UCSKM PUBLIC SCHOOL

CLASS-XII

CHEMISTRY ASSIGNMENT
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 Solid State

1. Distinguish between crystalline & amorphous solids.

OR

Crystalline solids are anisotropic, what does this statement mean.

2. How does amorphous silica differ from Quartz?

3. How the Schottky defect differs from Frenkel defect? Explain with suitable example.

4. CsCl has bcc arrangement and its unit cell edge length is 400pm. Calculate the
interionic distance in CsCl.

5. Define F-centres. Mention some properties of solids which have F-centres in the
crystals.

6. What do you mean by intrinsic semiconductor? Explain with the help of an example.

7. Define n-type and p-type semiconductors.

8. How does the electrical resistivity of the following classes of material vary with
temperature?

(a) Semiconductors (b) Metallic conductors (c) Super conductors

9. Define the following:

(a) Ferromagnetism (b) Antiferromagnetism (c) Ferrimagnetism.

10. The density of potassium bromide crystal is 2.75 gcm-3 and length of an edge of a
unit cell is 654 pm. The unit cell of KBr is one of the three cubic cells. Does the unit cell
have a NaCl or CsCl structure?

11. Calculate the Avagadros number from the following data:

Density of NaCl = 2.165 gcm-3, distance between Na+ and Cl-- in NaCl = 281pm.

12. The compound CuCl has the ZnS (cubic) structure. Its Density is 3.4 gcm -3. What is
the length of the unit cell?

13. In corundum, oxide ions are arranged in h.c.p. array and the aluminium ions occupy
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two thirds of octahedral voids. What is the formula of corundum?

15. An element of atomic mass 98.5 gmol-1 occur in fcc structure. If its unit cell edge
length is 500 pm and its density is 5.22 gcm-3. What is the value of Avogadro constant?

16. Account the following:

(a) Silicon is an insulator but silicon doped with phosphorus acts as a semiconductor.

(b) Some of the glass objects recovered from ancient monuments look milky instead
of being transparent.

17. How the crystalline solids are classified on the basis of the nature of bonding? Give
suitable examples and nature of the forces present in different types of solids.

18. Give the reasons for the following:

(a) Molecular solids are generally soft and easily compressible.

(b) The energy required to vapourise one mole of copper is smaller than that of
energy required to vapourise one mole of diamond.

(c)All metals have metallic bonds but some metals are soft and having low melting
points and some are hard and having high melting points.

(d)Covalent crystals like diamond and silicon carbide are quite hard and difficult to
break.

(e) Ionic solids, inspite of being made up of ions, do not conduct electricity.

19. Draw a diagram of a unit cell of sodium chloride. In which of three structural forms
simple cubic, face centred and body centred cubic are the ions of sodium chloride
separately arranged. What is the coordination around sodium ions?

OR

Draw a neat diagram for sodium chloride structure and then describe it accordingly.

20. How will you distinguish between the following terms:

(a) Hexagonal close packing and cubic close packing

(b) Crystal lattice and unit cell

(c) Tetrahedral void and octahedral void

21. Calculate the efficiency of packing in case of a metal crystal for (with the assumption
that atoms are touching each other)

(a)Simple cubic (b) Body centered cubic (c) Face centered cubic
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22. A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms Q are at the corners of cube
and P at the body centre. What is the formula of the compound? What are the
coordination number of P and Q?

23. In a crystalline solid, anions Y-- are arranged in ccp arrangement. Cations X+ are
equally distributed between octahedral and tetrahedral voids. If all the octahedral voids
are occupied, write the formula of the solid.
24. Analysis shows that nickel oxide has formula Ni0.98 O1.0. What fraction of the nickel
exists as Ni2+ and Ni3+ ions?

25. Why is glass considered a super cooled liquid?

26. Refractive index of a solid is observed to have the same value along all directions.
Comment on the nature of this solid. Would it show cleavage property?

27. Classify the following solids in different categories based on the nature of
intermolecular forces operating in them: Potassium sulphate, tin, benzene, urea,
ammonia, water, zinc sulphide, graphite, rubidium, argon, silicon carbide.

28. Solid A is a very hard electrical insulator in solid as well as in molten state and melts
at extremely high temperature. What type of solid is it?

