Periodicity 1

PERIODICITY
Periodic Table An arrangement of the elements
(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number
(ii) in periods showing repeating trends in chemical and physical properties
(iii) in groups having similar chemical properties

Summary consists of rows, or ................................

columns, or ................................
is split into several blocks
in each block the elements are filling, or have just filled, particular types of orbital

Group and sections

s block ..............................................
s d p
p block ..............................................
d block ..............................................
f block .............................................. f

The outer electron configuration is a periodic function i.e. it repeats every so often
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Because many physical and chemical properties are influenced by the outer shell
configuration of an atom, it isnt surprising that such properties also exhibit periodicity...

ionisation energy, electron affinity, atomic radius, ionic radius,

electronegativity, melting points and boiling points

Periods

Introduction the first two periods in the periodic table are not typical
the first contains only two elements (H, He)
the second (Li - Ne) contains the top elements of each group; these have small
sizes and relatively high ionisation energies
Period 3 is best for studying periodic trends.

Periods 2 & 3

Elements As you move from left to right the elements go from highly electropositive metals through
metalloids with giant structures to the simple molecular structure of non-metals.

Li Be B C N2 O2 F2 Ne
< - metals - > metalloid giant molecule < non metals (simple molecules) >

Na Mg Al Si P4 S8 Cl2 Ar
< - - - - metals - - - - > metalloid < - non metals (simple molecules) - >

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2 Periodicity

Initially one is filling the 3s orbital then the 3p orbitals

The nuclear charge increases by one each time giving an increased pull on the electrons.

Atomic
0.16
Radius A problem with measuring atomic radius
is that one is not measuring the true
radius of an atom. In metals one
measures the metallic radius (half the 0.14
distance between the inter-nuclear
distance of what are effectively ions).
Covalent radius is half the distance
0.12
between the nuclei of atoms joined by a
covalent bond. The values are measured
by X-ray or electron diffraction.
0.10
UNITS:- nanometres

Decreases across a given period 0.08

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
due to ...

increased nuclear charge attracting the electrons

(which are going into the same shell) more strongly.

Argons value cannot be measured as it doesnt form compounds.

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Q.1 Explain the variation in atomic and ionic size for the following isoelectronic species.

atoms ions

N3- O2- F Ne Na+ Mg2+ Al3+

Protons 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Electrons 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Electronegativity

A measure of the attraction an atom has 3.0

for the electron pair in a covalent bond.
Do not confuse with electron affinity. 2.5

UNITS:- Pauling Scale

2.0

1.5
Groups Decreases down a group.

1.0
Periods Increases across a period
As the nuclear charge increases so does
0.5
the attraction for the shared pair of Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
electrons in a covalent bond.

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 Periodicity 3

Ionisation
Energy e.g. M(g) > M+(g) + e 2400

2200
PERIOD 2 PERIOD 3
2000

-1
Groups Decreases down a group

Ist IONISATION ENERGY / kJ mol

1800

1600

Despite the increase in nuclear charge, 1400

the increased shielding and the increased 2500 1200

1000

distance from the nucleus means the 800

600

electrons are held less strongly and need 2000

400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

less energy for their removal. ATOMIC NUMBER

1500
Periods Increases across a period
Nuclear charge increases by one each
1000
time. Each extra electron, however, is
going into the same main energy level so
is subject to similar shielding and is a 500
similar distance away from the nucleus.
The electrons are held increasingly more
0
strongly and are harder to remove.
Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

BUT...

Minor differences occur...

aluminium 1st Ionisation Energy is lower than that of magnesium

because of the shielding effect of the newly filled 3s orbital.

sulphur 1st Ionisation Energy is less than that of phosphorus due to additional
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repulsion between the newly paired up electrons in one of the p orbitals.

Electrical conductivity

Electrical conductivity takes place when ions or electrons are free to move.

UNITS:- Siemens per metre

0.4
Groups Where appropriate, electrical conductivity
Decreases down a group.

0.3

Periods Decreases across a period

0.2
Na, Mg, Al metallic bonding with
delocalised electrons

Si, P, S, Cl covalently bonded so no 0.1

electrons are free to move

Ar monatomic so electrons 0
are held very tightly Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

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4 Periodicity

Melting Point &

Boiling Point
3000
Boiling and melting points are a Boiling
measure of the energy required to 2500
separate the particles in a substance.

Bond type is significant. 2000

Boiling points tend to be a better

1500
measure and show better trends
because solids can be affected by the
crystal structure as well as the type of 1000
bonding.

500
Melting
UNITS:- Kelvin

0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Periods A general increase then a decrease

Metals

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Na-Al Melting point increases due to the increasing metallic bonding caused by ...

larger number of electrons contributed to the cloud

larger charge and smaller size of ions gives rise to a larger charge density.

Non-metals

Si Large increase in melting point as it has a giant molecular structure like diamond
A lot of energy is required to break the many covalent bonds holding the atoms together.

P, S, Cl Very much lower melting points as they are simple covalent molecules
The melting point depends on the weak intermolecular van der Waals forces.
The larger the molecule the greater the van der Waals forces

P4 S8 Cl2
relative mass 124 256 71
melting point 44C 119C -101C

Shape of P4 Shape of S8

Ar Monatomic species with the lowest melting point

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 Periodicity 5

A COMPARISON BETWEEN PERIOD 2 AND PERIOD 3

Electronic
Configuration Electronic configurations change in a similar fashion across the group. However,
the elements in Period 3 have more electrons, and hence, more shells.

Period 2 ...2s1 2s2 2s22p1 2s22p2 2s22p3 2s22p4 2s22p5 2s22p6

Period 3 ...3s1 3s2 3s23p1 3s23p2 3s23p3 3s23p4 3s23p5 3s23p6

Superimpose an equivalent graph for Period 2

elements and explain any trend and difference in values

Atomic
0.16
Radius Period 2 radii are smaller

due to ... 0.14

lower atomic number so fewer electrons

0.12
are going into shells closer to the nucleus

0.10 Period 3
units nanometres
0.08
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
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Melting 3000
Point
2500

2000

1500

1000

500
Period 3
units Kelvin
0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

3000
Boiling Point
2500

2000

1500

1000

500
Period 3
units Kelvin 0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

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