Dj, where i is the
destination index, i = 1, . . .,M, and j is the relay index, j = 1, . . .,K. Fig. 6 can represent a downlink network consisting of a BS,
multiple relays, and multiple mobiles. Here, a BS transmits M number of spread source signals together. Since a BS downlink
signal is typically much stronger than the uplink, only a single-layer relay system is adequately considered for cell coverage.
The received signal at relay Rj is
(2)

Fig. 6: Downlink single-layer relay network with one combined source, K relays, and M destinations.

Fully Connected Relay Networks

This sequence design scheme can also be extended to FC relay networks where there are direct links between sources and
destinations. Fig. 7 shows an FC relay network with M number of sources, K number of relays, and one destination. The overall
transmission is divided into two phases. In phase one, the sources broadcast to destination while relay remains silent. In phase two,
relay transmits to destination, while source remains silent. . At the end of phase one, the received signal at relay from the M
sources is
..(3)
The received signal at the destination from the M sources is
....(4)

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At the end of phase two, the received signal at the destination is

(5)
Where subscripts F, U, and i denote fully connected, uplink, and ith destination, respectively.
Then, the overall received signal at the destination can be written as
(6)
The FC downlink can be extended similarly to the FC uplink.

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

Monte Carlo simulations are performed to illustrate the BER performance of the spreading sequence design scheme. BPSK
modulation is applied to all simulations.

Fig. 7: BER Vs SNR on Rayleigh channel Fig. 8: Sensitivity against mistiming alignment

Fig. 9: BER Vs SNR for rake with Oppermann NBSCs Fig. 10 .BER Vs SNR for single layer relay network

Fig. 11: BER for single layer relay network with jamming signal Fig. 12: BER for single layer relay network with channel uncertainity

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Fig. 13: BER for uplink multihop relay networks Fig. 14: 1 bit quantization

V. CONCLUSION

A method of designing spreading and de-spreading sequences based on maximizing the SINR under frequency-selective fading
channels. The proposed method is unique, simple, and efficient, compared with existing methods. The proposed algorithm is
applicable to a general relay network with multiple sources, relays, and destinations. First, the proposed algorithm converges much
faster than the existing algorithm. Second, when there are no relays and the number of users increases, the performance of the
algorithm in and gets much worse, whereas the proposed algorithm shows negligible degradation. the proposed PN sequences are
not available to a jammer, in general, but rather to the sources and destinations. The PN sequences keep changing from one frame
to another due to the time-varying nature in the channel. Therefore, simulation results show that the proposed DS-CDMA relay
network is more secure, compared with existing systems with fixed-PN sequences.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank everyone who supported to do this study and also thankful to Mount Zion College of Engineering
and KTU for giving a platform to do this work.

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