29. Ionic solids conduct electricity in molten state but not in solid state. Explain.

30. Classify each of the following solids as ionic, metallic, molecular, network
(covalent) or amorphous.

(a) Tetraphosphorousdecoxide (P4O10)

(b) Graphite

(c) Brass

(d) Ammonium Phosphate [(NH4)3PO4]

(e) SiC

(f) Rb

(g) I2

(h) LiBr

(i) P4

(j) Si

(k) Plastic

31. In terms of band theory, what is the difference between

(a) a conductor and an insulator.

(b) a conductor and a semiconductor.

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32. Classify the following as amorphous or crystalline solids:

Polyurethane, naphthalene, benzoic acid, Teflon, potassium nitrate, cellophane,

Polyvinyl chloride, fibre, glass, copper
33. Sodium crystallized in the cubic lattice and the edge of the unit cell is 430 pm.
Calculate the number of atoms in a unit cell.

[Atomic mass of Na = 23.0 u, Density of sodium = 0.9623 gcm 3, NA = 6.023 x 1023 mol1]

34. Why does table salt, NaCl, sometimes appear yellow in colour?

35. What type of non-stoichiometric point defect is responsible for the pink colour of
LiCl?

36. What type of crystal defect is produced when sodium chloride is doped with MgCl 2?

37. Tungsten crystallises in body centred cubic unit cell. If the edge of the unit cell is
316.5 pm, what is the radius of tungsten atom?

Solution

1. How many gram of H2SO4 are needed to prepare 250 ml of 0.2 molar solutions?

2. What is the molarity of solution which contains 18gm of glucose (C 6H12O6) in 250
g of H2O?

3. A solution contains 23g of ethanol and 72g of water. Calculate the mole fraction of
ethanol and water.

4. Calculate the mole fraction of water in a mixture of 12g water, 108g acetic acid and
92g ethyl alcohol.

5. A solution contains 25% water, 25% alcohol and 50% acetic acid by mass. Calculate
the mole fraction of each component.

6. 2.82g of glucose (mol. mass = 180) are dissolved in 30g of H 2O. Calculate the

(a) Molality of the solution (b) Mole fraction of glucose and water

7. A bottle of commercial sulphuric acid (density = 1.787g/ml) is labeled as 86% by

weight.

(a)What is the molality of the acid?

(b)What volume of the acid has to be used to make 1litre of 0.2M H2SO4?

(c)What is the molality of the acid?

8. Calculate the Molality of 1Msolution of sodium nitrate. The density of the solution is
1.25gcm-3.
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9. Why the vapour pressure of a pure liquid is decreased on addition of non volatile
solute?

10. Prove that the relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of
nonvolatile solute in the solution.
11. Explain why freezing point of water is depressed and boiling point is elevated when
a non volatile solute is added to it.

12. What is reverse osmosis? Give its one use.

13. The vapor pressure of a dilute aqueous solution of glucose is 750mm Hg at 373K.
Calculate the mole fraction of solute. The vapor pressure of pure water is 760mm Hg at
373 K.

14. Why the osmotic pressure measurement is preferred for the molar mass
determination of macromolecules over other colligative properties?

15. When fruits and vegetables that have dried are placed in water; they slowly swell
and return to original form, why? Would a temperature increase accelerate the process?
Explain.

16.The freezing point of pure nitrobenzene is 278.8K. When 2.5g of unknown substance
is dissolved in 100g of nitrobenzene, the freezing point of solution is found to be 276.8K.
If the freezing point depression constant of nitrobenzene is 8.0Kkgmol -1. What is the
molar mass of unknown substance?

17. One litre aqueous solution of sucrose (molar mass = 342gmol -1) weighing 1015g is
found to record an osmotic pressure of 4.82atm at 293K. What is the molality of the
sucrose solution?

18. The solubility of Ba(OH)2.8 H2O in water at 288K is 5.6gper 100g of water. What is
the molality of the hydroxide ions in the saturated solution of barium hydroxide at
288K? (Atomic Mass: Ba=137, O=16, H = 1).

19. A solution containing 12.5g of a non - electrolyte substance in 175g of water gave a
boiling point elevation of 0.70K. Calculate the molar mass of the substance. (Elevation
constant for water is Kb=0.52K kgmol-1).

20. Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the expected freezing point of a solution
prepared by dissolving 6.0g of Glaubers salt, Na 2SO4.10H2O in 0.10kg of H2O. [Given for
water Kf =1.86Kkgmol-1, atomic masses, Na=23, S=32, O=16, H=1 amu].

21. A solution of non volatile solute in water freezes at 0.30 oC. The vapour pressure of
pure water at 298K is 23.51mm Hg and Kf for water is 1.86degree/molal. Calculate the
vapour pressure of this solution at 298K.

22. State Raoults law. State, givingsuitable examples,the factors responsible for the
deviations from this law
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23. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at 25oC is 639.7mm Hg and the vapour
pressure of a solution of a non volatile solute in benzene at the same temperature is
631.9mmHg. Calculate the mole fraction of the solute and molality of the solution (C=12,
H=1 ).
24. The vapour pressure of benzene and toluene at 293K are 75mm and 22mm Hg
respectively. 23.4g of benzene and 64.4g of toluene are mixed. If the two form an ideal
solution, calculate the mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase assuming that the
vapours are in equilibrium with the liquid mixture at this temperature.

25. Explain with suitable diagram and appropriate examples why some non ideal
solutions show positive and negative deviation from ideal behavior.

26. What is the molar concentration of solute particles in human blood, if the osmotic
pressure is 7.2atm at the body temperature of 37oC? (R = 0.0821 Latm K-1 mol-1)

27. As aqueous solution of glucose is made by dissolving 10 g of glucose (C 6H12O6) in 90g

of water at 303K. If the vapour pressure of pure water at 303K be 32.8mmHg, what
would be the vapour pressure of solution?

28. On dissolving 3.24g of sulphur in 40g of benzene boiling point of solution was higher
than that of benzene by 0.81K. Kb value for benzene is 2.53Kkgmol-1. What is the
molecular formula of sulphur? (Atomic mass of sulphur=32 gmol -1).

29. To 500 cm3 of water, 3.0 x 10-3 kg of acetic acid is added. If 23% of acetic acid is
dissociated, what will be the depression in freezing point? Kfand density of water are
1.86Kkg-1mol-1 and 0.997gcm-3 respectively.

30. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is marked 10% (w/w) on the bottle. The
density of the solution is 1.071gL-1. What is its molality and molarity? Also calculate the
mole fraction of each component in the solution.

31. The partial pressure of ethane over saturated solution containing 6.56x10-2 g of
ethane is 1bar. If the solution contains 5.0x10-2g of ethane, then what shall be the partial
pressure of a gas?

32.The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850bar. 0.5g Non
electrolyte and non volatile solid is added to 39.0g of benzene (Mol. Mass 78gmol -1). The
vapour pressure of this solution is found to be 0.845bar. Calculate the molecular mass of
the substance.

33. 2g of benzoic acid dissolved in 25g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point
equal to 1.62K. Molar depression constant for benzene is 4.9Kkgmol -1. What is the
percentage associated of acid if it forms double molecule (dimer) in solution?

34. The molar freezing point depression constant of benzene (C 6H6) is 4.90K kgmol-
1
.Selenium exits as a polymer of the type Sex. When 3.26g of selenium is dissolved in
226g of benzene, the observed freezing point is 0.112oC lower than for pure Benzene.
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Deduce the molecular formula of selenium (At. Mass of Se = 78.8g mol -1).

35. Discuss the various types of plots between the partial vapour pressures and the
mole fractions of two components of the completely miscible liquids in a solution.

36.What is Osmotic Pressure? How would you determine the molecular mass of solute
with the help of osmotic pressure?
 OR

Define the term osmotic pressure. Is osmotic pressure of a substance a colligative

property? Explain.

37. What is the relation between Vant Hoffs factor and

(a)degree of association of solute?

(b)degree of dissociation of solute?

(c)If the Vant Hoffs factor of CaCl2 is 1.5, calculate the degree of dissociation.

(d)K3[Fe(CN)6] is dissociated 30% in solution. Calculate the Vant Hoffs factor.

38. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol (C 2H6O2) in a solution containing 20%
of C2H6O2 by mass.

39. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5g of NaOH in 45 mL solution.

40. Calculate the molality of 2.5g of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in 75g of benzene.

41. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22g
of benzene is dissolved in 122g of carbon tetrachloride.

42. The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major components are oxygen and
nitrogen with approximate proportion of 20% is to 79% by volume at 298K. The water
is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10atm. At 298K if the Henrys law constants
for oxygen and nitrogen at 298K are 3.30x107mm and 6.51 x 107mm respectively.
Calculate the composition of these gases in water.

43. Give reasons for the following:

(a) At higher altitudes, people suffer from a disease called anoxia. In this disease they
become weak and cant think clearly.

(b) When mercuric iodide is added to an aqueous solution of KI, the freezing point is
raised.

44. 0.6ml of acetic acid (CH3COOH) having density 1.06g mL-1, is dissolved in 1litre of
water. The depression in freezing point observed for this strength of acid was 0.0205 oC.
Calculate the Vant Hoff factor and dissociation constant of acid.

45. Discuss the Raoults law for two miscible volatile liquids.

OR
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Explain Raoults law in its general form in reference to solutions.

OR

Draw a suitable labeled diagram to express the relationships for ideal solution A and B
between vapour pressure and mole fractions of components at constant temperature.
46. Miscible liquid pairs often show negative or positive deviation from Raoults law.
What is the reason for such deviations? Give one example of each type of liquid pairs.

47. State and define the Henrys law. Give its limitations and applications also.

OR

State Henrys law about partial pressure of a gas in mixture.

OR

What is the effect of a pressure of a gas on its solubility in a solvent?

OR

State Henrys law and mention its some important applications.

48. Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its
osmotic pressure is 0.75 atm at 270C.

Electrochemistry

1. Define conductivity and give its units. How it varies with dilution?

2. Define molar conductivity. Write its units. How it varies with dilution?

3. Draw curves to show how the molar conductance of strong electrolytes varies with
dilutions.

4. Define Kohlrauschs law and write its uses.

5. Explain the working of galvanic cell.

6. How does the electrochemical cell differ from electrolytic cell?

7. How Kohlrauschs law is used to determine the degree of ionization of weak

electrolyte?

8. For the cell Zn/Zn2+(aq) || Cu2+(aq)/Cu, derive the relation between Eocell and Kc at 298
K.

9. What is normal hydrogen electrode? Discuss its uses?

10. Depict the electrochemical cell and calculate the E for each cell

(a) 2Ag+(aq) + Cd2Ag + Cd2+(aq)

(b) Cl2(g) +2I-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + I2(s)

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Given EAg+/Ag = 0.80V, ECd2+/Cd = -0.40V

ECl2/Cl-= 1.36V , EI2/I- = 0.54V

11. For the standard cell, Cu /Cu2+ ll Ag+/Ag

Given ECu2+/Cu =0.34V, EAg+/Ag = 0.80V

(a) Identify cathode and anode as the current is drawn through the cell.

(b) Write the reaction taking place at the electrode.

(c) Calculate the standard cell potential.

12. Discuss the working of fuel cell.

OR

Give an example of a fuel cell and write the anode and cathode reactions for it.

13. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction

Zn + Cd2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cd (ECell =0.36V)

14. Calculate the number of coulombs required to deposit 40.5g Al when the electrode
reaction is Al3+ + 3e Al.

15. Calculate the pH of the following half cell reactions:

Pt H2 (1atm) /HCl E = 0.25V

16. Chromium metal can be plated out from an acidic solution containing CrO 3,
according to the following equation:

CrO3 + 6H+ + 6e- Cr + 3H2O

Calculate

(a) how many grams of chromium will be plated out by 24000 coulomb?

(b) how long will it take to plate out 1.5g of cr by using 12.5 ampere current?

17. What is dry cell? Discuss its working.

18. Calculate the equivalent conductivity of 1M H 2SO4 solution, if its conductivity is

26x10-2 ohm-1cm-1.

19. Electrolytic conductivity of 0.20 molL-1 solution of KCl at 298 K is 2.48 x 10 -2 ohm-
1
cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity.

20. How many coulombs are required to produce?

(a) 20.0 g of calcium from molten CaCl2

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(b) 50 g of aluminium from molten Al2O3

21. A solution of nickel nitrate, Ni(NO 3)2, is electrolyzed between platinum electrodes
using a current of 5.0 ampere for 30 minutes. What weight of Ni will be produced at
cathode?
22. What is galvanization? How the corrosion of iron is prevented by galvanization?

23. Three electrolytic cells A, B and C, containing electrolytes zinc sulphate, silver nitrate
and copper sulphates respectively, were connected in series. A steady current of 1.5
amps was passed through them, until 1.45 g of silver were deposited at the cathode of
cell B.

(a)How long did the current flow?

(b)What weights of copper and zinc were deposited?

24. Calculate the molar conductivity at infinite dilution of acetic acid from the following
data:

m(HCl) = 426 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1,

m(CH3COONa)= 91 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1

m(NaCl)= 126 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1.

25. Calculate the equilibrium constant of reaction at 25C:

Ni(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Cu(s) + Ni2+(aq)

Given ENi2+/Ni =-0.25V, ECu2+/Cu = +0.34V, R=8.314JK-1 Mol-1, F=96500CMol-1

26. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction at 298K:

Cu(s) + Cl2(g) CuCl2(aq)

Given ECu2+/Cu = 0.34V, ECl2/Cl-=1.36V, R=8.314JK-1 Mol-1, F=96500CMol-1

27. Calculate the standard free energy change for the reaction occurring in the cell:

Zn(s) / Zn2+(1M) ll Cu2+(1M) / Cu(s)

[Given EZn2+/Zn =-0.76V,ECu2+/Cu =+0.34V, F=96500CMol-1], How is it related to

equilibrium constant for the rection?

28. Calculate the potential (emf) of the cell

Cd I Cd2+(0.10M) II H+(0.20M) I Pt,H2(0.5atm.)

(given ECd2+/Cd = -.403V, R=8.314JK-1 Mol- , F=96500CMol-1]

29. Write Nernst equation and find out the e.m.f of the following cells at 25C,
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Pt , Br2(1) I Br- =(0.010M) II H+ (0.030M) I H2(1atm) ,Pt

(EBr2/2Br- =+1.08V, R=8.314JK-1 Mol- , F=96500CMol-1

30. Calculate the equilibrium constant K for the reaction at 298K.

3Sn4+ + 2Cr 3Sn2+ + 2Cr3+

( given ESn4+/Sn2+=0.15V; ECr3+/Cr=-0.74V)

31. Calculate G for the reaction

Cu2+(aq) + Fe (s) Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)

(given ECu2+/Cu = 0.34V, EFe2+/Fe = -0.44V; F=96500CMol-1)

32. State reasons for the following:

(a)Rusting of iron is said to be an electrochemical phenomenon.

(b)For a weak electrolyte, its molar conductance in dilute solution increases sharply as
its concentration in solution is decreased.

33. Calculate the emf G for the cell reaction at 25C for the cell:

Zn(s) I Zn2+(0.0004M) II Cd2+(0.2M) I Cd(s)

E values at 25C : Zn2+/Zn =-0.763V; Cd2+/Cd =-0.403V;

R=8.314JK-1 Mol- , F=96500CMol-1

34. Calculate the emf and G of the cell reaction for the following cell at 25

Mg(s)/ Mg2+(0.001M) ll Cu2+ (0.0001M) / Cu(s)

E values: Mg2+/Mg =-2.37V;Cu2+/Cu =+0.34V and , F=96500CMol-1

35. Describe the characteristics of variation of molar conductivity with dilution for

(a) a weak electrolyte and (b) a strong electrolyte.

How are these explained qualitatively?

36. The emf of a cell corresponding to the reaction

Zn + 2H+ Zn 2+(0.1M) + H2(1 atm) is 0.28 V at 25 0C. Write the half cell
reactions and calculate pH of solution of hydrogen chloride solution.

37. Resistance of conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol/L KCl solution is 100 ohm. If
resistance of same cell when filled with 0.02 mol/L KCl solution is 520 ohm, calculate
the conductivity and molar conductivity of 0.02 mol/L KCl solution. The conductivity of
0.1 mol/L KCl solution is 1.29 S/m.

38. Express the relation among cell constant, resistance of solution in cell and
conductivity of solution. How is molar conductivity of solution related to its
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conductivity.
39. Define limiting molar conductivity.
40. Why it is not possible to determine 0m for a weak electrolyte.
41. Write the reactions of lead storage battery during recharging.
42. At 291K, the molar conductivity at infinite dilution of NH 4Cl, NaOH and NaCl are
129.8, 217.4 and 108.9 Scm2/mol respectively. If molar conductivity of centinormal
solution of NH4OH is 9.33 Scm2/mol, what is percentage dissociation constant of NH 4OH
also.

Chemical Kinetics

1. What do you mean by order of reaction? How it is different from molecularity?

2. Derive the general expression for the rate constant K, for the first order reaction using
integrated rate law method.

3. For a first order reaction, it takes 5 min. for the initial concentration of 0.6 mol/L to
become 0.4 molL-1. How long in all, it takes for initial concentration to become 0.3
mol/L.

4. Show that the time required for the completion of th reaction of first order is twice
the time required for completion of of the reaction.

5. If half-life of a first order reaction involving reactant A is 5 min. How long will it take
[A] to reach 25% of its initial concentration?

6. For the following reaction, the rate law has been determined to be rate = k [A] [B]2
with k = 2.0 x10-6 mol-2L2sec-1.

2A+B+C A2B+C, for this reaction determine the initial rate of reaction
with [A] = 0.1 molL , [B] = 0.2 molL-1 and [C] = 0.8 molL-1.
-1

Determine the rate after 0.04 molL-1 of A has reacted.

7. Write the Arrhenius equation. How the value of activation energy is determined
graphically?

8. How the value of activation energy is calculated from the rate constants of two
different temperatures. If the value of activation energy is 50 kJ/mol, show that by
increasing the temperature from 300 K to 310 K rate constant become nearly double.

9. If the rate constant of a reaction is 2 mol-1Ls-1 at 700 K and 32 mol-1Ls-1 at 800 K, what
is the activation energy?

10. A first order reaction is 50% complete in 30 minutes at 27C & in 10 minutes at
47C. Calculate the rate constants at 27C and 47C, and the energy of activation of the
reaction in kJ/mol.
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11. Two reactions (i)A Product (ii)B Product follow first order kinetics.
The rate of reaction (i) is doubled when the temperature is raised from 300 K to 310 k.
The half-life of this reaction at 310 K is 30 min. At the same temperature B decomposes
twice as fast as A. If the activation energy for the reaction (ii) is half than that of reaction
(i), calculate the rate constant of the reaction (ii) at 300K.
12. Mention the factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction.

13. In a pseudo first order hydrolysis of ester in water the following results were
obtained:

t/s 0 30 60 90
[Ester]/M 0.55 0.31 0.17 0.085

(a) Calculate the average rate of reaction between time interval 30 to 60 second.

(b) Calculate the pseudo first order rate constant for the hydrolysis of ester.

14. A reaction is first order in A and second order in B.

(a)Write differential rate equation.

(b)How is the rate affected when the concentration of B is tripled?

(c)How is the rate affected when the concentration of both A and B are doubled?

15. For a reaction 2I- + 2H+ I2 (s) + H2(g) , if the initial concentration of I- was 0.80
molL-1 and concentration after 20 minutes was 0.68 mol lit-1. Calculate the rate of
disappearance of I- and rate of appearance of I2 .

16. The reaction N2O5 2 NO2 + O2 is of first order with respect to N2O5. Its rate
constant is 6.2x10 s , if in the beginning [ N2O5] is 15 molL-1, calculate the rate of
-6 -1

reaction in the beginning.

17. For a chemical reaction, variation in concentration Ln[A] vs time (min) plot is shown
alongside.

(a) What is the order of the reaction?

(b) What are the units of rate constant, k for the reaction?

18. What is the effect of adding catalyst on G of reaction?

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Surface Chemistry

1. What is the effect of the pressure of the gas on adsorption?

2. Discuss the effect of temperature on adsorption.

3. What is the difference between hydrophobic (lyophobic) and hydrophilic (lyophillic)
sols? Give one example of each.

4. Distinguish between multimolecular and macromolecular colloids. Give one example

of each type.

5. Write a short note on associated colloids and micelles. How associated colloids are
different from multimolecular and macromolecular colloide?

6. Write short notes on: (i) Peptization, (ii) Mechanical dispersion.

7. How the solutions of sols are purified? Discuss the process of dialysis.

8. Explain what is observed (i) a beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution,

(ii) an electric current is passed through a colloidal solution.

9. Write short notes on : (i) Brownian movement, (ii) Hardy and Schultz rule.

10. What are emulsions? What are their different types? Give an example of each type.

11. Give two applications of colloids.

12. Discuss the activity and selectivity aspects of solid catalysts.

13. Describe the cleaning action of soaps and detergents?

14. Why is adsorption always exothermic?

15. Physical and Chemical adsorption respond differently to rise in temperature. What is
this difference and why is it so?

16. Give reason why a finely divided substance is more effective as an adsorbent.

17. What are the factors which influence the adsorption of a gas on solid?

18. Discuss Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Distinguish between Freundlich isotherm

and Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

19. Describe a chemical method each for the preparation of sols of sulphur and platinum
in water

20. What is demulsification? Name two techniques for demulsification.

21. (a) Describe a method for distinguishing a colloidal solution for a true solution when
the two have the same colour.
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(b) When are gas masks used and how do they work?

(c) What is meant by shape selective catalyst?

22. Differentiate between emulsions and micelles taking a suitable example of each.

23. What are enzymes? Describe the mechanism of enzyme catalysis.

24. Distinguish between physisorption and chemisorption.

25. Discuss shape selective catalysis.

26. What are enzymes? Describe the mechanism of enzyme catalysis.

27. Explain the following observations:

(a) Ferric hydroxide sol gets coagulated on addition of sodium chloride solution.
(b) Cottrells smoke precipitator is fitted at the mouth of the chimney used in factories.
(c) Physical adsorption is multilayered, while chemisorption is monolayered.

28. Which one of the following electrolytes is the most effective for the coagulation of
Fe(OH)3 sol and why? NaCl, Na2SO4, Na3PO4

29. (a) Adsorption of a gas on the surface of solid is generally accompanied by a

decrease in entropy still it is a spontaneous process. Explain.
(b) How does an increase in temperature affect both physical as well as chemical
adsorption?
30. What is electrodialysis? What happens when dialysis is prolonged?

31. Why is ferric chloride preferred over potassium chloride in case of a cut leading to
bleeding?

32. How can a lyophilic sol be coagulated?

33. What is Kraft temperature?

34. How does a delta form at the meeting place of sea and river water?
35.Give one example of positively charged sol and one example of negatively charged sol.
36. What happens in the following activities and why?
(a) An electrolyte is added to a hydrated ferric oxide sol in water.
(b) A beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution.
(c) An electric current is passed through a colloidal solution.
38. How do size of particles of adsorbent, pressure of gas and prevailing temperature
influence the extent of adsorption of a gas on a solid?
39. Do the vital functions of the body such as digestion get affected during fever? Explain
your answer.
40. Explain the following observations:
(a) Lyophilic colloid is more stable than lyophobic colloid.
(b) Coagulation takes place when sodium chloride solution is added to a colloidal
solution of ferric hydroxide.
(c) Sky appears blue in color.

41. (a) What are micelles? How do they differ from ordinary colloidal particles? Give two
examples of micelle forming substances.
(b) State Hardy-Schulze rule.
42. Explain how the phenomenon of adsorption finds application in each of the
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following processes:
(a) Production of vacuum
(b) Heterogeneous catalysis
(c) Froth floatation process
43. Discuss the effect of pressure and temperature on the adsorption of gases on solids.

Coordination Compounds
1. What are double salts and coordination compounds?
2. What are inner orbital complexes and outer orbital complexes? Give examples.
3. Show that all octahedral complexes of Ni2+ must be outer orbital complexes.
4. According to Werners theory, how many types of valencies are shown by a central
metal atom?
5.What would be the shape of the complex if it is formed after (i)sp 3 (ii) dsp2 (iii)
d2sp3(iv) sp3d2hybridization? Give one example.
6. Give IUPAC names:
(i)[Co(NH3)4.NO2.Cl]NO3
(ii)Cu2[Fe(CN)6]
(iii)K[PtCl3(NH3)]
(iv)[Cr(NH3)6]3+
(v) [Co(en)2Cl(ONO)]+
(vi)[Pt(NH3)4Cl2][PtCl4]
(vii)K3[Cr(C2O4)3]
(viii)[Cr(NH3)3Cl3]
(ix)[PtCl(NH3)5]Cl3
(x)[CoCl2(NH3)4]+
(xi)[PtBrCl(NO2)NH3]-
7. Define cis and trans isomerism in complexes giving examples.
8. Why?
(a) [Ti(H2O)6]3+ is colored while [Sc(H2O)6]3+ is not.

(b) [Fe(CN)6]3- is weakly paramagnetic while [Fe(CN)6]4- is diamagnetic.

(c) [Ni(CO)4] possesses tetrahedral geometry while [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] is square planar.
(d)Tetrahedral Ni (II) complexes are paramagnetic but square planar Ni (II) complexes
are diamagnetic.
9. Using valence bond approach, predict the shape and magnetic character of [Fe(CN) 6]3-
[Co(NH3)6]3+ , [Ni(CN)4]2-, [Ni(NH3)6]2+ , [NiCl4]2-, [Ni(CO)4].
10. Mention the application of coordination compounds in the following areas, giving
example
(a)Analytical chemistry (b)extraction of metals
11. Discuss optical isomerism in complexes.
12. Give importance of coordination compounds in industry and chemotherapy.
13. Draw structures and write the hybridization of atomic orbital of transition metals:
(a) [Fe(CO)5]
(b)[Co(NH3)6]3+
(c)[NiCl4]2-
(d)[Co(NH3)6]3+
(e)[Ni(CN)4]2-
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(f)[Ni(CO)4]

14. Describe the nature of bonding in metal carbonyls.

15. Draw figures to show splitting of degenerate d-orbital in an octahedral and in a
tetrahedral crystal field.
16.Find out the oxidation states of metal ion marked by asterisk (*) in the following:
(a)[Co*(NH3)2(NO2)Cl][Au(CN2)]
(b) [Pt*(NH3)2Cl2]Cl2
(c)[Co*(NH3)4(H2O)Br](NO3)2
17. Select a complex formation and write an expression for the stability constant of the
complexes species. What information is conveyed regarding the strengths of ligand from
the stability constant values of their complexes with a metal ion? Illustrate by giving
example of monodentate ligand.
18. Explain how [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] and [Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 will differ in their
electrolyticconductance? Give the hybridization states of Pt in these complexes.
19. Giving a suitable example describe the importance of the formation of complexes in:
(a)The estimation of hardness of water.
(b)The extraction of a particular metal from its natural source.
20. Explain geometrical isomerism with reference to square planar complexes giving
examples. How the tetrahedral complexes with simple ligands do not exhibit
geometrical isomerism?
21. Designate the coordination entities, oxidation state of metal and counter ions in the
following:
(a)K3[Fe(CN)6]
(b)[Cr(NH3)6]Cl3
(c)[Ni(CO)4]
(d)K2[PtCl6]
22. Draw structures and find out chiral one (optically active)?
cis-[CrCl2(OX)2]3-and trans-[CrCl2(OX)2]3-
23. Using IUPAC norms, write formulae:

(i)Hexaammineplatinum(IV)
(ii)Hexaamminecobalt(III)sulphate
(iii)Potassiumtetracyanonickelate(II)
(iv)Potassiumtetrachloridopalladate(II)
(v)Tetrabromidocuprate(II)
(vi)Pentaamminrnitrito-O-Cobalt(III)
(vii)Pentaamminrnitrito-N-Cobalt(III)
(viii)Diaamminechlorido(methyl amine)platinum(II)chloride
(ix)Hexaammineplatinum(IV)
(x)Tetrahydroxozincate(II)
(xi)Pentaaquachloroidochromium(III)chloride
(xii)Pentacarbonyliron(0)
(xiii)Amminedichlorido(pyridine)platinum(II)
(xiv)Diamminechlorido(methylamine)platinum(II)chloride

24. Sketch the geometrical shapes:

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(i)dsp2
(ii)dsp3
(iii)d2sp3
(iv)sp3